108:-era Germany. To arouse antisemitic sentiments among the weekly's working class Christian readership, Streicher regularly published truncated quotations from Talmudic texts that, in their shortened form, appear to advocate greed, slavery, and ritualistic murder. Although rarely employed to this malicious extreme, contextomy is a common method of misrepresentation in contemporary mass media, and studies have demonstrated that the effects of this misrepresentation can linger even after the audience is exposed to the original, in context, quote.
961:
3332:
120:" in advertising. The lure of media exposure associated with being "blurbed" by a major studio may encourage some critics to write positive reviews of mediocre movies. However, even when a review is negative overall, studios have few reservations about excerpting it in a way that misrepresents the critic's opinion.
162:, a would-be gangster epic that generates less heat than a nickel cigar. Fishburne's 'Bumpy' is fierce, magnetic, irresistible even… But even this actor can only do so much." As a result of these abuses, some critics now deliberately avoid colorful language in their reviews. In 2010, the pop culture magazine
724:
In the face of the extraordinary and often highly practical twentieth-century progress of the life sciences under the unifying concepts of evolution, "science" consists of quote-mining—minute searching of the biological literature—including outdated literature—for minor slips and inconsistencies and
314:
treatment. For example, one paper's conclusion was reported as "There is some evidence that homeopathic treatments are more effective than placebo" without the immediately following caveat "however, the strength of this evidence is low because of the low methodological quality of the trials. Studies
247:
Their favorite sport is stringing together quotations, carefully and sometimes expertly taken out of context, to show that nothing is really established or agreed upon among evolutionists. Some of my colleagues and myself have been amused and amazed to read ourselves quoted in a way showing that we
273:
ran an article in May 2013 with the subheading "Sri Lanka has the hotels, the food, the climate and the charm to offer the perfect holiday, says
Ruaridh Nicoll. It's just a pity about the increasingly despotic government". A highly edited version of this piece was immediately posted on the official
86:(as all quotes are), but to the quoter's decision to exclude from the excerpt certain nearby phrases or sentences (which become "context" by virtue of the exclusion) that serve to clarify the intentions behind the selected words. Comparing this practice to surgical excision, journalist
725:
for polemically promising examples of internal arguments. These internal disagreements, fundamental to the working of all natural science, are then presented dramatically to lay audiences as evidence of the fraudulence and impending collapse of "Darwinism."
259:
reporting its frequent abuse by promoters with, for example, "I couldn't help feeling that, for all the energy, razzmatazz and technical wizardry, the audience had been shortchanged" being pared down to "having 'energy, razzmatazz and technical
45:
in which a passage is removed from its surrounding matter in such a way as to distort its intended meaning. Context may be omitted intentionally or accidentally, thinking it to be non-essential. As a fallacy, quoting out of context differs from
174:
had taken a review fragment of "the most confusing, asinine, ridiculous—yet somehow addictively awesome—television show of all time" and only quoted "the most addictively awesome television show of all time" in its promotional material.
235:
to describe a method employed by creationists to support their arguments, though it can be and often is used outside of the creation–evolution controversy. Complaints about the practice predate known use of the term:
139:
a B− overall and only praised the opening credits so grandiosely: "The credit sequence, with its jumpy frames and near-subliminal flashes of psychoparaphernalia, is a small masterpiece of dementia." Similarly,
668:
309:
to the House of
Commons Evidence Check on Homeopathy contains many examples of quote mining, where the conclusions of scientific papers were selectively quoted to make them appear to support the efficacy of
2053:
1973:
61:
argument, it involves quoting an opponent out of context in order to misrepresent their position (typically to make it seem more simplistic or extreme) in order to make it easier to refute. It is common in
241:
298:" because, as Lincoln explained, "they are mostly my old political and personal friends", while omitting to mention that the remainder of the letter describes Lincoln's break with these former
82:
in a way that distorts the source's intended meaning, a practice commonly referred to as "quoting out of context". The problem here is not the removal of a quote from its original context
2078:
210:
prohibits contextomy, and targets companies who "falsely claim accreditation" for their products in ways that are "not being true to the terms of the endorsement". It is enforced in the
1914:
1909:
1904:
872:
202:
reviews advertisements for tone and content rather than the accuracy of their citations. Some studios seek approval from the original critic before running a condensed quotation. The
1597:
425:
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69:, it involves quoting an authority on the subject out of context, in order to misrepresent that authority as supporting some position.
753:
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191:
quote of "hysterically overproduced and surprisingly entertaining" was reduced to "hysterically... entertaining".
3361:
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2137:
1201:
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In the United States, there is no specific law against misleading movie blurbs, beyond existing regulation over
3277:
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2249:
2063:
1931:
1060:
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602:"The Best Worst Blurbs of 2007: The 10 most egregious misquotes, blurb whores, and other movie-ad sins of 2007"
846:
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2014:
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associates of his, and his anticipation of "painful necessity of my taking an open stand against them."
237:
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892:
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1999:
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of high methodological quality were more likely to be negative than the lower quality studies."
3154:
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488:
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274:
Sri Lankan news portal under the heading "Sri Lanka has everything to offer perfect holiday" .
195:
125:
47:
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3145:
3044:
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2719:
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291:
3061:
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179:
recorded an instance of an adverb being applied to a different verb in a 2007 advert for
2962:
2947:
2869:
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2714:
2354:
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1994:
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1275:
1055:
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457:
325:
211:
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150:
141:
100:
965:
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168:
reported that it had been the victim of "reckless blurbing" after the television show
3350:
3087:
2977:
2709:
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269:
87:
779:(March 1973), "Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution",
444:
McGlone, M.S. (2005a). "Quoted out of context: Contextomy and its consequences".
3292:
3069:
3006:
2147:
1627:
1612:
1456:
1171:
1122:
1092:
597:
176:
3202:
3196:
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2274:
1760:
1724:
1700:
1431:
1290:
1280:
1243:
1176:
1151:
932:
Quotemanship: The Use and Abuse of
Quotations for Polemical and Other Purposes
471:
McGlone, Matthew S. (2005b). "Contextomy: the art of quoting out of context".
340:
311:
154:, including just one word from it—"irresistible"—in the film's ad copy: "Even
50:, in that the out of context quote is still attributed to the correct source.
492:
484:
3309:
3093:
3077:
2760:
2269:
2259:
1978:
1669:
1191:
1107:
1082:
1077:
880:
395:
345:
255:
218:, and carries a maximum penalty of a ÂŁ5,000 fine or two years imprisonment.
58:
17:
3239:
78:
Contextomy refers to the selective excerpting of words from their original
2309:
116:
One of the most familiar examples of contextomy is the ubiquitous "review
3187:
2294:
2284:
2180:
2009:
2341:
1839:
1710:
1129:
1102:
1040:
802:
331:
Expelled: No
Intelligence Allowed § Charles Darwin quotation issue
2279:
910:
105:
794:
135:, used the comment "a small masterpiece." Gleiberman actually gave
2073:
117:
1974:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
1186:
305:
Alternative medicine: Analysis of the evidence submitted by the
199:
95:
2313:
2201:
1567:
1388:
1322:
1019:
977:
242:
Nothing in
Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution
294:
as evidence that he "did not openly oppose the anti-immigrant
123:
For example, the ad copy for New Line Cinema's 1995 thriller
695:
Creationism's Trojan Horse: The Wedge of
Intelligent Design
53:
Arguments based on this fallacy typically take two forms:
669:
Excellent! Theatres forced to withdraw misleading reviews
513:
Reiner, L. (1996). "Why Movie Blurbs Avoid
Newspapers."
1371:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
2240:
Countering
Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
911:"My Response to the British Homeopathic Association"
90:
coined the term "contextomy" to describe its use by
3186:
3174:
3033:
3024:
2933:
2908:
2883:
2807:
2759:
2695:
2670:
2642:
2607:
2557:
2511:
2502:
2440:
2406:
2362:
2353:
2168:
2156:
2041:
1987:
1961:
1949:
1863:
1810:
1798:
1767:
1755:
1743:
1731:
1719:
1688:
1662:
1650:
1590:
1578:
1480:
865:"Sri Lanka has everything to offer perfect holiday"
373:. New York, NY: St. Martin's Press. p. 106-7.
1343:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
426:They thought they were free: The Germans, 1933–45
1895:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1447:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
628:"'(Best) Film Ever!!!' How Do Movie Blurbs Work?"
290:"distortion by omission" in citing a letter from
1790:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
736:"The Counter-creationism Handbook", Mark Isaak,
515:Editor & Publisher: The Fourth Estate, 129,
245:
2450:Affirmative conclusion from a negative premise
2455:Negative conclusion from affirmative premises
2325:
2103:Election denial movement in the United States
989:
8:
248:are really antievolutionists under the skin.
129:attributed to Owen Gleiberman, a critic for
3183:
3030:
2905:
2508:
2359:
2332:
2318:
2310:
2198:
1807:
1775:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
1575:
1564:
1477:
1385:
1319:
1016:
996:
982:
974:
520:Gleiberman, Owen. (1995, September 22). "
396:"Logical Fallacy: Quoting Out of Context"
2128:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
1927:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
361:
158:'s incendiary performance can't ignite
2054:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
1845:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1442:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
1779:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
831:"A helluva show. Really. It was hell"
231:: The term is used by members of the
222:Examples of out of context quotations
208:Unfair Commercial Practices Directive
7:
2049:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
1259:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
936:Southern Methodist University Press
1520:Misinformation related to abortion
816:Zetterberg, J. Peter, ed. (1983),
559:Sancton, Julian (March 19, 2010).
458:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2005.tb02675.x
25:
1737:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
1350:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
541:: A fight for control of Harlem.
3331:
3330:
2290:United States Information Agency
1569:Operations and events by country
959:
240:wrote in his famous 1973 essay "
1890:Information war against Ukraine
1437:International Jewish conspiracy
1405:Congo Free State propaganda war
561:"Good Blurbs from Bad Reviews:
406:from the original on 2023-10-30
307:British Homeopathic Association
2828:Correlation implies causation
2118:Information Operations Roadmap
2028:Psychological Warfare Division
1598:Chinese information operations
1547:Water fluoridation controversy
847:Sri Lanka: island in the storm
820:, Phoenix, Arizona: ORYX Press
229:creation–evolution controversy
1:
2225:Active Measures Working Group
1883:during the Russo-Georgian War
1850:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
964:The dictionary definition of
2108:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
1785:Fake news in the Philippines
1157:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
930:Boller, Paul F. Jr. (1967).
818:Evolution versus Creationism
473:Media, Culture & Society
2235:Counter Misinformation Team
2230:Counter disinformation unit
1680:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
1167:Forgery as covert operation
432:University of Chicago Press
394:Curtis, Gary (1981-03-26).
3388:
3252:I'm entitled to my opinion
2245:The Disinformation Project
1675:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
1031:Algorithmic radicalization
754:Quote-Mining Comes to Ohio
33:(sometimes referred to as
3326:
3235:
3108:
2208:
2197:
2162:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
2138:Tobacco industry playbook
2069:CIA Kennedy assassination
1574:
1563:
1395:
1384:
1329:
1318:
1202:Manipulation (psychology)
1026:
1015:
369:Engel, S. Morris (1994).
94:, editor of the infamous
3278:Motte-and-bailey fallacy
2378:Affirming the consequent
2250:East StratCom Task Force
2064:9/11 conspiracy theories
1061:List of cognitive biases
782:American Biology Teacher
485:10.1177/0163443705053974
446:Journal of Communication
148:'s review of their flop
3298:Two wrongs make a right
2629:Denying the correlative
2176:Public opinion brigades
2133:Niger uranium forgeries
2123:Litter boxes in schools
1493:COVID-19 misinformation
1415:Free energy suppression
1324:Books and documentaries
1098:Euphemistic misspeaking
895:, James M. MacPherson,
700:Oxford University Press
3283:Psychologist's fallacy
3220:Argument to moderation
3210:Argument from anecdote
3160:Chronological snobbery
2784:Quoting out of context
2751:Overwhelming exception
2634:Suppressed correlative
2534:Quoting out of context
2409:quantificational logic
2383:Denying the antecedent
1922:2016 Brexit referendum
1271:Scientific fabrication
1182:Historical negationism
777:Dobzhansky, Theodosius
250:
216:Office of Fair Trading
31:Quoting out of context
3246:The Four Great Errors
3226:Argumentum ad populum
3215:Argument from silence
2919:Argumentum ad baculum
2697:Faulty generalization
2388:Argument from fallacy
2218:Fact-checking website
2023:Operation Mass Appeal
2005:Clockwork Orange plot
1515:Mental illness denial
1410:Climate change denial
1227:Psychological warfare
1197:Internet manipulation
1162:Firehose of falsehood
1088:Disinformation attack
537:, (1997, August 27).
238:Theodosius Dobzhansky
182:Live Free or Die Hard
144:contextomized critic
3264:Invincible ignorance
3070:Reductio ad Stalinum
3056:Reductio ad Hitlerum
3012:Wisdom of repugnance
2779:Moving the goalposts
2644:Illicit transference
2569:Begging the question
2490:Undistributed middle
2398:Mathematical fallacy
2373:Affirming a disjunct
1357:Who's Who in the CIA
571:Diary of a Wimpy Kid
527:Entertainment Weekly
288:Lerone Bennett Jr.'s
253:Entertainment: with
233:scientific community
132:Entertainment Weekly
2997:Parade of horribles
2973:In-group favoritism
2799:Syntactic ambiguity
2442:Syllogistic fallacy
2365:propositional logic
2059:Conspiracy theories
2000:Double-Cross System
1969:Conspiracy theories
1830:Operation INFEKTION
1618:Internet Water Army
1472:Strategy of tension
1337:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
1222:Post-truth politics
893:"Lincoln the Devil"
600:(January 6, 2008).
430:Chicago, Illinois:
351:Recontextualization
280:: A book review in
188:New York Daily News
67:appeal to authority
3357:Informal fallacies
3083:Poisoning the well
2900:Proof by assertion
2875:Texas sharpshooter
2809:Questionable cause
2746:Slothful induction
2705:Anecdotal evidence
2565:Circular reasoning
2460:Exclusive premises
2422:Illicit conversion
1955:HIV/AIDS denialism
1932:Trolls from Olgino
1706:Paid news in India
1696:Fake news in India
1510:HIV/AIDS denialism
1364:Merchants of Doubt
1237:Military deception
1212:Media manipulation
1051:Circular reporting
917:, February 9, 2010
913:, Martin Robbins,
898:The New York Times
875:2013-07-29 at the
849:, Ruaridh Nicoll,
759:2007-10-03 at the
654:, Philip Pullman,
423:Mayer, M. (1966).
296:Know-Nothing Party
283:The New York Times
156:Laurence Fishburne
80:linguistic context
3344:
3343:
3322:
3321:
3318:
3317:
3258:Ignoratio elenchi
3170:
3169:
3020:
3019:
2982:Not invented here
2687:Converse accident
2609:Correlative-based
2586:Compound question
2529:False attribution
2524:False equivalence
2498:
2497:
2307:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2193:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2143:Operation Shocker
1945:
1944:
1825:K-1000 battleship
1656:Operation Neptune
1559:
1558:
1555:
1554:
1380:
1379:
1314:
1313:
1306:Yellow journalism
1254:counterpropaganda
1135:List of fallacies
1068:Conspiracy theory
1036:Alternative facts
945:978-1-161-40918-5
915:The Lay Scientist
901:, August 27, 2000
567:The Bounty Hunter
544:Los Angeles Times
524:" (film review).
400:Logical Fallacies
380:978-0-312-08479-0
196:false advertising
48:false attribution
16:(Redirected from
3379:
3362:Verbal fallacies
3334:
3333:
3305:Special pleading
3184:
3045:Appeal to motive
3031:
3007:Stirring symbols
2987:Island mentality
2925:Wishful thinking
2906:
2622:Perfect solution
2599:No true Scotsman
2594:Complex question
2579:Leading question
2558:Question-begging
2544:No true Scotsman
2509:
2432:Quantifier shift
2427:Proof by example
2360:
2334:
2327:
2320:
2311:
2199:
2018:MMR autism fraud
1901:On US elections
1835:Operation Toucan
1808:
1576:
1565:
1530:anti-vaccination
1478:
1425:Holocaust denial
1400:Bermuda Triangle
1386:
1320:
1249:black propaganda
1217:Potemkin village
1142:False accusation
1118:list of websites
1017:
998:
991:
984:
975:
963:
949:
918:
908:
902:
890:
884:
862:
856:
844:
838:
833:, Jack Malvern,
828:
822:
821:
813:
773:
767:
751:
745:
734:
728:
727:
721:
720:
686:Forrest, Barbara
682:
676:
665:
659:
649:
643:
642:
640:
638:
626:(Nov 25, 2009).
620:
614:
613:
611:
609:
594:
588:
587:
585:
583:
556:
550:
511:
505:
504:
468:
462:
461:
441:
435:
421:
415:
414:
412:
411:
391:
385:
384:
371:With Good Reason
366:
263:
92:Julius Streicher
43:informal fallacy
27:Informal fallacy
21:
3387:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3380:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3347:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3314:
3288:Rationalization
3231:
3178:
3166:
3104:
3026:Genetic fallacy
3016:
2929:
2904:
2879:
2803:
2794:Sorites paradox
2774:False precision
2755:
2736:Double counting
2691:
2666:
2638:
2603:
2590:Loaded question
2574:Loaded language
2553:
2494:
2436:
2402:
2349:
2338:
2308:
2299:
2204:
2185:
2164:
2152:
2037:
2033:Zinoviev letter
1983:
1957:
1941:
1865:Post-Soviet era
1859:
1820:Active Measures
1803:
1794:
1763:
1751:
1739:
1727:
1715:
1684:
1658:
1646:
1586:
1584:Jihadunspun.com
1570:
1551:
1476:
1452:New World Order
1420:Genocide denial
1391:
1376:
1325:
1310:
1232:Memetic warfare
1022:
1011:
1002:
956:
946:
929:
926:
924:Further reading
921:
909:
905:
891:
887:
877:Wayback Machine
863:
859:
845:
841:
837:, July 24, 2006
829:
825:
815:
814:; reprinted in
795:10.2307/4444260
775:
774:
770:
761:Wayback Machine
752:
748:
735:
731:
718:
716:
714:
684:
683:
679:
673:The Independent
671:", Amol Rajan,
666:
662:
650:
646:
636:
634:
622:
621:
617:
607:
605:
604:. Gelf Magazine
596:
595:
591:
581:
579:
558:
557:
553:
535:Turan, Kenneth.
512:
508:
470:
469:
465:
443:
442:
438:
422:
418:
409:
407:
393:
392:
388:
381:
368:
367:
363:
359:
322:
292:Abraham Lincoln
261:
224:
114:
76:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3385:
3383:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3229:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3207:
3206:
3205:
3192:
3190:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3168:
3167:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3127:
3120:
3118:Accomplishment
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3074:
3073:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3047:
3041:
3039:
3028:
3022:
3021:
3018:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2939:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2922:
2914:
2912:
2903:
2902:
2893:
2887:
2885:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2872:
2870:Slippery slope
2867:
2862:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2836:
2826:
2825:
2824:
2813:
2811:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Slippery slope
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2763:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2724:
2723:
2722:
2717:
2715:Cherry picking
2707:
2701:
2699:
2693:
2692:
2690:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
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2631:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2613:
2611:
2605:
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2602:
2601:
2596:
2583:
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2581:
2571:
2561:
2559:
2555:
2554:
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2541:
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2531:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2506:
2500:
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2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
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2444:
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2435:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
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2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2369:
2367:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2339:
2337:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2277:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2170:
2166:
2165:
2160:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2113:Habbush letter
2110:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2036:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1995:Bell Pottinger
1991:
1989:
1988:United Kingdom
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1965:
1963:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1946:
1943:
1942:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1918:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1899:
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1897:
1887:
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1869:
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1837:
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1677:
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1654:
1652:
1651:Czechoslovakia
1648:
1647:
1645:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1623:PLA Unit 61398
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1594:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1571:
1568:
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1544:
1543:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1498:by governments
1490:
1484:
1482:
1475:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
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1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1392:
1389:
1382:
1381:
1378:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1346:
1339:
1335:Disinformation
1330:
1327:
1326:
1323:
1316:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1293:
1288:
1283:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1241:
1240:
1239:
1234:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1204:
1199:
1194:
1189:
1184:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1056:Cognitive bias
1053:
1048:
1046:Cherry picking
1043:
1038:
1033:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1013:
1012:
1009:misinformation
1005:Disinformation
1003:
1001:
1000:
993:
986:
978:
972:
971:
955:
954:External links
952:
951:
950:
944:
925:
922:
920:
919:
903:
885:
857:
839:
823:
789:(3): 125–129,
768:
746:
729:
712:
677:
660:
644:
615:
589:
551:
549:
548:
532:
506:
479:(4): 511–522.
463:
452:(2): 330–346.
436:
416:
386:
379:
360:
358:
355:
354:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
326:Cherry picking
321:
318:
317:
316:
303:
275:
265:
251:
223:
220:
212:United Kingdom
204:European Union
142:United Artists
113:
112:In advertising
110:
75:
72:
71:
70:
63:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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3368:
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3337:
3329:
3328:
3325:
3311:
3308:
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3303:
3299:
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3295:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3247:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3199:
3198:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3173:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3115:
3114:
3111:
3110:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3053:
3052:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3023:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2978:Invented here
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2932:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2901:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2818:
2815:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2741:False analogy
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2728:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2712:
2711:
2710:Sampling bias
2708:
2706:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2698:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2673:Secundum quid
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2620:
2619:
2618:
2617:False dilemma
2615:
2614:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2566:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2556:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2501:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2485:Illicit minor
2483:
2481:
2480:Illicit major
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2335:
2330:
2328:
2323:
2321:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2261:
2258:
2256:
2255:FactCheck.org
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2219:
2216:
2215:
2214:
2213:Fact-checking
2211:
2210:
2207:
2200:
2196:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2173:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
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2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2104:
2101:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2047:
2046:
2044:
2042:United States
2040:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2008:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1986:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1966:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1893:
1892:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1862:
1856:
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1848:
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1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1809:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1780:
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1773:
1772:
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1766:
1762:
1758:
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1712:
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1702:
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1633:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1603:50 Cent Party
1601:
1600:
1599:
1596:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1566:
1562:
1548:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1494:
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1489:
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1485:
1483:
1479:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
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1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1366:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1344:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1332:
1331:
1328:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
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1245:
1242:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1207:Media culture
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1183:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1158:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1148:
1147:False dilemma
1145:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
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1069:
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1062:
1059:
1058:
1057:
1054:
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1049:
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1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1025:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
999:
994:
992:
987:
985:
980:
979:
976:
970:at Wiktionary
969:
968:
962:
958:
957:
953:
947:
941:
937:
933:
928:
927:
923:
916:
912:
907:
904:
900:
899:
894:
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3122:
3100:Whataboutism
3092:
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3062:Godwin's law
3054:
3034:
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2910:Consequences
2891:Law/Legality
2865:Single cause
2838:
2831:
2783:
2671:
2539:Loki's Wager
2533:
2519:Equivocation
2512:Equivocation
2015:
1950:South Africa
1937:Web brigades
1873:Cyberwarfare
1855:Useful idiot
1804:Soviet Union
1749:Fintas Group
1641:Global Times
1639:
1608:cyberwarfare
1369:
1362:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1334:
1301:Whataboutism
1296:Urban legend
1266:Quote mining
1265:
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869:The Guardian
868:
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852:The Guardian
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765:Glenn Branch
749:
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717:. Retrieved
694:
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663:
656:The Guardian
647:
637:February 28,
635:. Retrieved
631:
618:
608:February 28,
606:. Retrieved
598:Bialik, Carl
592:
582:February 28,
580:. Retrieved
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39:quote mining
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18:Quote-mining
3293:Red herring
3050:Association
2731:Conjunction
2652:Composition
2549:Reification
2465:Existential
2417:Existential
2148:Yellow rain
1768:Philippines
1628:Spamouflage
1613:Little Pink
1467:Rothschilds
1457:Red mercury
1172:Gaslighting
1123:Lying press
1093:Doublespeak
652:Age banding
624:Beam, Chris
577:Vanity Fair
312:homeopathic
177:Carl Bialik
165:Vanity Fair
101:Der StĂĽrmer
98:broadsheet
3351:Categories
3269:Moralistic
3203:Sealioning
3197:Ad nauseam
3124:Ipse dixit
3036:Ad hominem
2860:Regression
2662:Ecological
2475:Four terms
2393:Masked man
2275:PolitiFact
2203:Opposition
2079:Sandy Hook
1878:on Estonia
1812:Soviet era
1725:Team Jorge
1701:Godi-media
1462:Reptilians
1432:Illuminati
1291:Truthiness
1281:Social bot
1244:Propaganda
1177:Half-truth
1152:False flag
967:contextomy
719:2007-03-09
702:. p.
698:. Oxford:
410:2023-12-06
341:Half-truth
300:Whig Party
185:, where a
74:Contextomy
35:contextomy
3372:Deception
3367:Ambiguity
3310:Straw man
3188:Arguments
3177:fallacies
3151:Tradition
3141:Etymology
3113:Authority
3094:Tu quoque
3078:Bulverism
2848:Gambler's
2817:Animistic
2761:Ambiguity
2727:Base rate
2470:Necessity
2342:fallacies
2270:NewsGuard
2265:Logically
2260:Full Fact
2157:Venezuela
2091:Fake news
1979:AK Trolls
1670:Funkspiel
1192:Infodemic
1108:Fake news
1083:Denialism
1078:Deception
881:Sri Lanka
835:The Times
811:207358177
501:144496678
493:0163-4437
346:Prooftext
286:recounts
256:The Times
62:politics.
59:straw man
3336:Category
2968:Ridicule
2953:Flattery
2943:Children
2840:Post hoc
2720:McNamara
2682:Accident
2657:Division
2504:Informal
2295:USAFacts
2285:StopFake
2181:Force 47
2086:COVID-19
2010:Euromyth
1761:Peñabots
1635:COVID-19
1540:COVID-19
1525:Vaccines
1390:Examples
1276:Smearing
879:, Priu,
873:Archived
757:Archived
692:(2004).
563:Repo Men
404:Archived
320:See also
267:Travel:
260:wizardry
41:) is an
3155:Novelty
3130:Poverty
2992:Loyalty
2958:Novelty
2935:Emotion
2884:Appeals
2853:Inverse
2833:Cum hoc
2822:Furtive
2340:Common
2169:Vietnam
1840:Seat 12
1711:OpIndia
1663:Germany
1130:Fallacy
1103:Factoid
1041:Big lie
803:4444260
547:, p. 8.
539:Hoodlum
214:by the
160:Hoodlum
151:Hoodlum
3240:Cliché
3175:Other
3146:Nature
3134:Wealth
2769:Accent
2355:Formal
2280:Snopes
2096:online
2016:Lancet
1962:Turkey
1800:Russia
1756:Mexico
1744:Kuwait
1720:Israel
1579:Canada
1535:autism
1481:Health
1113:online
942:
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531:p. 45.
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198:. The
106:Weimar
84:per se
65:As an
3002:Spite
2896:Stone
2074:QAnon
1732:Korea
1689:India
1591:China
1505:Ebola
1021:Types
807:S2CID
799:JSTOR
744:p. 14
632:Slate
522:Se7en
497:S2CID
357:Notes
137:Se7en
126:Se7en
118:blurb
57:As a
3088:Tone
2963:Pity
2948:Fear
2346:list
1915:2020
1910:2018
1905:2016
1286:Spin
1187:Hoax
1072:list
1007:and
940:ISBN
738:ISBN
708:ISBN
639:2013
610:2013
584:2013
489:ISSN
375:ISBN
227:The
200:MPAA
171:Lost
96:Nazi
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