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motivations of the actors in history, this insight being encapsulated in his epigram "All history is the history of thought." Therefore, Collingwood suggested that a historian must "reconstruct" history by using "historical imagination" to "re-enact" the thought processes of historical persons based on information and evidence from historical sources. Re-enactment of thought refers to the idea that the historian can access not only a thought process similar to that of the historical actor, but the actual thought process itself. Consider
Collingwood's words regarding the study of Plato:
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610:. The family home was at Coniston in the Lake District and his father was a leading figure in the Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeological Society. Collingwood was drawn in on a number of excavations and put forward the theory that Hadrian's Wall was not so much a fighting platform but an elevated sentry walk. He also put forward the suggestion that Hadrian's defensive system also included a number of forts along the Cumberland coast.
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two people entertaining the (qualitatively) same thought, there is (numerically) only one thought since there is only one propositional content." Therefore, if historians follow the correct line of inquiry in response to a historical source and reason correctly, they can arrive at the same thought the author of their source had and, in so doing, "re-enact" that thought.
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common usage, is concerned with social sciences and human affairs. Collingwood pointed out a fundamental difference between knowing things in the present (or in the natural sciences) and knowing history. To come to know things in the present or about things in the natural sciences, "real" things can be observed, as they are in existence or that have substance right now.
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is an unacceptable way to do history. Sources which make claims that do not align with current understandings of the world were still created by rational humans who had reason for creating them. Therefore, these sources are valuable and ought to be investigated further in order to get at the historical context in which they were created and for what reason.
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Since the internal thought processes of historical persons cannot be perceived with the physical senses and past historical events cannot be directly observed, history must be methodologically different from natural sciences. History, being a study of the human mind, is interested in the thoughts and
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In its immediacy, as an actual experience of his own, Plato's argument must undoubtedly have grown up out of a discussion of some sort, though I do not know what it was, and been closely connected with such a discussion. Yet if I not only read his argument but understand it, follow it in my own mind
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sometimes a historian will encounter "a story which he simply cannot believe, a story characteristic, perhaps, of the superstitions or prejudices of the author's time or the circle in which he lived, but not credible to a more enlightened age, and therefore to be omitted." This, Collingwood argues,
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Collingwood categorized history as a science, defining a science as "any organized body of knowledge." However, he distinguished history from natural sciences because the concerns of these two branches are different: natural sciences are concerned with the physical world, while history, in its most
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In
Collingwood's understanding, a thought is a single entity accessible to the public and therefore, regardless of how many people have the same thought, it is still a singular thought. "Thoughts, in other words, are to be distinguished on the basis of purely qualitative criteria, and if there are
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before a battle is a ritual whereby the warriors work themselves up into a particular emotive state in order to do battle. In giving such a conception
Collingwood hoped to address the issue of the word 'magic' having "no definite significance at all", he intended to ameliorate this by making it a
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into the conditions for
Scheduled Monuments Consent. Still, it has always been surprising that the proponents of the "new" archaeology in the 1960s and the 70s have entirely ignored the work of Collingwood, the one major archaeologist who was also a major professional philosopher. He has been
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in 1937. It appeared to be a
Neolithic henge monument, and Collingwood's excavations, failing to find conclusive evidence of Neolithic activity, nevertheless found the base of two stone pillars, a possible cremation trench and some post holes. Sadly, his subsequent ill health prevented him
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Collingwood rejected what he deemed "scissors-and-paste history" in which the historian rejects a statement recorded by their subject either because it contradicts another historical statement or because it contradicts the historian's own understanding of the world. As he states in
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adding the second smaller part on
English settlements. The book was in many ways revolutionary for it set out to write the story of Roman Britain from an archaeological rather than a historical viewpoint, putting into practice his own belief in 'Question and Answer' archaeology.
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1038:, 2007, p. 175: " appears as early as the late eighteenth century in the writings of the German romantics, who used it in a neutral sense. In 1797 Friedrich Schlegel used 'historicism' to refer to a philosophy that stresses the importance of history ...").
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Collingwood defined philosophy as "thought of the second degree, thought about thought". An astronomer investigates phenomena and provides a theory from their observations, if the astronomer were to think about their process this would be philosophy.
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The essence of this conception is ... the idea of a community as governing itself by fostering the free expression of all political opinions that take shape within it, and finding some means of reducing this multiplicity of opinions to a
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in a review, remarked that "it seemed at first a trifle off beat that he should immerse himself in so much museum-like detail ... but I felt sure that this was incidental to his primary mission to organise his own thinking".
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Collingwood's most important contribution to
British archaeology was his insistence on Question and Answer archaeology: excavations should not take place unless there is a question to be answered. It is a philosophy which, as
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wrote, 'The general reader may discover too late that it has one major defect. It does not sufficiently distinguish between objective and subjective and combines both in a subtle and apparently objective presentation'.
638:, which involved travelling all over Britain to see the inscriptions and draw them; he eventually prepared drawings of nearly 900 inscriptions. It was finally published in 1965 by his student R. P. Wright.
629:, who queried some of Collingwood's findings. However, recently, Grace Simpson, the daughter of the excavator F. G. Simpson, has queried Bersu's work and largely rehabilitated Collingwood as an excavator.
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term "with a definite meaning". He accuses anthropologists of prejudice when analyzing the magical practices of previous generations, as they assumed that it must fulfill the same purpose of modern science.
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The most notorious passage is that on Romano-British art: "the impression that constantly haunts the archaeologist, like a bad smell, is that of an ugliness that plagues the place like a London fog".
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1009:, Springer, 2012, p. 49)), but some later historiographers describe him as a proponent of "historism" in accordance with the current English meaning of the term (F. R. Ankersmit,
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by re-arguing it with and for myself, the process of argument which I go through is not a process resembling Plato's, it actually is Plato's, so far as I understand him rightly.
539:) that works of art are essentially expressions of emotion. For Collingwood, an important social role for artists is to clarify and articulate emotions from their community.
645:, a handbook in sixteen chapters covering first the archaeological sites (fortresses, towns and temples and portable antiquities) inscriptions, coins, pottery and brooches.
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Collingwood was not just a philosopher of history but also a practising historian and archaeologist. He was, during his time, a leading authority on
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was a family friend, and learned to sail in their boat, subsequently teaching his sibling's children to sail. Ransome loosely based
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or 'bad science'. Magic for
Collingwood is a practical exercise to bring about a certain emotional state. For example magic like a
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that
Collingwood is coming to be "the best known neglected thinker of our time". Collingwood is quoted multiple times in
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His final and most controversial excavation in
Cumbria was that of a circular ring ditch near Penrith known as
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All 'revised' editions comprise the original text plus a new introduction and extensive additional material.
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However, his most important work was his contribution to the first volume of the Oxford History of England,
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702:(1940), an account of a yachting voyage in the Mediterranean, in the company of several of his students.
587:'s opinion that socialism had rendered a great service to liberalism by pointing out the shortcomings of
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In politics Collingwood defended the ideals of what he called liberalism "in its Continental sense":
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He also began what was to be the major work of his archaeological career, preparing a corpus of the
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TRAC 2011: Proceedings of the Twenty First Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference, Newcastle 2011
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Collingwood was a fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, for some 15 years until becoming the
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He was very active in the 1930 Wall Pilgrimage for which he prepared the ninth edition of
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390:(Ancient History and Philosophy) in 1912. Prior to graduation, he was elected a fellow of
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2012:
The Philosophy of Enchantment: Studies in Folktale, Cultural Criticism, and Anthropology
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The Philosophy of Enchantment: Studies in Folktale, Cultural Criticism, and Anthropology
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Gaut, Berys Nigel; Lopes, Dominic, eds. (2013). "Expressivism: Croce and Collingwood".
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1351:. Routledge philosophy companions (3 ed.). London: Routledge. pp. 106–115.
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2174:"How the untimely death of RG Collingwood changed the course of philosophy forever"
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undertaking a second season so the work was handed over to the German prehistorian
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477:(1946), which was collated from various sources soon after his death by a student,
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A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful
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Richmond, I.A., 1944. 'Appreciation of R. G. Collingwood as an archaeologist',
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After several years of increasingly debilitating strokes, Collingwood died at
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1985:
The Principles of History: And Other Writings in Philosophy of History
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Outside archaeology and philosophy, he also published the travel book
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Leach, Stephen (2012). Duggan, M.; McIntosh, F.; Rohl, D. J. (eds.).
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The Principles of History and Other Writings in Philosophy of History
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The Principles of History and Other Writings in Philosophy of History
951:
The Principles of History and Other Writings in Philosophy of History
387:
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Collingwood, R. G.; Dray, William H.; van der Dussen, W. J. (1999).
1284:
Collingwood, R. G.; Dray, William H; van der Dussen, W. J. (1999).
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1455:. Myres, J. N. L. (John Nowell Linton) (Second ed.). Oxford:
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Collingwood considered 'magic' to be a form of art, as opposed to
413:. Important influences on Collingwood were the Italian Idealists
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He also published two major archaeological works. The first was
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The New Leviathan: Or Man, Society, Civilization, and Barbarism
1178:"Robin George Collingwood on Understanding the Historical Past"
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558:(not to be confused with various other views typically called
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3109:
Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments
1809:
Collingwood, R. G.; Collingwood, Robin George (24 May 2001).
2082:
History as Re-enactment: R. G. Collingwood's Idea of History
531:(1938) comprises Collingwood's most developed treatment of
309:
2190:"An Appreciation of R. G. Collingwood as an Archaeologist"
2040:
History as a Science: The Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood.
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The Social and Political Thought of R. G. Collingwood
338:. He is best known for his philosophical works, including
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History as a Science: The Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood
306:
3049:
A Treatise Concerning the Principles of Human Knowledge
1529:"R. G. Collingwood – an Early Archaeological Theorist?"
1176:
Adrian, Hagiu; Constantin C., Lupașcu; Sergiu, Bortoș.
2109:
Additional Articles and Documents by R. G. Collingwood
1982:
Collingwood, Robin George; Collingwood, R. G. (1999).
1581:. Robarts - University of Toronto. London, Macmillan.
1449:
Collingwood, R. G. (Robin George), 1889-1943. (1937).
1049:"R. G. Collingwood and the Hermeneutic Tradition"
953:(ed. William H. Dray and W. J. van der Dussen) (2001)
4070:
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction
2062:
The Social and Political Thought of R. G. Collingwood
1063:, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1913, pp. 196, 222
665:
The result was alluring and influential. However, as
452:, Lancashire, on 9 January 1943. He was a practising
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297:
1215:"historiography – Intellectual history | Britannica"
326:; 22 February 1889 – 9 January 1943) was an English
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405:. He was taught by the historian and archaeologist
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1955:Collingwood, Robin George; Boucher, David (1989).
1910:
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2096:Encyclopedia of Historians and Historical Writing
1243:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 301.
1535:. Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal (2011).
554:Collingwood developed a position later known as
4306:Waynflete Professors of Metaphysical Philosophy
1265:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
1157:. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University
572:
503:
1863:Collingwood, Robin George (31 December 1960).
399:Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy
3275:
2240:
1292:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
1124:. New York: Oxford University Press. p.
1032:The Oxford Handbook of Continental Philosophy
16:British historian and philosopher (1889–1943)
8:
4000:The Literary Mind and the Carving of Dragons
1495:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1371:R. G. Collingwood (2005). "Man Goes Mad" in
1252:
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1013:, Stanford University Press, 2005, p. 404).
370:), the son of the artist and archaeologist
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2064:. Cambridge University Press. 1989. 300pp.
1575:Collingwood, R. G. (Robin George) (1916).
1499:) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1389:. Cambridge University Press. p. 152.
700:The First Mate's Log of a Voyage to Greece
100:
82:
2094:Moran, Seán Farrell, "R.G. Collingwood,"
2072:The Later Philosophy of R. G. Collingwood
1643:Speculum Mentis: Or, The Map of Knowledge
1544:
1513:Introductory essay in R. G. Collingwood,
1452:Roman Britain and the English settlements
1030:(see Brian Leiter, Michael Rosen (eds.),
804:Roman Britain and the English Settlements
655:Roman Britain and the English Settlements
354:Collingwood was born 22 February 1889 in
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2033:The Formative Years of R. G. Collingwood
1537:Theoretical Roman Archaeology Conference
759:Speculum Mentis; or The Map of Knowledge
32:This article includes a list of general
2158:Voice in the wilderness: RG Collingwood
2084:. Oxford University Press. 1995. 347pp.
1263:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1155:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
985:
873:Main articles published in his lifetime
535:questions. Collingwood held (following
2195:Bulletin of the History of Archaeology
1488:
562:), a thesis first developed by Croce.
342:(1938) and the posthumously published
3079:Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
1444:
1442:
1349:The Routledge companion to aesthetics
991:
989:
681:points out, has been incorporated by
7:
4301:Alumni of University College, Oxford
3179:Interpretations of quantum mechanics
3099:The World as Will and Representation
2074:. University of Chicago Press. 1986.
1782:Collingwood, R. G. (15 April 2003).
1257:D'Oro, Giuseppina; Connelly, James.
1149:D'Oro, Giuseppina; Connelly, James.
727:Main works published in his lifetime
657:, of which he wrote the major part,
4296:Fellows of Pembroke College, Oxford
4266:Fellows of Magdalen College, Oxford
2202:Works by or about R. G. Collingwood
2149:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2130:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
2035:(Harvard University Archives, 1965)
1931:Essays in the Philosophy of History
925:Essays in the Philosophy of History
686:described as an early proponent of
411:Camden Professor of Ancient History
1928:Collingwood, Robin George (1965).
1909:Collingwood, Robin George (1964).
1890:Collingwood, Robin George (1956).
1836:Collingwood, Robin George (1999).
1755:Collingwood, Robin George (1939).
1728:Collingwood, Robin George (1938).
1711:Collingwood, Robin George (1933).
1684:Collingwood, Robin George (1930).
1657:Collingwood, Robin George (1925).
1640:Collingwood, Robin George (1924).
1623:Collingwood, Robin George (1932).
1606:Collingwood, Robin George (1923).
1434:Proceedings of the British Academy
995:Collingwood himself used the term
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
4291:20th-century English philosophers
2215:National Portrait Gallery, London
2115: (archived 13 September 2005)
4218:
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3231:
1714:An essay on philosophical method
1687:The archaeology of Roman Britain
1560:
791:An Essay on Philosophical Method
778:The Archaeology of Roman Britain
643:The Archaeology of Roman Britain
473:Collingwood is widely noted for
290:
23:
4311:20th-century English historians
4276:People educated at Rugby School
3029:Meditations on First Philosophy
1913:Essays in the philosophy of art
1660:Outlines of a philosophy of art
1375:. Oxford University Press, 318.
1061:Oxford University Calendar 1913
1028:Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel
919:Essays in the Philosophy of Art
772:Outlines of a Philosophy of Art
252:
4316:Fellows of the British Academy
2211:Portraits of R. G. Collingwood
1958:Essays in Political Philosophy
1336:. Clarendon Press. p. 58.
1321:. Clarendon Press. p. 57.
1091:. Indiana University Press, 1.
938:Essays in Political Philosophy
908:(1946, revised edition 1993).
848:(1940, revised edition 1998).
1:
1934:. University of Texas Press.
1373:The Philosophy of Enchantment
1011:Sublime Historical Experience
635:Roman Inscriptions of Britain
4130:Aestheticization of politics
3214:Philosophy of space and time
1089:Mind, History, and Dialectic
1022:A translation of the German
940:(with David Boucher) (1989)
878:'A Philosophy of Progress',
3089:The Phenomenology of Spirit
2161:2009 radio discussion with
2009:Collingwood, R. G. (2005).
1988:. Oxford University Press.
1917:. Indiana University Press.
1869:. Oxford University Press.
1761:. Oxford University Press.
1239:Collingwood, R. G. (1993).
718:on his sibling's children.
715:Swallows and Amazons series
4332:
2140:"Collingwood's Aesthetics"
2121:"Robin George Collingwood"
2015:. Oxford University Press.
1898:. Oxford University Press.
1539:& Oxbow Books: 10–18.
1517:, Oxford University Press.
1332:Collingwood, R.G. (1911).
1317:Collingwood, R.G. (1911).
1259:"Robin George Collingwood"
1151:"Robin George Collingwood"
1073:Collingwood, R.G. (1948).
384:University College, Oxford
160:University College, Oxford
4198:
3227:
1690:. Methuen & Co. Ltd.
1005:(see Jan van der Dussen,
622:King Arthur's Round Table
274:
261:Coining the English term
183:
99:
3204:Philosophy of psychology
3139:Simulacra and Simulation
2198:, 19(1), pp. 14–20.
2163:Marnie Hughes-Warrington
882:, 1:1, April 1929, 64-77
403:Magdalen College, Oxford
392:Pembroke College, Oxford
281:Robin George Collingwood
228:Pembroke College, Oxford
113:Robin George Collingwood
4286:Philosophers of history
4150:Evolutionary aesthetics
4100:The Aesthetic Dimension
3069:Critique of Pure Reason
1812:An Essay on Metaphysics
1578:Religion and Philosophy
1546:10.16995/TRAC2011_10_18
1385:Boucher, David (2003).
1087:Mink, Louis O. (1969).
1036:Oxford University Press
846:An Essay on Metaphysics
793:(1933, rev. ed. 2005).
733:Religion and Philosophy
192:20th-century philosophy
53:more precise citations.
4080:Avant-Garde and Kitsch
4030:Lectures on Aesthetics
2660:Type–token distinction
2488:Hypostatic abstraction
2270:Abstract object theory
2168:The Philosopher's Zone
1717:. The Clarendon Press.
887:Published posthumously
861:(1942, rev. ed. 1992)
748:(1923; 2nd ed., 1932)
577:
556:aesthetic expressivism
517:Principles of History,
508:
269:Aesthetic expressivism
259:Historical imagination
4256:Anglican philosophers
4225:Philosophy portal
3249:Philosophy portal
3129:Being and Nothingness
2545:Mental representation
1731:The Principles of Art
1334:The Principles of Art
1319:The Principles of Art
814:The Principles of Art
810:, 1936, 2nd ed. 1937)
688:archaeological theory
529:The Principles of Art
469:Philosophy of history
456:throughout his life.
340:The Principles of Art
244:Philosophy of history
172:The Principles of Art
150:, Lancashire, England
4170:Philosophy of design
4050:In Praise of Shadows
4040:The Critic as Artist
3174:Feminist metaphysics
2038:Jan van der Dussen:
840:The First Mate's Log
606:He began work along
566:Political philosophy
4281:People from Cartmel
4180:Philosophy of music
4155:Mathematical beauty
3019:Daneshnameh-ye Alai
2530:Linguistic modality
2119:D'Oro, Giuseppina.
2029:William M. Johnston
1961:. Clarendon Press.
1894:The idea of history
1842:. Clarendon Press.
1815:. Clarendon Press.
1785:The First Mates Log
1734:. Clarendon Press.
1457:The Clarendon Press
1412:Collingwood Studies
1241:The Idea of History
1101:Carr, E.H. (1961).
906:The Idea of History
475:The Idea of History
344:The Idea of History
177:The Idea of History
4175:Philosophy of film
4165:Patterns in nature
4135:Applied aesthetics
4110:Why Beauty Matters
3896:Life imitating art
3757:Art for art's sake
3209:Philosophy of self
3199:Philosophy of mind
2463:Embodied cognition
2375:Scientific realism
1866:The Idea of Nature
1646:. Clarendon Press.
1629:. Clarendon Press.
1612:. Clarendon Press.
1219:www.britannica.com
893:The Idea of Nature
439:F. H. Bradley
202:Western philosophy
4261:English Anglicans
4233:
4232:
4185:Psychology of art
4060:Art as Experience
3257:
3256:
2436:Category of being
2405:Truthmaker theory
2188:Leach, S., 2009.
2056:978-94-007-4312-0
2048:978-94-007-4311-3
1788:. A&C Black.
1768:978-0-19-281247-6
1741:978-0-19-500209-6
1358:978-0-415-78286-9
1303:978-0-19-823703-7
1135:978-0-19-823703-7
1077:. OUP. p. 1.
1003:Coniston, Cumbria
859:The New Leviathan
786:978-0-09-185045-6
767:978-1-897406-42-7
585:Guido de Ruggiero
524:Philosophy of art
435:Giambattista Vico
423:Guido de Ruggiero
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2176:2019 article by
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2042:Springer, 2012.
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1103:What is History?
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683:English Heritage
647:Mortimer Wheeler
491:What is History?
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419:Giovanni Gentile
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3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3928:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3839:Entertainment
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3795:
3792:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3779:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3762:Art manifesto
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3752:Appropriation
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3675:
3672:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3644:Merleau-Ponty
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3610:
3607:
3605:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3590:
3587:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3557:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3459:Abhinavagupta
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Postmodernism
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3285:
3280:
3278:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3194:Phenomenology
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3131:
3130:
3126:
3121:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3060:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3031:
3030:
3026:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3011:
3010:
3006:
3001:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2990:
2986:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2966:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2951:Notable works
2949:
2943:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2509:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2453:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2421:
2417:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:Phenomenalism
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2326:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2275:Action theory
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2187:
2185:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2122:
2117:
2114:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2013:
2005:
2002:
1997:
1995:9780198237037
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1975:
1970:
1968:9780198248231
1964:
1960:
1959:
1951:
1948:
1943:
1941:9780292732292
1937:
1933:
1932:
1924:
1921:
1915:
1914:
1905:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1886:
1883:
1878:
1876:9780198020011
1872:
1868:
1867:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1849:9780198238805
1845:
1841:
1840:
1832:
1829:
1824:
1822:9780199241415
1818:
1814:
1813:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1795:9781855063280
1791:
1787:
1786:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1764:
1760:
1759:
1751:
1748:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1732:
1724:
1721:
1716:
1715:
1707:
1704:
1699:
1697:9780416275803
1693:
1689:
1688:
1680:
1677:
1672:
1670:9781855063167
1666:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1627:
1626:Roman Britain
1619:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1609:Roman Britain
1602:
1599:
1594:
1590:
1588:1-85506-317-4
1584:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1388:
1381:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1365:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1340:
1335:
1328:
1325:
1320:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1295:
1290:
1289:
1280:
1277:
1264:
1260:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1242:
1235:
1232:
1220:
1216:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1187:(29): 83–92.
1186:
1179:
1172:
1169:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1121:
1112:
1109:
1104:
1097:
1094:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:
992:
990:
986:
980:
978:
973:
972:0-19-926253-5
969:
965:
962:
960:
959:0-19-924315-8
956:
952:
949:
947:
946:0-19-823566-6
943:
939:
936:
934:
933:0-8240-6355-4
930:
926:
923:
920:
917:
915:
914:0-19-285306-6
911:
907:
904:
902:
901:0-19-500217-2
898:
894:
891:
890:
886:
881:
877:
876:
872:
868:
867:0-19-823880-0
864:
860:
857:
855:
854:0-8191-3315-9
851:
847:
844:
841:
838:
836:
835:0-19-824694-3
832:
828:
825:
823:
822:0-19-500209-1
819:
815:
812:
809:
805:
802:
800:
799:1-85506-392-1
796:
792:
789:
787:
783:
779:
776:
773:
770:
768:
764:
760:
757:
755:
754:0-8196-1160-3
751:
747:
746:Roman Britain
744:
742:
741:1-85506-317-4
738:
734:
731:
730:
726:
721:
719:
717:
716:
711:
707:
703:
701:
693:
691:
689:
684:
680:
674:
671:
668:
663:
660:
656:
651:
648:
644:
639:
637:
636:
630:
628:
627:Gerhard Bersu
623:
618:
617:'s Handbook.
616:
611:
609:
604:
602:
601:Roman Britain
595:Archaeologist
594:
592:
590:
589:laissez-faire
586:
582:
581:Autobiography
576:
571:
565:
563:
561:
557:
552:
549:
545:
540:
538:
534:
530:
523:
521:
518:
512:
507:
502:
498:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
468:
466:
459:
457:
455:
451:
446:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
395:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
349:
347:
345:
341:
337:
336:archaeologist
333:
329:
323:
286:
282:
273:
270:
266:
265:
258:
255:Notable ideas
249:
245:
241:
238:
232:
229:
226:
222:
219:
215:
212:
210:
206:
203:
200:
196:
193:
190:
186:
182:
178:
173:
170:
164:
161:
158:
154:
149:
139:
135:
130:
126:
122:
111:
107:
103:
98:
93:
84:
81:
73:
70:
62:
52:
48:
42:
41:
35:
30:
21:
20:
4108:
4098:
4088:
4058:
4048:
4028:
4018:
4008:
3998:
3988:
3978:
3925:
3901:Magnificence
3883:
3733:
3699:Schopenhauer
3534:Coomaraswamy
3528:
3452:Philosophers
3440:
3371:Aestheticism
3169:Epistemology
3137:
3127:
3117:
3107:
3097:
3087:
3077:
3067:
3057:
3047:
3037:
3027:
3017:
3007:
2997:
2987:
2979:Nyāya Sūtras
2977:
2967:
2957:
2939:
2855:Wittgenstein
2849:
2800:Schopenhauer
2679:
2670:Unobservable
2520:Intelligence
2450:
2390:Subjectivism
2385:Spiritualism
2300:Essentialism
2280:Anti-realism
2193:
2181:
2166:
2157:
2147:
2138:Kemp, Gary.
2128:
2095:
2081:
2071:
2068:Alan Donagan
2061:
2039:
2032:
2011:
2004:
1984:
1977:
1957:
1950:
1930:
1923:
1912:
1904:
1893:
1885:
1865:
1858:
1838:
1831:
1811:
1804:
1784:
1777:
1757:
1750:
1730:
1723:
1713:
1706:
1686:
1679:
1663:. Thoemmes.
1659:
1652:
1642:
1635:
1625:
1618:
1608:
1601:
1591:– via
1577:
1570:
1532:
1522:
1514:
1509:
1481:– via
1451:
1433:
1428:
1423:Antiquity 43
1419:
1411:
1407:
1400:The Vasculum
1399:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1348:
1342:
1333:
1327:
1318:
1312:
1287:
1279:
1267:. Retrieved
1262:
1240:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:
1209:
1184:
1171:
1159:. Retrieved
1154:
1144:
1119:
1111:
1102:
1096:
1088:
1083:
1074:
1068:
1060:
1056:
1043:
1031:
1023:
1018:
1010:
1006:
996:
976:
963:
950:
937:
924:
918:
905:
892:
879:
858:
845:
839:
826:
813:
803:
790:
777:
771:
758:
745:
732:
713:
710:the Swallows
704:
699:
697:
675:
672:
667:Ian Richmond
664:
659:Nowell Myres
654:
652:
642:
640:
633:
631:
619:
612:
605:
598:
580:
578:
573:
569:
560:expressivism
553:
544:superstition
541:
528:
527:
516:
513:
509:
504:
499:
495:
474:
472:
463:
447:
396:
380:Rugby School
353:
343:
339:
280:
279:
262:
224:Institutions
176:
171:
167:Notable work
142:(1943-01-09)
121:Cartmel Fell
80:
65:
56:
37:
4251:1943 deaths
4246:1889 births
3994:(c. 335 BC)
3984:(c. 390 BC)
3963:Work of art
3916:Picturesque
3772:Avant-garde
3729:Winckelmann
3604:Kierkegaard
3529:Collingwood
3499:Baudrillard
3426:Romanticism
3396:Historicism
3330:Mathematics
2999:Metaphysics
2983:(c. 200 BC)
2973:(c. 350 BC)
2963:(c. 350 BC)
2850:Collingwood
2755:Malebranche
2503:Information
2431:Anima mundi
2410:Type theory
2365:Physicalism
2330:Materialism
2285:Determinism
2256:Metaphysics
1459:. pp.
1024:Historismus
998:historicism
880:The Realist
591:economics.
460:Philosopher
376:John Ruskin
328:philosopher
264:historicism
240:Metaphysics
51:introducing
4240:Categories
3933:Recreation
3911:Perception
3804:Creativity
3504:Baumgarten
3494:Baudelaire
3376:Classicism
3291:Aesthetics
3059:Monadology
2993:(c. 80 BC)
2700:Parmenides
2585:Perception
2483:Experience
2370:Relativism
2345:Naturalism
2295:Enactivism
1470:019821703X
483:Louis Mink
479:T. M. Knox
364:Lancashire
362:, then in
248:Aesthetics
131:), England
125:Lancashire
119:Gillhead,
34:references
4271:Idealists
3938:Reverence
3844:Eroticism
3814:Depiction
3787:Masculine
3689:Santayana
3649:Nietzsche
3594:Hutcheson
3584:Heidegger
3569:Greenberg
3524:Coleridge
3489:Balthasar
3474:Aristotle
3436:Theosophy
3431:Symbolism
3406:Modernism
3391:Formalism
3219:Teleology
3184:Mereology
3164:Cosmology
3023:(c. 1000)
2920:Plantinga
2910:Armstrong
2860:Heidegger
2835:Whitehead
2820:Nietzsche
2740:Descartes
2710:Aristotle
2665:Universal
2595:Principle
2565:Necessity
2525:Intention
2478:Existence
2441:Causality
2380:Solipsism
2310:Free will
2098:, Vol. I.
1555:194526654
1491:cite book
1201:1453-9047
1193:2069-8291
1185:Hermeneia
548:war dance
533:aesthetic
487:E.H. Carr
350:Biography
332:historian
218:Historism
59:June 2023
4213:Category
4145:Axiology
4014:(c. 500)
4004:(c. 100)
3879:Judgment
3834:Emotions
3829:Elegance
3809:Cuteness
3782:Feminine
3745:Concepts
3714:Tanizaki
3694:Schiller
3679:Richards
3669:Rancière
3639:Maritain
3574:Hanslick
3514:Benjamin
3386:Feminism
3355:Theology
3335:Medieval
3325:Japanese
3320:Internet
3237:Category
3159:Axiology
3013:(c. 270)
2941:more ...
2895:Anscombe
2890:Strawson
2885:Davidson
2780:Berkeley
2720:Plotinus
2681:more ...
2620:Relation
2600:Property
2575:Ontology
2498:Identity
2419:Concepts
2350:Nihilism
2315:Idealism
2263:Theories
2183:Prospect
2178:Ray Monk
454:Anglican
450:Coniston
346:(1946).
148:Coniston
4208:Outline
4123:Related
3990:Poetics
3958:Tragedy
3948:Sublime
3921:Quality
3906:Mimesis
3864:Harmony
3849:Fashion
3824:Ecstasy
3819:Disgust
3735:more...
3704:Scruton
3629:Lyotard
3564:Goodman
3544:Deleuze
3479:Aquinas
3469:Alberti
3442:more...
3421:Realism
3401:Marxism
3381:Fascism
3364:Schools
3350:Science
3305:Ancient
3009:Enneads
3003:(c. 50)
2969:Timaeus
2959:Sophist
2905:Dummett
2900:Deleuze
2840:Russell
2830:Bergson
2825:Meinong
2805:Bolzano
2765:Leibniz
2745:Spinoza
2730:Aquinas
2715:Proclus
2645:Thought
2635:Subject
2615:Reality
2610:Quality
2580:Pattern
2540:Meaning
2515:Insight
2473:Essence
2458:Concept
2360:Realism
2325:Liberty
2290:Dualism
2213:at the
2204:at the
2146:(ed.).
2127:(ed.).
2111:at the
2023:Sources
1269:3 April
1224:18 July
1161:3 April
1051:, 1993.
966:(2005)
927:(1965)
895:(1945)
829:(1939)
816:(1938)
780:(1930)
761:(1924)
735:(1916)
579:In his
368:Cumbria
356:Cartmel
129:Cumbria
47:improve
4114:(2009)
4104:(1977)
4094:(1946)
4084:(1939)
4074:(1935)
4064:(1934)
4054:(1933)
4044:(1891)
4034:(1835)
4024:(1757)
3891:Kitsch
3869:Humour
3799:Comedy
3777:Beauty
3719:Vasari
3709:Tagore
3684:Ruskin
3624:Lukács
3614:Langer
3559:Goethe
3484:Balázs
3464:Adorno
3345:Nature
3310:Africa
3143:(1981)
3133:(1943)
3123:(1927)
3113:(1846)
3103:(1818)
3093:(1807)
3083:(1783)
3073:(1781)
3063:(1714)
3053:(1710)
3043:(1677)
3039:Ethics
3033:(1641)
2935:Parfit
2925:Kripke
2915:Putnam
2875:Sartre
2865:Carnap
2815:Peirce
2760:Newton
2735:Suárez
2725:Scotus
2605:Qualia
2570:Object
2560:Nature
2555:Motion
2535:Matter
2468:Entity
2340:Monism
2054:
2046:
1992:
1965:
1938:
1873:
1846:
1819:
1792:
1765:
1738:
1694:
1667:
1585:
1553:
1479:398748
1477:
1467:
1436:29:478
1402:8:4–9.
1355:
1300:
1199:
1191:
1132:
970:
957:
944:
931:
921:(1964)
912:
899:
865:
852:
842:(1940)
833:
820:
806:(with
797:
784:
774:(1925)
765:
752:
739:
694:Author
575:unity.
388:Greats
209:School
198:Region
179:(1946)
174:(1938)
36:, but
4203:Index
3972:Works
3953:Taste
3943:Style
3724:Wilde
3664:Plato
3659:Pater
3619:Lipps
3579:Hegel
3549:Dewey
3539:Danto
3519:Burke
3340:Music
3315:India
3298:Areas
3189:Meta-
2930:Lewis
2880:Quine
2845:Moore
2810:Lotze
2795:Hegel
2770:Wolff
2750:Locke
2705:Plato
2675:Value
2655:Truth
2142:. In
2123:. In
1551:S2CID
1189:eISSN
1181:(PDF)
981:Notes
722:Works
615:Bruce
427:Hegel
366:(now
127:(now
3927:Rasa
3885:Kama
3859:Gaze
3794:Camp
3674:Rand
3609:Klee
3599:Kant
3589:Hume
3509:Bell
2870:Ryle
2790:Kant
2785:Hume
2775:Reid
2650:Time
2630:Soul
2625:Self
2550:Mind
2508:Data
2493:Idea
2180:for
2052:ISBN
2044:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1963:ISBN
1936:ISBN
1871:ISBN
1844:ISBN
1817:ISBN
1790:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1736:ISBN
1692:ISBN
1665:ISBN
1583:ISBN
1501:link
1497:link
1475:OCLC
1465:ISBN
1353:ISBN
1298:ISBN
1271:2019
1226:2022
1197:ISSN
1163:2019
1130:ISBN
968:ISBN
955:ISBN
942:ISBN
929:ISBN
910:ISBN
897:ISBN
863:ISBN
850:ISBN
831:ISBN
818:ISBN
795:ISBN
782:ISBN
763:ISBN
750:ISBN
737:ISBN
441:and
431:Kant
421:and
382:and
334:and
137:Died
109:Born
3854:Fun
3634:Man
3554:Fry
2165:on
1541:doi
1461:250
712:in
401:at
285:FBA
188:Era
92:FBA
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429:,
417:,
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1944:.
1879:.
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