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called for the death penalty, and insisting that spiritual ills required spiritual remedies. In 1544, the emperor asked the pope to intervene to instruct Tapper and Drieux to apply the imperial proclamations in full force, and insist that those who had been guilty of spreading or defending heretical
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jointly as
Inquisitors General of the Low Countries. Tapper was singled out for criticism as a merciless persecutor in Protestant texts, with one early history of the Reformation attributing to him the view that "It is no great matter whether those that die on this account be guilty or innocent,
62:, on 15 February 1487. He matriculated at Leuven University on 11 June 1503, and graduated M.A. in 1507, placing second highest in his year. While studying Theology he taught physics and logic, and in 1511 sat on the university council on behalf of the Faculty of Arts. In 1517 he served as
197:, being present from September 1551 to April 1552. He returned to Leuven in September 1552, his journey delayed by the military and political situation in Germany. Even after his death, he continued to exercise an influence on the deliberations of the council's third session through his
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in Leuven, serving in that capacity until
October 1533. The extensive renovations he had carried out on the college led to him being regarded as its second founder. From June 1523 to September 1525 he was involved in several heresy trials as a theological adviser to Inquisitor
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arguing that physical and capital punishment by secular authorities was not the most effective way to combat heretical opinions. Among his recommendations was the erection of new bishoprics in the Low
Countries, a policy that came to fruition in the year that he died.
178:. The second volume included a letter of commendation from Philip dated Canterbury, 1 September 1556, in response to the first volume. The two volumes together covered only 20 of the 32 articles. The third volume was left uncompleted at the author's death.
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Tapper drew up a list of 32 articles of faith that were included in the matriculation oath of Leuven
University, and by an imperial decree of 24 October 1545 became the touchstone of orthodoxy under the law.
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gave his approbation to this confession of faith in 1561. Notes from Tapper's lectures explaining the doctrinal basis of the first 24 of these articles were published in Lyon in 1554 under the title
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provided we terrify the people by these examples". In fact, Tapper was often more lenient than the letter of the law required, imposing public penances where the decrees of
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opinions be relinquished to secular tribunals for punishment. Only after that did he issue letters patent recognising their appointment. In 1553, at the request of
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Declaratio articulorum a veneranda facultate theologiae
Louaniensis: adversus nostri temporis Haereses, simul & earundem reprobatio
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110:. According to Gnapheus, Tapper made every possible effort to save Bakker but was unable to sway him from his opinions.
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arguing that the main cause of heresy was a failure of discipline and clear teaching within the Church, and a
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The
History of the Reformation and Other Ecclesiastical Transactions in and about the Low-Countries
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at Leuven
University, but when pressed to do so refused to initiate heresy proceedings against
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78:'s condemnation of a number of propositions drawn from the writings of Martin Luther.
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He died in
Brussels on 2 March 1559 and was buried in St. Peter's church, Leuven.
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His collected works, edited for posthumous publication by the bishop of
Roermond,
117:'s death in 1526, Tapper succeeded him as professor of theology and as a canon of
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of the
Faculty of Arts. He was ordained to the priesthood in 1515, and graduated
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166:, in response to which Tapper himself brought out a volume entitled
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34:(15 February 1487 – 2 March 1559) was a Dutch theologian of the
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on 16 August 1519. On 7 November 1519 he was involved in the
322:, vols. 1-3 (University of Toronto Press, 2003), 308-309.
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Peter G. Bietenholz and Thomas Brian Deutscher (eds.),
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authorised Tapper and Drieux to delegate their powers.
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Roman Catholic priests from the Habsburg Netherlands
320:Contemporaries of Erasmus: A Biographical Register
129:of St. Peter's and chancellor of the university.
436:Academic staff of the Old University of Leuven
208:, included a memorial to the emperor entitled
421:16th-century Dutch Roman Catholic theologians
332:Brandt, Geeraert; Chamberlayne, John (1740),
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351:(Lyon, Maurice Roy and Louis Pesnot, 1554)
244:(2 vols., Cologne, Birckmann office, 1582)
394:on Google Books (both volumes together).
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214:Refutatio quorumdam falsorum remediorum
81:On 21 November 1519 Tapper succeeded
23:Portrait of Ruard Tapper engraved by
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181:Tapper opposed the development of
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302:Biographie Nationale de Belgique
431:Old University of Leuven alumni
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232:(Antwerp, Joannes Laet, 1553)
96:Jan van Essen and Hendrik Vos
68:Licentiate of Sacred Theology
238:(2 vols., Leuven, 1555–1557)
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309:(Brussels, 1929), 555-577.
119:St. Peter's Church, Leuven
236:Explicationis articulorum
199:Explicationis Articulorum
168:Explicationis Articulorum
72:Doctor of Sacred Theology
206:William Damasus Lindanus
92:Franciscus Van der Hulst
174:, who had just married
121:. In 1535 he succeeded
170:in 1555, dedicated to
164:Declaratio Articulorum
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426:People from Enkhuizen
364:Methodus confessionis
230:Methodus confessionis
136:appointed Tapper and
94:, including those of
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299:, "Tapper (Ruard)",
36:Catholic Reformation
87:Holy Spirit College
76:Faculty of Theology
70:on 3 June 1516 and
54:Tapper was born at
210:Aureum Corrolarium
115:Godescalc Rosemont
38:, a chancellor of
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176:Mary I of England
60:County of Holland
40:Leuven University
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382:on Google Books.
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195:Council of Trent
132:On 6 July 1537,
100:Wilhelm Gnapheus
85:as president of
83:Martinus Dorpius
16:Dutch theologian
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297:Henri De Vocht
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138:Michael Drieux
123:Nicolas Coppin
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134:Pope Paul III
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108:Jan de Bakker
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191:Jean Hessels
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160:Pope Pius IV
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152:Pope Paul IV
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32:Ruard Tapper
31:
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25:Philip Galle
446:Inquisitors
416:1559 deaths
411:1487 births
392:Opera omnia
242:Opera omnia
405:Categories
249:References
44:inquisitor
338:, T. Wood
172:Philip II
143:Charles V
56:Enkhuizen
42:, and an
380:Volume 2
376:Volume 1
183:Baianism
307:vol. 24
113:After
106:, and
27:(1572)
224:Works
378:and
127:dean
102:and
64:dean
50:Life
189:or
125:as
407::
305:,
257:^
201:.
150:,
98:,
58:,
46:.
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