403:, one after the other, with the fourth being brightest. He then saw seven emerge similarly from his own breast, followed by a great star which shone much brighter than the others. He relayed his dreams to their father Tumanay Khan, who interpreted the first to mean that the initial paramountcy would belong to Qabul's descendants, with the fourth in succession to him being a great conqueror (presumably Genghis Khan). The second dream portended that the eighth in descent from Qachuli would also be a great ruler (referencing Timur). Tumanay Khan then called on both his sons to swear solemn oaths and establish the covenant, whereby sovereignty would remain with Qabul and his line, while Qachuli's would hold administrative and military authority, thus establishing an agreement of dual kingship. Historian
135:
310:
being forced to make use of a puppet-Chagatai Khan. This arrangement was solemnised by the marriages of himself and his sons with Mongol princesses. However, other regional warlords, many of whom were Timur's rivals, also used similar tactics to support their own authority. To justify his own paramountcy being more legitimate, Woods argues that Timur used the genealogical traditions of
Qarachar to suggest that he had a hereditary right to govern the khanate. Such a position therefore diminished his opponents to usurpers to the will of Genghis Khan. This view was made clear in Nizam al-din Ali Shami's version of the
164:, greatly elaborated on the origins of the dynasty, including on the life and background of Qarachar. In such works, his ancestry (which is never clarified in earlier accounts) is said to link to that of Genghis Khan. His paternal grandfather was stated to be Erdemchu Barlas, son of Qachuli, himself a son of Tumanay Khan, Genghis Khan's great-great-grandfather. This relationship is expressed in other works as well as engraved on Timur's cenotaph and tombstone in the
335:. These corps, which combined the roles of an elite military division, imperial bodyguards and supervisors of the imperial household, were a central institution for the Mongols, under whom the leadership was hereditary. Subtenly suggests that based on the Timurid descriptions of Qarachar's duties under Chagatai Khan, it can be deduced that he would have been the head of the latter's personal division of the
339:. She therefore believes that the contingent of Qarachar which had been assigned to Chagatai by Genghis Khan, unspecified in Mongol histories, would have been this division. She further states that since members of the corps were traditionally given administrative roles, this would tie in with the influence in government attributed to Qarachar. Subtenly specifically identifies his position as the
200:, he commended this son to Qarachar's care, who was also entrusted with the administration and armies to manage on his behalf. This arrangement was formalised by the legal adoption by the nobleman of Chagatai, whose daughter Qarachar also married, so as to establish a "bond of fatherhood and sonship". It was from this marriage that
281:
contain two mentions of
Qarachar's son Ichil, who was stated by the Timurids to have inherited Qarachar's premier position. Togan also states that the general importance of the Barlas among the Chagatai tribes was proved by the influential marriages made by Timur and his sisters prior to the former's
309:
extensively discussed the matter of Timur's ancestry, including
Qarachar, and stated his belief that the conqueror had manipulated his genealogy for political means. Woods relates that as a non-member of the imperial clan, Mongol law dictated that Timur was unable to rule under his own name, instead
298:
important tribe in the khanate, which is the suggested view of the
Timurid histories. Such influence, she states, would have led to marriages between the imperial clan and the Barlas, of which there is no evidence of from the time of Qarachar to Timur. In relation to this, Eiji Mano adds that while
66:
was paramount to the latter's foundational history. His role and that of his relations were thus heavily expanded and potentially mythologised by
Timurid court historians, who portrayed him as a hereditary supreme commander and administrator endowed with a unique intimacy with the ruling clan. This
183:
and advised the emperor frequently throughout his decades-long conquests. As Khan was dying, he is recounted to have summoned his sons and brothers as well as
Qarachar. There, after having received their homage, he praised the wisdom of the latter and urged his sons to follow his council and
265:, who discovered a comment by Hamadani regarding Qarachar. However, he was only described as being one of Chagatai's military chiefs as opposed to an all-powerful vizier, leading to an implication that his position and exploits had been greatly exaggerated. This is a view shared by
241:(1243/44 CE). Conversely, Yazdi narrates that he had outlived the Khan by thirteen years, dying in 652 AH (1255/56 CE) at the advanced age of eighty-nine. Depending on the source, he may have had up to nineteen sons, with his descendants forming seven of the Barlas clans of
207:
Yazdi records that
Qarachar subsequently occupied a prominent position in the Chagatai court, performing the actual duties of ruling while the Khan revelled and hunted. This arrangement is mentioned by other Timurid historians such as Hafiz-i Abru, who states that as
1008:
420:, as a younger brother to Qarachar. Since Taghachar's background is vague in Mongol sources, historian İlker Binbaş suggests that Yazdi invented the relationship in order to provide further marital links between Qarachar and the Imperial family.
172:, Genghis Khan's father, having been present at the latter's birth and foretelling the infant's future greatness. Suqu is claimed by Yazdi to have died shortly after Yesugei while their children were still young, though this would contradict
299:
he believes that the tribe had a shared origin with
Genghis Khan, by Timur's time the Barlas had become relatively unimportant. He further says that Qarachar's position likely did not exceed that of a
359:
role is not explicitly acknowledged in
Timurid sources because it was a "submerged" institution, finding little mention in post-Mongol Persian works, which instead prefer circumlocutions.
319:
However, Maria
Subtelny contends that the exalted position ascribed to Qarachar does in fact have basis in Mongol tradition. She notes that Woods did not take into account that the
245:
and Transoxiana. Qarachar's position of generalissimo was bequeathed to his son Ichil (Timur's great-great-grandfather), with the office becoming hereditary among his descendants.
399:
This covenant was said to have been based on a vision had by Qarachar's great-grandfather Qachuli. He dreamt that he saw four stars emerge from the breast of his sleeping twin
316:, which portrays that Timur "revived the house of Chagatai" by enthroning his puppet-Khan, thus vindicating the trust Genghis Khan had placed in Qarachar.
237:
The year of his death is disputed between accounts. Hafiz-i Abru states that Qarachar survived Chagatai by only a year, with his death occurring in 640
58:
Though there is little mention of him in early sources, where he is only described as a military official, the link Qarachar provided between the old
993:
254:
257:
in 1834, who stated that they were falsified, with the character of Qarachar being an invention due to an apparent lack of mention in the works of
1111:
1079:
1038:
1018:
984:
948:
925:
905:
838:
804:
67:
disparity in information results in the actual details regarding his life and position becoming matters of dispute among modern academics.
934:
134:
82:
1067:
1121:
417:
1146:
312:
179:
Qarachar was described as being among the earliest tribal leaders to swear allegiance to Genghis Khan. He was given a
148:
216:
further relates that after Chagatai's death in 1241, Qarachar was given command of the household under his successor
287:
1088:
1063:
306:
22:
1131:
184:
commands. Genghis Khan then ordered the division of his empire among his progeny, bestowing to his second son
118:
to suppress a rebellion. By 1227, he and his contingent had been assigned to the retinue of Khan's second son
407:
dismissed the story as a "fantastic legend" invented centuries later to support Timur's rights to authority.
380:, roughly translated as "lord", acted as both a military and civil title and was somewhat equivalent to the
347:. Thus Qarachar's military, administrative and legislative functions would be explained by his positions as
143:
258:
123:
1141:
1116:
1010:
The Headless State: Aristocratic Orders, Kinship Society, & Misrepresentations of Nomadic Inner Asia
850:(1963), "The Mongol commanders in Afghanistan and India according to the Tabaqāt-i Nāsiri of Jūzjānī'",
830:
Intellectual Networks in Timurid Iran: Sharaf al-Dīn 'Alī Yazdī and the Islamicate Republic of Letters
970:
291:
277:
997:
859:
228:, also adds that he carried out legal decisions based on the laws set out by Genghis Khan (the
1075:
1047:
1034:
1014:
980:
974:
944:
921:
901:
878:
847:
834:
828:
800:
272:
217:
107:
1028:
938:
895:
817:
794:
196:. In continuation of a covenant made between their respective great-grandfathers Qachuli and
879:"Tribal Tradition and Dynastic History: The Early Rulers of the Qongrats according to Munis"
238:
193:
1136:
321:
63:
1126:
813:
790:
404:
262:
52:
1105:
209:
185:
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59:
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tribe, the two acted as one of the delegations representing the group at the event.
897:
Lives of the Prophets: The Illustrations to Hafiz-i Abru's "Assembly of Chronicles"
874:
326:
180:
153:
91:
44:
416:
Yazdi describes Taghachar, a son-in-law of Genghis Khan who was killed during the
329:, specifically mentions that the Barlas belonged to the imperial guard corps, the
253:
The first historian to question the narratives presented by Timurid histories was
94:(then called Temüjin) ruler of the Mongols in 1190. Having belonged to the Mongol
1092:
1051:
1030:
Timurids in Transition: Turko-Persian Politics and Acculturation in Medieval Iran
957:
Mano, Eiji (1976), "Amir Timur Kuragan – Timur ke no keifu to Timur no tachiba",
915:
168:. Qarachar's father Suqu Sechen was depicted as having been a trusted advisor of
870:
400:
266:
197:
189:
80:
Qarachar features very little in the histories contemporary to his lifetime. In
1066:(1990), Martin Bernard Dickson; Michel M. Mazzaoui; Vera Basch Moreen (eds.),
858:(2), Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University,
343:(chief judge), given his association with legislative powers mentioned in the
283:
269:, who adds that there is no evidence that Qarachar enjoyed any special power.
165:
275:
attempted to dispute this claim, revealing that early versions of Hamadani's
300:
242:
225:
1072:
Intellectual Studies on Islam: Essays Written in Honor of Martin B. Dickson
889:(3), Israel: The Institute of Middle Eastern Studies, University of Haifa
103:
863:
331:
169:
111:
40:
95:
381:
376:
230:
201:
133:
48:
917:
Indo-Central Asian relations: from early times to medieval period
282:
ascension. His findings are confirmed by the writings of Jean of
1097:, Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies
386:
138:
Alleged genealogical relationship between Timur and Genghis Khan
115:
212:, he undertook matters of law, rule and custom. Natanzi in his
90:("the Sage"), as having attended the assembly which proclaimed
106:
by the emperor. According to the thirteenth century historian
294:
argues that this does not prove that the Barlas were the
625:
623:
562:
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509:
507:
455:
453:
451:
449:
122:, a transfer which is also mentioned in the works of
482:
480:
176:, which states that he was still alive in 1190.
943:(Reprinted ed.), The Minerva Group, Inc.,
1002:, vol. 2, The Hague: Les Frères van Cleef
102:also states that in 1206, Qarachar was given
86:, he is mentioned alongside his father, Suqu
8:
799:(Second ed.), London: Luzac & Co.,
653:
1056:Professor Mohamed Shafi Presentation Volume
819:Four Studies on the History of Central Asia
261:. This assumption was later disproved by
773:
614:
224:, a genealogical work from the reign of
677:
537:
433:
368:
35:1166 – 1243/44 or 1255/56), also spelt
689:
665:
602:
578:
440:
796:Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion
761:
749:
713:
701:
641:
629:
590:
566:
549:
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498:
486:
471:
459:
7:
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725:
114:from which, in 1222, he marched on
142:Later Timurid historians, such as
47:as well as a paternal ancestor of
14:
83:The Secret History of the Mongols
894:Ghiasian, Mohamad Reza (2018),
814:Bartold, Vasilii Vladimirovitch
192:, which would later become the
110:, Qarachar later had a base in
1050:(1955), S. M. Abdullah (ed.),
994:d'Ohsson, Constantin Mouradgea
979:, Cambridge University Press,
976:The Rise and Rule of Tamerlane
833:, Cambridge University Press,
325:, the official history of the
1:
1112:Generals of the Mongol Empire
1052:"Tahqiq-i nasab-i Amir Timur"
1013:, Columbia University Press,
791:Bartold, Vasily Vladimirovich
32:
1074:, University of Utah Press,
827:Binbaş, İlker Evrim (2016),
822:, vol. 2, Brill Archive
1163:
20:
883:Asian and African Studies
43:military commander under
16:Mongol military commander
1027:Subtelny, Maria (2007),
914:Haidar, Mansura (2004),
144:Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi
1007:Sneath, David (2007),
355:. She posits that the
259:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
139:
124:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
971:Manz, Beatrice Forbes
137:
104:command of a thousand
1122:13th-century Mongols
999:Histoire des Mongols
292:Beatrice Forbes Manz
255:Constantine d'Ohsson
21:For other uses, see
1147:13th-century deaths
1094:The Timurid dynasty
1068:"Timur's Genealogy"
76:Pre-Timurid sources
1048:Togan, Zeki Velidi
940:The Turks in India
848:Boyle, John Andrew
764:, pp. 101–03.
656:, pp. 108–09.
174:The Secret History
140:
100:The Secret History
1081:978-0-87480-342-6
1040:978-90-04-16031-6
1020:978-0-231-14054-6
986:978-0-521-63384-0
950:978-0-89875-534-3
927:978-81-7304-508-0
907:978-90-04-37722-6
840:978-1-107-05424-0
806:978-0-906094-00-6
776:, pp. 19–22.
644:, pp. 93–95.
552:, pp. 92–93.
418:siege of Nishapur
278:Jami' al-tawarikh
273:Zeki Velidi Togan
204:claimed descent.
181:command of 10,000
51:, founder of the
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194:Chagatai Khanate
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64:Timurid dynasty
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1064:Woods, John E.
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742:
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728:, p. 157.
718:
706:
694:
692:, p. 395.
682:
678:Bartold (1963)
670:
668:, p. 392.
658:
646:
634:
632:, p. 119.
619:
607:
605:, p. 212.
595:
583:
581:, p. 126.
571:
554:
542:
538:Bartold (1928)
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476:
474:, p. 241.
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445:
443:, p. 114.
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405:Vasily Bartold
392:
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53:Timurid Empire
29:Qarachar Noyan
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755:
752:, p. 99.
751:
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727:
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719:
716:, p. 98.
715:
710:
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698:
695:
691:
690:Bregel (1982)
686:
683:
680:, p. 14.
679:
674:
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666:Bregel (1982)
662:
659:
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650:
647:
643:
638:
635:
631:
626:
624:
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617:, p. 11.
616:
611:
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604:
603:Binbaş (2016)
599:
596:
593:, p. 20.
592:
587:
584:
580:
579:Haidar (2004)
575:
572:
569:, p. 93.
568:
563:
561:
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555:
551:
546:
543:
540:, p. 53.
539:
534:
531:
528:, p. 91.
527:
522:
519:
516:, p. 96.
515:
510:
508:
504:
501:, p. 92.
500:
495:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
468:
465:
462:, p. 90.
461:
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441:Sneath (2007)
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1142:1160s births
1117:Genghis Khan
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875:Marcel Erdal
871:Bregel, Yuri
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784:Bibliography
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762:Woods (1990)
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750:Woods (1990)
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714:Woods (1990)
709:
702:Togan (1955)
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591:Keene (2001)
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567:Woods (1990)
550:Woods (1990)
545:
533:
526:Woods (1990)
521:
514:Woods (1990)
499:Woods (1990)
494:
489:, p. 9.
487:Woods (1991)
472:Boyle (1963)
467:
460:Woods (1990)
436:
412:
395:
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375:
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327:Yuan dynasty
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154:Hafiz-i Abru
147:
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99:
92:Genghis Khan
87:
81:
79:
57:
45:Genghis Khan
36:
28:
27:
18:
920:, Manohar,
738:Mano (1976)
726:Manz (1999)
267:Yuri Bregel
249:Historicity
218:Qara Hülegü
190:Transoxiana
1106:Categories
428:References
284:Sultaniyya
166:Gur-e-Amir
1033:, BRILL,
937:(2001) ,
900:, BRILL,
349:yarghuchi
341:yarghuchi
322:Yuan Shih
313:Zafarnama
301:Majordomo
243:Turkestan
226:Shah Rukh
214:Muntakhab
149:Zafarnama
1091:(1991),
1058:, Lahore
996:(1834),
973:(1999),
873:(1982),
864:20832685
816:(1963),
793:(1928),
186:Chagatai
120:Chagatai
62:and the
39:, was a
37:Karachar
23:Qarachar
877:(ed.),
382:Islamic
357:Kheshig
353:Kheshig
337:Kheshig
332:Kheshig
288:Clavijo
170:Yesugei
156:in his
146:in his
112:Taloqan
108:Juvayni
1137:Barlas
1078:
1037:
1017:
983:
947:
924:
904:
862:
837:
803:
384:title
220:. The
162:Zubdat
96:Barlas
88:Sechen
41:Mongol
1127:Timur
860:JSTOR
401:Qabul
377:Noyan
363:Notes
231:Yassa
202:Timur
198:Qabul
158:Majma
49:Timur
1076:ISBN
1035:ISBN
1015:ISBN
981:ISBN
945:ISBN
922:ISBN
902:ISBN
835:ISBN
801:ISBN
387:emir
296:most
286:and
160:and
152:and
116:Merv
71:Life
965:(4)
234:).
1108::
1070:,
1054:,
963:34
961:,
887:16
885:,
881:,
854:,
622:^
557:^
506:^
479:^
448:^
303:.
290:.
239:AH
126:.
55:.
33:c.
856:2
740:.
704:.
390:.
31:(
25:.
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