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plinth, a few blocks belonging to the upper parts of the building allow its elevation to be restored. On the upper course of the plinth rest two steps, where stands the floor decorated with pilasters topped with capitals with brackets. The pilasters support a Doric entablature, crowned by a cornice adorned with a torus and an
Egyptian throat. A loggia opens onto the eastern facade, directly above the main entrance. A system of narrow corridors and sideways spiral staircases allows circulation inside the building and ends in a small rectangular room in the central core of the matched masonry block.
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To the east, the facade of the sanctuary is adorned with engaged pilasters and bordered by a decastyle portico about 6 m deep. This portico was recently restored. Clearing the area east of the enclosure revealed a limestone altar-tower measuring approximately 4.30 m by 4.10 m, devoid of moldings at the base and crowned with an
Egyptian gorge.
353:
Court in front of the Temple of
Jupiter in Baalbek.The platform itself shows traces of pillars and the pedestals of two statues, so we may assume that there was a second storey: a kind of loggia, with a ceiling that we can no longer reconstruct. The statues must have represented the emperor Claudius and Beelgalasus (a supreme god)
393:
The temple is aligned with the median axis of the peribolus. It rests on a solid foundation and not on a real podium. It was a hexastyle prostyle temple of the
Corinthian order, about 40 m. long and 18 m. wide, with a pronaos and a long cella at the bottom of which rose the platform of an adyton. The
380:
Towards the west, it only continues for about 30m to the north and 15m to the south, before hitting the rocks. In the north, these have been roughly cut to give an approximately regular shape to the temenos. To the west and south, however, they are in the rough, so the temple clings to the rock face.
352:
The monument is essential a large platform (a "high place of worship"), where large animals could be sacrificed. This means that the platform had to be accessible, and there are indeed stairs inside the large stone cube. More famous examples of this type of structure are the altar-towers in the Great
346:
It rests on a cubic plinth of 15.67 m on each side where two openings have been made: halfway up, perpendicular to the eastern side of the
Claudius tower, an external staircase of eighteen steps leads to the main door, while another, smaller door is at ground level in the southeast corner. Above the
260:
Faqra - or, to use its full name: Qalaat Faqra, "Castle Faqra" - is situated along one of the roads from the coast to
Baalbek, high up the western slopes of the Lebanon range. On a hill in a landscape full of bizarre rocks, there are four altars, one of them rebuilt during the reign of the emperor
389:
porticos on three sides, precedes the upper terrace where the temple rises, beyond a flight of 'staircase covering the entire width of the sanctuary. The remains of a monumental sandstone and limestone altar are preserved in the courtyard, slightly offset to the south from the median axis of the
359:
The unusual appearance of the building has sometimes led to the tower being considered sometimes as a tomb, sometimes as a monumental "altar" (that is the most common opinion of archaeologists like
Yasmine), sometimes as a lookout post coupled with an honorary monument.
368:
The sanctuary is nestled in the dolomitic limestone formations, between the tower sector to the north and that of the small temple to the south. Its peribolus wall delimits an enclosure approximately 75 m long and 35 m wide, with the long sides to the north and south.
226:
The remains of an ancient settlement (Roman and perhaps proto-Byzantine) are visible near the tower and between the small temple and the large sanctuary. The little Roman settlement was probably made mainly by Roman veterans of the two legions settled by
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A large door fitted in the middle of the facade of the peribola gives access to the
Sanctuary. The interior space of the temenos is divided into two parts: a paved courtyard, roughly square and bordered by
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According to some archaeologists, like
Yassmine and Alioquot, the two most important archaeological areas of Qalaat Faqra are the "Claudius Tower" and the "Great Sanctuary":
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walls of the building are built in double apparatus, mainly with blocks cut in the yellow ocher sandstone, while the prostyle consists of blocks of gray limestone.
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Claudius and therefore named "tower of
Claudius". You can also find a "large altar", a nicely restored "small altar", and the remains of a "destroyed altar"
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1133:
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401:. The attribution of the Sanctuary to the Heliopolitan Jupiter is admitted also by other archaeologists, like D. Krencker and W. Zschietzschmann.
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This archaeological sdtructure has an inscription with dedication to Roman emperor Claudius, who rebuilt it: that's the reason of its name.
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with its Greek & Latin inscriptions that state that the building, which at one time was topped with a pyramid-shaped roof like
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A bit lower on a slope, to the south of actual Faqra, are the remains of two ancient temples: the largest of these is dedicated to
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of the area around Berytus, that was done by the Romans in the first and second centuries in order to strengthen their
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243:). The area of Faqra was located within the Roman district of Berytus: it was linked to the tentative of
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Chapter 3: Villages et Sanctuaries (p. 71-126). Institut français du Proche-Orient. Beirut, 2009 (
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and consists of columns, altars tombs and temples. They are divided into three sectors: that of the
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Julie Yasmine date the construction of the Sanctuary in the middle of the 1st century, under
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Aliquot Julien. "LA VIE RELIGIEUSE AU LIBAN SOUS L'EMPIRE ROMAIN": Qalaat Faqra. p. 128 (
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Taylor, George. "The Roman Temples of Lebanon". Dar el Mashreq Publishers. Beyrut, 1971
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In Late Antiquity, the last-mentioned shrine was partly dismantled, and a Byzantine
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Doyle, Paul. Lebanon, Bradt Travel Guide, 1st edition (March 1, 2012), page 195.
219:, to the south and below, towards the stream of Nabaa el-Laban; and that of the
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Remaniement de temples d’époque romaine; les cas de Niha et de Faqra
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can be dated to the second half of the first century, under emperor
2014:
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631:. Press Holdings International. New York, 2004. ISBN 9781410211675
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and the monumental altars, on the hill to the north; that of the
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Images and Monuments of Near Eastern Dynasts, 100 BC - AD 100
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Images and Monuments of Near Eastern Dynasts, 100 BC - AD 100
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The ruins are the most extensive Roman archeological site in
629:
The Provinces of the Roman Empire from Caesar to Diocletian
179:
at an altitude of 1500 m (and exactly half-way between
655:. Apport de la métrologie. In BAAL 9, 2007, Beyrouth.
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150:(also there it is a 5th century Byzantine basilica)
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191:), it is one of the most important sites of the
619:LA VIE RELIGIEUSE AU LIBAN SOUS L'EMPIRE ROMAIN
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309:in CE 43-44. The tower has a 16m square base.
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471:Bargfeldt, N. "Lebanon mountains: Faqra" (
25:
18:
1054:List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon
452:
1111:UNESCO World Heritage Sites Proposed
1069:Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral
701:Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
301:, was renovated by the Roman emperor
7:
641:Krencker D. and W. Zschietzschmann.
636:Temples de l’époque romaine au Liban
332:, and two altars, built in 44 A.D.
46:
603:Image of how was the Claudius Tower
312:The site also includes a temple to
14:
988:Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
1157:
764:
566:. OUP Oxford. pp. 333–335.
532:. OUP Oxford. pp. 333–335.
506:Photos of the Tower of Claudius"
293:Roman Faqra includes the famous
45:
38:
2086:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
1164:Archaeological sites in Lebanon
1115:Category:Roman sites in Lebanon
495:Photo of the byzantine Basilica
199:(the classical "Lycus river").
187:, the two main Roman cities in
2091:Tourist attractions in Lebanon
2020:Tripolis (region of Phoenicia)
888:Khirbet El-Knese roman temples
376:Ruins of the "Great Sanctuary"
16:Archaeological site in Lebanon
1:
645:. De Gruiter ed. Berlin, 1938
560:Kropp, Andreas J. M. (2013).
526:Kropp, Andreas J. M. (2013).
275:, the "Syrian goddess". This
251:in the eastern shores of the
159:is an archaeological site in
175:ski resort on the slopes of
1705:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
1665:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
1044:Saint Barbara of Heliopolis
1024:Stone of the Pregnant Woman
963:Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon"
803:Temples of the Beqaa Valley
793:Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek)
756:Roman Law school of Berytus
751:Roman hippodrome of Berytus
2112:
1064:Catholic Church in Lebanon
593:Livius: The Claudius Tower
1955:Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai
1605:Phoenician port of Beirut
1525:Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze)
1170:
1107:
1009:Phoenice (Roman province)
868:Mansourieh Roman aqueduct
762:
741:Berytus Colonnaded street
731:Cisterns of Berytus Baths
643:Römische Tempel in Syrien
223:, between the first two.
149:
33:
24:
1325:Canalizations of Zenobia
968:Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum
908:Monastery of Saint Maron
858:Canalizations of Zenobia
171:ruins. Located near the
1510:Kouachra megalith field
1400:Heliopolis in Phoenicia
1059:Christianity in Lebanon
823:Ain Harcha roman temple
798:Temples of Mount Hermon
736:Berytus Cardo Decumanus
2096:Roman sites in Lebanon
2010:Temple of the Obelisks
1660:Roman Forum of Berytus
1560:Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir)
1310:Berytus (Roman Beirut)
1094:6th century in Lebanon
1089:5th century in Lebanon
1084:4th century in Lebanon
1079:3rd century in Lebanon
1074:2nd century in Lebanon
1034:Marcus Valerius Probus
721:Roman Forum of Berytus
484:Photo of the Sanctuary
441:2nd century in Lebanon
436:1st century in Lebanon
377:
357:
290:was built next to it.
265:
116:first-second centuries
1670:Roman temple of Bziza
1215:Akkar plain foothills
1099:551 Beirut earthquake
1039:Eudokia of Heliopolis
973:Tripolis in Phoenicia
375:
271:and the other one to
958:Schleem roman temple
938:Qal'at Bustra temple
903:Monastery of Qozhaya
898:Libbaya roman temple
84:34.001667°N 35.805°E
1925:Tell Rasm El Hadeth
1019:Phoenice Libanensis
893:Labweh Roman temple
726:Berytus Roman Baths
666:Livius: Roman Faqra
627:Mommsen, Theodore.
364:The Great Sanctuary
80: /
54:location in Lebanon
21:
1965:Tell Sultan Yakoub
1915:Tell Neba'a Litani
1910:Tell Neba'a Chaate
1275:Baidar ech Chamout
1014:Palaestina Secunda
913:Nahle roman temple
883:Kafr Zabad temples
378:
339:The Claudius Tower
195:-listed valley of
142:Public access
2073:
2072:
2005:Temple of Jupiter
1995:Temple of Bacchus
1755:Tell Ain Ghessali
1750:Tell Ain el Meten
1680:Saraain El Faouqa
1123:
1122:
953:Saraain El Faouqa
788:Temple of Bacchus
746:Byzantine mosaics
617:Aliquot, Julien.
253:Mediterranean Sea
154:
153:
137:greatly destroyed
89:34.001667; 35.805
2103:
2000:Temple of Eshmun
1610:Plain of Zgharta
1550:Maronite mummies
1505:Khirbet El-Knese
1460:Kamouh el Hermel
1390:Haret ech Cheikh
1360:Douris (Baalbek)
1340:Deir El Aachayer
1162:
1161:
1150:
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918:Nebi Safa temple
873:Hebbariye temple
828:Amioun Monastery
776:(actual Lebanon)
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299:Kamouh el Hermel
237:fifth Macedonian
163:, Lebanon, with
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1920:Tell Qasr Labwe
1870:Tell Kabb Elias
1840:Tell Hoch Rafqa
1820:Tell El Ghassil
1790:Tell Bir Dakoue
1765:Tell Ain Saouda
1760:Tell Ain Nfaikh
1710:Tahun ben Aissa
1675:Sands of Beirut
1415:Jabal es Saaïdé
1365:Elaea (Lebanon)
1350:Deir Mar Maroun
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1156:
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1124:
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992:
983:Tyre Necropolis
948:Castra El Banat
818:Ain Aata temple
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774:Roman Phoenicia
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709:(actual Beirut)
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221:Great Sanctuary
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1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1960:Tell Shamsine
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1938:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1895:Tell Mureibit
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1850:Tell Khardane
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1815:Tell el-Burak
1813:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1640:Ras Baalbek I
1638:
1636:
1635:Qasr el Banat
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1620:Qal'at Bustra
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
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1558:
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1538:
1536:
1533:
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1528:
1526:
1523:
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1518:
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1513:
1511:
1508:
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1503:
1501:
1498:
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1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1405:Hermel plains
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1393:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1383:
1381:
1378:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1361:
1358:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1345:Deir Al-Ahmar
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1330:Dahr El Ahmar
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1265:Augusti Pagus
1263:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1253:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1240:Antelias cave
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1151:
1146:
1144:
1139:
1137:
1132:
1131:
1128:
1116:
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1110:
1109:
1106:
1100:
1097:
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1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1010:
1007:
1005:
1004:Roman Lebanon
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
966:
964:
961:
959:
956:
954:
951:
949:
946:
944:
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939:
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
921:
919:
916:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
863:Dakoue temple
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
838:Augusti Pagus
836:
834:
833:Arca Caesarea
831:
829:
826:
824:
821:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
804:
801:
799:
796:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
778:
772:
767:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
711:
707:Roman Berytus
705:
696:
691:
689:
684:
682:
677:
676:
673:
667:
664:
663:
659:
654:
650:
647:
644:
640:
637:
633:
630:
626:
623:
620:
616:
615:
611:
604:
599:
596:
590:
587:
575:
573:9780199670727
569:
565:
564:
556:
553:
541:
539:9780199670727
535:
531:
530:
522:
519:
513:
510:
507:
502:
499:
496:
491:
488:
485:
480:
477:
473:
468:
465:
461:
456:
453:
446:
442:
439:
437:
434:
432:
429:
427:
424:
422:
419:
417:
414:
412:
409:
408:
404:
402:
400:
395:
391:
388:
382:
374:
370:
363:
361:
356:
354:
348:
344:
338:
336:
333:
331:
327:
324:dedicated to
323:
319:
315:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
291:
289:
284:
282:
278:
274:
270:
264:
262:
256:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
224:
222:
218:
214:
210:
209:Mount Lebanon
202:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
177:Mount Sannine
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
98:
93:
65:
61:
41:
32:
28:
23:
1985:Tell Zeitoun
1975:Tell Wardeen
1945:Tell Saoudhi
1940:Tell Safiyeh
1935:Tell Saatiya
1900:Tell Murtafa
1890:Tell Meouchi
1885:Tell Mekhada
1860:Tell Jezireh
1845:Tell Karmita
1835:Tell Hazzine
1810:Tell Dibbine
1785:Tell Beshara
1590:Neba'a Faour
1540:Majdal Anjar
1455:Kamid el-Loz
1440:Joub Jannine
1435:Jeita Grotto
1430:Jebel Aabeby
1385:Hadeth south
1315:Bustan Birke
1305:Belat temple
943:Castra Chbib
933:Qalaat Faqra
932:
853:Bziza temple
843:Bakka temple
808:Aaqbe temple
652:
651:Yasmine, J.
642:
635:
628:
618:
612:Bibliography
598:
589:
577:. Retrieved
562:
555:
543:. Retrieved
528:
521:
512:
501:
490:
479:
467:
455:
396:
392:
383:
379:
367:
358:
351:
350:
345:
342:
334:
311:
305:in honor of
294:
292:
287:
285:
276:
266:
259:
258:
249:Roman empire
245:Romanization
241:third Gallic
225:
220:
217:Small Temple
216:
212:
206:
197:Nahr al-Kalb
157:Qalaat Faqra
156:
155:
20:Qalaat Faqra
2045:Wadi Yaroun
2035:Umm al-Amad
1980:Tell Zenoub
1950:Tell Serhan
1880:Tell Masoud
1830:Tell Fadous
1650:Ras El Kelb
1580:Nachcharini
1480:Kafr Tebnit
1230:Amlaq Qatih
1049:Coele-Syria
878:Iaat column
87: /
63:Coordinates
2080:Categories
2060:Ain W Zain
2040:Wadi Koura
1930:Tell Rayak
1855:Tell Kirri
1775:Tell Ayoub
1735:Tell Addus
1730:Tell Ablah
1725:Tell Aalaq
1695:Sin el Fil
1645:Ras Beirut
1545:Mansourieh
1535:Lion Tower
1450:Kafr Zabad
1375:Fadous Sud
1280:Batroumine
1255:Ard Tlaili
1250:Ard Saouda
1205:Ain Harcha
1200:Ain Choaab
848:Batroumine
783:Heliopolis
447:References
426:Heliopolis
326:Agrippa II
185:Heliopolis
161:Kfardebian
129:Site notes
75:35°48′18″E
72:34°00′06″N
1865:Tell Jisr
1795:Tell Deir
1740:Tell Ahle
1600:Hosn Niha
1595:Nebi Safa
1575:Nabi Zair
1565:Moukhtara
1515:Ksar Akil
1485:Kfar Qouq
1465:Karak Nuh
1380:Hebbariye
1300:Beit Mery
1290:Bechamoun
928:Hosn Niha
421:Hosn Niha
322:Atargatis
318:sanctuary
277:Sanctuary
273:Atargatis
169:Byzantine
134:Condition
121:Abandoned
2050:Yammoune
1555:Mayrouba
1500:Kharayeb
1490:Kfarhata
1355:Dekwaneh
1220:Al-Bireh
1195:Ain Aata
1029:Ulpianus
405:See also
399:Claudius
390:temple.
355:. Livius
330:Berenice
303:Claudius
288:Basilica
281:Claudius
263:. Livius
239:and the
229:Augustus
1700:Sarepta
1655:Rashaya
1630:Qaraoun
1570:Mtaileb
1530:Libbaya
1475:Kefraya
1470:Kaukaba
1425:Jdeideh
1395:Hashbai
1285:Batroun
1270:Baalbek
1210:Akbiyeh
1175:Aadloun
997:Related
716:Berytus
579:4 April
545:4 April
431:Berytus
233:Berytus
181:Berytus
113:Founded
105:Builder
100:History
1720:Tayibe
1685:Shheem
1520:Labweh
1370:Flaoui
1335:Dakoue
1320:Byblos
1295:Beirut
1245:Apheca
1225:Amioun
1185:Aammiq
570:
536:
387:Tuscan
307:Adonis
269:Adonis
193:UNESCO
108:Romans
2065:Zahlé
2055:Yanta
2015:Toron
1715:Taire
1690:Sidon
1190:Aaqbe
1180:Aaiha
978:Tyrus
235:(the
173:Faqra
165:Roman
2030:Tyre
1445:Jieh
1420:Jbaa
1410:Iaat
1260:Arqa
923:Niha
813:Afqa
581:2018
568:ISBN
547:2018
534:ISBN
316:, a
203:Data
183:and
167:and
1615:Qaa
320:of
231:in
145:yes
2082::
283:.
255:.
1149:e
1142:t
1135:v
694:e
687:t
680:v
624:)
583:.
549:.
474:)
462:)
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