Qin dynasty - Knowledge (XXG)

106: 2336: 2322: 2348: 2439: 2427: 2580: 803: 3255: 2794: 6769: 2265:. They believed that they would be able to manipulate him to their own ends, and thus effectively control the empire. Qin Er Shi was, indeed, inept and pliable. He executed many ministers and imperial princes, continued massive building projects (one of his most extravagant projects was lacquering the city walls), enlarged the army, increased taxes, and arrested messengers who brought him bad news. As a result, men from all over China revolted, attacking officials, raising armies, and declaring themselves kings of seized territories. 2223: 2800: 2388:, the so-called "Divine Father", who taught that households should grow their own food. "If in one's prime he does not plow, someone in the world will grow hungry. If in one's prime she does not weave, someone in the world will be cold." The Qin encouraged this; a ritual was performed once every few years that consisted of important government officials taking turns with the plow on a special field, to create a simulation of government interest and activity within agriculture. 467: 122: 2591: 2817: 2741:("shadows"), and the realm they were said to live in. The Chinese offered animal sacrifices in an attempt to contact this other world, which they believed to be parallel to the earthly one. The dead were said to have simply moved from one world to the other. The rituals mentioned, as well as others, served two purposes: to ensure that the dead journeyed and stayed in the other realm, and to receive blessings from the spirit realm. 1898: 2397: 2272:, a nephew of Qin Er Shi, ascended the throne, and immediately executed Zhao Gao. Ziying, seeing that increasing unrest was growing among the people and that many local officials had declared themselves kings, attempted to cling to his throne by declaring himself one king among all the others. He was undermined by his ineptitude, however, and popular revolt broke out in 209 BC. When Chu rebels under the lieutenant 2307: 1954: 89: 2032: 2826: 5077: 3123: 6781: 2140: 2774:—to predict and/or influence the future—was yet another form of religious practice. An ancient practice that was common during the Qin dynasty was cracking bones or turtle shells to gain knowledge of the future. The forms of divination which sprang up during early imperial China were diverse, though observing natural phenomena was a common method. 2206:, the region was conquered in 215 BC and agriculture was established; the peasants, however, were discontented and later revolted. The succeeding Han dynasty also expanded into the Ordos due to overpopulation, but depleted their resources in the process. Indeed, this was true of the dynasty's borders in multiple directions; modern 2106: – who had first assumed the throne of the Qin state at age 9 – became the effective ruler of China. The subjugation of the six states was done by King Zheng who had used efficient persuasion and exemplary strategy. He solidified his position as sole ruler with the abdication of his prime minister, 1831:

bureaucratic. Qin created a system of administering people and land that greatly increased the power of the government to transform environment, and it has been argued that the subsequent impact of this system on East Asia's environments makes the rise of Qin an important event in China's environmental history.

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The Qin introduced a range of reforms such as standardized currency, weights, measures and a uniform system of writing, which aimed to unify the state and promote commerce. Additionally, its military used the most recent weaponry, transportation and tactics, though the government was heavy-handed and

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The form of government created by the first emperor and his advisors was used by later dynasties to structure their own government. Under this system, both the military and government thrived, as talented individuals could be more easily identified in the transformed society. Later Chinese dynasties

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was introduced to monitor and check the powers of administrators and officials at each level of government. The Qin instituted a permanent system of ranks and rewards, consisting of twenty ranks based on the number of enemies killed in battle or commanding victorious units. Ranks were not hereditary

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The Qin were swift in their assault on the other states. They first attacked the Han, directly east, and took their capital city of Xinzheng in 230 BC. They then struck northward; the state of Zhao surrendered in 228 BC, and the northernmost state of Yan followed, falling in 226 BC. Next, Qin armies

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accused the Qin state of being "avaricious, perverse, eager for profit, and without sincerity. It knows nothing about etiquette, proper relationships, and virtuous conduct, and if there be an opportunity for material gain, it will disregard its relatives as if they were animals." This, combined with

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The Qin sought to create a state unified by structured centralized political power and a large military supported by a stable economy. The central government moved to undercut aristocrats and landowners to gain direct administrative control over the peasantry, who comprised the overwhelming majority

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philosophy. There were instances of abuse, however, with one example having been recorded in the "Records of Officialdom". A commander named Hu ordered his men to attack peasants in an attempt to increase the number of "bandits" he had killed; his superiors, likely eager to inflate their records as

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tactics with over 100,000 men lost. However, in the defeat Qin was successful in building a canal to the south, which they used heavily for supplying and reinforcing their troops during their second attack to the south. Building on these gains, the Qin armies conquered the coastal lands surrounding

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due to a personal grudge harboured from his youth. There was also internal strife over the Qin succession in 307 BC, which decentralised Qin authority somewhat. Qin was defeated by an alliance of the other states in 295 BC, and shortly after suffered another defeat by the state of Zhao, because the

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The state of Qin first began a military expedition into central China in 672 BC, though it did not engage in any serious incursions due to the threat from neighbouring tribesmen. By the dawn of the fourth century BC, however, the neighbouring tribes had all been either subdued or conquered, and the

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When the first emperor died in 210 BC, two of his advisors placed an heir on the throne in an attempt to influence and control the administration of the dynasty. These advisors squabbled among themselves, resulting in both of their deaths and that of the second Qin Emperor. Popular revolt broke out

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Commoners and rural villagers, who made up over 90% of the population, very rarely left the villages or farmsteads where they were born. Forms of employment differed by region, though farming was almost universally common. Professions were hereditary; a father's employment was passed to his eldest

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Penal law actually develops more in the Han dynasty. The Qin often expelled criminals to the new colonies, or pardoned them in exchange for fines, labor, or one to several aristocratic ranks, even up to the death penalty. While the penal laws would still be considered harsh compared to the modern

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The aristocracy of the Qin were largely similar in their culture and daily life. Regional variations in culture were considered a symbol of the lower classes. This stemmed from the Zhou and was seized upon by the Qin, as such variations were seen as contrary to the unification that the government

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The states made by the emperor were assigned to officials dedicated to the task rather than placing the burden on people from the royal family. Zheng and his advisors also introduced new laws and practices that ended feudalism in China, replacing it with a centralized, bureaucratic government. A

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While some Qin penal laws deal with infanticide or other unsanctioned harm of children, it primarily concerned theft; it does not much deal with murder, as either more straightforward or more suitable to ritual. By contrast, detailed rules and "endless paperwork" tightly regulate grain, weights,

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of the rival state of Song was at war with the state of Chu during the Warring States period, he declined an opportunity to attack the enemy force, commanded by Zhu, while they were crossing a river. After allowing them to cross and marshal their forces, he was decisively defeated in the ensuing

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Warring States-era architecture had several definitive aspects. City walls, used for defense, were made longer, and indeed several secondary walls were also sometimes built to separate the different districts. Versatility in federal structures was emphasized, to create a sense of authority and

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Stone slab with twelve small seal characters. Qin dynasty (221 – 207 BC). The 12 characters on this slab of floor brick affirm that it is an auspicious moment for the First Emperor to ascend the throne, as the country is united and no men will be dying along the road. Small seal scripts were

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Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign to proclaim himself "Emperor", after unifying China in 221 BC. That year is therefore generally taken by historians to be the start of the "Qin dynasty" which lasted for fourteen years until 207 when it was cut short by civil wars.

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Religious practices were usually held in local shrines and sacred areas, which contained sacrificial altars. During a sacrifice or other ritual, the senses of all participants and witnesses would be dulled and blurred with smoke, incense, and music. The lead sacrificer would

2516:, was also influential beginning in the Warring States period, and throughout the imperial periods. Beginning in the subsequent Han dynasty, this school of thought had a so-called Confucian canon of literature, known as the "six classics": the Odes, Documents, Ritual, Music, 2012:

drainage basin, known as Guandong. The warlike nature of the Qin in Guanzhong inspired a Han dynasty adage: "Guanzhong produces generals, while Guandong produces ministers." Its expanded agricultural output helped sustain Qin's large army with food and natural resources; the

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Qin Shi Huang also improved the strong military, despite the fact that it had already undergone extensive reforms. The military used the most advanced weaponry of the time. It was first used mostly in bronze form, but by the third century BC, kingdoms such as

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as well, which many of their enemies lacked. These latter developments allowed greater mobility over several different terrain types which were most common in many regions of China. Thus, in both ideology and practice, the Qin were militarily superior.

2121:) or "First Emperor". The newly declared emperor ordered all weapons not in the possession of the Qin to be confiscated and melted down. The resulting metal was sufficient to build twelve large ornamental statues at the Qin's newly declared capital, 3695:"...The collapse of the Western Zhou state in 771 BC and the lack of a true central authority thereafter opened ways to fierce inter-state warfare that continued over the next five hundred years until the Qin unification of China in 221 BC, 2176:. After these victories in the south, Qin Shi Huang moved over 100,000 prisoners and exiles to colonize the newly conquered area. In terms of extending the boundaries of his empire, the First Emperor was extremely successful in the south. 2610:, allowing the First Emperor to control all of his territories, including those recently conquered. All aspects of life were standardized, from measurements and language to more practical details, such as the length of chariot axles. 2619:

unless a soldier died heroically in battle, whereby the soldier's rank will be inherited by his family. Each rank was assigned a specified number of dwellings, slaves and land, and ranks could be used to remit judicial punishments.

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Three assassination attempts were made on Qin Shi Huang, leading him to become paranoid and obsessed with immortality. He died in 210 BC, while on a trip to the far eastern reaches of his empire in an attempt to procure an

2230:'s assassination attempt on Qin Shi Huang (right) holding an imperial jade disc. Jing Ke (left) is held by a court physician (background). The dagger is stuck in the pillar. A soldier (far right) rushes to save his emperor. 2555:

prophecies a future sage of "benevolence and righteous", which the First Emperor declares himself to be. Regardless, in the Qin and early Han, criminals may be given amnesties, and then only punished if they did it again.

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Peasants were rarely figured in literature during the Qin dynasty and afterwards; scholars and others of more elite status preferred the excitement of cities and the lure of politics. One notable exception to this was

1803:. Its 15-year duration was the shortest major dynasty in Chinese history, with only two emperors. Despite its short existence, the legacy of Qin strategies in military and administrative affairs shaped the consummate 1815:

of the population and labour force. This allowed ambitious projects involving three hundred thousand peasants and convicts: projects such as connecting walls along the northern border, eventually developing into the

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The term "Confucian" is rather ill-defined in this context—many self-dubbed Confucians in fact rejected tenets of what was known as "the Way of Confucius", and were disorganized, unlike the later Confucians of the

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battle. When his advisors later admonished him for such excessive courtesy to the enemy, he retorted, "The sage does not crush the feeble, nor give the order for attack until the enemy have formed their ranks."

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standardized the writing system to be of uniform size and shape across the whole country. This would have a unifying effect on the Chinese culture for thousands of years. He is also credited with creating the

6821: 2284:. The Qin capital was destroyed the next year, and this is considered by historians to be the end of the Qin Empire. Liu Bang then betrayed and defeated Xiang Yu, declaring himself Emperor Gaozu of the new 2422:

has replaced Li Bing's original weighted bamboo baskets, the layout of the infrastructure remains the same and is still in use today to irrigate over 5,300 square kilometers of land in the region.

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and Qin. The rulers of these states styled themselves as kings, rather than using the titles of lower nobility they had previously held. However, none elevated himself to believe that he had the "

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Finally, the Qin Empire had a geographical advantage due to its fertility and strategic position, protected by mountains that made the state a natural stronghold. This was the heart of the

2110:. The states made by the emperor were assigned to officials dedicated to the task rather than place the burden on people from the royal family. He then combined the titles of the earlier 1980:, the prevalent philosophy had dictated war as a gentleman's activity; military commanders were instructed to respect what they perceived to be Heaven's laws in battle. For example, when 3681: 2347: 3287: 2753:

before a sacrifice to further blur his senses and increase the likelihood of perceiving otherworldly phenomena. Other participants were similarly prepared, though not as rigorously.

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gave examples of how, when commoners are obsessed with material wealth, instead of the idealism of a man who "makes things serve him", they were "reduced to the service of things".

1969:, introducing a number of militarily advantageous reforms from 361 BC until his death in 338 BC. Yang also helped construct the Qin capital, commencing in the mid-fourth century BC 6841: 2261:, hid the news of his death upon their return until they were able to alter his will to place on the throne the dead emperor's most pliable son, Huhai, who took the name of 3143:

as 'Sinai' or 'Thinai'. It was then transliterated into English and French as 'China' and 'Chine'. This etymology is dismissed by some scholars, who suggest that 'Sina' in

2532:, comparative model manuals in the Qin empire guided penal legal procedure and application based on real-life situations, with publicly named wrongs linked to punishments. 2438: 2268:

During this time, Li Si and Zhao Gao fell out, and Li Si was executed. Zhao Gao decided to force Qin Er Shi to commit suicide due to Qin Er Shi's incompetence. Upon this,

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The First Emperor developed plans to fortify his northern border, to protect against nomadic invasions. The result was the initial construction of what later became the

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However, while the empire at times was extended to the north, the Qin could rarely hold on to the land for long. The tribes of these locations, collectively called the

1941:, the 13th king in that line. As a reward, Zhuang's son, Duke Xiang, was sent eastward as the leader of a war expedition, during which he formally established the Qin. 2147:

In 214 BC, Qin Shi Huang secured his boundaries to the north with a fraction (100,000 men) of his large army, and sent the majority (500,000 men) of his army south to

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standardized by the First Emperor of China after he gained control of the country, and evolved from the larger seal scripts of previous dynasties. The text on it is "

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a strong leadership from long-lived rulers, openness to employ talented men from other states, and little internal opposition gave the Qin a strong political base.

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that followed, ultimately becoming seen as the originator of an imperial system that lasted from 221 BC with interruption, evolution, and adaptation through to the

2079:), however, soon came to power as prime minister even as the problem of the succession was resolved, and he began an expansionist policy that had originated in 2148: 5140: 2674:, intended to protect the emperor after his death. The Terracotta Army was inconspicuous due to its underground location, and was not discovered until 1974. 2760:. Practitioners of the art would fall into trances or dance to perform supernatural tasks. These people would often rise to power as a result of their art— 3131:

The name 'Qin' is believed to be the etymological ancestor of the modern-day European name of the country, China. The word probably made its way into the

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Pines, Yuri, "Legalism in Chinese Philosophy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Summer 2023 Edition), Edward N. Zalta & Uri Nodelman (eds.),

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Villainizing the first Emperor while adopting Qin administration, a revulsion against the Qin developed over the course of the Han dynasty, centering on

1719: 1659: 2793: 2540:, but it did include such concepts as intent, judicial procedure, defendant rights, retrial requests and distinctions between different kinds of law ( 2214:, Inner Mongolia, and regions to the southeast were foreign to the Qin, and even areas over which they had military control were culturally distinct. 5179: 5174: 3958: 3112: 1863: 6851: 121: 6816: 1349: 6589: 5971: 5169: 5040: 5000: 4959: 4936: 4911: 4886: 4824: 4795: 4770: 4737: 4712: 4687: 4662: 4559: 4532: 4506: 4184: 3727: 3660: 2203: 2185: 1649: 3790: 3523:

The first emperor of the Qin had boasted that the dynasty would last 10,000 generations; it lasted only about 15 years. (Morton 1995, p. 49)

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The dominant religious belief in China during the reign of the Qin, and, in fact, during much of early imperial China, was focused on the

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Qin was a minor power for the early centuries of its existence. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the reforms of

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used earlier. It could also be rendered ineffective by removing two pins, which prevented enemies from capturing a working crossbow.

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on 28 February 202 BC. Despite the short duration of the Qin dynasty, it was very influential on the structure of future dynasties.

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Before their conquest in the fourth and third centuries BC, the Qin suffered several setbacks. Shang Yang was executed in 338 BC by

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by the Qin, were free from Chinese rule during the majority of the dynasty. Prohibited from trading with Qin dynasty peasants, the

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in 307 BC, but the change was swiftly adopted by the other states because cavalry had greater mobility over the terrain of China.

5184: 5133: 6267: 2403:, an irrigation project completed in 256 BC during the Warring States period of China by the State of Qin. It is located on the 6831: 1776:, a state of affairs that lasted until its collapse in 206 BC. It was formally established after the conquests in 221 BC, when 1274: 255: 2606:, and was administered by a hierarchy of officials, all serving the First Emperor. The Qin put into practice the teachings of 2091:(now called Kaifeng) in 225 BC and forced the Chu to surrender by 223 BC. Lastly, they deposed the Zhou dynasty's remnants in 427: 413: 399: 374: 360: 4269:

Michael Loewe 1978/1986 74,526,534-535. The Cambridge History of China Volume I: Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220.

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absolute power. Architectural elements such as high towers, pillar gates, terraces, and high buildings amply conveyed this.

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comprised many different philosophies proposed by Chinese scholars. Contemporary institutions descended in part from the

2489:) style of calligraphy, which serves as a basis for modern Chinese and is still used in cards, posters, and advertising. 6700: 6584: 5164: 5100: 2026: 1796: 1791:. In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin state carried out a series of swift conquests, destroying the powerless 1622: 5747: 1431: 30: 6806: 6710: 5429: 5126: 1674: 812: 563: 64: 4495:

Coatsworth, John; Cole, Juan; Hanagan, Michael P.; Perdue, Peter C.; Tilly, Charles; Tilly, Louise (16 March 2015).

3928:] (in Simplified Chinese). Vol. 1. Friendship Publishing Corporation of China (中国友谊出版公司). pp. 134–135. 1933:, the area became a dependency allotted for the purpose of raising and breeding horses. One of Feizi's descendants, 4992: 4951: 4762: 4729: 4704: 2493: 2155:

to the southwest. The Qin army was unfamiliar with the jungle terrain, and it was defeated by the southern tribes'

2067:", as the Zhou kings had claimed, nor that he had the right to offer sacrifices—they left this to the Zhou rulers. 1679: 645: 111: 5380: 4211:

Michael Loewe 1978/1986 528. The Cambridge History of China Volume I: Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C. -- A.D. 220.

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measures, and official documents. Like most ancient societies, tradition China did not divide administration and

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Another advantage of the Qin was that they had a large, efficient army and capable generals. They utilised the

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Michael Loewe 1999 p1008, The Cambridge History of Ancient China: From the Origins of Civilization to 221 B.C

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This was largely caused by regional differences which survived despite the Qin's attempt to impose uniformity.

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The Qin disregarded this military tradition, taking advantage of their enemy's weaknesses. A nobleman in the

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Xue, Deshu; Qi, Xiuqian. "Research on Supervision System in Ancient China and Its Contemporary Reference".

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which had endured for over five centuries—until 221 BC, when it assumed an imperial prerogative following

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The Qin also used improved methods of transportation and tactics. The state of Zhao had first replaced

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During the Warring States period preceding the Qin dynasty, the major states vying for dominance were

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Taagepera, Rein (1979). "Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D".

2799: 2462:, as that of the Zhou had been. As one of his most influential achievements in life, prime minister 6495: 6431: 6311: 6277: 6179: 6147: 5999: 5994: 5806: 5525: 5461: 5336: 5321: 3152: 2892: 2667: 2404: 2080: 1816: 834: 6544: 721: 6524: 6507: 6458: 6323: 6132: 6083: 6016: 5934: 5875: 5870: 5865: 5821: 5791: 5683: 5581: 5449: 5424: 4679: 4654: 4146: 3780: 3615: 2979: 2552: 2151:. Prior to the events leading to Qin dominance over China, they had gained possession of much of 2071: 1981: 1934: 1914: 1757: 817: 702: 694: 4585: 4313: 6653: 6549: 6485: 6480: 6409: 6306: 6021: 5949: 5944: 5786: 5715: 5698: 5693: 5688: 5488: 5439: 5247: 5242: 5055: 5036: 5015: 4996: 4955: 4932: 4907: 4882: 4861: 4842: 4820: 4791: 4766: 4733: 4708: 4683: 4658: 4555: 4549: 4528: 4502: 4496: 4361: 4301: 4272: 4256: 4239: 4200: 4180: 4174: 3785: 3748: 3723: 3656: 3572:

Mystics from the state of Qi, however, saw sacrifices differently—as a way to become immortal.

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The Imperial Network in Ancient China: The Foundation of Sinitic Empire in Southern East Asia

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magicians, who claimed the elixir was stuck on an island guarded by a sea monster. The chief

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region in northwest China often raided them instead, prompting the Qin to retaliate. After a

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majority of their army was then defending against the Qi. The aggressive statesman Fan Sui (

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The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire

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The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire

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Global Connections: Volume 1, To 1500: Politics, Exchange, and Social Life in World History

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The King's Harvest: A Political Ecology of China from the First Farmers to the First Empire

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Such blurring of the senses was also a factor in the practice of spirit intermediaries, or

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The Trail of Time: Shih-chien Ti Tsu-chi : Time Measurement with Incense in East Asia

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until the fourth century BC, is another possible origin. Others argued for the state of

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had been introduced in the fifth century BC and was more powerful and accurate than the

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attacked, a state in such turmoil could not hold for long. Ziying was defeated near the

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launched assaults to the east, and later the south as well; they took the Wei city of

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This article is about the first imperial Chinese dynasty. Not to be confused with the

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Smith, Kidder (2003). "Sima Tan and the Invention of Daoism, 'Legalism,' et cetera".

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were using iron and/or steel swords. The demand for this metal resulted in improved

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The Qin empire's laws were primarily administrative. Including penal law alongside

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The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220

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The Cambridge History of China, Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC–AD 220

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The Cambridge History of China: Volume 1, The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC-AD 220

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emulated the Qin government for its efficiency, despite its being condemned by

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Beyond Pain: The Role of Pleasure and Culture in the Making of Foreign Affairs

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Records of the Genealogy of Chinese Emperors, Empresses, and Their Descendants

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day, they were not very harsh for their time, and often not actually enacted.

2541: 2400: 2262: 2103: 2048: 2031: 1962: 1784: 1170: 959: 638: 199: 2076: 1973:. The resulting city greatly resembled the capitals of other Warring States. 6272: 6043: 5927: 5897: 5678: 5552: 5343: 4834: 3171:), as well as other polities in the early period as the source of the name. 3085: 2765: 2624: 2615: 2607: 2537: 2509: 2385: 2277: 2211: 2161: 2014: 2005: 1867: 659: 331: 88: 3122: 2280:

in 207 BC and surrendered shortly after; he was executed by the Chu leader

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Twitchett, Denis; Fairbank, John K.; Loewe, Michael (26 December 1986).

2139: 5586: 5515: 5471: 5387: 5326: 4150: 3619: 3054: 2779: 2761: 2746: 2660: 2656: 2568: 2501: 2412: 2408: 2227: 2195: 2152: 2092: 2088: 2083:

and Qi, which prompted the Qin to attempt to conquer the other states.

1922: 1313: 1164: 1158: 718: 4290:

Mark Edward Lewis 2007. p42,72. The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han

2567:

as espousing rigorous law and punishment. While Shang Yang, and maybe

2115: 492: 5419: 5294: 5118: 4433: 4326:

https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2023/entries/chinese-legalism/

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was scornful of such practices, dismissing them as foolish trickery.

2480: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2169: 2165: 476: 420: 4142: 3611: 3147:

evolved much earlier before the Qin dynasty. However, the preceding

2017:

canal built in 246 BC was particularly significant in this respect.

1819:, and a massive new national road system, as well as the city-sized 4616:"This thesis also helps explain the existence of Cīna in the Indic 4548:

Jeroen Van Den Bosch; Adrien Fauve; B. J. De Cordier, eds. (2021).

1976:

Notably, Qin engaged in practical and ruthless warfare. During the

6053: 3253: 3140: 3010: 2868: 2775: 2463: 2437: 2425: 2258: 2173: 2138: 2030: 1952: 1917:, was granted rule over the settlement of Qin (秦邑) in present-day 1910: 1896: 445: 229: 4358:

War and State Formation in Ancient China and Early Modern Europe

3423: 2419: 5267: 5122: 2520:, and Changes, which embodied Chinese literature at the time. 4339:

Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research

3258:

An edict in bronze from the reign of the second Qin Emperor,

3116:

The Qin state and main polities in 221 BCE, with the capital

1742: 740: 726: 4314:

https://books.google.com/books?id=cHA7Ey0-pbEC&pg=PA1008

6837:

States and territories disestablished in the 3rd century BC

4899:

Will the Boat Sink the Water?: The Life of China's Peasants

4302:

https://books.google.com/books?id=zhpLJgHZMTQC&pg=PA110

4273:

https://books.google.com/books?id=A2HKxK5N2sAC&pg=PA534

4257:

https://books.google.com/books?id=_aowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA213

4240:

https://books.google.com/books?id=_aowDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA267

4201:

https://books.google.com/books?id=C19_AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA208

4199:

Bo Mou 2009. p208. Routledge History of Chinese Philosophy

5263: 4294:

https://books.google.com/books?id=JyEsEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA72

4586:"The Polity of Yelang and the Origin of the Name 'China'" 2696:

The music of the "Seven Origins" and "Blossoming Origins"

1913:, a supposed descendant of the ancient political advisor 1745: 761: 699: 685: 671: 6822:

States and territories established in the 3rd century BC

4977:

Bodde, Derk (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in". In

4747:

Bodde, Derk (1986). "The State and Empire of Ch'in". In

3682:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2782:, and droughts were considered omens of things to come. 650: 4110:

World and its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, p. 34

3984:

World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia, p. 36

2226:

Stone rubbing of a Han dynasty carved relief depicting

34: 4808:

The Establishment of the Han Empire and Imperial China

3718:

Beck, R B; Black, L; Krager, L S; et al. (2003).

1843:, who was proclaimed Hegemon-King of Western Chu, and 6757: 4783:

Pacific Century: The Emergence of Modern Pacific Asia

4672:

Philip J. Ivanhoe; Bryan W. Van Norden, eds. (2005).

1748: 626: 612: 598: 582: 568: 554: 540: 2035:

Map showing the unification of Qin during 230–221 BC

1866:; however, the earliest account of this event is in 1530: 1452: 1332: 1265: 1195: 1069: 6729: 6681: 6560: 6198: 5602: 5301: 5198: 5157: 755: 748: 734: 717: 710: 693: 679: 665: 658: 644: 637: 620: 606: 592: 576: 562: 548: 534: 527: 522: 504: 484: 455: 441: 327: 319: 314: 294: 281: 265: 251: 235: 223: 209: 193: 181: 167: 157: 147: 137: 74: 3948: 1998:newest developments in weaponry and transportation 1888:Timeline of the Warring States and the Qin dynasty 1874:, and some modern scholars dispute its veracity. 63:"Qin Empire" redirects here. For other uses, see 4650:World and Its Peoples: Eastern and Southern Asia 1945:stage was set for the rise of Qin expansionism. 3722:. Evanston, IL: Mc Dougal Little. p. 187. 2682: 1957:Map of the Warring States. Qin is shown in pink 4551:The European Handbook of Central Asian Studies 4397: 4395: 2737:(roughly translating to "spirits" or "gods"), 2718:And the warp and weft of the world fall dark. 2712:Suddenly the spirits ride off on the darkness, 5279: 5134: 4527:. Oxford University Press. 2002. p. 51. 4229:Pines 2017. p84. Abridged Book of Lord Shang. 3720:Ancient World History-Patterns of Interaction 2444: 2363:", 阿房宫) of Qin Shihuang, destroyed in 206 BCE 1862:tyranny, notably citing a purge known as the 1713: 490: 80: 8: 6842:1st-millennium BC disestablishments in China 6736:"Empire" as a description of foreign policy 4624:, likely dating well before Qin Shihuangdi." 4298:Pines 2009. p110. Envisioning Eternal Empire 3980: 3978: 3976: 3876: 3874: 3151:was itself founded in the 9th century BCE. ' 2688:The incense sticks are a forest of feathers, 2149:conquer the territory of the southern tribes 2102:When the conquests were complete in 221 BC, 1997: 51:First Imperial dynasty in China (221–206 BC) 4501:. Cambridge University Press. p. 138. 4031: 4029: 3992: 3990: 3855: 3853: 1858:portrayed the Qin dynasty as a monolithic, 323:2,300,000 km (890,000 sq mi) 18: 6557: 5286: 5272: 5264: 5141: 5127: 5119: 5087: 4805:Kinney, Anne Behnke; Hardy, Grant (2005). 4360:. Cambridge University Press. p. 81. 4079: 4077: 3264: 2710:Which purifies and refines human feelings. 2204:military campaign led by General Meng Tian 1720: 1706: 1536: 1531: 1453: 1338: 1333: 1266: 1201: 1196: 1070: 781: 519: 465: 120: 71: 3766: 3764: 2095:and conquered the Qi, taking the city of 1774:its complete conquest of its rival states 5180:Burning of books and burying of scholars 4675:Readings in Classical Chinese Philosophy 3188: 3135:first as 'Cina' or 'Sina' and then into 2716:Purified thoughts grow hidden and still, 2589: 2578: 2395: 2221: 1901:Map showing major states of Eastern Zhou 1864:burning of books and burying of scholars 126:Territory controlled by the Qin dynasty 24:This is an accepted version of this page 6764: 4244:Pines 2013. p267. The Messianic Emperor 3590: 3507: 2702:The spirits coming to feast and frolic. 2694:A host of flags and kingfisher banners. 2586:, museum of the grave of Qin Shi Huang. 2172:. They may have struck as far south as 1835:and the weakened empire soon fell to a 793: 318: 313: 20: 5032:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han 4878:The Early Chinese Empires: Qin and Han 4606:from the original on 30 September 2011 3915: 3913: 3655:(13th ed.). HarperCollins. 2018. 2492:During the Warring States period, the 701: 628: 452: 5175:Qin's campaign against the Yue tribes 4137:(1). Duke University Press: 129–156. 3939: 3937: 3935: 3472: 3462: 3442: 3440: 3438: 3436: 3434: 3432: 3422: 3413: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3398: 3372: 3346: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3316: 3306: 3304: 3302: 3300: 3298: 3284: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3276: 2690:The cloudy scene an obscure darkness. 1787:in the fourth century BC, during the 1768:, which was a fief of the confederal 293: 280: 264: 260: 234: 222: 218: 208: 192: 180: 176: 166: 7: 4430:"Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor" 4255:Pines 2014 Birth of an Empire. p213 4238:Pines 2014 Birth of an Empire. p267 3747:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 2684:Floating on high in every direction, 2458:The written language of the Qin was 2143:Qin dynasty's expansion to the south 3697:thus giving China her first empire. 2825: 2692:Metal stalks with elegant blossoms, 2135:Qin campaign against the Yue tribes 5170:Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu 4440:from the original on 7 August 2008 3961:from the original on 17 April 2017 2327:Excavation of the western platform 2186:Qin's campaign against the Xiongnu 2112:Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors 1821:Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor 49: 4220:Goldin 2005. p5-6 After Confucius 2714:And the brilliant event finishes. 2698:Are intoned as harmonious sounds. 2411:, near the provincial capital of 2359:Remains of the Imperial Palace (" 1764:. It is named for its progenitor 6779: 6767: 5185:Chen Sheng and Wu Guang uprising 5075: 4035:Kinney and Hardy 2005, pp. 13–15 3793:from the original on 10 May 2008 3121: 2824: 2815: 2798: 2792: 2704:The spirits are seen off to the 2346: 2334: 2320: 2312:Location of the Palace, west of 2305: 2114:into his new name: Shi Huangdi ( 1738: 801: 425: 411: 397: 372: 358: 104: 87: 4896:Chen Guidi; Wu Chuntao (2007). 4277:Goldin 2005. p5 After Confucius 2686:Music fills the hall and court. 762: 741: 727: 700: 686: 672: 651: 6852:Former monarchies of East Asia 4924:China: Its History and Culture 4179:. Cambridge University Press. 3829:Origins of Statecraft in China 3781:"Chinese surname history: Qin" 3685:(5th ed.). HarperCollins. 2602:The Qin government was highly 2485: 2021:Conquest of the Warring States 1907:Records of the Grand Historian 1872:Records of the Grand Historian 1660:Science and technology history 627: 613: 599: 583: 569: 555: 541: 491: 1: 6817:Former countries in East Asia 4554:. Ibidem Press. p. 403. 4356:Victoria Tin-bor Hui (2005). 3541:A text named for its sponsor 2512:'s school of thought, called 2180:Campaigns against the Xiongnu 1893:Origins and early development 1030: 989: 965: 942: 918: 859: 127: 5101:Dynasties in Chinese history 3957:. Vol. 57, no. 9. 3859:Kinney and Clark 2005, p. 10 2164:, and took the provinces of 5029:Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). 4875:Lewis, Mark Edward (2007). 4697:Breslin, Thomas A. (2001). 3847:Time-Life Books 1993, p. 86 479:(bottom) Chinese characters 65:Qin Empire (disambiguation) 6873: 4993:Cambridge University Press 4902:. Translated by Zhu Hong. 4763:Cambridge University Press 4730:Cambridge University Press 4705:Greenwood Publishing Group 3653:Collins English Dictionary 3532:Meaning "High Progenitor". 3178: 2494:Hundred Schools of Thought 2430:Qin dynasty roof tile end. 2257:, and the prime minister, 2233: 2183: 2132: 2024: 2008:region, as opposed to the 1881: 1823:guarded by the life-sized 112:Heirloom Seal of the Realm 62: 53: 5238:Shuihudi Qin bamboo texts 5165:Qin's wars of unification 5107: 5098: 5090: 5035:. London: Belknap Press. 5014:. Yale University Press. 4921:Morton, W. Scott (1995). 4881:. London: Belknap Press. 4860:. Yale University Press. 3466: 3464: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3386: 3384: 3382: 3380: 3370: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3356: 3354: 3352: 3329:King of Qin 秦王 247–221 BC 3310: 3308: 3181:Qin (state) § Rulers 3164: 2476: 2454:Philosophy and literature 2445: 2353:Objects found at the site 2027:Qin's wars of unification 1965:, a Qin statesman of the 1909:, in the 9th century BC, 1534: 1456: 1336: 1269: 1199: 1073: 776: 518: 514: 500: 464: 460: 337: 310: 261: 247: 219: 205: 177: 119: 101: 96: 81: 59:, the final such dynasty. 5050:Korolkov, Maxim (2022). 4780:Borthwick, Mark (2006). 4584:Wade, Geoff (May 2009). 4380:Borthwick 2006, pp. 9–10 4131:Journal of Asian Studies 3921: 2823: 2700:Thus one can almost hear 2614:supervisory system, the 2518:Spring and Autumn Annals 2415:. Although a reinforced 1978:Spring and Autumn period 31:latest accepted revision 4946:Tanner, Harold (2010). 4722:Bedini, Silvio (1994). 2575:Government and military 2374:son after he died. The 6832:220s BC establishments 5010:Lander, Brian (2021). 4856:Lander, Brian (2021). 4574:Keay 2009, p. 98. 4524:Atlas of World History 4053:Morton 1995, pp. 49–50 3950:"China's First Empire" 3838:Morton 1995, pg. 26,45 3743:Lander, Brian (2021). 3708:Tanner 2010, pp. 85–89 3600:Social Science History 3262: 3155:', a state during the 2720: 2599: 2587: 2565:Shang Yang and Han Fei 2450: 2431: 2423: 2231: 2144: 2036: 1958: 1902: 285:Death of Qin Shi Huang 6706:Medieval great powers 4813:Westport, Connecticut 4401:Borthwick 2006, p. 10 3898:Lewis 2007, pp. 38–39 3880:Lewis 2007, pp. 18–19 3811:Lewis 2007, pp. 17–18 3257: 2593: 2582: 2441: 2429: 2399: 2225: 2142: 2034: 1967:Warring States period 1956: 1937:, became favoured by 1925:. During the rule of 1900: 1799:the other six of the 1789:Warring States period 1525:(mainland, 1912–1949) 148:Common languages 6716:European colonialism 6701:Ancient great powers 5233:Twelve Metal Colossi 5084:at Wikimedia Commons 4593:Sino-Platonic Papers 4101:Lewis 2007, p. 75–78 3947:(9 September 2007). 3250:Imperial family tree 3133:Indo-Aryan languages 3113:class=notpageimage| 2628:well, allowed this. 2594:Qin warriors of the 2370:strove to achieve. 2341:A gate of the Palace 2245:of immortality from 2198:tribe living in the 1801:Seven Warring States 757:Baxter–Sagart (2014) 6711:Modern great powers 3640:. 3 September 2019. 3474:Ziying 子嬰 d. 206 BC 3445:Huhai 胡亥 229–207 BC 3415:18 or 25 (disputed) 3167:, another name for 2668:Great Wall of China 2292:Culture and society 2129:Southward expansion 1817:Great Wall of China 21:Page version status 6807:Dynasties of China 4680:Hackett Publishing 4655:Marshall Cavendish 4485:Lewis 2007, p. 181 4476:Lewis 2007, p. 180 4467:Lewis 2007, p. 186 4458:Lewis 2007, p. 178 4419:Morton 1995, p. 27 4410:Morton 1995, p. 26 4163:Lewis 2007, p. 206 4119:Bedini 1994, p. 83 4071:Lewis 2007, p. 102 4005:Lewis 2007, p. 129 3996:Morton 1995, p. 47 3889:Morton 1995, p. 25 3868:Morton 1995, p. 45 3326:Zheng 政 259–210 BC 3263: 2786:Etymology of China 2600: 2588: 2553:Book of Lord Shang 2451: 2432: 2424: 2236:Chu–Han Contention 2232: 2145: 2037: 1959: 1903: 1847:, who founded the 1540: 1350:Five Dynasties and 1342: 1277:Southern dynasties 1205: 1104:Chu–Han Contention 237:• 208–207 BC 225:• 221–208 BC 195:• 210–207 BC 183:• 221–210 BC 131: 210 BC 27: 6755: 6754: 6677: 6676: 6642:Polish–Lithuanian 5817:Gurjara-Pratihara 5261: 5260: 5248:The First Emperor 5243:Ten Crimes of Qin 5117: 5116: 5108:Succeeded by 5080:Media related to 5042:978-0-674-02477-9 5002:978-0-521-24327-8 4979:Twitchett, Dennis 4961:978-1-60384-203-7 4938:978-0-07-043424-0 4913:978-1-58648-441-5 4888:978-0-674-02477-9 4826:978-0-313-32588-5 4797:978-0-8133-4355-6 4772:978-0-521-24327-8 4749:Twitchett, Dennis 4739:978-0-521-37482-8 4714:978-0-275-97430-5 4689:978-0-87220-780-6 4664:978-0-7614-7631-3 4633:Bodde 1986, p. 20 4561:978-3-8382-1518-1 4534:978-0-19-521921-0 4508:978-1-316-29777-3 4186:978-0-521-24327-8 4092:Lewis 2007, p. 16 4083:Lewis 2007, p. 15 4062:Lewis 2007, p. 11 4044:Bodde 1986, p. 84 3907:Lewis 2007, p. 10 3820:Lewis 2007, p. 88 3770:Lewis 2007, p. 17 3729:978-0-618-18393-7 3662:978-0-008-28437-4 3496: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3475: 3447: 3430: 3416: 3401: 3331: 3247: 3246: 3201:Period of Reigns 2469:small seal script 2157:guerrilla warfare 2065:Mandate of Heaven 1939:King Ping of Zhou 1927:King Xiao of Zhou 1905:According to the 1809:Xinhai Revolution 1730: 1729: 1687:Transport history 1613:Education history 1585: 1584: 1580: 1579: 1566:Republic of China 1548:People's Republic 1521:Republic of China 1500: 1499: 1449: 1448: 1444: 1443: 1329: 1328: 1262: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1193: 1192: 1096:(206 BC – 220 AD) 1026:Spring and Autumn 889:Liao civilization 780: 779: 772: 771: 667:Yale Romanization 608:Yale Romanization 529:Standard Mandarin 451: 450: 437: 436: 433: 432: 393:Eighteen Kingdoms 385: 384: 162:Absolute monarchy 39:19 September 2024 6864: 6784: 6783: 6782: 6772: 6771: 6770: 6763: 6558: 6223:Austro-Hungarian 5923:Chagatai Khanate 5288: 5281: 5274: 5265: 5143: 5136: 5129: 5120: 5091:Preceded by 5088: 5079: 5065: 5046: 5025: 5006: 4965: 4948:China: A History 4942: 4927:(3rd ed.). 4917: 4892: 4871: 4852: 4841:. 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Kingdoms 1228: 1218: 1202: 1197: 1186: 1152: 1139: 1129: 1119: 1109: 1097: 1084: 1071: 1049: 1041: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1022: 1012: 1000: 998: 994: 991: 976: 974: 970: 967: 953: 951: 947: 944: 929: 927: 923: 920: 870: 868: 864: 861: 805: 795:History of China 782: 768: 767: 766: 744: 743: 730: 729: 706: 705: 704: 689: 688: 675: 674: 654: 653: 633: 632: 631: 616: 615: 602: 601: 588: 587: 586: 572: 571: 558: 557: 544: 543: 520: 496: 495: 469: 453: 429: 428: 415: 414: 401: 400: 389: 388: 376: 375: 362: 361: 355: 354: 339: 338: 302: 286: 273: 132: 129: 124: 108: 91: 85: 84: 83: 72: 60: 6872: 6871: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6863: 6862: 6861: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6780: 6778: 6768: 6766: 6758: 6756: 6751: 6740:American Empire 6725: 6721:African empires 6673: 6556: 6248:Central African 6194: 6012:Romano-Germanic 5598: 5332:Middle Assyrian 5305: 5297: 5292: 5262: 5257: 5221:Terracotta Army 5194: 5153: 5147: 5113: 5104: 5096: 5072: 5062: 5049: 5043: 5028: 5022: 5009: 5003: 4976: 4973: 4971:Further reading 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2856: 2854: 2852: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2829: 2821: 2814: 2812: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2788: 2729: 2722: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2703: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2693: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2680: 2672:Terracotta army 2596:Terracotta Army 2584:Terracotta Army 2577: 2526: 2506:school of names 2456: 2394: 2367: 2366: 2365: 2364: 2356: 2355: 2354: 2351: 2343: 2342: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2328: 2325: 2317: 2316: 2310: 2299: 2294: 2238: 2220: 2218:Fall from power 2188: 2182: 2137: 2131: 2029: 2023: 1951: 1949:Growth of power 1919:Qingshui County 1895: 1890: 1880: 1825:Terracotta Army 1795:and eventually 1741: 1737: 1726: 1697: 1696: 1692:Women's history 1598: 1597: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1576: 1571: 1569: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1529: 1524: 1515: 1514: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1496: 1491: 1483: 1478: 1470: 1465: 1451: 1450: 1445: 1440: 1435: 1427: 1422: 1414: 1409: 1401: 1395: 1390: 1380: 1368: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1331: 1330: 1325: 1316: 1306: 1298: 1293: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1264: 1263: 1258: 1253: 1248: 1240: 1237: 1231: 1226: 1216: 1194: 1189: 1184: 1176: 1150: 1142: 1137: 1127: 1118:(202 BC – 9 AD) 1117: 1107: 1095: 1087: 1082: 1067: 1066: 1055: 1054: 1047: 1037: 1033: 1028: 1020: 1010: 996: 992: 987: 979: 972: 968: 963: 949: 945: 940: 932: 925: 921: 916: 907: 906: 895: 894: 866: 862: 857: 849: 838: 837: 594:Tongyong Pinyin 584: 564:Gwoyeu Romatzyh 480: 426: 412: 398: 373: 359: 303: 297: 287: 284: 274: 268: 238: 226: 196: 184: 133: 130: 115: 114: 109: 92: 86: 79: 77: 68: 61: 54: 52: 47: 46: 45: 44: 43: 42: 26: 12: 11: 5: 6870: 6868: 6860: 6859: 6857:Former empires 6854: 6849: 6844: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6794: 6793: 6789: 6788: 6776: 6753: 6752: 6750: 6749: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6733: 6731: 6727: 6726: 6724: 6723: 6718: 6713: 6708: 6703: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6666: 6661: 6656: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6593: 6592: 6587: 6577: 6572: 6566: 6564: 6555: 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5804: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5783: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5762: 5757: 5756: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5730: 5720: 5719: 5718: 5713: 5703: 5702: 5701: 5696: 5691: 5686: 5676: 5671: 5670: 5669: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5652: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5608: 5606: 5604:Post-classical 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5595: 5594: 5584: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5572: 5562: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5549: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5513: 5508: 5503: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5491: 5486: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5469: 5459: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5447: 5442: 5437: 5432: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5411: 5410: 5405: 5403:Middle Kingdom 5400: 5390: 5385: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5363: 5362: 5361: 5359:Neo-Babylonian 5356: 5351: 5349:Old Babylonian 5341: 5340: 5339: 5334: 5324: 5319: 5313: 5311: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5283: 5276: 5268: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5202: 5200: 5196: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5190:Battle of Julu 5187: 5182: 5177: 5172: 5167: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5138: 5131: 5123: 5115: 5114: 5109: 5106: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5085: 5071: 5070:External links 5068: 5067: 5066: 5060: 5047: 5041: 5026: 5020: 5007: 5001: 4983:Loewe, Michael 4972: 4969: 4967: 4966: 4960: 4943: 4937: 4918: 4912: 4893: 4887: 4872: 4866: 4853: 4847: 4831: 4825: 4802: 4796: 4788:Westview Press 4777: 4771: 4753:Loewe, Michael 4744: 4738: 4719: 4713: 4694: 4688: 4669: 4663: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4626: 4576: 4567: 4560: 4540: 4533: 4514: 4507: 4487: 4478: 4469: 4460: 4451: 4421: 4412: 4403: 4391: 4382: 4373: 4366: 4348: 4329: 4317: 4305: 4300: 4299: 4292: 4291: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4271: 4270: 4260: 4248: 4246: 4245: 4231: 4222: 4213: 4204: 4192: 4185: 4165: 4156: 4121: 4112: 4103: 4094: 4085: 4073: 4064: 4055: 4046: 4037: 4025: 4016: 4007: 3998: 3986: 3972: 3945:Loewe, Michael 3931: 3909: 3900: 3891: 3882: 3870: 3861: 3849: 3840: 3831: 3822: 3813: 3804: 3786:People's Daily 3772: 3760: 3753: 3735: 3728: 3710: 3701: 3688: 3668: 3661: 3643: 3625: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3574: 3565: 3547: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3506: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3494: 3493: 3490: 3488: 3487: 3470: 3468: 3467: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3457: 3441: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3433: 3431: 3420: 3418: 3417: 3412: 3410: 3408: 3406: 3404: 3402: 3396: 3395: 3393: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3385: 3383: 3381: 3379: 3377: 3374: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3357: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3349: 3347: 3344: 3342: 3341: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3314: 3312: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3293: 3288:family tree of 3283: 3281: 3279: 3277: 3270: 3269: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3244: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3220:Er Shi Huangdi 3216: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3198:Personal name 3196: 3176: 3173: 3111: 3110: 3096: 3083: 3072: 3061: 3052: 3041: 3030: 3019: 3008: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2964: 2951: 2940: 2931: 2918: 2905: 2890: 2875: 2866: 2853: 2842: 2831: 2822: 2813: 2804: 2797: 2791: 2790: 2789: 2787: 2784: 2708:of the musics, 2681: 2679: 2676: 2650:composite bows 2576: 2573: 2525: 2522: 2455: 2452: 2446:海内皆臣，歲登成熟，道毋飢人 2393: 2390: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2345: 2344: 2340: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2326: 2319: 2318: 2311: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2301: 2300: 2298: 2295: 2293: 2290: 2234:Main article: 2219: 2216: 2184:Main article: 2181: 2178: 2133:Main article: 2130: 2127: 2025:Main article: 2022: 2019: 1950: 1947: 1931:Gonghe Regency 1894: 1891: 1879: 1876: 1762:Imperial China 1728: 1727: 1725: 1724: 1717: 1710: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1683: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1657: 1652: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1635: 1630: 1625: 1623:Jewish history 1620: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1590: 1589: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1574: 1561: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1554:(1949–present) 1543: 1541: 1535: 1528: 1527: 1516: 1510: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1498: 1497: 1495: 1494: 1482: 1481: 1469: 1468: 1457: 1447: 1446: 1442: 1441: 1439: 1438: 1428: 1425: 1415: 1412: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1393: 1383: 1372: 1371: 1359: 1358: 1345: 1343: 1337: 1327: 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