648:. In his dissent, Alito asserted that at the time of the crafting of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 the concepts of sexual orientation and transgender identity would have been unknown, and thus Congress's language should not be implied to cover these facets. Alito wrote, "Many will applaud today's decision because they agree on policy grounds with the Court's updating of Title VII. But the question in these cases is not whether discrimination because of sexual orientation or gender identity should be outlawed. The question is whether Congress did that in 1964. It indisputably did not." Alito further stated that "even if discrimination based on sexual orientation or gender identity could be squeezed into some arcane understanding of sex discrimination, the context in which Title VII was enacted would tell us that this is not what the statute's terms were understood to mean at that time." Alito was critical of the majority decision:
569:
439:. At that time, she had been an employee of R.G. &. G.R. Harris Funeral Homes for six years, and had an excellent work record. She wrote her supervisor regarding this matter prior to taking a vacation from work, and as to help with the transition, she would return to work in attire appropriate for female employees as outlined in their employee handbook. Two weeks later, Stephens was notified by mail that she had been terminated by the funeral home's owner, Thomas Rost. They attempted to mediate an amicable departure, with Rost offering Stephens a
31:
373:
2365:
599:. The Court further held that Title VII protections against sex discrimination in the employment context apply to discrimination against particular individuals on the basis of sex, as opposed to discrimination against groups. Thus, Title VII provides a remedy to individuals who experience discrimination on the basis of sex even if an employer's policy on the whole does not involve discrimination. Gorsuch wrote:
2353:
465:. In March 2018, the Sixth Circuit reversed the decision, ruling that Title VII's "discrimination by sex" does include transgender persons. The court also considered that the funeral home had failed to show how the Civil Rights Act burdened Rost from expressing his religious freedom. Part of the Sixth's decision rested on the 1989 case
454:. There in 2016, the district court found for the funeral home on two bases: first, that in Title VII neither transgender persons nor gender identity were protected classes, and second, that because Rost was a devout Christian who does not accept that one can change one's gender, and ran the homes under his religion, that the
669:
Millions of gay and lesbian
Americans have worked hard for many decades to achieve equal treatment in fact and law ... They have advanced powerful policy arguments and can take pride in today's result. Under the Constitution's separation of powers, however, I believe that it was Congress's role,
603:
An employer who fires an individual for being homosexual or transgender fires that person for traits or actions it would not have questioned in members of a different sex. Sex plays a necessary and undisguisable role in the decision, exactly what Title VII forbids. Those who adopted the Civil Rights
327:
was a funeral home employee who had presented herself as male up until 2013. On July 31, 2013, she wrote to her employer, the Harris
Funeral Homes group, so that they could be prepared for her decision to undergo gender reassignment surgery, telling them that after a vacation, she planned to return
631:
Gorsuch's decision also alluded to concerns that the judgment may set a sweeping precedent that would force gender equality on traditional practices. "They say sex-segregated bathrooms, locker rooms, and dress codes will prove unsustainable after our decision today but none of these other laws are
652:
There is only one word for what the Court has done today: legislation. The document that the Court releases is in the form of a judicial opinion interpreting a statute, but that is deceptive ... A more brazen abuse of our authority to interpret statutes is hard to recall. The Court tries to
340:
reversed the decision, concluding Title VII did include protection for transgender people, which Harris
Funeral Homes petitioned the Supreme Court to review. About a month before the Supreme Court decision, Stephens died from health complications. Representation of her case continued through her
471:
which states that employers cannot discriminate against employees for failure to conform to the stereotypical behavior of a man or woman. The case revolves around protections relating to public and private employees from being discriminated upon because of sex and whether this applies to gender
554:
and these cases were heard on
October 8, 2019. In oral arguments, the Court's conservative justices argued that because Congress had not included gender identity at the time of the Civil Rights Act and had not updated the law to include it, the Court should not create new law beyond Congress's
620:, in which an employer required women to make larger pension fund contributions than did men, on the premise that women on average live longer than men do. Both cases violated Title VII, and Gorsuch wrote, "just as labels and additional intentions or motivations didn't make a difference in
2147:
538:
came to the opposite conclusion. The U.S. Department of
Justice filed a brief with the Supreme Court in October 2018 arguing that the Sixth Circuit had decided wrongly and that Harris Funeral Homes had a right to fire an employee for being transgender.
604:
Act might not have anticipated their work would lead to this particular result. But the limits of the drafters' imagination supply no reason to ignore the law's demands. Only the written word is the law, and all persons are entitled to its benefit.
584:
delivered the opinion of the Court in this case on June 15, 2020. In a 6–3 decision, the Court held that Title VII protections pursuant to § 2000e-2(a)(1) did extend to cover sexual orientation and gender identity. The decision then involved the
2201:
1718:
475:
In May 2020, before the
Supreme Court had issued a decision, Stephens entered hospice care, as her long-term kidney disease had become untreatable. She died on May 12, 2020, at age 59. Stephens's lawyers, from the
2120:
2152:
451:
1570:
680:
2285:
2245:
701:
1500:
2401:
1472:
662:
2336:
2026:
2013:
1615:
332:
helped to represent
Stephens in court. The District Court ruled for the funeral homes, stating Title VII did not cover transgender people and that as a religious organization under the
838:
608:
In his opinion, Gorsuch wrote, "it is irrelevant what an employer might call its discriminatory practice, how others might label it, or what else might motivate it." He referenced
2416:
2100:
1425:
1241:
1219:
87:
462:
337:
182:
616:
2250:
2220:
2142:
2125:
401:
2411:
389:
408:, to explicitly grant these classes protection from discrimination under the Civil Rights Act, but such legislation has yet to be ratified by the Senate as of May 2020.
2159:
2135:
404:
with some states issuing specific anti-discrimination for these groups. At the federal level, the House of
Representatives has passed a 2019 amendment to the Act, the
1123:
2066:
2036:
2164:
1493:
1575:
2290:
2130:
1041:
1180:
2110:
2056:
772:
2406:
2176:
1310:
705:
2369:
2196:
1486:
964:
424:
1333:
2169:
2396:
2215:
2003:
1694:
1684:
447:
329:
55:
1455:
1013:
632:
before us; we have not had the benefit of adversarial testing about the meaning of their terms, and we do not prejudge any such question today."
2208:
2090:
1639:
392:, with the same classes protected against discrimination in employment as well. However, at issue has remained how the Act covers the areas of
1151:
744:
2326:
450:(EEOC), believing she had been discriminated against due to being transgender. EEOC agreed and took the case against the funeral home to the
384:
is a landmark piece of legislation to prevent discrimination across race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. Among its titles include
2191:
2186:
2115:
2105:
2095:
524:
730:
2275:
1785:
2331:
2280:
1970:
492:, an American conservative Christian legal advocacy group involved in multiple transgender rights cases. They filed a petition in the
436:
310:
35:
2391:
1509:
985:
610:
455:
333:
2255:
2021:
590:
328:
dressed in female attire that otherwise followed the employee handbook. She was fired shortly after the letter was sent, and the
555:
intentions. Arguments also centered on how the word "sex" in Title VII could be interpreted to include transgender individuals.
1631:
514:
356:
1095:
936:
661:
wrote a separate dissent, arguing that the Court could not add sexual orientation or gender identity to Title VII due to the
477:
806:"She came out as transgender and got fired. Now her case might become a test for transgender rights at the US Supreme Court"
181:
An employer who fires an individual merely for being gay or transgender violates Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
2421:
2306:
2046:
1935:
1900:
568:
1364:
1975:
1880:
1840:
405:
1940:
1930:
1925:
1905:
467:
432:
167:
161:
Whether Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender people based on (1) their status as transgender or (2)
1707:
1390:
1069:
2061:
1855:
1770:
1657:
1580:
1262:
489:
805:
1890:
1885:
1760:
1623:
1290:
534:
350:
364:
but covering all three cases on June 15, 2020, that Title VII protection extends to gay and transgender people.
1980:
1945:
1850:
1825:
1651:
1586:
586:
385:
381:
314:
360:
which dealt with Title VII protection related to sexual orientation. The Court ruled in a 6–3 decision under
1965:
1915:
1895:
1870:
1860:
1845:
1835:
1820:
1800:
1775:
1765:
1755:
1713:
1679:
1524:
2181:
1985:
1960:
1865:
1805:
1780:
1750:
1740:
71:
909:
2321:
1920:
1875:
1815:
1790:
1745:
1689:
1646:
1593:
1557:
1544:
1429:
1245:
1223:
528:
found that the Title VII protects employees from discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation; the
296:
82:
937:"Aimee Stephens brought a trans rights case to the Supreme Court. She may not live to see the decision"
986:"Aimee Stephens, the center of landmark transgender rights Supreme Court case, dies before the ruling"
1950:
1830:
1795:
1599:
1338:
1236:
777:
595:
372:
2051:
1955:
1910:
1810:
1537:
990:
843:
216:
1700:
1267:
1100:
505:
497:
493:
415:
for most of her adult life but presented herself as a male, which reportedly caused her constant
397:
653:
convince readers that it is merely enforcing the terms of the statute, but that is preposterous.
1296:
726:
550:
which raised the same question related to Title VII discrimination against sexual orientation.
2316:
1563:
440:
428:
412:
504:
on the issue of whether Title VII protects employees from employment discrimination based on
1995:
529:
416:
1436:
1215:
658:
645:
519:
393:
252:
232:
208:
1124:"'There is no protection': case of trans woman fired after coming out could make history"
773:"Human Rights Campaign rolls out congressional endorsements on Equality Act anniversary"
2311:
1607:
1550:
1248:
1018:
509:
324:
220:
59:
1456:
EXCLUSIVE: Anger, leaks and tensions at the
Supreme Court during the LGBTQ rights case
2385:
2227:
1464:
1042:"SCOTUS will consider sexual orientation, transgender discrimination under Title VII"
941:
501:
1478:
1469:
R.G. & G.R. Harris
Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1422:
R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
870:
306:
R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
129:
121:
24:
R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
2357:
1128:
892:
702:"Supreme Court grants federal job protections to gay, lesbian, transgender workers"
641:
593:
as in other recent landmark cases involving the rights of LGBT individuals such as
581:
573:
342:
244:
228:
200:
136:
1467:
who details the decision-making process leading to the landmark court decision in
1181:"Supreme Court rules existing civil rights law protects gay and lesbian workers"
1046:
965:"Aimee Stephens, transgender woman at center of Supreme Course case, dies at 59"
888:
Equal Employment Opportunity Comm'n v. R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc.
866:
Equal Employment Opportunity Comm'n v. R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc.
318:
240:
162:
118:
1732:
874:
665:, leaving this responsibility to Congress. He concluded by acknowledging that
420:
144:
125:
1096:"Supreme Court to Decide Whether Bias Law Covers Gay and Transgender Workers"
1263:"Civil Rights Law Protects Gay and Transgender Workers, Supreme Court Rules"
148:
1365:"Supreme Court says federal law protects LGBTQ workers from discrimination"
1334:"Workers can't be fired for being gay or transgender, Supreme Court rules"
1152:"Supreme Court clashes over meaning of 'sex' in LGBT discrimination cases"
1445:
1395:
1185:
969:
896:
749:
140:
102:
839:"Transgender embalmer's lawsuit thrown out after funeral home fired her"
1475:
from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved on November 24, 2020.
1391:"Supreme Court finds federal law bars LGBT discrimination in workplace"
913:
542:
The Court granted the cert petition (agreeing to hear the appeal) for
336:, the company had a right to dismiss Stephens for non-conformity. The
910:"U.S. appeals court says civil rights law covers transgender workers"
614:, in which a company refused to hire women with young children; and
567:
371:
348:
The case was heard on October 8, 2019, alongside two other cases,
452:
United States District Court for the Eastern District of Michigan
1155:
1014:"Aimee Stephens, Supreme Court Transgender Bias Plaintiff, Dies"
745:"Democrats reintroduce Equality Act to ban LGBTQ discrimination"
458:
gave him the ability to fire Stephens if she would not conform.
133:
1482:
589:
of Title VII (specifically the original meaning of "sex"), not
30:
1460:
1368:
810:
269:
Gorsuch, joined by Roberts, Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, Kagan
1571:
Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act
681:
List of LGBT-related cases in the United States Supreme Court
2286:
History of violence against LGBT people in the United States
2246:
U.S. state constitutional amendments banning same-sex unions
546:
in April 2019, alongside a pair of cases consolidated under
1616:
Masterpiece Cakeshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission
480:, said that the case would be carried on by her estate.
500:, asking the Court to hear the case. There had been a
402:
disjointed coverage of LGBT and gender identity rights
400:
as they are not mentioned explicitly. This has led to
2337:
Disney and Florida's Parental Rights in Education Act
2299:
2268:
2251:
Same-sex marriage law in the United States by state
2236:
2079:
2035:
2012:
1994:
1731:
1668:
1523:
1516:
1311:"Supreme Court bans LGBT employment discrimination"
1174:
1172:
1070:"Feds Argue Against Shield for Transgender Workers"
289:
281:
273:
265:
260:
189:
175:
155:
113:
108:
98:
77:
67:
49:
42:
23:
1012:McLaughlin, David; Eidelson, Josh (May 12, 2020).
617:City of L.A. Dep't of Water & Power v. Manhart
1389:Gerstein, Josh; Rainey, Rebecca (June 15, 2020).
1309:Dwyer, Devin; Svokos, Alexandra (June 15, 2020).
388:, relating to equal employment opportunities and
128:2015); summary judgment granted, 201 F. Supp. 3d
2402:United States employment discrimination case law
1463:'s legal analyst & Supreme Court biographer
376:Stephens at the Supreme Court on October 8, 2019
1363:de Vogue, Ariana; Cole, Devan (June 15, 2020).
1358:
1356:
667:
650:
601:
423:to family and friends, and arranged to undergo
2291:2020s anti-LGBT movement in the United States
1494:
54:R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v.
8:
2417:United States gender discrimination case law
2153:State bans on local anti-discrimination laws
832:
830:
828:
2083:
1719:Presidential Memorandum of August 25, 2017
1529:
1520:
1501:
1487:
1479:
1040:Ward, Stephanie Francis (April 22, 2019).
20:
2412:United States transgender rights case law
804:Grinberg, Emanuella (September 3, 2018).
315:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
2170:Florida Parental Rights in Education Act
1576:Don't Ask, Don't Tell Repeal Act of 2010
488:The funeral home was represented by the
1695:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965
1685:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
692:
628:, they cannot make a difference here."
448:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
330:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
321:people from employment discrimination.
56:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
1640:G.G. v. Gloucester County School Board
1207:
1205:
1203:
183:Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit
2327:Arnold Schwarzenegger and LGBT rights
1122:Rushe, Dominic (September 30, 2019).
837:Moyer, Justin Wm. (August 19, 2016).
799:
797:
795:
729:(pages 1–33 in the linked document) (
670:not this Court's, to amend Title VII.
309:, 590 U.S. ___ (2020), is a landmark
18:2020 United States Supreme Court case
7:
525:Hively v. Ivy Tech Community College
446:Stephens filed a complaint with the
2276:LGBT movements in the United States
1150:Higgens, Tucker (October 8, 2019).
644:wrote a dissent, joined by Justice
2332:LGBT protests against Donald Trump
2281:LGBTQ history in the United States
1459:. A background article written by
771:Manchester, Julia (May 18, 2020).
743:Fitzsimons, Tim (March 13, 2019).
576:delivered the opinion of the Court
472:identity for transgender persons.
36:Supreme Court of the United States
14:
2407:United States Supreme Court cases
1510:LGBTQ rights in the United States
1432:___ (2020) is available from:
611:Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp.
456:Religious Freedom Restoration Act
334:Religious Freedom Restoration Act
132:(E.D. Mich. 2016); reversed, 884
2364:
2363:
2351:
2256:Sodomy laws in the United States
1453:Biskupic, Joan (July 28, 2020):
1332:Neidig, Harper (June 15, 2020).
1179:Williams, Pete (June 15, 2020).
963:Fitzsimons, Tim (May 12, 2020).
29:
1708:DoD Directive 1304.26
1094:Liptak, Adam (April 22, 2019).
1068:Kelly, Joe (October 26, 2018).
727:Supreme Court Ruling 2020-06-15
700:Wolf, Richard (June 15, 2020).
515:Zarda v. Altitude Express, Inc.
357:Altitude Express, Inc. v. Zarda
2397:2020 in United States case law
1261:Liptak, Adam (June 15, 2020).
984:Flynn, Meagan (May 13, 2020).
935:Burns, Katelyn (May 8, 2020).
478:American Civil Liberties Union
443:, but she refused to take it.
411:Stephens considered herself a
338:Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals
117:Motion to dismiss denied, 100
1:
2307:Congressional Equality Caucus
1299:, slip op. at 8–9 (2020).
429:expressing herself as a woman
871:201 F. Supp. 3d 837
704:. USA Today. Archived from
468:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
311:United States Supreme Court
168:Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins
2438:
1658:303 Creative LLC v. Elenis
1581:Violence Against Women Act
1446:Oyez (oral argument audio)
490:Alliance Defending Freedom
419:. In 2013, she decided to
380:In the United States, the
2345:
2165:Anti-LGBT curriculum laws
2143:Employment discrimination
2086:
1710:("Don't ask, don't tell")
1532:
1291:Bostock v. Clayton County
1212:Bostock v. Clayton County
535:Bostock v. Clayton County
461:The EEOC appealed to the
390:employment discrimination
351:Bostock v. Clayton County
294:
194:
180:
160:
28:
2392:Minority rights case law
2057:Northern Mariana Islands
1652:Respect for Marriage Act
1587:United States v. Windsor
587:statutory interpretation
382:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2101:Conversion therapy bans
1714:Defense of Marriage Act
1680:Immigration Act of 1917
277:Alito, joined by Thomas
2111:Housing discrimination
1297:590 U. S. ____
672:
655:
606:
577:
427:within the next year,
377:
313:case which ruled that
43:Argued October 8, 2019
2322:LGBT people in prison
2197:Domestic partnerships
2177:Public accommodations
1690:Executive Order 10450
1647:Executive Order 13988
1594:Executive Order 13672
1558:Executive Order 13087
1545:Executive Order 12968
571:
375:
297:Civil Rights Act 1964
45:Decided June 15, 2020
2422:2020 in LGBT history
2182:Religious exemptions
2004:District of Columbia
1628:Harris Funeral Homes
1600:Obergefell v. Hodges
1237:Obergefell v. Hodges
893:884 F.3d 560
663:separation of powers
596:Obergefell v. Hodges
544:Harris Funeral Homes
437:real-life experience
425:reassignment surgery
2067:U.S. Virgin Islands
1538:One, Inc. v. Olesen
991:The Washington Post
844:The Washington Post
217:Ruth Bader Ginsburg
156:Questions presented
2216:Transgender rights
2136:Sexual orientation
1701:Bowers v. Hardwick
1268:The New York Times
1101:The New York Times
708:on October 7, 2020
591:constitutional law
578:
506:sexual orientation
498:writ of certiorari
494:U.S. Supreme Court
398:sexual orientation
378:
205:Associate Justices
2379:
2378:
2317:Save Our Children
2264:
2263:
2075:
2074:
1727:
1726:
1564:Lawrence v. Texas
441:severance package
413:transgender woman
302:
301:
295:Title VII of the
2429:
2367:
2366:
2358:LGBTQ portal
2356:
2355:
2354:
2084:
1996:Federal district
1632:Altitude Express
1530:
1521:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1480:
1450:
1444:
1441:
1435:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:
1386:
1380:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1360:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1286:
1280:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1258:
1252:
1233:
1227:
1209:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1176:
1167:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1119:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1108:
1091:
1085:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1065:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
981:
975:
974:
960:
954:
953:
951:
949:
932:
926:
925:
923:
921:
906:
900:
890:
884:
878:
868:
862:
856:
855:
853:
851:
834:
823:
822:
820:
818:
801:
790:
789:
787:
785:
768:
762:
761:
759:
757:
740:
734:
724:
718:
717:
715:
713:
697:
564:Majority opinion
530:Eleventh Circuit
417:emotional stress
190:Court membership
163:sex stereotyping
33:
32:
21:
2437:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2430:
2428:
2427:
2426:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2352:
2350:
2341:
2295:
2260:
2238:
2232:
2202:by municipality
2187:Same-sex unions
2148:by municipality
2116:Intersex rights
2071:
2038:
2031:
2008:
1990:
1723:
1672:
1670:
1664:
1512:
1507:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1433:
1417:
1412:
1411:
1401:
1399:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1344:
1342:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1316:
1314:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1288:
1287:
1283:
1273:
1271:
1260:
1259:
1255:
1234:
1230:
1226:___ (2020).
1210:
1201:
1191:
1189:
1178:
1177:
1170:
1160:
1158:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1132:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1106:
1104:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1078:
1076:
1074:Courthouse News
1067:
1066:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1039:
1038:
1034:
1024:
1022:
1011:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
983:
982:
978:
962:
961:
957:
947:
945:
934:
933:
929:
919:
917:
916:. March 7, 2018
908:
907:
903:
886:
885:
881:
864:
863:
859:
849:
847:
836:
835:
826:
816:
814:
803:
802:
793:
783:
781:
770:
769:
765:
755:
753:
742:
741:
737:
725:
721:
711:
709:
699:
698:
694:
689:
677:
659:Brett Kavanaugh
646:Clarence Thomas
638:
566:
561:
520:Seventh Circuit
486:
394:gender identity
370:
368:Case background
253:Brett Kavanaugh
243:
233:Sonia Sotomayor
231:
219:
209:Clarence Thomas
147:. granted, 203
94:
93:140 S. Ct. 1731
44:
38:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2384:
2383:
2377:
2376:
2374:
2373:
2361:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2319:
2314:
2312:Lavender Scare
2309:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2272:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2223:
2213:
2212:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2194:
2184:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2162:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2096:Age of consent
2093:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:American Samoa
2043:
2041:
2037:Unincorporated
2033:
2032:
2030:
2029:
2027:Indian Country
2024:
2018:
2016:
2014:Tribal nations
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2000:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1936:South Carolina
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1901:North Carolina
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1735:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1705:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1676:
1674:
1666:
1665:
1663:
1662:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1636:
1620:
1612:
1608:Pavan v. Smith
1604:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1560:
1555:
1551:Romer v. Evans
1547:
1542:
1533:
1527:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1506:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1483:
1477:
1476:
1451:
1416:
1415:External links
1413:
1410:
1409:
1381:
1352:
1324:
1301:
1281:
1253:
1228:
1199:
1168:
1142:
1114:
1086:
1060:
1032:
1019:Bloomberg News
1004:
976:
955:
927:
901:
879:
857:
824:
791:
763:
735:
719:
691:
690:
688:
685:
684:
683:
676:
673:
637:
634:
565:
562:
560:
557:
510:Second Circuit
485:
482:
369:
366:
325:Aimee Stephens
300:
299:
292:
291:
287:
286:
283:
279:
278:
275:
271:
270:
267:
263:
262:
258:
257:
256:
255:
221:Stephen Breyer
206:
203:
198:
192:
191:
187:
186:
178:
177:
173:
172:
158:
157:
153:
152:
115:
111:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
92:
79:
75:
74:
69:
65:
64:
51:
50:Full case name
47:
46:
40:
39:
34:
26:
25:
17:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2434:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2372:
2371:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2235:
2229:
2228:Bathroom bill
2226:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2199:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2171:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2145:
2144:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2034:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Navajo Nation
2020:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1976:West Virginia
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:New Hampshire
1879:
1877:
1874:
1872:
1869:
1867:
1864:
1862:
1859:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1841:Massachusetts
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1730:
1720:
1717:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1677:
1675:
1667:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1610:
1609:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1522:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1504:
1499:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1465:Joan Biskupic
1462:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1438:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1382:
1370:
1366:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1341:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1312:
1305:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1292:
1285:
1282:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1238:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1208:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1188:
1187:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1169:
1157:
1153:
1146:
1143:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1118:
1115:
1103:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1087:
1075:
1071:
1064:
1061:
1049:
1048:
1043:
1036:
1033:
1021:
1020:
1015:
1008:
1005:
993:
992:
987:
980:
977:
972:
971:
966:
959:
956:
944:
943:
938:
931:
928:
915:
911:
905:
902:
898:
894:
889:
883:
880:
876:
872:
867:
861:
858:
846:
845:
840:
833:
831:
829:
825:
813:
812:
807:
800:
798:
796:
792:
780:
779:
774:
767:
764:
752:
751:
746:
739:
736:
732:
728:
723:
720:
707:
703:
696:
693:
686:
682:
679:
678:
674:
671:
666:
664:
660:
654:
649:
647:
643:
635:
633:
629:
627:
623:
619:
618:
613:
612:
605:
600:
598:
597:
592:
588:
583:
575:
570:
563:
558:
556:
553:
549:
545:
540:
537:
536:
531:
527:
526:
521:
517:
516:
511:
507:
503:
502:circuit split
499:
495:
491:
484:Supreme Court
483:
481:
479:
473:
470:
469:
464:
463:Sixth Circuit
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
374:
367:
365:
363:
359:
358:
353:
352:
346:
344:
339:
335:
331:
326:
322:
320:
316:
312:
308:
307:
298:
293:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
261:Case opinions
259:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:Chief Justice
196:
195:
193:
188:
184:
179:
174:
170:
169:
164:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:
116:
112:
107:
104:
103:Oral argument
101:
97:
90:
89:
84:
80:
76:
73:
70:
66:
63:
61:
57:
52:
48:
41:
37:
27:
22:
16:
2368:
2349:
2192:Civil unions
1941:South Dakota
1931:Rhode Island
1926:Pennsylvania
1906:North Dakota
1704: (1986)
1699:
1673:federal laws
1656:
1638:
1635: (2020)
1627:
1622:
1619: (2018)
1614:
1611: (2016)
1606:
1603: (2015)
1598:
1590: (2013)
1585:
1567: (2003)
1562:
1554: (1996)
1549:
1541: (1958)
1536:
1468:
1454:
1421:
1400:. Retrieved
1394:
1384:
1372:. Retrieved
1343:. Retrieved
1337:
1327:
1315:. Retrieved
1304:
1289:
1284:
1272:. Retrieved
1266:
1256:
1251: (2015).
1235:
1231:
1211:
1190:. Retrieved
1184:
1159:. Retrieved
1145:
1133:. Retrieved
1129:The Guardian
1127:
1117:
1105:. Retrieved
1099:
1089:
1077:. Retrieved
1073:
1063:
1051:. Retrieved
1045:
1035:
1023:. Retrieved
1017:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
989:
979:
968:
958:
946:. Retrieved
940:
930:
918:. Retrieved
904:
887:
882:
865:
860:
848:. Retrieved
842:
815:. Retrieved
809:
782:. Retrieved
776:
766:
754:. Retrieved
748:
738:
722:
710:. Retrieved
706:the original
695:
668:
656:
651:
642:Samuel Alito
639:
630:
625:
621:
615:
609:
607:
602:
594:
582:Neil Gorsuch
579:
574:Neil Gorsuch
551:
547:
543:
541:
533:
523:
513:
487:
474:
466:
460:
445:
410:
406:Equality Act
379:
361:
355:
349:
347:
323:
305:
304:
303:
290:Laws applied
248:
245:Neil Gorsuch
236:
229:Samuel Alito
224:
212:
201:John Roberts
166:
109:Case history
86:
53:
15:
2237:Repealed or
2160:Immigration
2126:Transgender
2106:Hate crimes
2062:Puerto Rico
2039:territories
1856:Mississippi
1771:Connecticut
1669:Repealed or
1047:ABA Journal
899: 2018).
877: 2016).
435:as part of
396:as well as
319:transgender
241:Elena Kagan
151:754 (2019).
119:F. Supp. 3d
2386:Categories
2239:overturned
1971:Washington
1891:New Mexico
1886:New Jersey
1761:California
1671:overturned
1313:. ABC News
1161:October 8,
1135:October 1,
875:E.D. Mich.
712:October 8,
687:References
433:transition
126:E.D. Mich.
68:Docket no.
2269:Movements
1981:Wisconsin
1946:Tennessee
1851:Minnesota
1826:Louisiana
1517:By entity
1107:April 22,
920:April 22,
850:April 22,
817:April 22,
431:prior to
386:Title VII
317:protects
285:Kavanaugh
185:affirmed.
149:L. Ed. 2d
78:Citations
2370:Category
2209:Marriage
2131:Intersex
2121:Military
2091:Adoption
1966:Virginia
1916:Oklahoma
1896:New York
1871:Nebraska
1861:Missouri
1846:Michigan
1836:Maryland
1821:Kentucky
1801:Illinois
1776:Delaware
1766:Colorado
1756:Arkansas
1473:Archived
1420:Text of
1402:June 15,
1396:Politico
1374:June 15,
1345:June 15,
1339:The Hill
1317:June 15,
1274:June 15,
1192:June 15,
1186:NBC News
1079:June 16,
970:NBC News
897:6th Cir.
778:The Hill
750:NBC News
675:See also
657:Justice
640:Justice
636:Dissents
626:Phillips
580:Justice
572:Justice
559:Decision
518:and the
421:come out
266:Majority
141:6th Cir.
99:Argument
2300:Related
2080:By type
1986:Wyoming
1961:Vermont
1866:Montana
1806:Indiana
1786:Georgia
1781:Florida
1751:Arizona
1741:Alabama
1624:Bostock
1525:Federal
1216:17-1618
1053:May 20,
1025:May 20,
997:May 20,
948:May 10,
914:Reuters
784:May 20,
756:May 20,
731:Archive
622:Manhart
548:Bostock
362:Bostock
282:Dissent
274:Dissent
176:Holding
143:2018);
2221:voting
1921:Oregon
1876:Nevada
1816:Kansas
1791:Hawaii
1746:Alaska
1733:States
1661:(2023)
1643:(2020)
1449:
1443:
1440:
1437:Justia
1434:
1295:,
1240:,
1218:,
1214:, No.
895: (
891:,
873: (
869:,
552:Harris
508:. The
496:for a
343:estate
251:
249:·
247:
239:
237:·
235:
227:
225:·
223:
215:
213:·
211:
165:under
72:18-107
1951:Texas
1831:Maine
1796:Idaho
1428:
1244:
1222:
114:Prior
85:___ (
60:et al
2052:Guam
1956:Utah
1911:Ohio
1811:Iowa
1430:U.S.
1404:2020
1376:2020
1347:2020
1319:2020
1276:2020
1246:U.S.
1224:U.S.
1194:2020
1163:2019
1156:CNBC
1137:2019
1109:2019
1081:2020
1055:2020
1027:2020
999:2020
950:2020
922:2019
852:2019
819:2019
786:2020
758:2020
714:2020
354:and
145:cert
134:F.3d
88:more
83:U.S.
81:590
1461:CNN
1426:590
1369:CNN
1249:644
1242:576
1220:590
942:Vox
811:CNN
624:or
532:in
522:in
512:in
137:560
130:837
122:594
2388::
1471:.
1424:,
1393:.
1367:.
1355:^
1336:.
1265:.
1202:^
1183:.
1171:^
1154:.
1126:.
1098:.
1072:.
1044:.
1016:.
988:.
967:.
939:.
912:.
841:.
827:^
808:.
794:^
775:.
747:.
345:.
58:,
1630:/
1626:/
1502:e
1495:t
1488:v
1406:.
1378:.
1349:.
1321:.
1278:.
1196:.
1165:.
1139:.
1111:.
1083:.
1057:.
1029:.
1001:.
973:.
952:.
924:.
854:.
821:.
788:.
760:.
733:)
716:.
171:.
139:(
124:(
91:)
62:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.