54:
410:
386:
398:
70:
374:
422:
274:
1393:
863:
878:
77:
770:
Russel, James R. (2005). "The Credal Poem
Hawatov Xostovanim ("I confess in faith") of St. Nerses the Graceful". In Ginkel, Jan J.; Murre-van den Berg, Hendrika Lena; Lint, Theo Maarten van (eds.).
284:
The castle became then part of the
Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia. In the 1170 and 1172, theological conferences exploring a union of churches were held at Hromgla between the Armenian Church and the
1432:
1412:
851:
451:
A Briefer
History of Aintab A Concise History of the Cultural, Religious, Educational, Political, Industrial and Commercial Life of the Armenians of Aintab
661:
The
Armenians in the Medieval Islamic World: Armenian Realpolitik in the Islamic World and Diverging Paradigmscase of Cilicia Eleventh to Fourteenth C
262:
here in 1166 and it seems that at this time a very considerable settlement existed there during his time that also housed representatives of the
359:. As of March 2017, it was not possible to land at the site; extensive (re)building is underway inside the fortress and on the external walls.
1422:
781:
753:
725:
669:
409:
745:
East and West in the
Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations II : Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in May 1997
717:
East and West in the
Crusader States: Context, Contacts, Confrontations II : Acta of the Congress Held at Hernen Castle in May 1997
304:
of the
Armenian Church. The site became an important center for manuscript production, reaching its artistic peak under the Catholicos
100:
829:
254:
purchased it from
Beatrice of Turbessel in 1148 or 1150 to obtain a safe settlement for the Armenian Catholicosate. Gregory's brother
823:
806:
697:
484:
449:
844:
53:
69:
385:
296:
of 33 Armenian bishops took place in
Hromgla came up with a compromise and sent a profession of faith to Byzantine Emperor
1067:
714:
Hamilton, B. (1999). "Aimery of
Limoges and the Unity of Churches". In Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly; Teule, Herman G. B. (eds.).
742:
van Lint, Theo M. (1999). "Lament on Edessa by Nerses Snorhali". In Ciggaar, Krijna Nelly; Teule, Herman G. B. (eds.).
301:
278:
421:
1417:
837:
397:
312:, whose stylistic and iconographic innovations had profound influence on subsequent generations of Armenian art.
373:
305:
175:
1427:
1077:
300:, but he died in September 1180 before it reached him. From 1203 to 1293, it served as the residence of the
285:
519:
242:
In the late 11th century, the castle now known as Hromgla was part of the Armenian principalities of first
1002:
289:
263:
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1282:
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243:
1177:
1137:
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259:
1287:
987:
1162:
1117:
1087:
639:
348:
198:
997:
992:
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474:
226:, no remains of periods earlier than 1000 CE have been identified at the side. It is said that
1352:
1307:
1217:
1122:
1057:
1007:
867:
819:
802:
777:
773:
Redefining Christian Identity: Cultural Interaction in the Middle East Since the Rise of Islam
749:
721:
693:
665:
480:
352:
297:
230:, an apostle of Jesus, lived in Rumkale during Roman times. Rumkale became then a part of the
166:
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1032:
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932:
351:'s Nizip district, is currently accessible by boat either from the neighboring site of
1406:
1357:
1317:
1252:
1212:
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309:
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17:
771:
743:
715:
687:
659:
1342:
1302:
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1227:
1222:
1097:
344:
250:. It was for some time under Latin rule with an Armenian bishop present before
1347:
1202:
1152:
1072:
957:
247:
115:
102:
1337:
1332:
194:
40:
1147:
877:
618:
Comfort, Anthony; Abadie-Reynal, Catherine; Ergeç, Rifat (December 2000).
1082:
1382:
1207:
643:
356:
605:"Eastern Churches" by James Darling, London 1850, page 35, paragraph 2
1167:
1052:
942:
862:
320:
44:
635:
619:
324:
293:
272:
833:
620:"Crossing the Euphrates in antiquity: Zeugma seen from space"
339:
The fortress, now situated across a peninsula created by the
797:
Stewart, Angus (2006), 'Hromgla', in Alan V. Murray (ed.),
473:Öcal, Mehmet; Güler, Selahaddin E.; Mızrak, Remzi (2001).
506:
816:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Īlkhānid War, 1260-1281
27:
Ancient fortress on the Euphrates in present-day Turkey
577:
575:
454:. Boston: Union of the Armenians of Aintab. p. 27
180:
689:
Armenia - Art, Religion, and Trade in the Middle Ages
144:
139:
131:
94:
32:
1433:Former Armenian communities in Gaziantep Province
818:, pp. 179–225. Cambridge University Press,
292:(Jacobite) Church sending observers. In 1179, a
222:and it is possible that it was fortified by the
218:Its strategic location was already known to the
327:following a protracted siege who then named it
1413:Buildings and structures in Gaziantep Province
845:
8:
347:and within the administrative boundaries of
162:
852:
838:
830:
29:
776:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 185–236.
593:
554:
542:
507:Comfort, Abadie-Reynal & Ergeç 2000
440:
369:
748:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 29–48.
566:
720:. Peeters Publishers. pp. 1–12.
581:
7:
658:Dadoyan, Seta B. (1 November 2012).
801:, II, p. 607. ABC-CLIO, Inc.,
686:Evans, Helen C. (2008). "Hromkla".
25:
520:"Roman Castle to open to tourism"
1391:
876:
861:
479:. Şurkav Yayınları. p. 39.
420:
408:
396:
384:
372:
75:
68:
52:
799:The Crusades: An Encyclopaedia
448:Sarafean, Georg Avedis (1957).
76:
692:. Metropolitan Museum of Art.
1:
197:, located in the province of
1423:Armenian buildings in Turkey
279:Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia
181:
1449:
664:. Transaction Publishers.
1389:
883:
874:
476:Şanlıurfa kültürü sözlüğü
170:
63:
51:
37:
1068:İbrahim Pasha Casemates
415:Inside the western gate
201:and 50 km west of
281:
888:Afyonkarahisar Castle
276:
244:Philaretos Brachamios
116:37.27194°N 37.83806°E
1078:Kahramanmaraş Castle
812:Reuven Amitai-Preiss
427:Boats around Rumkale
355:or from the town of
58:The Rumkale Fortress
1003:Diyarbakır Fortress
524:Hürriyet Daily News
277:Hromkla within the
260:Armenian Catholicos
112: /
1163:Kuzucubelen Castle
1088:Karacahisar Castle
1033:Güvercinada Castle
948:Belenkeşlik Castle
329:Qal'at al-Muslimin
282:
121:37.27194; 37.83806
18:Qal'at ar-Rum
1418:Castles in Turkey
1400:
1399:
1353:Yedikule Fortress
958:Bodrumkale Castle
868:Castles in Turkey
783:978-90-429-1418-6
755:978-90-429-0786-7
727:978-90-429-0786-7
671:978-1-4128-4782-7
624:Anatolian Studies
298:Manuel I Komnenos
185:), also known as
179:
156:
155:
16:(Redirected from
1440:
1395:
1283:Şanlıurfa Castle
1233:Roche de Roissel
1198:Meydancık Castle
1108:Kastamonu Castle
1018:Gaziantep Castle
880:
866:
865:
854:
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286:Byzantine Church
238:Medieval History
232:Byzantine Empire
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165:'Roman Castle';
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1403:
1402:
1401:
1396:
1387:
1378:Zerzevan Castle
1363:Yeniyurt Castle
1308:Tekkadın Castle
1238:Roche-Guillaume
1188:Marmaris Castle
1178:Mancınık Castle
983:Çandarlı Castle
973:Bozcaada Castle
938:Babakale Castle
923:Anavarza Castle
908:Amasra Fortress
893:Akçakoca Castle
881:
870:
860:
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784:
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636:10.2307/3643016
617:
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596:, pp. 4–5.
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389:
380:
377:
365:
337:
268:Catholic Church
264:Syriac Orthodox
258:was elected as
240:
216:
214:Ancient History
211:
150:Armenian Church
120:
118:
114:
111:
106:
103:
101:
99:
98:
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38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1428:Nizip District
1425:
1420:
1415:
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1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
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1355:
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1335:
1330:
1328:Trabzon Castle
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1273:Sinop Fortress
1270:
1265:
1263:Silifke Castle
1260:
1255:
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1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1225:
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1215:
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1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1123:Kevgürk Castle
1120:
1115:
1113:Kayseri Castle
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1093:Karaman Castle
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1065:
1060:
1058:Hisarın Castle
1055:
1050:
1048:Hebilli Castle
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1015:
1010:
1008:Eğirdir Castle
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
978:Cemilli Castle
975:
970:
968:Boyabat Castle
965:
963:Bolaman Castle
960:
955:
950:
945:
940:
935:
933:Ardahan Castle
930:
925:
920:
915:
910:
905:
900:
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890:
884:
882:
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872:
871:
859:
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739:
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711:
698:
683:
670:
655:
613:
610:
608:
607:
598:
586:
584:, p. 141.
571:
569:, p. 201.
559:
547:
535:
511:
509:, p. 113.
499:
485:
465:
439:
437:
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35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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1394:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1358:Yelbiz Castle
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1318:Tokmar Castle
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1293:Şeytan Castle
1291:
1289:
1288:Şavşat Castle
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
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1253:Samsun Castle
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1213:Pertek Castle
1211:
1209:
1208:Namrun Castle
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1193:Meydan Castle
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1183:Mardin Castle
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Mamure Castle
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
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1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:Kızlar Kalesi
1141:
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1136:
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1131:
1129:
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1079:
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1066:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:Hemite Castle
1051:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1043:Harran Castle
1041:
1039:
1038:Harput Castle
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
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1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
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1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
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994:
991:
989:
988:Çandır Castle
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
953:Bodrum Castle
951:
949:
946:
944:
943:Bagras Castle
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
928:Ankara Castle
926:
924:
921:
919:
918:Anadoluhisarı
916:
914:
913:Amasya Castle
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
898:Alanya Castle
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
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843:
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824:0-521-46226-6
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807:1-57607-862-0
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699:9781588396600
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602:
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595:
594:Hamilton 1999
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587:
583:
578:
576:
572:
568:
563:
560:
557:, p. 32.
556:
555:van Lint 1999
551:
548:
545:, p. 41.
544:
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536:
525:
521:
515:
512:
508:
503:
500:
488:
486:9789757394235
482:
478:
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360:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
334:
332:
330:
326:
322:
318:
313:
311:
308:who employed
307:
306:Constantine I
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Syrian Orthox
287:
280:
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271:
269:
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261:
257:
253:
249:
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134:
130:
125:
97:
93:
71:
62:
55:
50:
46:
42:
36:
31:
19:
1373:Yoros Castle
1313:Tokat Castle
1278:Softa Castle
1268:Sinap Castle
1247:
1243:Rumelihisari
1158:Kozan Castle
1063:Hoşap Castle
1028:Gözne Castle
1023:Gömeç Kulesi
998:Dağlı Castle
993:Çeşme Castle
903:Alara Castle
815:
798:
787:. Retrieved
772:
759:. Retrieved
744:
731:. Retrieved
716:
703:. Retrieved
688:
675:. Retrieved
660:
647:. Retrieved
627:
623:
601:
589:
562:
550:
543:Dadoyan 2012
538:
527:. Retrieved
523:
514:
502:
490:. Retrieved
475:
468:
456:. Retrieved
450:
443:
391:Western gate
379:Eastern gate
338:
328:
317:was captured
315:In 1292, it
314:
310:Toros Roslin
283:
241:
217:
186:
158:
157:
140:Site history
1343:Yaka Castle
1303:Tece Castle
1298:Şile Castle
1258:Sarvandikar
1228:Rize Castle
1223:Riva Castle
1128:Kızıl Tower
1103:Kars Castle
1098:Kara Castle
1013:Foça Castle
789:26 February
761:26 February
733:26 February
705:27 February
677:25 February
649:27 February
567:Russel 2005
492:18 November
458:4 September
345:Birecik Dam
252:Gregory III
119: /
95:Coordinates
1407:Categories
1348:Van Castle
1323:Toprakkale
1203:Mut Castle
1153:Koz Castle
1148:Kol Kalesi
1133:Kiz Kulesi
1073:Kadifekale
630:: 99–126.
582:Evans 2008
529:2020-03-28
436:References
302:Catholicos
248:Kogh Vasil
107:37°50′17″E
104:37°16′19″N
1368:Yılankale
1338:Turbessel
1333:Trapessac
1138:Kızkalesi
349:Gaziantep
341:reservoir
288:with the
256:Nerses IV
246:and then
220:Assyrians
203:Şanlıurfa
199:Gaziantep
195:Euphrates
176:romanized
148:Synod of
41:Gaziantep
39:Rumkale,
1218:Ravendel
1083:Kalepark
814:(1995),
266:and the
191:fortress
187:Urumgala
167:Armenian
135:Fortress
1383:Zilkale
1248:Rumkale
644:3643016
612:Sources
363:Gallery
357:Halfeti
321:Mamluks
319:by the
209:History
193:on the
189:, is a
182:Hromgla
178::
171:Հռոմկլա
159:Rumkale
152:in 1179
83:Rumkale
33:Rumkale
1168:Loulon
1118:Kaysun
822:
805:
780:
752:
724:
696:
668:
642:
483:
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