114:
2344:
2330:
2356:
2447:
2435:
2588:
811:
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2273:. They believed that they would be able to manipulate him to their own ends, and thus effectively control the empire. Qin Er Shi was, indeed, inept and pliable. He executed many ministers and imperial princes, continued massive building projects (one of his most extravagant projects was lacquering the city walls), enlarged the army, increased taxes, and arrested messengers who brought him bad news. As a result, men from all over China revolted, attacking officials, raising armies, and declaring themselves kings of seized territories.
2231:
2808:
2396:, the so-called "Divine Father", who taught that households should grow their own food. "If in one's prime he does not plow, someone in the world will grow hungry. If in one's prime she does not weave, someone in the world will be cold." The Qin encouraged this; a ritual was performed once every few years that consisted of important government officials taking turns with the plow on a special field, to create a simulation of government interest and activity within agriculture.
475:
130:
2599:
2825:
2749:("shadows"), and the realm they were said to live in. The Chinese offered animal sacrifices in an attempt to contact this other world, which they believed to be parallel to the earthly one. The dead were said to have simply moved from one world to the other. The rituals mentioned, as well as others, served two purposes: to ensure that the dead journeyed and stayed in the other realm, and to receive blessings from the spirit realm.
1906:
2405:
2280:, a nephew of Qin Er Shi, ascended the throne, and immediately executed Zhao Gao. Ziying, seeing that increasing unrest was growing among the people and that many local officials had declared themselves kings, attempted to cling to his throne by declaring himself one king among all the others. He was undermined by his ineptitude, however, and popular revolt broke out in 209 BC. When Chu rebels under the lieutenant
2315:
1962:
97:
2040:
2834:
5085:
3131:
6789:
2148:
2782:—to predict and/or influence the future—was yet another form of religious practice. An ancient practice that was common during the Qin dynasty was cracking bones or turtle shells to gain knowledge of the future. The forms of divination which sprang up during early imperial China were diverse, though observing natural phenomena was a common method.
2214:, the region was conquered in 215 BC and agriculture was established; the peasants, however, were discontented and later revolted. The succeeding Han dynasty also expanded into the Ordos due to overpopulation, but depleted their resources in the process. Indeed, this was true of the dynasty's borders in multiple directions; modern
2114: – who had first assumed the throne of the Qin state at age 9 – became the effective ruler of China. The subjugation of the six states was done by King Zheng who had used efficient persuasion and exemplary strategy. He solidified his position as sole ruler with the abdication of his prime minister,
1839:
bureaucratic. Qin created a system of administering people and land that greatly increased the power of the government to transform environment, and it has been argued that the subsequent impact of this system on East Asia's environments makes the rise of Qin an important event in China's environmental history.
1838:
The Qin introduced a range of reforms such as standardized currency, weights, measures and a uniform system of writing, which aimed to unify the state and promote commerce. Additionally, its military used the most recent weaponry, transportation and tactics, though the government was heavy-handed and
2630:
The form of government created by the first emperor and his advisors was used by later dynasties to structure their own government. Under this system, both the military and government thrived, as talented individuals could be more easily identified in the transformed society. Later
Chinese dynasties
2626:
was introduced to monitor and check the powers of administrators and officials at each level of government. The Qin instituted a permanent system of ranks and rewards, consisting of twenty ranks based on the number of enemies killed in battle or commanding victorious units. Ranks were not hereditary
2094:
The Qin were swift in their assault on the other states. They first attacked the Han, directly east, and took their capital city of
Xinzheng in 230 BC. They then struck northward; the state of Zhao surrendered in 228 BC, and the northernmost state of Yan followed, falling in 226 BC. Next, Qin armies
2000:
accused the Qin state of being "avaricious, perverse, eager for profit, and without sincerity. It knows nothing about etiquette, proper relationships, and virtuous conduct, and if there be an opportunity for material gain, it will disregard its relatives as if they were animals." This, combined with
1822:
The Qin sought to create a state unified by structured centralized political power and a large military supported by a stable economy. The central government moved to undercut aristocrats and landowners to gain direct administrative control over the peasantry, who comprised the overwhelming majority
2635:
philosophy. There were instances of abuse, however, with one example having been recorded in the "Records of
Officialdom". A commander named Hu ordered his men to attack peasants in an attempt to increase the number of "bandits" he had killed; his superiors, likely eager to inflate their records as
2167:
tactics with over 100,000 men lost. However, in the defeat Qin was successful in building a canal to the south, which they used heavily for supplying and reinforcing their troops during their second attack to the south. Building on these gains, the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding
2082:
due to a personal grudge harboured from his youth. There was also internal strife over the Qin succession in 307 BC, which decentralised Qin authority somewhat. Qin was defeated by an alliance of the other states in 295 BC, and shortly after suffered another defeat by the state of Zhao, because the
1952:
The state of Qin first began a military expedition into central China in 672 BC, though it did not engage in any serious incursions due to the threat from neighbouring tribesmen. By the dawn of the fourth century BC, however, the neighbouring tribes had all been either subdued or conquered, and the
1842:
When the first emperor died in 210 BC, two of his advisors placed an heir on the throne in an attempt to influence and control the administration of the dynasty. These advisors squabbled among themselves, resulting in both of their deaths and that of the second Qin
Emperor. Popular revolt broke out
2381:
Commoners and rural villagers, who made up over 90% of the population, very rarely left the villages or farmsteads where they were born. Forms of employment differed by region, though farming was almost universally common. Professions were hereditary; a father's employment was passed to his eldest
2567:
Penal law actually develops more in the Han dynasty. The Qin often expelled criminals to the new colonies, or pardoned them in exchange for fines, labor, or one to several aristocratic ranks, even up to the death penalty. While the penal laws would still be considered harsh compared to the modern
2377:
The aristocracy of the Qin were largely similar in their culture and daily life. Regional variations in culture were considered a symbol of the lower classes. This stemmed from the Zhou and was seized upon by the Qin, as such variations were seen as contrary to the unification that the government
2621:
The states made by the emperor were assigned to officials dedicated to the task rather than placing the burden on people from the royal family. Zheng and his advisors also introduced new laws and practices that ended feudalism in China, replacing it with a centralized, bureaucratic government. A
2543:
While some Qin penal laws deal with infanticide or other unsanctioned harm of children, it primarily concerned theft; it does not much deal with murder, as either more straightforward or more suitable to ritual. By contrast, detailed rules and "endless paperwork" tightly regulate grain, weights,
1992:
of the rival state of Song was at war with the state of Chu during the
Warring States period, he declined an opportunity to attack the enemy force, commanded by Zhu, while they were crossing a river. After allowing them to cross and marshal their forces, he was decisively defeated in the ensuing
2442:
Warring States-era architecture had several definitive aspects. City walls, used for defense, were made longer, and indeed several secondary walls were also sometimes built to separate the different districts. Versatility in federal structures was emphasized, to create a sense of authority and
2450:
Stone slab with twelve small seal characters. Qin dynasty (221 – 207 BC). The 12 characters on this slab of floor brick affirm that it is an auspicious moment for the First
Emperor to ascend the throne, as the country is united and no men will be dying along the road. Small seal scripts were
3193:
Qin Shi Huang was the first
Chinese sovereign to proclaim himself "Emperor", after unifying China in 221 BC. That year is therefore generally taken by historians to be the start of the "Qin dynasty" which lasted for fourteen years until 207 when it was cut short by civil wars.
2752:
Religious practices were usually held in local shrines and sacred areas, which contained sacrificial altars. During a sacrifice or other ritual, the senses of all participants and witnesses would be dulled and blurred with smoke, incense, and music. The lead sacrificer would
2524:, was also influential beginning in the Warring States period, and throughout the imperial periods. Beginning in the subsequent Han dynasty, this school of thought had a so-called Confucian canon of literature, known as the "six classics": the Odes, Documents, Ritual, Music,
2020:
drainage basin, known as
Guandong. The warlike nature of the Qin in Guanzhong inspired a Han dynasty adage: "Guanzhong produces generals, while Guandong produces ministers." Its expanded agricultural output helped sustain Qin's large army with food and natural resources; the
113:
2639:
Qin Shi Huang also improved the strong military, despite the fact that it had already undergone extensive reforms. The military used the most advanced weaponry of the time. It was first used mostly in bronze form, but by the third century BC, kingdoms such as
2678:, which was built by joining and strengthening the walls made by the feudal lords, which would be expanded and rebuilt multiple times by later dynasties, also in response to threats from the north. Another project built during Qin Shi Huang's rule was the
2008:
as well, which many of their enemies lacked. These latter developments allowed greater mobility over several different terrain types which were most common in many regions of China. Thus, in both ideology and practice, the Qin were militarily superior.
2129:) or "First Emperor". The newly declared emperor ordered all weapons not in the possession of the Qin to be confiscated and melted down. The resulting metal was sufficient to build twelve large ornamental statues at the Qin's newly declared capital,
3703:"...The collapse of the Western Zhou state in 771 BC and the lack of a true central authority thereafter opened ways to fierce inter-state warfare that continued over the next five hundred years until the Qin unification of China in 221 BC,
2184:. After these victories in the south, Qin Shi Huang moved over 100,000 prisoners and exiles to colonize the newly conquered area. In terms of extending the boundaries of his empire, the First Emperor was extremely successful in the south.
2618:, allowing the First Emperor to control all of his territories, including those recently conquered. All aspects of life were standardized, from measurements and language to more practical details, such as the length of chariot axles.
2627:
unless a soldier died heroically in battle, whereby the soldier's rank will be inherited by his family. Each rank was assigned a specified number of dwellings, slaves and land, and ranks could be used to remit judicial punishments.
2248:
Three assassination attempts were made on Qin Shi Huang, leading him to become paranoid and obsessed with immortality. He died in 210 BC, while on a trip to the far eastern reaches of his empire in an attempt to procure an
2238:'s assassination attempt on Qin Shi Huang (right) holding an imperial jade disc. Jing Ke (left) is held by a court physician (background). The dagger is stuck in the pillar. A soldier (far right) rushes to save his emperor.
2563:
prophecies a future sage of "benevolence and righteous", which the First
Emperor declares himself to be. Regardless, in the Qin and early Han, criminals may be given amnesties, and then only punished if they did it again.
2343:
2329:
2391:
Peasants were rarely figured in literature during the Qin dynasty and afterwards; scholars and others of more elite status preferred the excitement of cities and the lure of politics. One notable exception to this was
1811:. Its 15-year duration was the shortest major dynasty in Chinese history, with only two emperors. Despite its short existence, the legacy of Qin strategies in military and administrative affairs shaped the consummate
1823:
of the population and labour force. This allowed ambitious projects involving three hundred thousand peasants and convicts: projects such as connecting walls along the northern border, eventually developing into the
3562:
The term "Confucian" is rather ill-defined in this context—many self-dubbed
Confucians in fact rejected tenets of what was known as "the Way of Confucius", and were disorganized, unlike the later Confucians of the
6844:
1993:
battle. When his advisors later admonished him for such excessive courtesy to the enemy, he retorted, "The sage does not crush the feeble, nor give the order for attack until the enemy have formed their ranks."
2474:
standardized the writing system to be of uniform size and shape across the whole country. This would have a unifying effect on the Chinese culture for thousands of years. He is also credited with creating the
6829:
2292:. The Qin capital was destroyed the next year, and this is considered by historians to be the end of the Qin Empire. Liu Bang then betrayed and defeated Xiang Yu, declaring himself Emperor Gaozu of the new
2430:
has replaced Li Bing's original weighted bamboo baskets, the layout of the infrastructure remains the same and is still in use today to irrigate over 5,300 square kilometers of land in the region.
2071:
and Qin. The rulers of these states styled themselves as kings, rather than using the titles of lower nobility they had previously held. However, none elevated himself to believe that he had the "
2012:
Finally, the Qin Empire had a geographical advantage due to its fertility and strategic position, protected by mountains that made the state a natural stronghold. This was the heart of the
2118:. The states made by the emperor were assigned to officials dedicated to the task rather than place the burden on people from the royal family. He then combined the titles of the earlier
1988:, the prevalent philosophy had dictated war as a gentleman's activity; military commanders were instructed to respect what they perceived to be Heaven's laws in battle. For example, when
3689:
2355:
3295:
2761:
before a sacrifice to further blur his senses and increase the likelihood of perceiving otherworldly phenomena. Other participants were similarly prepared, though not as rigorously.
2388:
gave examples of how, when commoners are obsessed with material wealth, instead of the idealism of a man who "makes things serve him", they were "reduced to the service of things".
1977:, introducing a number of militarily advantageous reforms from 361 BC until his death in 338 BC. Yang also helped construct the Qin capital, commencing in the mid-fourth century BC
6849:
2269:, hid the news of his death upon their return until they were able to alter his will to place on the throne the dead emperor's most pliable son, Huhai, who took the name of
3151:
as 'Sinai' or 'Thinai'. It was then transliterated into English and French as 'China' and 'Chine'. This etymology is dismissed by some scholars, who suggest that 'Sina' in
2540:, comparative model manuals in the Qin empire guided penal legal procedure and application based on real-life situations, with publicly named wrongs linked to punishments.
2446:
2276:
During this time, Li Si and Zhao Gao fell out, and Li Si was executed. Zhao Gao decided to force Qin Er Shi to commit suicide due to Qin Er Shi's incompetence. Upon this,
1895:
2674:
The First Emperor developed plans to fortify his northern border, to protect against nomadic invasions. The result was the initial construction of what later became the
2198:
However, while the empire at times was extended to the north, the Qin could rarely hold on to the land for long. The tribes of these locations, collectively called the
1949:, the 13th king in that line. As a reward, Zhuang's son, Duke Xiang, was sent eastward as the leader of a war expedition, during which he formally established the Qin.
2155:
In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang secured his boundaries to the north with a fraction (100,000 men) of his large army, and sent the majority (500,000 men) of his army south to
2451:
standardized by the First Emperor of China after he gained control of the country, and evolved from the larger seal scripts of previous dynasties. The text on it is "
2001:
a strong leadership from long-lived rulers, openness to employ talented men from other states, and little internal opposition gave the Qin a strong political base.
1815:
that followed, ultimately becoming seen as the originator of an imperial system that lasted from 221 BC with interruption, evolution, and adaptation through to the
2087:), however, soon came to power as prime minister even as the problem of the succession was resolved, and he began an expansionist policy that had originated in
2156:
5148:
2682:, intended to protect the emperor after his death. The Terracotta Army was inconspicuous due to its underground location, and was not discovered until 1974.
2768:. Practitioners of the art would fall into trances or dance to perform supernatural tasks. These people would often rise to power as a result of their art—
3139:
The name 'Qin' is believed to be the etymological ancestor of the modern-day European name of the country, China. The word probably made its way into the
4332:
Pines, Yuri, "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.),
2571:
Villainizing the first Emperor while adopting Qin administration, a revulsion against the Qin developed over the course of the Han dynasty, centering on
1727:
1667:
2801:
2548:, but it did include such concepts as intent, judicial procedure, defendant rights, retrial requests and distinctions between different kinds of law (
2222:, Inner Mongolia, and regions to the southeast were foreign to the Qin, and even areas over which they had military control were culturally distinct.
5187:
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129:
6824:
1357:
6597:
5979:
5177:
5048:
5008:
4967:
4944:
4919:
4894:
4832:
4803:
4778:
4745:
4720:
4695:
4670:
4567:
4540:
4514:
4192:
3735:
3668:
2211:
2193:
1657:
3798:
3531:
The first emperor of the Qin had boasted that the dynasty would last 10,000 generations; it lasted only about 15 years. (Morton 1995, p. 49)
4608:
2587:
2739:
The dominant religious belief in China during the reign of the Qin, and, in fact, during much of early imperial China, was focused on the
2434:
2579:, may have been influential in Qin administration, the Qin otherwise abandoned the harsh penal policy of Shang Yang before its founding.
2142:
1699:
861:
6649:
5649:
2119:
1828:
1791:
Qin was a minor power for the early centuries of its existence. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the reforms of
851:
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used earlier. It could also be rendered ineffective by removing two pins, which prevented enemies from capturing a working crossbow.
1528:
5293:
5067:
5027:
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on 28 February 202 BC. Despite the short duration of the Qin dynasty, it was very influential on the structure of future dynasties.
2078:
Before their conquest in the fourth and third centuries BC, the Qin suffered several setbacks. Shang Yang was executed in 338 BC by
2202:
by the Qin, were free from Chinese rule during the majority of the dynasty. Prohibited from trading with Qin dynasty peasants, the
4445:
2671:
in 307 BC, but the change was swiftly adopted by the other states because cavalry had greater mobility over the terrain of China.
5192:
5141:
6275:
2411:, an irrigation project completed in 256 BC during the Warring States period of China by the State of Qin. It is located on the
6839:
1784:, a state of affairs that lasted until its collapse in 206 BC. It was formally established after the conquests in 221 BC, when
1282:
263:
2614:, and was administered by a hierarchy of officials, all serving the First Emperor. The Qin put into practice the teachings of
2099:(now called Kaifeng) in 225 BC and forced the Chu to surrender by 223 BC. Lastly, they deposed the Zhou dynasty's remnants in
435:
421:
407:
382:
368:
4277:
Michael Loewe 1978/1986 74,526,534-535. The Cambridge History of China Volume I: Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220.
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absolute power. Architectural elements such as high towers, pillar gates, terraces, and high buildings amply conveyed this.
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6713:
1867:
1694:
1620:
1555:
743:
615:
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2504:
comprised many different philosophies proposed by Chinese scholars. Contemporary institutions descended in part from the
2497:) style of calligraphy, which serves as a basis for modern Chinese and is still used in cards, posters, and advertising.
6708:
6592:
5172:
5108:
2034:
1804:
1799:. In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin state carried out a series of swift conquests, destroying the powerless
1630:
5755:
1439:
38:
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6718:
5437:
5134:
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820:
571:
72:
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Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015).
3936:] (in Simplified Chinese). Vol. 1. Friendship Publishing Corporation of China (中国友谊出版公司). pp. 134–135.
1941:, the area became a dependency allotted for the purpose of raising and breeding horses. One of Feizi's descendants,
5000:
4959:
4770:
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to the southwest. The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain, and it was defeated by the southern tribes'
2075:", as the Zhou kings had claimed, nor that he had the right to offer sacrifices—they left this to the Zhou rulers.
1687:
653:
119:
5388:
4219:
Michael Loewe 1978/1986 528. The Cambridge History of China Volume I: Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220.
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1220:
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measures, and official documents. Like most ancient societies, tradition China did not divide administration and
1713:
1650:
1615:
884:
794:
6634:
6609:
6459:
6118:
6113:
2525:
2004:
Another advantage of the Qin was that they had a large, efficient army and capable generals. They utilised the
1985:
1781:
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218:
4320:
Michael Loewe 1999 p1008, The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C
3522:
This was largely caused by regional differences which survived despite the Qin's attempt to impose uniformity.
1996:
The Qin disregarded this military tradition, taking advantage of their enemy's weaknesses. A nobleman in the
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176:
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Xue, Deshu; Qi, Xiuqian. "Research on Supervision System in Ancient China and Its Contemporary Reference".
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which had endured for over five centuries—until 221 BC, when it assumed an imperial prerogative following
1662:
1640:
1625:
830:
772:
3957:
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6302:
5366:
5356:
5315:
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4820:
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1974:
1937:, the eighth king of the Zhou dynasty, this area became known as the state of Qin. In 897 BC, under the
1796:
1788:, who had become king of the Qin state in 246, declared himself to be "Shi Huangdi", the first emperor.
1635:
1052:
6547:
6542:
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The Qin also used improved methods of transportation and tactics. The state of Zhao had first replaced
2047:
During the Warring States period preceding the Qin dynasty, the major states vying for dominance were
6809:
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1808:
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890:
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Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D".
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2470:, as that of the Zhou had been. As one of his most influential achievements in life, prime minister
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4687:
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4154:
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3623:
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2159:. Prior to the events leading to Qin dominance over China, they had gained possession of much of
2079:
1989:
1942:
1922:
1765:
825:
710:
702:
4593:
4321:
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6557:
6493:
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6417:
6314:
6029:
5957:
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5723:
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5496:
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5250:
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5044:
5023:
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Mystics from the state of Qi, however, saw sacrifices differently—as a way to become immortal.
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1934:
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The Imperial Network in Ancient China: The Foundation of Sinitic Empire in Southern East Asia
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magicians, who claimed the elixir was stuck on an island guarded by a sea monster. The chief
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region in northwest China often raided them instead, prompting the Qin to retaliate. After a
6510:
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5992:
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5863:
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5772:
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5565:
5528:
5279:
5223:
4146:
3615:
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2598:
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majority of their army was then defending against the Qi. The aggressive statesman Fan Sui (
1747:
1252:
810:
802:
536:
493:
6537:
5020:
The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire
4866:
The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire
4506:
Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History
3753:
The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire
2764:
Such blurring of the senses was also a factor in the practice of spirit intermediaries, or
6834:
6728:
6696:
6569:
6520:
6476:
6471:
6449:
6444:
6402:
6395:
6370:
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6225:
6066:
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5836:
5804:
5629:
5619:
5513:
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5501:
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4733:
The Trail of Time: Shih-chien Ti Tsu-chi : Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia
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3005:
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2513:
2505:
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1832:
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474:
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until the fourth century BC, is another possible origin. Others argued for the state of
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had been introduced in the fifth century BC and was more powerful and accurate than the
2284:
attacked, a state in such turmoil could not hold for long. Ziying was defeated near the
6793:
6671:
6666:
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6604:
6587:
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6260:
6220:
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6056:
6046:
6036:
5851:
5730:
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5491:
5373:
5197:
4795:
4437:
3144:
2928:
1938:
1905:
1769:
1645:
1154:
1071:
3707:" Early China A Social and Cultural History, Cambridge University Press, 2013, page 6.
3684:
2404:
2095:
launched assaults to the east, and later the south as well; they took the Wei city of
63:
This article is about the first imperial Chinese dynasty. Not to be confused with the
6803:
6752:
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5518:
5400:
5260:
5038:
4990:
4930:
4911:
4884:
4814:
4760:
4137:
Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, 'Legalism,' et cetera".
3952:
3487:
3342:
3245:
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2885:
2657:
2649:
2553:
2277:
2104:
2017:
1785:
944:
911:
278:
195:
3553:; the prime minister of the Qin directly preceding the conquest of the other states.
2772:, a Han dynasty medium, was granted rule over 2,000 households. Noted Han historian
2648:
were using iron and/or steel swords. The demand for this metal resulted in improved
6781:
6644:
6385:
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2536:
The Qin empire's laws were primarily administrative. Including penal law alongside
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2207:
2052:
1863:
1800:
1777:
1773:
1519:
1495:
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1469:
1413:
1394:
1384:
1372:
1310:
1024:
1014:
991:
719:
543:
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373:
64:
4996:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220
4766:
The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220
4184:
The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220
2314:
1961:
4994:
4905:
4789:
4764:
4731:
4706:
4681:
4656:
6363:
6348:
6197:
5910:
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5809:
5735:
5383:
5118:
4936:
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3188:
3176:
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3156:
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2126:
2115:
2068:
2060:
2048:
1997:
1891:
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1844:
1812:
1610:
1426:
1297:
1141:
1131:
1121:
1099:
920:
757:
480:
414:
387:
159:
3641:
2631:
emulated the Qin government for its efficiency, despite its being condemned by
6390:
6207:
6081:
6041:
5974:
4708:
Beyond Pain: The Role of Pleasure and Culture in the Making of Foreign Affairs
3934:
Records of the Genealogy of Chinese Emperors, Empresses, and Their Descendants
3458:
3267:
3227:
3106:
2779:
2765:
2758:
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day, they were not very harsh for their time, and often not actually enacted.
2549:
2408:
2270:
2111:
2056:
2039:
1970:
1792:
1178:
967:
646:
207:
2084:
1981:. The resulting city greatly resembled the capitals of other Warring States.
6280:
6051:
5935:
5905:
5686:
5560:
5351:
4842:
3179:), as well as other polities in the early period as the source of the name.
3093:
2773:
2632:
2623:
2615:
2545:
2517:
2393:
2285:
2219:
2169:
2022:
2013:
1875:
667:
339:
96:
3130:
2288:
in 207 BC and surrendered shortly after; he was executed by the Chu leader
5084:
5681:
5464:
5422:
5361:
5213:
3152:
3125:
3082:
2950:
2653:
2467:
2424:
2321:
2289:
2281:
2262:
2215:
2130:
1978:
1848:
688:
557:
307:
249:
149:
17:
4181:
Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K.; Loewe, Michael (26 December 1986).
2147:
5594:
5523:
5479:
5395:
5334:
4158:
3627:
3062:
2787:
2769:
2754:
2668:
2664:
2576:
2509:
2420:
2416:
2235:
2203:
2160:
2100:
2096:
2091:
and Qi, which prompted the Qin to attempt to conquer the other states.
1930:
1321:
1172:
1166:
726:
4298:
Mark Edward Lewis 2007. p42,72. The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han
2575:
as espousing rigorous law and punishment. While Shang Yang, and maybe
2123:
500:
5427:
5302:
5126:
4441:
4334:
https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/chinese-legalism/
2996:
2776:
was scornful of such practices, dismissing them as foolish trickery.
2488:
2258:
2254:
2250:
2177:
2173:
484:
428:
4150:
3619:
3155:
evolved much earlier before the Qin dynasty. However, the preceding
2025:
canal built in 246 BC was particularly significant in this respect.
1827:, and a massive new national road system, as well as the city-sized
4624:"This thesis also helps explain the existence of Cīna in the Indic
4556:
Jeroen Van Den Bosch; Adrien Fauve; B. J. De Cordier, eds. (2021).
1984:
Notably, Qin engaged in practical and ruthless warfare. During the
6061:
3261:
3148:
3018:
2876:
2783:
2471:
2445:
2433:
2266:
2181:
2146:
2038:
1960:
1925:, was granted rule over the settlement of Qin (秦邑) in present-day
1918:
1904:
453:
237:
4366:
War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe
3431:
2427:
5275:
5130:
2528:, and Changes, which embodied Chinese literature at the time.
4347:
Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research
3266:
An edict in bronze from the reign of the second Qin Emperor,
3124:
The Qin state and main polities in 221 BCE, with the capital
1750:
748:
734:
4322:
https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC&pg=PA1008
6845:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BC
4907:
Will the Boat Sink the Water?: The Life of China's Peasants
4310:
https://books.google.com/books?id=zhpLJgHZMTQC&pg=PA110
4281:
https://books.google.com/books?id=A2HKxK5N2sAC&pg=PA534
4265:
https://books.google.com/books?id=_aowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA213
4248:
https://books.google.com/books?id=_aowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA267
4209:
https://books.google.com/books?id=C19_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208
4207:
Bo Mou 2009. p208. Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy
5271:
4302:
https://books.google.com/books?id=JyEsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72
4594:"The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'"
2704:
The music of the "Seven Origins" and "Blossoming Origins"
1921:, a supposed descendant of the ancient political advisor
1753:
769:
707:
693:
679:
6830:
States and territories established in the 3rd century BC
4985:
Bodde, Derk (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in". In
4755:
Bodde, Derk (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in". In
3690:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2790:, and droughts were considered omens of things to come.
658:
4118:
World and its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, p. 34
3992:
World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, p. 36
2234:
Stone rubbing of a Han dynasty carved relief depicting
42:
4816:
The Establishment of the Han Empire and Imperial China
3726:
Beck, R B; Black, L; Krager, L S; et al. (2003).
1851:, who was proclaimed Hegemon-King of Western Chu, and
6765:
4791:
Pacific Century: The Emergence of Modern Pacific Asia
4680:
Philip J. Ivanhoe; Bryan W. Van Norden, eds. (2005).
1756:
634:
620:
606:
590:
576:
562:
548:
2043:
Map showing the unification of Qin during 230–221 BC
1874:; however, the earliest account of this event is in
1538:
1460:
1340:
1273:
1203:
1077:
6737:
6689:
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742:
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645:
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614:
600:
584:
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259:
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231:
217:
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189:
175:
165:
155:
145:
82:
3956:
2006:newest developments in weaponry and transportation
1896:Timeline of the Warring States and the Qin dynasty
1882:, and some modern scholars dispute its veracity.
71:"Qin Empire" redirects here. For other uses, see
4658:World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia
1953:stage was set for the rise of Qin expansionism.
3730:. Evanston, IL: Mc Dougal Little. p. 187.
2690:
1965:Map of the Warring States. Qin is shown in pink
4559:The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies
4405:
4403:
2745:(roughly translating to "spirits" or "gods"),
2726:And the warp and weft of the world fall dark.
2720:Suddenly the spirits ride off on the darkness,
5287:
5142:
4535:. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51.
4237:Pines 2017. p84. Abridged Book of Lord Shang.
3728:Ancient World History-Patterns of Interaction
2452:
2371:", 阿房宫) of Qin Shihuang, destroyed in 206 BCE
1870:tyranny, notably citing a purge known as the
1721:
498:
88:
8:
6850:1st-millennium BC disestablishments in China
6744:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy
4632:, likely dating well before Qin Shihuangdi."
4306:Pines 2009. p110. Envisioning Eternal Empire
3988:
3986:
3984:
3884:
3882:
3159:was itself founded in the 9th century BCE. '
2696:The incense sticks are a forest of feathers,
2157:conquer the territory of the southern tribes
2110:When the conquests were complete in 221 BC,
2005:
59:First Imperial dynasty in China (221–206 BC)
4509:. Cambridge University Press. p. 138.
4039:
4037:
4000:
3998:
3863:
3861:
1866:portrayed the Qin dynasty as a monolithic,
331:2,300,000 km (890,000 sq mi)
26:
6565:
5294:
5280:
5272:
5149:
5135:
5127:
5095:
4813:Kinney, Anne Behnke; Hardy, Grant (2005).
4368:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81.
4087:
4085:
3272:
2718:Which purifies and refines human feelings.
2212:military campaign led by General Meng Tian
1728:
1714:
1544:
1539:
1461:
1346:
1341:
1274:
1209:
1204:
1078:
789:
527:
473:
128:
79:
3774:
3772:
2103:and conquered the Qi, taking the city of
1782:its complete conquest of its rival states
5188:Burning of books and burying of scholars
4683:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy
3196:
3143:first as 'Cina' or 'Sina' and then into
2724:Purified thoughts grow hidden and still,
2597:
2586:
2403:
2229:
1909:Map showing major states of Eastern Zhou
1872:burning of books and burying of scholars
134:Territory controlled by the Qin dynasty
32:This is an accepted version of this page
6772:
4252:Pines 2013. p267. The Messianic Emperor
3598:
3515:
2710:The spirits coming to feast and frolic.
2702:A host of flags and kingfisher banners.
2594:, museum of the grave of Qin Shi Huang.
2180:. They may have struck as far south as
1843:and the weakened empire soon fell to a
801:
326:
321:
28:
5040:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han
4886:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han
4614:from the original on 30 September 2011
3923:
3921:
3663:(13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018.
2500:During the Warring States period, the
709:
636:
460:
5183:Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes
4145:(1). Duke University Press: 129–156.
3947:
3945:
3943:
3480:
3470:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3442:
3440:
3430:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3406:
3380:
3354:
3332:
3330:
3328:
3326:
3324:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3308:
3306:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3284:
2698:The cloudy scene an obscure darkness.
1795:in the fourth century BC, during the
1776:, which was a fief of the confederal
301:
288:
272:
268:
242:
230:
226:
216:
200:
188:
184:
174:
7:
4438:"Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor"
4263:Pines 2014 Birth of an Empire. p213
4246:Pines 2014 Birth of an Empire. p267
3755:. New Haven: Yale University Press.
2692:Floating on high in every direction,
2466:The written language of the Qin was
2151:Qin dynasty's expansion to the south
3705:thus giving China her first empire.
2833:
2700:Metal stalks with elegant blossoms,
2143:Qin campaign against the Yue tribes
5178:Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu
4448:from the original on 7 August 2008
3969:from the original on 17 April 2017
2335:Excavation of the western platform
2194:Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu
2120:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors
1829:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor
57:
4228:Goldin 2005. p5-6 After Confucius
2722:And the brilliant event finishes.
2706:Are intoned as harmonious sounds.
2419:, near the provincial capital of
2367:Remains of the Imperial Palace ("
1772:. It is named for its progenitor
6787:
6775:
5193:Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising
5083:
4043:Kinney and Hardy 2005, pp. 13–15
3801:from the original on 10 May 2008
3129:
2832:
2823:
2806:
2800:
2712:The spirits are seen off to the
2354:
2342:
2328:
2320:Location of the Palace, west of
2313:
2122:into his new name: Shi Huangdi (
1746:
809:
433:
419:
405:
380:
366:
112:
95:
4904:Chen Guidi; Wu Chuntao (2007).
4285:Goldin 2005. p5 After Confucius
2694:Music fills the hall and court.
770:
749:
735:
708:
694:
680:
659:
6860:Former monarchies of East Asia
4932:China: Its History and Culture
4187:. Cambridge University Press.
3837:Origins of Statecraft in China
3789:"Chinese surname history: Qin"
3693:(5th ed.). HarperCollins.
2610:The Qin government was highly
2493:
2029:Conquest of the Warring States
1915:Records of the Grand Historian
1880:Records of the Grand Historian
1668:Science and technology history
635:
621:
607:
591:
577:
563:
549:
499:
1:
6825:Former countries in East Asia
4562:. Ibidem Press. p. 403.
4364:Victoria Tin-bor Hui (2005).
3549:A text named for its sponsor
2520:'s school of thought, called
2188:Campaigns against the Xiongnu
1901:Origins and early development
1038:
997:
973:
950:
926:
867:
135:
5109:Dynasties in Chinese history
3965:. Vol. 57, no. 9.
3867:Kinney and Clark 2005, p. 10
2172:, and took the provinces of
5037:Lewis, Mark Edward (2007).
4883:Lewis, Mark Edward (2007).
4705:Breslin, Thomas A. (2001).
3855:Time-Life Books 1993, p. 86
487:(bottom) Chinese characters
73:Qin Empire (disambiguation)
6881:
5001:Cambridge University Press
4910:. Translated by Zhu Hong.
4771:Cambridge University Press
4738:Cambridge University Press
4713:Greenwood Publishing Group
3661:Collins English Dictionary
3540:Meaning "High Progenitor".
3186:
2502:Hundred Schools of Thought
2438:Qin dynasty roof tile end.
2265:, and the prime minister,
2241:
2191:
2140:
2032:
2016:region, as opposed to the
1889:
1831:guarded by the life-sized
120:Heirloom Seal of the Realm
70:
61:
5246:Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts
5173:Qin's wars of unification
5115:
5106:
5098:
5043:. London: Belknap Press.
5022:. Yale University Press.
4929:Morton, W. Scott (1995).
4889:. London: Belknap Press.
4868:. Yale University Press.
3474:
3472:
3400:
3398:
3396:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3378:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3337:King of Qin 秦王 247–221 BC
3318:
3316:
3189:Qin (state) § Rulers
3172:
2484:
2462:Philosophy and literature
2453:
2361:Objects found at the site
2035:Qin's wars of unification
1973:, a Qin statesman of the
1917:, in the 9th century BC,
1542:
1464:
1344:
1277:
1207:
1081:
784:
526:
522:
508:
472:
468:
345:
318:
269:
255:
227:
213:
185:
127:
109:
104:
89:
67:, the final such dynasty.
5058:Korolkov, Maxim (2022).
4788:Borthwick, Mark (2006).
4592:Wade, Geoff (May 2009).
4388:Borthwick 2006, pp. 9–10
4139:Journal of Asian Studies
3929:
2831:
2708:Thus one can almost hear
2622:supervisory system, the
2526:Spring and Autumn Annals
2423:. Although a reinforced
1986:Spring and Autumn period
39:latest accepted revision
4954:Tanner, Harold (2010).
4730:Bedini, Silvio (1994).
2583:Government and military
2382:son after he died. The
6840:220s BC establishments
5018:Lander, Brian (2021).
4864:Lander, Brian (2021).
4582:Keay 2009, p. 98.
4532:Atlas of World History
4061:Morton 1995, pp. 49–50
3958:"China's First Empire"
3846:Morton 1995, pg. 26,45
3751:Lander, Brian (2021).
3716:Tanner 2010, pp. 85–89
3608:Social Science History
3270:
3163:', a state during the
2728:
2607:
2595:
2573:Shang Yang and Han Fei
2458:
2439:
2431:
2239:
2152:
2044:
1966:
1910:
293:Death of Qin Shi Huang
6714:Medieval great powers
4821:Westport, Connecticut
4409:Borthwick 2006, p. 10
3906:Lewis 2007, pp. 38–39
3888:Lewis 2007, pp. 18–19
3819:Lewis 2007, pp. 17–18
3265:
2601:
2590:
2449:
2437:
2407:
2233:
2150:
2042:
1975:Warring States period
1964:
1945:, became favoured by
1933:. During the rule of
1908:
1807:the other six of the
1797:Warring States period
1533:(mainland, 1912–1949)
156:Common languages
6724:European colonialism
6709:Ancient great powers
5241:Twelve Metal Colossi
5092:at Wikimedia Commons
4601:Sino-Platonic Papers
4109:Lewis 2007, p. 75–78
3955:(9 September 2007).
3258:Imperial family tree
3141:Indo-Aryan languages
3121:class=notpageimage|
2636:well, allowed this.
2602:Qin warriors of the
2378:strove to achieve.
2349:A gate of the Palace
2253:of immortality from
2206:tribe living in the
1809:Seven Warring States
765:Baxter–Sagart (2014)
6719:Modern great powers
3648:. 3 September 2019.
3482:Ziying 子嬰 d. 206 BC
3453:Huhai 胡亥 229–207 BC
3423:18 or 25 (disputed)
3175:, another name for
2676:Great Wall of China
2300:Culture and society
2137:Southward expansion
1825:Great Wall of China
29:Page version status
6815:Dynasties of China
4688:Hackett Publishing
4663:Marshall Cavendish
4493:Lewis 2007, p. 181
4484:Lewis 2007, p. 180
4475:Lewis 2007, p. 186
4466:Lewis 2007, p. 178
4427:Morton 1995, p. 27
4418:Morton 1995, p. 26
4171:Lewis 2007, p. 206
4127:Bedini 1994, p. 83
4079:Lewis 2007, p. 102
4013:Lewis 2007, p. 129
4004:Morton 1995, p. 47
3897:Morton 1995, p. 25
3876:Morton 1995, p. 45
3334:Zheng 政 259–210 BC
3271:
2794:Etymology of China
2608:
2596:
2561:Book of Lord Shang
2459:
2440:
2432:
2244:Chu–Han Contention
2240:
2153:
2045:
1967:
1911:
1855:, who founded the
1548:
1358:Five Dynasties and
1350:
1285:Southern dynasties
1213:
1112:Chu–Han Contention
245:• 208–207 BC
233:• 221–208 BC
203:• 210–207 BC
191:• 221–210 BC
139: 210 BC
35:
6763:
6762:
6685:
6684:
6650:Polish–Lithuanian
5825:Gurjara-Pratihara
5269:
5268:
5256:The First Emperor
5251:Ten Crimes of Qin
5125:
5124:
5116:Succeeded by
5088:Media related to
5050:978-0-674-02477-9
5010:978-0-521-24327-8
4987:Twitchett, Dennis
4969:978-1-60384-203-7
4946:978-0-07-043424-0
4921:978-1-58648-441-5
4896:978-0-674-02477-9
4834:978-0-313-32588-5
4805:978-0-8133-4355-6
4780:978-0-521-24327-8
4757:Twitchett, Dennis
4747:978-0-521-37482-8
4722:978-0-275-97430-5
4697:978-0-87220-780-6
4672:978-0-7614-7631-3
4641:Bodde 1986, p. 20
4569:978-3-8382-1518-1
4542:978-0-19-521921-0
4516:978-1-316-29777-3
4194:978-0-521-24327-8
4100:Lewis 2007, p. 16
4091:Lewis 2007, p. 15
4070:Lewis 2007, p. 11
4052:Bodde 1986, p. 84
3915:Lewis 2007, p. 10
3828:Lewis 2007, p. 88
3778:Lewis 2007, p. 17
3737:978-0-618-18393-7
3670:978-0-008-28437-4
3504:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3483:
3455:
3438:
3424:
3409:
3339:
3255:
3254:
3209:Period of Reigns
2477:small seal script
2165:guerrilla warfare
2073:Mandate of Heaven
1947:King Ping of Zhou
1935:King Xiao of Zhou
1913:According to the
1817:Xinhai Revolution
1738:
1737:
1695:Transport history
1621:Education history
1593:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1574:Republic of China
1556:People's Republic
1529:Republic of China
1508:
1507:
1457:
1456:
1452:
1451:
1337:
1336:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1264:
1201:
1200:
1104:(206 BC – 220 AD)
1034:Spring and Autumn
897:Liao civilization
788:
787:
780:
779:
675:Yale Romanization
616:Yale Romanization
537:Standard Mandarin
459:
458:
445:
444:
441:
440:
401:Eighteen Kingdoms
393:
392:
170:Absolute monarchy
47:19 September 2024
16:(Redirected from
6872:
6792:
6791:
6790:
6780:
6779:
6778:
6771:
6566:
6231:Austro-Hungarian
5931:Chagatai Khanate
5296:
5289:
5282:
5273:
5151:
5144:
5137:
5128:
5099:Preceded by
5096:
5087:
5073:
5054:
5033:
5014:
4973:
4956:China: A History
4950:
4935:(3rd ed.).
4925:
4900:
4879:
4860:
4849:. Harper Press.
4838:
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4434:
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4425:
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4416:
4410:
4407:
4398:
4397:Chen, pp. 180–81
4395:
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4380:
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4361:
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4354:
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4330:
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4080:
4077:
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4068:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4050:
4044:
4041:
4032:
4031:Borthwick, p. 10
4029:
4023:
4022:Lewis 2007, p. 5
4020:
4014:
4011:
4005:
4002:
3993:
3990:
3979:
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3529:
3523:
3520:
3492:
3481:
3454:
3451:
3436:
3422:
3407:
3338:
3333:
3298:the Kings of Qin
3282:
3281:
3273:
3197:
3174:
3133:
3115:
3113:
3102:
3100:
3089:
3087:
3078:
3076:
3067:
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3047:
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2848:
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2835:
2828:
2827:
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2817:
2810:
2804:
2735:
2495:
2486:
2456:
2455:
2358:
2346:
2332:
2317:
1764:) was the first
1763:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1658:Military history
1616:Economic history
1604:Related articles
1581:
1563:
1545:
1540:
1534:
1501:
1488:
1475:
1462:
1445:
1432:
1419:
1400:
1390:
1378:
1365:
1347:
1342:
1326:
1316:
1303:
1290:
1275:
1258:
1253:Sixteen Kingdoms
1236:
1226:
1210:
1205:
1194:
1160:
1147:
1137:
1127:
1117:
1105:
1092:
1079:
1057:
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1008:
1006:
1002:
999:
984:
982:
978:
975:
961:
959:
955:
952:
937:
935:
931:
928:
878:
876:
872:
869:
813:
803:History of China
790:
776:
775:
774:
752:
751:
738:
737:
714:
713:
712:
697:
696:
683:
682:
662:
661:
641:
640:
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624:
623:
610:
609:
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579:
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503:
477:
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437:
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423:
422:
409:
408:
397:
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384:
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370:
369:
363:
362:
347:
346:
310:
294:
281:
140:
137:
132:
116:
99:
93:
92:
91:
80:
68:
21:
6880:
6879:
6875:
6874:
6873:
6871:
6870:
6869:
6800:
6799:
6798:
6788:
6786:
6776:
6774:
6766:
6764:
6759:
6748:American Empire
6733:
6729:African empires
6681:
6564:
6256:Central African
6202:
6020:Romano-Germanic
5606:
5340:Middle Assyrian
5313:
5305:
5300:
5270:
5265:
5229:Terracotta Army
5202:
5161:
5155:
5121:
5112:
5104:
5080:
5070:
5057:
5051:
5036:
5030:
5017:
5011:
4984:
4981:
4979:Further reading
4976:
4970:
4953:
4947:
4928:
4922:
4903:
4897:
4882:
4876:
4863:
4857:
4847:China A History
4841:
4835:
4825:Greenwood Press
4812:
4806:
4787:
4781:
4754:
4748:
4729:
4723:
4704:
4698:
4679:
4673:
4655:
4651:
4646:
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4640:
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4611:
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4554:
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4502:
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4497:
4492:
4488:
4483:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4465:
4461:
4451:
4449:
4436:
4435:
4431:
4426:
4422:
4417:
4413:
4408:
4401:
4396:
4392:
4387:
4383:
4376:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4344:
4343:
4339:
4331:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4295:
4291:
4274:
4270:
4262:
4258:
4245:
4241:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4206:
4202:
4195:
4180:
4179:
4175:
4170:
4166:
4151:10.2307/3096138
4136:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4108:
4104:
4099:
4095:
4090:
4083:
4078:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4060:
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4051:
4047:
4042:
4035:
4030:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3996:
3991:
3982:
3972:
3970:
3951:
3950:
3941:
3931:
3927:
3926:
3919:
3914:
3910:
3905:
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3896:
3892:
3887:
3880:
3875:
3871:
3866:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3845:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3804:
3802:
3787:
3786:
3782:
3777:
3770:
3763:
3750:
3749:
3745:
3738:
3725:
3724:
3720:
3715:
3711:
3702:
3698:
3683:
3682:
3678:
3671:
3658:
3657:
3653:
3640:
3639:
3635:
3620:10.2307/1170959
3605:
3604:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3561:
3557:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3512:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3463:
3456:
3452:
3435:
3347:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3297:
3260:
3201:Posthumous name
3191:
3185:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3094:
3092:
3090:
3083:
3081:
3079:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3048:
3043:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2988:
2986:
2984:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2942:
2940:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2905:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2890:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2829:
2822:
2820:
2815:
2813:
2811:
2796:
2737:
2730:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2711:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2703:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2688:
2680:Terracotta army
2604:Terracotta Army
2592:Terracotta Army
2585:
2534:
2514:school of names
2464:
2402:
2375:
2374:
2373:
2372:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2351:
2350:
2347:
2338:
2337:
2336:
2333:
2325:
2324:
2318:
2307:
2302:
2246:
2228:
2226:Fall from power
2196:
2190:
2145:
2139:
2037:
2031:
1959:
1957:Growth of power
1927:Qingshui County
1903:
1898:
1888:
1833:Terracotta Army
1803:and eventually
1749:
1745:
1734:
1705:
1704:
1700:Women's history
1606:
1605:
1596:
1595:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1577:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1537:
1532:
1523:
1522:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1491:
1486:
1478:
1473:
1459:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1403:
1398:
1388:
1376:
1368:
1363:
1359:
1339:
1338:
1333:
1324:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1293:
1288:
1284:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1224:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1184:
1158:
1150:
1145:
1135:
1126:(202 BC – 9 AD)
1125:
1115:
1103:
1095:
1090:
1075:
1074:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1045:
1041:
1036:
1028:
1018:
1004:
1000:
995:
987:
980:
976:
971:
957:
953:
948:
940:
933:
929:
924:
915:
914:
903:
902:
874:
870:
865:
857:
846:
845:
602:Tongyong Pinyin
592:
572:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
488:
434:
420:
406:
381:
367:
311:
305:
295:
292:
282:
276:
246:
234:
204:
192:
141:
138:
123:
122:
117:
100:
94:
87:
85:
76:
69:
62:
60:
55:
54:
53:
52:
51:
50:
34:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6878:
6876:
6868:
6867:
6865:Former empires
6862:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6812:
6802:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6784:
6761:
6760:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6755:
6750:
6741:
6739:
6735:
6734:
6732:
6731:
6726:
6721:
6716:
6711:
6706:
6705:
6704:
6693:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6680:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6647:
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6601:
6600:
6595:
6585:
6580:
6574:
6572:
6563:
6562:
6561:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6513:
6508:
6507:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6486:
6481:
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6479:
6474:
6464:
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6457:
6452:
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6442:
6432:
6431:
6430:
6425:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6368:
6367:
6366:
6361:
6351:
6346:
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6344:
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6329:
6328:
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6322:
6312:
6311:
6310:
6305:
6295:
6290:
6289:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6258:
6253:
6252:
6251:
6246:
6238:
6233:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6212:
6210:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6190:
6185:
6184:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6143:
6138:
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6131:
6126:
6121:
6116:
6111:
6101:
6100:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6033:
6032:
6027:
6017:
6016:
6015:
6010:
6005:
6000:
5995:
5990:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5950:
5940:
5939:
5938:
5933:
5928:
5923:
5913:
5908:
5903:
5898:
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5888:
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5876:
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5859:
5854:
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5834:
5833:
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5827:
5822:
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5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
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5790:
5785:
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5770:
5765:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5728:
5727:
5726:
5721:
5711:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5684:
5679:
5678:
5677:
5667:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5622:
5616:
5614:
5612:Post-classical
5608:
5607:
5605:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5592:
5587:
5586:
5585:
5580:
5570:
5569:
5568:
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5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5510:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5484:
5483:
5482:
5477:
5467:
5462:
5461:
5460:
5455:
5450:
5445:
5440:
5430:
5425:
5420:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5411:Middle Kingdom
5408:
5398:
5393:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5381:
5371:
5370:
5369:
5367:Neo-Babylonian
5364:
5359:
5357:Old Babylonian
5349:
5348:
5347:
5342:
5332:
5327:
5321:
5319:
5307:
5306:
5301:
5299:
5298:
5291:
5284:
5276:
5267:
5266:
5264:
5263:
5258:
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5248:
5243:
5238:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5198:Battle of Julu
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5169:
5167:
5163:
5162:
5156:
5154:
5153:
5146:
5139:
5131:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5114:
5105:
5100:
5094:
5093:
5079:
5078:External links
5076:
5075:
5074:
5068:
5055:
5049:
5034:
5028:
5015:
5009:
4991:Loewe, Michael
4980:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4968:
4951:
4945:
4926:
4920:
4901:
4895:
4880:
4874:
4861:
4855:
4839:
4833:
4810:
4804:
4796:Westview Press
4785:
4779:
4761:Loewe, Michael
4752:
4746:
4727:
4721:
4702:
4696:
4677:
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4522:
4515:
4495:
4486:
4477:
4468:
4459:
4429:
4420:
4411:
4399:
4390:
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4374:
4356:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4300:
4299:
4289:
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4286:
4279:
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4268:
4256:
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4230:
4221:
4212:
4200:
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4129:
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4102:
4093:
4081:
4072:
4063:
4054:
4045:
4033:
4024:
4015:
4006:
3994:
3980:
3953:Loewe, Michael
3939:
3917:
3908:
3899:
3890:
3878:
3869:
3857:
3848:
3839:
3830:
3821:
3812:
3794:People's Daily
3780:
3768:
3761:
3743:
3736:
3718:
3709:
3696:
3676:
3669:
3651:
3633:
3597:
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3349:
3331:
3329:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:
3296:family tree of
3291:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3278:
3277:
3259:
3256:
3253:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3228:Er Shi Huangdi
3224:
3223:
3220:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3206:Personal name
3204:
3184:
3181:
3119:
3118:
3104:
3091:
3080:
3069:
3060:
3049:
3038:
3027:
3016:
3003:
2994:
2985:
2972:
2959:
2948:
2939:
2926:
2913:
2898:
2883:
2874:
2861:
2850:
2839:
2830:
2821:
2812:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2716:of the musics,
2689:
2687:
2684:
2658:composite bows
2584:
2581:
2533:
2530:
2463:
2460:
2454:海内皆臣,歲登成熟,道毋飢人
2401:
2398:
2366:
2365:
2360:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2242:Main article:
2227:
2224:
2192:Main article:
2189:
2186:
2141:Main article:
2138:
2135:
2033:Main article:
2030:
2027:
1958:
1955:
1939:Gonghe Regency
1902:
1899:
1887:
1884:
1770:Imperial China
1736:
1735:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1718:
1710:
1707:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1697:
1692:
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1690:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1654:
1653:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1631:Jewish history
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1564:
1562:(1949–present)
1551:
1549:
1543:
1536:
1535:
1524:
1518:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1512:
1506:
1505:
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1490:
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1401:
1391:
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1367:
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1330:
1329:
1328:
1327:
1305:
1304:
1292:
1291:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1262:
1260:
1259:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1227:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1199:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1183:
1182:
1162:
1161:
1155:Three Kingdoms
1149:
1148:
1138:
1128:
1118:
1107:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1082:
1076:
1070:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1060:
1059:
1058:
1053:Warring States
1050:
1021:
1010:
1009:
986:
985:
963:
962:
958: 1046 BC
939:
938:
934: 1600 BC
916:
910:
909:
908:
905:
904:
901:
900:
880:
879:
875: 2000 BC
856:
855:
847:
841:
840:
839:
836:
835:
834:
833:
831:Historiography
828:
823:
815:
814:
806:
805:
799:
798:
786:
785:
782:
781:
778:
777:
767:
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754:
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746:
740:
739:
732:
723:
722:
716:
715:
705:
699:
698:
691:
685:
684:
677:
671:
670:
668:Yue: Cantonese
664:
663:
656:
650:
649:
643:
642:
632:
626:
625:
618:
612:
611:
604:
598:
597:
588:
582:
581:
574:
568:
567:
560:
554:
553:
546:
540:
539:
533:
532:
531:Transcriptions
524:
523:
520:
519:
516:
510:
509:
506:
505:
496:
490:
489:
478:
470:
469:
466:
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457:
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446:
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431:
425:
424:
417:
411:
410:
403:
394:
391:
390:
385:
377:
376:
371:
359:
358:
353:
343:
342:
337:
333:
332:
329:
325:
324:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
303:
300:
299:
296:
290:
287:
286:
283:
274:
271:
270:
267:
266:
261:
260:Historical era
257:
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253:
252:
247:
244:
241:
240:
235:
232:
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228:
225:
224:
221:
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157:
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143:
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133:
125:
124:
118:
111:
110:
107:
106:
102:
101:
86:
83:
58:
56:
36:
30:
27:
25:
24:
23:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6877:
6866:
6863:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6855:Qin Shi Huang
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6821:
6820:Iron Age Asia
6818:
6816:
6813:
6811:
6808:
6807:
6805:
6795:
6785:
6783:
6773:
6769:
6754:
6753:Soviet empire
6751:
6749:
6746:
6745:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6738:Miscellaneous
6736:
6730:
6727:
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6717:
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6397:
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6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6372:
6369:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6337:German Empire
6335:
6334:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6313:
6309:
6306:
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6300:
6299:
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6112:
6110:
6107:
6106:
6105:
6102:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6079:
6078:
6077:Turco-Persian
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
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5999:
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5909:
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5789:
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5781:
5779:
5776:
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5752:
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5708:
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5609:
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5439:
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5412:
5409:
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5404:
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5402:
5399:
5397:
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5387:
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5382:
5380:
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5368:
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5360:
5358:
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5346:
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5312:
5308:
5304:
5297:
5292:
5290:
5285:
5283:
5278:
5277:
5274:
5262:
5261:Qin Shi Huang
5259:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5236:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5224:Mr. He's jade
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5212:
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5110:
5103:
5097:
5091:
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5071:
5069:9780367654283
5065:
5062:. Routledge.
5061:
5056:
5052:
5046:
5042:
5041:
5035:
5031:
5029:9780300255089
5025:
5021:
5016:
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4999:. Cambridge:
4998:
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4988:
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4965:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4948:
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4938:
4934:
4933:
4927:
4923:
4917:
4913:
4912:PublicAffairs
4909:
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4898:
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4888:
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4875:9780300255089
4871:
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4769:. Cambridge:
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3963:History Today
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2019:
2018:Yangtze River
2015:
2010:
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1663:Naval history
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1646:Music history
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1005: 256 BC
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306:Surrender to
297:
284:
280:
279:Qin Shi Huang
277:Accession of
265:
262:
258:
254:
251:
248:
239:
236:
222:
220:
212:
209:
206:
197:
196:Qin Shi Huang
194:
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171:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
151:
148:
144:
131:
126:
121:
115:
108:
105:221 BC–206 BC
103:
98:
81:
78:
74:
66:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
6504:Contemporary
6354:Indo-Persian
6342:Nazi Germany
6286:Contemporary
6188:Vijayanagara
6087:Great Seljuk
5998:Thessalonica
5926:Golden Horde
5566:Carthaginian
5378:
5345:Neo-Assyrian
5330:Neo-Sumerian
5235:The Acrobats
5233:
5219:Epang Palace
5157:
5107:
5102:Zhou dynasty
5059:
5039:
5019:
4995:
4955:
4931:
4906:
4885:
4865:
4846:
4815:
4790:
4765:
4732:
4707:
4682:
4657:
4637:
4629:
4626:Laws of Manu
4625:
4616:. Retrieved
4604:
4600:
4587:
4578:
4558:
4551:
4531:
4525:
4505:
4498:
4489:
4480:
4471:
4462:
4450:. Retrieved
4432:
4423:
4414:
4393:
4384:
4365:
4359:
4350:
4346:
4340:
4328:
4316:
4292:
4271:
4259:
4242:
4233:
4224:
4215:
4203:
4183:
4176:
4167:
4142:
4138:
4132:
4123:
4114:
4105:
4096:
4075:
4066:
4057:
4048:
4027:
4018:
4009:
3971:. Retrieved
3962:
3933:
3911:
3902:
3893:
3872:
3851:
3842:
3833:
3824:
3815:
3803:. Retrieved
3792:
3783:
3752:
3746:
3727:
3721:
3712:
3704:
3699:
3688:
3679:
3660:
3654:
3645:
3636:
3614:(3/4): 121.
3611:
3607:
3601:
3576:
3558:
3545:
3536:
3527:
3518:
3505:
3486:
3457:
3341:
3293:
3276:Qin Dynasty
3240:
3192:
3165:Zhou dynasty
3157:state of Qin
3138:
3109:
3108:
3096:
3095:
3084:
3051:
3020:
3008:
3007:
2976:
2963:
2952:
2931:
2930:
2918:
2917:
2903:
2902:
2888:
2887:
2865:
2778:
2763:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2713:
2691:
2673:
2662:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2612:bureaucratic
2609:
2570:
2566:
2558:
2542:
2535:
2532:Penal policy
2522:Confucianism
2499:
2492:
2465:
2441:
2400:Architecture
2390:
2383:
2380:
2376:
2369:Epang Palace
2275:
2247:
2197:
2154:
2109:
2093:
2077:
2046:
2011:
2003:
1998:state of Wei
1995:
1983:
1968:
1951:
1912:
1841:
1837:
1821:
1801:Zhou dynasty
1790:
1778:Zhou dynasty
1774:state of Qin
1741:
1739:
1636:LGBT history
1572:
1554:
1527:
1494:
1481:
1468:
1438:
1425:
1412:
1393:
1383:
1371:
1360:Ten Kingdoms
1356:
1309:
1296:
1283:Northern and
1281:
1251:
1229:
1219:
1187:
1177:
1171:
1165:
1159:(220–280 AD)
1153:
1140:
1130:
1120:
1116:(206–202 BC)
1110:
1098:
1091:(221–207 BC)
1086:
1085:
1056:(475–221 BC)
1029:(771–256 BC)
1025:Eastern Zhou
1023:
1015:Western Zhou
1013:
990:
966:
943:
919:
895:
889:
883:
860:
850:
720:Southern Min
654:Romanization
544:Hanyu Pinyin
514:Hanyu Pinyin
374:Zhou dynasty
356:Succeeded by
355:
350:
77:
65:Qing dynasty
46:
37:This is the
31:
6810:Qin dynasty
6092:Khwarezmian
6025:Carolingian
5830:Rashtrakuta
5534:Shaishunaga
5433:Hellenistic
5416:New Kingdom
5406:Old Kingdom
5158:Qin dynasty
5119:Han dynasty
5113:221–207 BC
5090:Qin Dynasty
4937:McGraw-Hill
4630:Mahabharata
3928:Bai Yang.
3488:Qin San Shi
3215:Shi Huangdi
2468:logographic
2294:Han dynasty
2107:in 221 BC.
2080:King Huiwen
1943:Duke Zhuang
1892:Qin (state)
1857:Han dynasty
1813:Han dynasty
1742:Qin dynasty
1683:Discoveries
1678:Cartography
1673:Archaeology
1611:Art history
1500:(1644–1912)
1487:(1368–1644)
1474:(1271–1368)
1444:(1115–1234)
1431:(1038–1227)
1427:Western Xia
1399:(1127–1279)
1231:Eastern Jin
1221:Western Jin
1146:(25–220 AD)
1142:Eastern Han
1122:Western Han
1001: 1046
981: 1046
977: 1250
954: 1600
930: 2070
871: 8500
852:Paleolithic
843:Prehistoric
758:Old Chinese
481:seal script
464:Qin dynasty
415:Han dynasty
388:Qin (state)
351:Preceded by
160:Old Chinese
6804:Categories
6662:Portuguese
6543:Revival Le
6533:Vietnamese
6176:Later Tran
6146:Vietnamese
6042:Singhasari
6030:Holy Roman
5654:Bulgarian
5590:Satavahana
5561:Phoenician
5497:Achaemenid
5458:Indo-Greek
5438:Macedonian
5352:Babylonian
4843:Keay, John
3646:Britannica
3588:References
3571:dynasties.
3464:210–207 BC
3459:Qin Er Shi
3348:221–210 BC
3268:Qin Er Shi
3232:Huhai (胡亥)
3219:Zheng (政)
3187:See also:
3183:Sovereigns
3110:Sarmatians
2780:Divination
2766:mediumship
2550:common law
2409:Dujiangyan
2271:Qin Er Shi
2112:King Zheng
1990:Duke Xiang
1971:Shang Yang
1890:See also:
1864:Confucians
1805:conquering
1793:Shang Yang
1786:Ying Zheng
1688:Inventions
1418:(916–1125)
1389:(960–1127)
1377:(960–1279)
1044: – c.
1042: 770
1003: – c.
979: – c.
968:Late Shang
956: – c.
932: – c.
873: – c.
586:Wade–Giles
483:(top) and
219:Chancellor
208:Qin Er Shi
166:Government
6655:Couronian
6293:Ethiopian
6281:Manchukuo
6236:Brazilian
6082:Ghaznavid
6052:Srivijaya
6003:Trebizond
5988:Byzantine
5970:North Sea
5965:Norwegian
5953:Almoravid
5936:Ilkhanate
5906:Majapahit
5879:Muromachi
5788:Solomonic
5773:Ethiopian
5687:Caliphate
5620:Aragonese
5448:Ptolemaic
4618:4 October
3593:Citations
3437:d. 210 BC
3097:Scythians
2845:BACTRIANS
2774:Sima Qian
2734:, p. 1046
2633:Confucian
2624:Censorate
2616:Han Feizi
2546:judiciary
2538:li ritual
2518:Confucius
2494:xiǎozhuàn
2413:Min River
2394:Shen Nong
2286:Wei River
2220:Manchuria
2218:, Tibet,
2170:Guangzhou
2023:Wei River
2014:Guanzhong
1876:Sima Qian
1847:general,
1819:in 1911.
1364:(907–979)
1325:(690–705)
1315:(618–907)
1302:(581–618)
1289:(420–589)
1257:(304–439)
1235:(317–420)
1225:(266–316)
1193:(266–420)
1136:(9–23 AD)
862:Neolithic
826:Dynasties
479:"Qin" in
340:Ban Liang
18:Qin China
6635:Japanese
6598:Scottish
6578:American
6570:Colonial
6499:Imperial
6467:Moroccan
6403:Japanese
6381:Afsharid
6240:Burmese
6226:Austrian
6181:Later Le
6156:Early Le
6141:Venetian
6067:Tiwanaku
5980:Hellenic
5943:Moroccan
5874:Kamakura
5864:Japanese
5847:Saffarid
5800:Georgian
5714:Chalukya
5692:Rashidun
5682:Calakmul
5650:Bruneian
5529:Haryanka
5507:Sasanian
5502:Parthian
5453:Bactrian
5443:Seleucid
5423:Goguryeo
5401:Egyptian
5335:Assyrian
5325:Akkadian
5316:Colonies
5214:Xianyang
5207:See also
4993:(eds.).
4845:(2009).
4763:(eds.).
4665:. 2007.
4628:and the
4609:Archived
4446:Archived
3973:17 April
3967:Archived
3799:Archived
3551:Lü Buwei
3203:/ title
3153:Sanskrit
3126:Xianyang
3031:SELEUCID
2788:eclipses
2759:meditate
2686:Religion
2665:chariots
2654:crossbow
2425:concrete
2290:Xiang Yu
2282:Liu Bang
2263:Zhao Gao
2216:Xinjiang
2131:Xianyang
2116:Lü Buwei
1979:Xianyang
1868:legalist
1853:Liu Bang
1849:Xiang Yu
1651:Timeline
1578:(Taiwan,
1558:of China
1072:Imperial
821:Timeline
795:a series
793:Part of
689:Jyutping
558:Bopomofo
336:Currency
308:Liu Bang
264:Imperial
250:Zhao Gao
150:Xianyang
43:reviewed
6794:History
6768:Portals
6702:largest
6697:Empires
6677:Swedish
6672:Spanish
6667:Russian
6630:Italian
6605:Chinese
6593:English
6588:British
6583:Belgian
6558:Vietnam
6548:Tay son
6494:Tsarist
6489:Russian
6484:Ottoman
6450:Dzungar
6445:Khoshut
6418:Mexican
6413:Maratha
6396:Pahlavi
6376:Safavid
6371:Iranian
6298:Haitian
6261:Chinese
6221:Ashanti
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6119:Eastern
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6097:Timurid
6057:Tibetan
6047:Songhai
6037:Serbian
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5837:Iranian
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5795:Genoese
5731:Chinese
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5719:Western
5707:Fatimid
5702:Abbasid
5697:Umayyad
5670:Burmese
5630:Ayyubid
5625:Angevin
5595:Xianbei
5583:Eastern
5578:Western
5524:Magadha
5487:Iranian
5480:Xiongnu
5465:Hittite
5374:Chinese
5362:Kassite
5311:Ancient
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5166:History
4960:Hackett
4649:Sources
4159:3096138
3805:28 June
3659:"Qin".
3628:1170959
3251:207 BC
3064:XIONGNU
3055:DYNASTY
3009:Subeshi
2979:culture
2966:culture
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2906:culture
2891:culture
2868:culture
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2204:Xiongnu
2161:Sichuan
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304:•
291:•
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6835:221 BC
6640:Mongol
6625:German
6620:French
6610:Danish
6553:Dainam
6528:Tongan
6516:Somali
6511:Sokoto
6477:'Alawi
6455:Kalmyk
6435:Mongol
6428:Second
6408:Korean
6359:Mughal
6349:Indian
6332:German
6325:Second
6315:French
6308:Second
6244:Second
6216:Afghan
6208:Modern
6134:Kyrgyz
6129:Uighur
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6104:Turkic
6072:Toltec
6008:Epirus
5993:Nicaea
5916:Mongol
5869:Yamato
5805:Huetar
5663:Second
5600:Rouran
5549:Shunga
5544:Maurya
5519:Kushan
5492:Median
5470:Hunnic
5428:Harsha
5160:topics
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894:, and
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