31:
483:(RFUSSR; sometimes translated as the "Rugby Union of the Soviet Union") was the top governing body of Soviet rugby and centrally controlled. However, as a Soviet organisation, it was in fact part of a complex web of administrations, bureaucracies and so on, and linked to the Soviet government rather than being an independent body on the lines of the major rugby nations. The RFUSSR was answerable to, and funded by the USSR Committee on Physical Culture and Sport which was the umbrella organisation for all Soviet sport, and this in turn was attached to the USSR Council of Ministers.
1363:
800:"To many 'Proletkul'tists', the recourse to 'bourgeois' institutions such as sport seemed a compromise, a withdrawal from already conquered positions. They might have exerted more influence over the movement, however, if they had had a better-defined programme of proletarian physical culture to take the place of organised sports... Subsequently, several 'Proletkul'tist' notions were taken up and incorporated in Soviet sport, while their originators were rejected (and mostly liquidated after 1934)."
2383:
2344:
2305:
2266:
2196:
2113:
2030:
1446:
4895:
4905:
652:. Mr Hopper, a Scotsman, who worked in Moscow arranged a match in the 1880s; the first soccer match was in 1892. In 1886, however, the Russian police clamped down on rugby because they considered it "brutal, and liable to incite demonstrations and riots" Condemnation by the tsar's police probably deterred many people from playing, and records of rugby over the next thirty years are sparse. Some
2392:
2353:
2314:
2223:
2171:
2153:
2088:
2057:
2018:
1974:
1917:
1899:
1829:
1798:
216:. Rugby gained a significant following due to the vast size of the Soviet Union, but was never a major sport; despite many attempts to develop the sport, which Soviet citizens came to nickname the "leather melon" due to the shape of the ball. Still, an early championship in 1960 gives an idea of the sheer scale of Soviet rugby: one hundred teams from over thirty cities took part.
2371:
2332:
2293:
2254:
2210:
2127:
2101:
2044:
2005:
1961:
1930:
1873:
1842:
1785:
431:
2275:
2236:
2184:
2140:
2070:
1987:
1943:
1886:
1855:
1811:
1695:. Masters of Sport were full time, and paid by their sports society. They received 180 rubles each year, plus 30-40 rubles if they were capped for the USSR team paid for by the USSR sports committee. There were frequently unofficial bonuses, and some people could be Masters of Sport for life, meaning that they would receive pay long after their retirement.
984:
year, in 1965, it spent no less than 40 million. In August 1966, the Soviet government drew up a spending plan, which resulted in some republics increasing their sports spending by as much as 6 or 7 times. In the
Russian RFSR, in 1967, the expenditure was more than double the amount spent in all the post-war years put together.
1461:
The collapse of the Soviet Union was a severe blow to rugby in the region, which resulted in the removal of state subsidies, and forced many of the smaller clubs to dissolve or start afresh. In the case of Russia, the two main centres, Moscow and
Siberia were thousands of miles apart. Georgia was one
1233:
states that rugby is popular in Great
Britain, New Zealand, France, Romania and Australia, it tellingly makes no mention of South Africa. Chris Thau says that France approached the USSR before 1987 on the issue, and that the Soviets said that they would be happy to participate if South Africa was not
625:
The game took place over a wide area sometimes stretching for several kilometres on very rough ground. The contestants would have to contend with spurs, hills, valleys, woods. cascading streams and marshes. Their task was to get a ball into a certain place, say, over the settlement boundary or to the
493:
SSR sports administration: Each of the fifteen national rugby unions was not only part of the RFUSSR, but were also part of the Sports
Committee of its respective SSR, which dealt with various sports at a local level. Each national republic was also further subdivided into an urban and a rural sports
446:
at -23' C. Because
Krasnoyarsk had travelled over 2,000 km to be there, the game was not called off. Instead, players resorted to wearing balaclavas, gloves, and several pairs of tracksuits to combat the cold. The extreme climate of the former USSR remains a problem in many regions, with winter
991:
recommenced in 1966. The decade was a golden age for, with a large number of new teams being set up in many parts of the Soviet Union, including areas such as
Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. A school for coaches was opened during this period, and physical training colleges throughout the USSR introduced
1170:
are concerned, who knows where the incentives lie? In such societies rugby, like many other sports before it, is becoming an expression of national achievement and therefore the subject of careful nurturing. Yet, is the risk of the double standard, so evident in the athletic arena, permeating the
983:
Along with the revival in the late 1950s, rugby received another boost in the 1960s, when Soviet industry started to manufacture its own equipment. The 1960s saw massive Soviet investment in sport - for example, while between 1953 and 1964, the government spent an average of 16 million rubles per
734:
The
Hygienists did not like team sports, but preferred athletics, swimming and rowing - as long as they were solo events against the clock, or one's previous best. The Hygienists had control over the Supreme Council of Physical Culture (the government sports body), most of the sporting press, the
707:
were invented by the industrial bourgeoisie for their own diversion and character training for future careers as captains of industry and empire. It was thought perfectly natural by some after the
Russian Revolution that a new pattern of recreation would emerge, reflecting the dominant values and
497:
Institutional affiliations: The majority of Soviet rugby clubs were part of non-rugby bodies, in addition to the RFUSSR. These included certain trade unions, multi-sport clubs, colleges/universities or military bodies, which also operated throughout the state. There were some thirty six sports
918:
Soviet teams once more began to be formed in the late 1950s, and the game underwent a renaissance, thanks to the efforts of B.M. Egupov (Б. М. Егупов), G.G. Mrelashvili (Г. Г. Мрелашвили) and A.A. Sorokin (А. А. Сорокин). This is the same period in which the rugby advocate
Lunacharsky was
517:
The RFUSSR was founded in 1936, and re-established in 1968, the Rugby
Federation of the USSR was founded. Over the years, the various rugby unions of each of the SSRs were set up - most of the national governing bodies of the Soviet successor states can trace themselves back to these.
263:
These Palaces of Culture were run by trade unions, who both financed them, and also took any revenue raised from them in matches etc. Each sports club had its own rules and membership cards, and was subsidised by trade union dues. To join a club, a person paid the small sum of thirty
840:
Soviet rugby might have had a much higher profile in the pre-war period if Lunarcharsky had lived a few years longer. But judging by what happened to his writings, it is unlikely that Lunarcharsky could have avoided Stalin's purges - and would have ended up dead or in a prison camp.
1575:
had traditionally played on its working class credentials, in the Soviet Union it had been seen as a bourgeois pursuit, due to its links with business through professionalism. When the Soviet Union collapsed, rugby league tried to buy out Russian rugby union. A notable defector was
663:, did not take place until 1923 several years after the Revolution, and in the same year, the first formal rugby teams in the USSR were organised by M.S. Koslov (М. С. Козлов), A.A. Markushevich (А. А. Маркушевич), A.V. Pravdin (А. В. Правдин), N.Ia. Kolli (Н. Я. Колли) and others.
1260:
has resisted Eastern Bloc pressure to break with South Africa. At one point Moscow threatened to set up a rival Federation, but the Rumanians, with whom the French have long had good relationships, stood by France. Moscow tried again later by threatening to call off the
849:
There was a close link-up between Soviet sport and the military, as the USSR felt itself to be hemmed in by unfriendly states. GTO ("Gotov k trudu i oborone") - Ready for defence and labour - was the name of the national fitness programme, which was established in 1931.
418:
Opinions on Soviet rugby vary widely. One school of thought maintains that, in spite of the superior athletic potential of the average Soviet player, the mechanistic nature of their tuition system does not allow for the creativity normally associated with the game of
256:
Palaces of Culture" are the equivalent of the English workingmen's club... Sports clubs and stadia... often form part of the Palace of Culture complex... The sports clubs embrace a wide variety of sports; in 1972, there were 25 million participants in union sports
583:. It is understandable that under such circumstances, a team sport such as rugby could not flourish and was low on the list of people's priorities. Only with the less repressive regime of the post-Stalin period did Soviet rugby begin to establish a firm base.
888:
An ongoing problem in the 1930s was a lack of proper facilities and equipment. The games also did not receive sufficient publicity to generate a public interest, so that the Soviet authorities large gave up in their effort until after the Stalinist period.
1682:
Rather like their Olympic counterparts, Soviet rugby players had a fair degree of shamateurism. Both the Olympics and rugby union were officially amateur, but this was not really the case. For example, the Dinamo clubs were sponsored and financed by the
963:
who taught the game to students in the late 1950s through to the mid-1960s, although he then subsequently returned in France. He is still alive and living in Marseilles, he was interviewed on French radio on the occasion of Georgia playing France in the
776:(Анатолий Васильевич Луначарский - 1875-1933) had other ideas. He was one of the early Russian rugby enthusiasts, and "called for a careful study of foreign sporting experience and the inclusion of everything worthwhile into Soviet sport, particularly
513:
Equipment and amenities came from the state's Glavsportprom, and the state sports publishing agency was Sovetsky Sport. Dinamo was the biggest sports manufacturer, and had many retail sports shops; its profits were ploughed back into the organisation.
780:
and rugby." Lunacharsky was one of the most genuinely cosmopolitan and intellectual of the early Bolsheviks, and a prolific writer on all kinds of cultural and leisure activity from the "high" arts to sports, and was a significant contributor to
1647:
After the Second World War, there was competition with the west and not just in sport. From the late 1950s-early 1970s, there was a reduction in Soviet people's work time, which caused an increase in their leisure time. Sport was seen as:
1672:
flourishing of all manner of competitive sports with spectator appeal, of leagues, of cups, championships, popularity-polls and cults of sporting heroes. All were designed to provide recreation and diversion for the fast growing urban
694:
The crucial question was being debated was not what form sport should take, but whether competitive sport should exist at all in the new workers' state. After all, some revolutionaries argued, sports such as athletics, soccer,
735:
Ministry of Health, and physical education colleges. Moreover, they excluded PE from schools, and by extension team sports, arguing that "the existence of physical education teachers is a sign of pedagogical illiteracy."
1633:
Many players start playing late in life, either after failing to establish themselves in an Olympic discipline, or after entering a University, a Polytechnic, or a Military Academy where the game is already well
708:
needs in the new Socialist state... the two major groups that regarded sport as debasing workers' physical culture and inculcating non-socialist habits were known as the Hygienists and the Proletkul'tists (from '
1583:
In the mid-1990s, Russia had 222 clubs, and 6,000 players spread out across the entire country ; Georgia had 40 clubs; Ukraine had 20 clubs and 750 players; Latvia had only 8 clubs; and Lithuania had 14 clubs;
666:
Given the vast area of the USSR, and its complex and turbulent history, it seems more likely that rugby had multiple introductions and reintroductions to various regions completely independent of one another.
498:
societies in the Soviet Union, and all but two were run by trade unions. Each of these "vertical" general sports bodies were run by the USSR Committee on Physical Culture and Sport, which was above the RFUSSR.
837:. In the 1930s, his works were banned, and would not appear again until the late 1950s, when he was rehabilitated and seen as one of the most open-minded and forward thinking of the Russian Revolutionaries.
1117:
Rugby has become the ping-pong of outdoor sports in its capacity to spread goodwill between East and West. Over the last 30 or 40 years it has spread through Eastern Europe, establishing itself strongly in
1289:
We need to improve the standard of refereeing too. The development of the game in the Soviet Union has to be based on a chain: coach-referee-team-supporter. All four parameters are equally important.
1283:, the Soviet director of rugby coaching, said in an outspoken interview that the USSR required ten times as many coaches and referees as it had. He admitted that a more holistic approach was needed:
860:
In 1934, two teams played an exhibition match in Moscow initiating the Moscow Championship, and matches were being played in a number of other Soviet cities. According to Victor and Jennifer Louis,
295:. (The "RC" stands for "Rugby Club") Ironically, this naming system has proven surprisingly resilient and even today is to be found in the names of various Eastern European sports clubs, long after
1154:
tour of New Zealand, for instance, germinated other contacts between the two countries and was partly instrumental in the establishment of new trade agreements which otherwise might not have begun.
878:
The first Soviet Championship took place in 1936, and there was another in 1939. In 1937, there was an unofficial All-Union competition in which two Moscow based teams played ones from Minsk and
1548:
remains to date the next most successful team after Georgia, participating in the 2011 Rugby World Cup; however, the rest of the former USSR has not fared so well. A notable exception was the
648:
by a number of years, but it was only played sporadically. It appears to have been the first (non-indigenous) football code to be played in Russia, around a decade before the introduction of
3678:
1734:
The two largest and most successful sports clubs were the Central House of the Red Army (the Central Sports Club of the Army, TSSK), and Динамо (Dinamo/Dynamo - the security services).
749:
The promotion of sport gained support from other quarters. For example, in 1926, the Ukrainian Party Central Committee passed a resolution in which they expressed the hope that:
1556:
in 1993. This surprised the international rugby community, as at the time there were only two rugby pitches in the entire country. There are some other notable exceptions, e.g.
506:(Central Army Sports Club), which administered rugby in garrisons throughout the Soviet Union and was centrally rather than nationally controlled. For children, there were the
572:
219:
Although the name "Russia" or "Soviet Russia" was often used as a synonym for the USSR, this did not give a true reflection in rugby terms: there were regularly six or seven
1621:
It seemed in the early 1960s that rugby was burgeoning throughout the Soviet Union, but today it is clear that the game is played above all by students and mostly in Moscow.
742:, and their influence persisted around a decade after the Revolution. As a result Soviet sport during the 1920s tended to be fairly isolationist, with the exception of the
3981:
3722:
2406:
1474:
3933:
1030:
4941:
4393:
2576:
2491:
2471:
468:
In the north of the Soviet Union, snow covers most areas by November, hindering many forms of outdoor recreation, but stimulating winter sports and ice recreation.
975:, at the racecourse, where 20 people attended the meeting. The first Georgian club formed was the GPI (Georgian Polytechnical Institute), now known as "Qochebi".
490:
Central rugby administration: The RFUSSR operated throughout the USSR. This in turn was made up of fifteen national rugby unions for each of the republics (SSRs).
479:
Like almost everything else in the USSR, rugby was ultimately answerable to the Soviet government, albeit through a number of different channels. Officially, the
239:
1202:
Soviet Rugby was beginning to emerge as a significant presence on the world stage. Soviet delegates were amongst those who went to the centenary congress of the
486:
In reality, Soviet rugby operated under two or three different systems, which more or less ran in parallel, and only one of which was directly related to rugby:
3671:
2476:
1481:
1006:
In the 1960s too, Soviet rugby started to reach out, often without hope of immediate success, to international competition in order to acquire experience. The
1298:
was due to tour Russia in early 1980s, and had both raised funds, and gained approval from the Soviet Embassy. However, they received a stern letter from the
728:
non-commercialised forms of recreation that dispensed with grandstands and spectators. Sport, they said, diverted attention from providing recreation for all.
438:
Climate was a particular problem for rugby in the Soviet Union. In 1978, a game in the RSFSR set the record for one of the coldest matches ever to be played.
1462:
of the few places with a large number of clubs remaining, partly because it had become popular there, and its league was based in a relatively compact area.
201:
165:
1353:
299:. The main name elements in sports clubs, with their trade union affiliations were as follows (an example of a rugby club with the element is also listed):
5338:
2531:
2516:
1679:
The Soviet government spent 12,600 million rubles on sport and health each year in the 1970s and 1980s, which was approximately 0.03% of the state budget.
1654:
one of the best and most comprehensive ways and means of explaining to people throughout the world the advantages of the socialist system over capitalism.
4870:
2561:
1488:
coincided with the final stages of the collapse of the Soviet Union. The RWC itself took place in October and November 1991, around two months after the
1663:
In 1926, 18% of the Soviet population lived in towns, but by 1978, this had risen to 63% (164 million) Each new planned town included a sports centre.
626:
foot of the mountain. Any means necessary could be employed to drive the ball forward — feet or hands. Sometimes they would play the game on horseback.
4036:
1549:
5333:
3664:
1716:
993:
3474:
Actual wording, "Культивируется более чем в 50 странах всех континентов, в том числе во всех европейских социалистических странах.", in "Регби" in
4809:
4784:
1640:
However, by 1989 Rugby was well-established across the Eastern bloc. Since the dissolution of the USSR, Rugby has become particularly popular in
1018:
In the 1960s, a number of the national bodies were set up, such as Lithuania's in 1961, Latvia's in 1963, Georgia's 1964, and Russia's in 1966.
688:
Amongst Bolsheviks, there were two main schools of thought when it came to sports planning and debate - the Proletkul'tists and the Hygienists:
674:
independently of its introduction to Russia, and moreover, the game bears a distinct resemblance to a pre-existing Georgian folk sport known as
3717:
1746:
1321:
1007:
284:
224:
197:
64:
937:. It was a game marred by such "hideous and appalling violence" that it hindered the development of the game in Russia for a number of years.
4999:
4021:
3043:
2768:
1104:
903:
The only two tournaments were held in Tbilisi (1947) and Kyiv (1949). Even in Moscow only 3 rugby clubs continue to play and slowly disband.
1489:
4534:
3926:
2571:
2486:
2466:
2433:
1310:
1306:
1171:
East Europeans' approach to rugby so great as to justify the exclusion of the Communist world indefinitely from regular rugby competition?
227:. Russians made up only about half of the Soviet population, the other half, nearly a hundred million Soviet citizens, were not Russians.
4934:
2503:
1000:
189:
4860:
4433:
3748:
2456:
2382:
2343:
2304:
2265:
2195:
2112:
2029:
1531:
1314:
161:
114:
3637:
1150:
have generated considerable political interest among the governments concerned, and the results can be quite astonishing. The recent
454:
Many parts of the region spend a large part of the year under a blanket of snow. In northern parts of the USSR, most open ground was
5209:
5019:
4112:
4066:
3911:
3738:
3310:
2877:
2852:
2840:
2827:
2716:
2696:
2675:
2660:
2647:
2625:
2610:
2556:
2536:
2511:
2451:
2443:
2438:
2428:
2397:
2358:
2319:
2228:
2176:
2158:
2093:
2062:
2023:
1979:
1922:
1904:
1834:
1803:
1557:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1507:
1450:
1151:
591:
The Soviet Union had a number of different indigenous football codes, some of which bore a resemblance to rugby. Amongst these were
538:
4486:
521:
In the latter years of the USSR, Soviet rugby also affiliated to two international bodies. In 1975, the RFUSSR became a member of
5044:
4619:
2526:
2498:
2376:
2337:
2298:
2259:
2215:
2132:
2106:
2049:
2010:
1966:
1935:
1878:
1847:
1790:
1545:
1539:
1454:
1262:
1135:
525:, which was then the largest rugby governing body in the world. This was followed, just over a decade later by membership of the
292:
185:
4865:
4318:
4132:
4092:
3919:
2280:
2241:
2189:
2145:
2075:
1992:
1948:
1891:
1860:
1816:
930:
30:
3576:
5302:
5254:
5129:
4927:
4824:
4729:
4373:
4333:
4293:
1266:
789:), the leading Soviet sports magazine of the time. However, Lunacharsky received some opposition from some others within the
405:
for example, the first, second and third places were all won by Moscow teams - Dynamo, Spartak and Burevestnik respectively.
2548:
4829:
4481:
3971:
3779:
2543:
1033:. In the same year, twenty teams took part in the national championships. Notable Soviet players of this period included
987:
Serious efforts to organise the sport took place in the early 1960s, when championships were held between clubs, and the
857:, rugby began to take root. Rugby was introduced into several secondary schools and colleges in 1926, and again in 1932.
5094:
755:
physical culture would become the vehicle of the new life... a means of isolating young people from the evil effects of
307:
865:"When the first Rugby Championship was held in the Soviet union in 1934, critics compared it to a battle of gladiators.
5287:
4779:
4744:
4496:
3885:
1704:
1597:
1429:
988:
402:
138:
5134:
5194:
4669:
4664:
4559:
4408:
4388:
4378:
4001:
2779:
317:
280:
5259:
4834:
2412:
1079:"In the not-so-distant future, it is not unrealistic to forecast, the USSR is likely to be a world power in world
480:
5264:
5164:
5124:
5104:
5084:
4984:
4789:
4764:
4699:
4679:
4659:
4579:
4569:
4501:
4448:
4253:
4233:
4223:
4203:
4193:
4097:
3996:
3899:
3878:
3843:
3836:
3808:
3784:
3649:
3475:
2804:
2791:
2704:
1720:
1439:
1423:
1401:
1395:
1377:
1203:
1195:
1131:
1123:
645:
564:
560:
526:
5292:
5099:
4875:
4754:
4749:
4629:
4609:
4551:
4527:
4458:
4398:
4383:
4358:
4258:
4218:
4163:
3857:
1409:
1341:
327:
1234:
invited. In the end, South Africa was not invited, but the USSR did not attend either. It has been said that:
680:. There were several unsuccessful attempts to introduce rugby into Georgia, the earliest known being in 1928.
458:, leading to further problems with pitches, especially with the placement of goalposts. Other regions such as
5244:
4819:
559:
In the first half of the 20th century, Soviet citizens endured the brunt of two world wars, two revolutions (
5312:
5297:
5282:
5219:
5179:
5174:
5149:
5004:
4769:
4724:
4704:
4694:
4594:
4418:
4413:
4368:
4363:
4323:
4313:
4278:
4238:
4087:
4061:
4056:
4046:
4026:
4006:
3077:
1641:
834:
395:
337:
243:
122:
1273:
in November 1978. Once again Ferasse held firm and the Russians went to France, where they were beaten 29-7
5214:
5204:
5154:
5114:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5049:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5009:
4994:
4989:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4799:
4794:
4714:
4709:
4689:
4574:
4564:
4453:
4443:
4428:
4348:
4298:
4283:
4268:
4183:
4168:
4138:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4102:
4051:
4016:
4011:
3991:
3986:
3976:
3966:
3892:
3864:
3829:
3822:
3815:
3801:
1724:
1553:
1433:
1415:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1127:
1119:
671:
347:
118:
4639:
547:
was one of the earliest advocates of the sport in the Soviet Union. By a strange coincidence, he died in
5307:
5249:
5199:
5189:
5169:
5159:
5144:
5139:
5119:
5089:
5074:
5054:
5039:
5014:
4950:
4839:
4774:
4739:
4674:
4654:
4644:
4604:
4589:
4584:
4463:
4438:
4403:
4353:
4343:
4338:
4308:
4273:
4263:
4213:
4188:
4178:
4158:
4148:
4107:
4081:
4041:
4031:
3871:
3850:
3701:
2756:
1419:
1405:
1362:
1167:
941:
907:
897:
Play continued at a low level during the 1940s, but the games were one-offs, and were non-championship.
1333:
1206:
in 1986. Soviet women did not make much headway into team sport, especially rugby, until the advent of
769:
541:
1660:
With this in mind, participation in sport was strongly encouraged from the grass roots level upwards.
1045:
933:, Llanelli played in the final of the World Youth Games in Moscow. Llanelli lost to the Romanian side
5224:
5184:
5109:
5079:
4880:
4759:
4734:
4649:
4624:
4614:
4599:
4288:
4248:
4228:
4198:
4173:
4143:
4076:
4071:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1485:
1337:
1329:
1299:
1280:
1216:
1111:, writing at the end of the 1970s, saw rugby as a positive force in east-west relations at the time:
965:
649:
443:
374:
1257:
4849:
4719:
4684:
4634:
4543:
4520:
4423:
4328:
4303:
4243:
4208:
4153:
3774:
2815:
2742:
1577:
1503:
banner, this arrangement terminating in 1992. The side played four matches before its dissolution.
1357:
934:
773:
709:
616:
544:
459:
296:
272:
4904:
1445:
1325:
1183:
1134:. The fact that a Russian team has finally played a full-scale, if unofficial Test match against
1096:
At the time, this was not bad prognostication; however, political and economic factors within the
604:
600:
3743:
1751:
The USSR side consisted of representatives of all constituent republics within the Soviet Union.
1709:
1593:
1367:
830:
739:
552:
412:
wrote in the late 1980s about Soviet rugby's failure to break into the international mainstream:
362:
142:
2833:
1561:
409:
1492:
against Gorbachev, which is often seen as being the end of the Soviet Union. In November 1991,
462:
often had desert climates, leading to temperature extremes, and water shortages for the pitch.
3769:
3306:
3300:
3039:
2873:
2848:
2823:
2764:
2712:
2692:
2671:
2656:
2643:
2621:
2606:
1627:
Chris Thau identified two major problems hindering the spread rugby in the late Soviet Union:
854:
596:
568:
231:
2776:
Sport in Soviet Society — development of sport and physical education in Russia and the USSR
1302:
telling them that "you're not big enough or good enough." They toured country only in 1989.
391:
382:
205:
1608:
was the more popular; Rugby league only attracting fans and athletes after the collapse of
3950:
879:
220:
110:
1737:
Between 1961 and 1974, the Soviet team took part in more than 100 international matches.
1010:
played their first match against a foreign side in 1960, when they played a Polish side.
1187:
926:
696:
641:
637:
378:
288:
213:
209:
5327:
4898:
2681:
1728:
1493:
1470:
1108:
1038:
1034:
510:(ДЮСШ), but these tended to concentrate more on Olympic sports, and neglected rugby.
507:
819:
that encourages courageous qualities; it is a sport that should be widely practised.
3580:
1688:
1601:
1568:
1226:
1147:
1097:
1088:
1084:
945:
766:
756:
276:
156:
3656:
1344:
had been playing for slightly less time, but was still a veteran in rugby terms.
1199:
states that "all Socialist countries" in Europe played rugby during this period.
906:
In 1949, rugby union was forbidden throughout the USSR during the "fight against
4908:
3946:
3942:
3764:
3439:
2631:
1605:
1500:
1465:
While the USSR's dissolution was ongoing, in 1990 the Soviet rugby team visited
1295:
1208:
1049:
1029:
In 1974, there were 10,000 registered Soviet rugby players, including more than
738:
The Proletkul'tists considered sport bourgeois, and preferred mass displays and
653:
576:
503:
439:
177:
152:
3030:
Cain, Nick & Growden, Greg "Chapter 21: Ten Peculiar Facts about Rugby" in
2413:
http://www.fira-aer-rugby.com/forum2007/viewtopic.php?f=2&t=3186&hilit=
1160:
Chris Laidlaw writing of the open secret of shamateurism in Soviet sport said:
3035:
956:
791:
743:
704:
676:
592:
455:
448:
2655:, Vol. 5 (6th Ed., JM Dent & Sons Ltd, London, Melbourne, Toronto, 1978;
3643:
2783:
2760:
2583:
1692:
1609:
1221:
1080:
952:
922:
Competition was resumed in 1957-58, after a "complete absence of 10 years".
719:
430:
234:, or Universities, or Military Bodies, such as air force academies and the
1244:
in sport and have South Africa banned from world sports forums and arenas.
3564:
1526:, missing out on a potential winning try late in the match, and defeated
1270:
612:
608:
522:
235:
4919:
2802:
Sorokin, A.A. (А. А. Сорокин) "Rugby" (Регби) in English translation of
537:
1572:
1480:
The Soviet Union did not take part in the qualification rounds for the
1466:
972:
900:
Attempts to establish rugby in Georgia took place in 1940 and in 1947.
575:. In addition, there was some severe political repression, notably the
173:
4512:
1354:
History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991) § Dissolution of the USSR
992:
lectures on rugby union as part of their courses. The students of the
2809:
2796:
2639:
1687:, but no one could say that openly that some athletes were full-time
960:
826:
777:
700:
660:
548:
230:
Sports clubs were invariably not autonomous bodies, but were part of
181:
169:
77:
3305:((Revised and expanded edition). Columbia University Press. 1989.
722:
was supposed to oppose) and was injurious to health. They favoured:
2789:
Solomatin, E. I. "Lokomotiv" (Локомотив) in English translation of
1240:
No nation outside the Third World did more than the USSR to oppose
1496:
issued a decree banning the CPSU throughout the Russian republic.
1444:
1361:
872:
580:
536:
429:
265:
193:
2620:, (2nd Ed., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England 1994;
1071:
In 1975, the Soviet national team played their first ever match.
2726:(Progress Publishing, Moscow 1980; translated by James Riordan)
2618:
The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Russia and the former Soviet Union
2616:
ed. Brown, Archie; Kaser, Michael & Smith, Gerald S. (ed.s)
996:
in Moscow were also a major force in the promotion of the game.
4923:
4516:
3915:
3660:
1715:
National champions included teams from the sports clubs of the
1336:
had all been playing at international level for over a decade.
919:
rehabilitated, and his writings were released from censorship.
354:
As well as the trade unions, there were two non-T.U. prefixes:
1684:
1370:
in alphabetical order, with links to contemporary rugby union:
1229:. However, South Africa was not invited in the end. While the
370:
366:
971:
The very first rugby session was held on October 15, 1959 in
369:(Ministry of Internal Affairs - The Soviet Militia & the
1754:
They played their first game against a Polish team in 1960.
1506:
The most successful "successor" rugby team has been that of
1477:
played for the first time, and enjoyed a brief existence.
1037:(Б. П. Гаврилов), A.G. Grigor'iants (А. Г. Григорьянц) and
951:
Rugby was reintroduced to Georgia by Jacques Haspekian, an
160:
was a moderately popular sport. It was most popular in the
1530:
30-0. In 2011, they had a respectable performance against
1499:
As a stopgap measure, the former USSR competed under the
825:
Lunacharsky would later die in France (coincidentally at
579:
in the 1930s, which led to many people being sent to the
2586:, a multi-sports club of the German Democratic Republic.
772:
of Enlightenment responsible for culture and education,
718:
The Hygienists thought sport implied competition (which
3392:
2417:
1600:
existed, rugby never reached its full potential in the
1538:
25–9. No other ex-Soviet nation other than Georgia and
1021:
In 1968, the Rugby Federation of the USSR was founded.
885:
In 1938, the USSR Cup was held, and Dynamo Moscow won.
833:
was buried), and had the honour of being buried in the
2820:
Rugby - A Way of Life, An Illustrated History of Rugby
1215:
The USSR supposedly turned down its invitation to the
283:
Society, which was in turn connected to the All-Union
1091:, at all of which its sportsmen are practising hard."
271:
Clubs were named for their trade union. For example,
3417:
3415:
3074:
Physical Education, Recreation and Sport in the USSR
1567:
The era also brought a new challenge in the form of
1146:
Rugby tours between countries on either side of the
1052:, and lost 10-8, there was some banter in the bar -
1041:(И. И. Кизирия), all of whom were Masters of Sport.
5273:
5235:
4957:
4848:
4808:
4550:
4472:
3957:
3793:
3757:
3731:
3710:
3694:
3332:
3330:
3328:
2862:in Starmer-Smith, Nigel & Robertson, Ian (eds)
129:
101:
93:
83:
70:
58:
48:
40:
23:
3600:
3598:
2685:From Twickers with Love: Rugby's Universal Message
809:, Lunacharsky hardly allayed this charge, saying:
373:, along with its predecessor organisations). e.g.
3348:
3346:
3344:
3342:
2925:
2923:
2921:
2919:
2636:The Book of Rugby Disasters & Bizarre Records
1048:toured Wales. After a game in which Slava played
944:were called out as a result of the brawl between
408:The well-known expatriate Romanian rugby writer,
188:. Rugby enjoyed a more limited popularity in the
3059:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3051:
2753:A Game for Hooligans: The History of Rugby Union
1324:were also veterans at this point - for example,
1305:A running joke in French rugby circles ran that
3621:
3619:
3498:
3496:
3494:
3492:
3263:
3261:
3259:
3257:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3218:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3200:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3034:(2nd Edition), p295 (pub: John Wiley and Sons,
2986:
2984:
2982:
2980:
2638:. (Compiled by Chris Rhys, Century Publishing,
765:Although nominally a proletkul'tist, the first
447:sometimes being a split season, or the game of
3516:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
1615:Victor and Jennifer Louis wrote in 1980 that:
1475:Soviet Union women's national rugby union team
240:Voluntary Sports Societies of the Soviet Union
4935:
4528:
3927:
3672:
2477:Kazakhstan national rugby union team (sevens)
1691:, and received bonuses for winning including
1482:1991 Rugby World Cup - European qualification
1250:The Soviets leaned on other nations heavily:
8:
3303:: The Origins and Consequences of Stalinism
3013:
3011:
2577:Uzbekistan women's national rugby union team
2492:Kyrgyzstan women's national rugby union team
2472:Kazakhstan women's national rugby union team
1542:has ever qualified for the Rugby World Cup.
1074:In 1977, James Riordan was able to predict,
3366:
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3285:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3238:
3236:
3234:
3166:
3164:
3162:
2998:
2996:
1644:, where it is the de facto national sport.
1580:, the former train workers club in Moscow.
929:and the USSR in the 1950s. In 1957, led by
4942:
4928:
4920:
4535:
4521:
4513:
3934:
3920:
3912:
3679:
3665:
3657:
3461:
3459:
2562:Ukraine national rugby union team (sevens)
1182:A notable Russian player of the 1980s was
320:- Railway workers., e.g. Lokomotiv Tbilisi
3072:Speak, Michael Arthur & Ambler, V.H.
1560:who were able to call on the services of
1100:in the 1980s ensured this was not to be.
1065:No, thank you, I don't like your weather.
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2532:Russia women's national rugby union team
2517:Moldova men's national rugby sevens team
1761:
1473:for the first time. In this period, the
3190:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
2889:
795:movement, as James Riordan points out:
394:- Students at technical colleges. e.g.
3949:affiliated nations not present in the
3076:(1976, Centre for Physical Education,
2946:
2944:
2549:Turkmenistan national rugby union team
2409:, but they only played several games.
1747:Soviet Union national rugby union team
20:
1552:team which succeeded in reaching the
1449:The two strongest post-Soviet teams:
1166:So far as the East Europeans and the
7:
2572:Uzbekistan national rugby union team
2544:Tajikistan national rugby union team
2487:Kyrgyzstan national rugby union team
2467:Kazakhstan national rugby union team
2434:Azerbaijan national rugby union team
1723:(ВВА им. Ю. А. Гагарина; the future
659:The first official match, played in
310:- Students., e.g. Burevestnik Moscow
54:Rugby Federation of the Soviet Union
2870:The Ultimate Encyclopaedia of Rugby
2504:Lithuania national rugby union team
1058:Well Boyo, now it's time to defect.
759:, home-made alcohol and the street.
475:Governing bodies and administration
5339:Sport in the Soviet Union by sport
2457:Georgia national rugby sevens team
1501:Commonwealth of Independent States
1219:, because of its distaste for the
1204:International Rugby Football Board
527:International Rugby Football Board
14:
3739:Soviet Championship (rugby union)
2557:Ukraine national rugby union team
2537:Russia national rugby sevens team
2512:Moldova national rugby union team
2452:Georgia national rugby union team
2444:Estonia national rugby union team
2439:Belarus national rugby union team
2429:Armenia national rugby union team
1592:Although such tournaments as the
1190:several times during the period.
999:In 1967, rugby was introduced to
238:itself. These were the so called
4903:
4894:
4893:
2952:Politics and Society in the USSR
2743:Луначарский, Анатолий Васильевич
2735:National Folk Sports in the USSR
2724:National Folk Sports in the USSR
2527:Russia national rugby union team
2499:Latvia national rugby union team
2390:
2381:
2369:
2351:
2342:
2330:
2312:
2303:
2291:
2273:
2264:
2252:
2234:
2221:
2208:
2194:
2182:
2169:
2151:
2138:
2125:
2111:
2099:
2086:
2068:
2055:
2042:
2028:
2016:
2003:
1985:
1972:
1959:
1941:
1928:
1915:
1897:
1884:
1871:
1853:
1840:
1827:
1809:
1796:
1783:
1721:Iu. A. Gagarin Air Force Academy
1490:unsuccessful coup d'état attempt
871:In October, 1935, Moscow played
656:was still being played in 1908.
392:Trudovye Rezervy/Labour reserves
248:Politics and Society in the USSR
29:
5334:Rugby union in the Soviet Union
3982:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
3702:Rugby Union of the Soviet Union
3688:Rugby union in the Soviet Union
774:Anatoly Vasilyevich Lunacharsky
672:rugby was introduced to Georgia
24:Rugby union in the Soviet Union
4861:British Indian Ocean Territory
3440:Rugby union in Russia and USSR
3251:Lunacharsky, Moscow 1930, p 72
2839:in Starmer-Smith, Nigel &
1717:Moscow Higher Technical School
1:
3780:Rugby union in Czechoslovakia
2864:The Whitbread Rugby World '90
2845:The Whitbread Rugby World '89
1522:. In 2007, they nearly upset
481:Rugby Federation of the USSR
297:the fall of the Iron Curtain
4394:St Vincent & Grenadines
2866:(Lennard Books, 1989 ISBN )
1705:Soviet Championship (rugby)
1571:. Although rugby league in
1031:200 Soviet Masters of Sport
670:For example, it seems that
139:Soviet Championship (rugby)
5355:
2780:Cambridge University Press
2603:The Complete Book of Rugby
1744:
1604:. Of the two Rugby codes,
1550:Latvian rugby union sevens
1351:
1309:'s nightmare was to have "
599:(Russia and Ukraine), and
4889:
3785:Rugby union in Yugoslavia
3650:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3638:Soviet Era of Rugby Union
3476:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
3004:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2805:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2792:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
2709:Sport in the Soviet Union
1773:
1770:
1767:
1758:The FIRA Trophy 1974-1997
1564:the former Soviet coach.
1231:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1196:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1008:Soviet international team
587:Indigenous football codes
330:- "White Collar" workers.
136:
108:
28:
4610:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3653:, 1969–1978 (in Russian)
2711:(Oxford Pergamon, 1980,
1764:
1534:, losing 15–6, defeated
1510:, which competed in the
1348:Break up of Soviet Union
603:. (Russia and Ukraine),
285:Voluntary Sports Society
4871:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
3078:University of Leicester
3032:Rugby Union for Dummies
2872:, (Carlton Books, 1997
2653:Everyman's Encyclopedia
1317:refereed by a Soviet."
835:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
611:),and various forms of
172:and certain regions in
123:IRB Sevens World Series
35:The Soviet Coat of Arms
5000:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4951:Rugby union in Europe
4037:British Virgin Islands
4022:Bosnia and Herzegovina
2808:(Progress Publishers,
2795:(Progress Publishers,
2687:in Hopkins, John (ed)
2605:(Seven Oaks Ltd, 1997
1725:VVA-Podmoskovye Monino
1554:Rugby World Cup Sevens
1458:
1442:
1014:National organisations
556:
502:Lastly, there was the
435:
279:club) was part of the
119:Rugby World Cup Sevens
4473:Former states without
4434:Trinidad & Tobago
2847:(Lennard Books, 1988
2822:(Lennard Books, 1986
2757:Mainstream Publishing
1448:
1365:
914:1950: Post-Stalin era
853:After the end of the
633:Introduction of rugby
569:devastating Civil War
540:
433:
184:, the capital of the
103:National competitions
4785:United Arab Emirates
4544:Rugby union in Asia
4475:World Cup experience
3960:World Cup experience
3749:European Nations Cup
3453:Riordan (1977), p375
3409:Riordan (1977), p374
3370:Riordan (1977), p184
3289:Riordan (1977), p138
3242:Riordan (1977), p104
2816:Starmer-Smith, Nigel
2722:Lukashin, Yuri (ed)
2601:Bath, Richard (ed.)
2418:http://www.rugby.by/
1699:Domestic competition
1520:2011 Rugby World Cup
1516:2007 Rugby World Cup
1512:2003 Rugby World Cup
1486:1991 Rugby World Cup
1320:Some members of the
1300:Rugby Football Union
1217:1987 Rugby World Cup
966:2007 Rugby World Cup
783:физикультура и спорт
650:association football
350:- the arms industry.
115:European Nations Cup
5236:States with limited
4812:limited recognition
3775:Alexander Obolensky
3583:on 26 December 2009
3565:Clonmel RFC history
3486:Starmer-Smith, p186
3322:Starmer-Smith, p100
3170:Riordan (1977), p22
2954:(2nd ed. 1978), 311
2666:Hopkins, John (ed)
1598:Soviet Championship
1358:Revolutions of 1989
1186:who played for the
989:Soviet Championship
787:Fizkul'tura i sport
710:proletarian culture
617:Soviet Central Asia
573:a number of famines
545:Anatoly Lunacharsky
460:Soviet Central Asia
403:Soviet Championship
273:RC Lokomotiv Moscow
3958:Third tier without
3744:Soviet Cup (rugby)
3382:, 13 July 1971, p2
1710:Soviet Cup (rugby)
1666:The 1930s saw the
1459:
1443:
1368:Post-Soviet states
1138:speaks for itself.
942:Moscow Civil Guard
831:William Webb Ellis
817:джентльменский бой
770:People's Commissar
646:Russian Revolution
557:
553:William Webb Ellis
542:People's Commissar
436:
340:- River transport.
232:Palaces of Culture
143:Soviet Cup (rugby)
85:Registered players
5321:
5320:
4917:
4916:
4854:other territories
4510:
4509:
3909:
3908:
3902:
3895:
3888:
3881:
3874:
3867:
3860:
3853:
3846:
3839:
3832:
3825:
3818:
3811:
3804:
3770:Vladimir Ilyushin
3301:Let History Judge
3044:978-0-470-03537-5
2769:978-1-84596-255-5
2568:Uzbekistan teams
2483:Kyrgyzstan teams
2463:Kazakhstan teams
2403:
2402:
1334:Alexander Tikonov
807:Thoughts on Sport
200:and parts of the
149:
148:
131:Club competitions
5346:
5274:Dependencies and
4958:Sovereign states
4944:
4937:
4930:
4921:
4907:
4897:
4896:
4866:Christmas Island
4552:Sovereign states
4537:
4530:
4523:
4514:
4319:Papua New Guinea
4133:French Polynesia
3951:Rugby World Cups
3936:
3929:
3922:
3913:
3898:
3891:
3884:
3877:
3870:
3863:
3856:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3828:
3821:
3814:
3807:
3800:
3794:Successor states
3758:Related articles
3681:
3674:
3667:
3658:
3626:
3623:
3614:
3611:
3605:
3602:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3588:
3579:. Archived from
3577:"New York Rugby"
3573:
3567:
3562:
3556:
3549:
3543:
3540:
3534:
3531:
3525:
3518:
3503:
3500:
3487:
3484:
3478:
3472:
3466:
3463:
3454:
3451:
3445:
3444:
3437:
3431:
3428:
3422:
3419:
3410:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3368:
3353:
3350:
3337:
3334:
3323:
3320:
3314:
3296:
3290:
3287:
3268:
3265:
3252:
3249:
3243:
3240:
3229:
3226:
3213:
3210:
3195:
3192:
3171:
3168:
3157:
3154:
3148:
3147:Everyman's, p221
3145:
3139:
3136:
3111:
3108:
3097:
3094:
3081:
3070:
3064:
3061:
3046:
3028:
3022:
3015:
3006:
3000:
2991:
2988:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2938:Cambridge, p.493
2936:
2930:
2927:
2914:
2911:
2786:, England, 1977)
2748:(Mysli o Sporte)
2396:
2394:
2393:
2385:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2357:
2355:
2354:
2346:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2307:
2297:
2295:
2294:
2279:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2258:
2256:
2255:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2211:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2185:
2175:
2173:
2172:
2157:
2155:
2154:
2144:
2142:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2115:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2074:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2045:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1991:
1989:
1988:
1978:
1976:
1975:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1903:
1901:
1900:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1877:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1831:
1830:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1802:
1800:
1799:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1762:
1256:Over the years,
1046:Moscow Slava RFC
925:Llanelli toured
615:also existed in
551:, France, where
396:Trud Krasnoyarsk
388:Трудовые резервы
383:RC Dinamo-Center
198:Byelorussian SSR
89:10,000 (in 1974)
86:
73:
61:
60:National team(s)
51:
33:
21:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5324:
5323:
5322:
5317:
5275:
5269:
5255:Northern Cyprus
5237:
5231:
5135:North Macedonia
4953:
4948:
4918:
4913:
4885:
4853:
4844:
4825:Northern Cyprus
4811:
4804:
4546:
4541:
4511:
4506:
4474:
4468:
4374:Solomon Islands
3959:
3953:
3940:
3910:
3905:
3789:
3753:
3727:
3706:
3690:
3685:
3634:
3629:
3625:Cambridge, p491
3624:
3617:
3612:
3608:
3603:
3596:
3586:
3584:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3537:
3532:
3528:
3519:
3506:
3502:Cambridge, p492
3501:
3490:
3485:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3425:
3420:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3380:Советский Спорт
3378:
3374:
3369:
3356:
3351:
3340:
3335:
3326:
3321:
3317:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3271:
3267:Cambridge, p490
3266:
3255:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3232:
3228:Cambridge, p489
3227:
3216:
3212:Cambridge, p488
3211:
3198:
3193:
3174:
3169:
3160:
3155:
3151:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3114:
3110:Cambridge, p497
3109:
3100:
3096:Cambridge, p494
3095:
3084:
3071:
3067:
3063:Bath, pp 70, 71
3062:
3049:
3029:
3025:
3016:
3009:
3001:
2994:
2990:Cambridge, p495
2989:
2958:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2917:
2912:
2891:
2887:
2860:Soviet Students
2774:Riordan, James
2729:Lukashin, Yuri
2707:& Jennifer
2598:
2593:
2425:
2405:There was also
2391:
2389:
2370:
2368:
2352:
2350:
2331:
2329:
2313:
2311:
2292:
2290:
2274:
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2251:
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2233:
2222:
2220:
2209:
2207:
2183:
2181:
2170:
2168:
2152:
2150:
2139:
2137:
2126:
2124:
2100:
2098:
2087:
2085:
2069:
2067:
2056:
2054:
2043:
2041:
2017:
2015:
2004:
2002:
1986:
1984:
1973:
1971:
1960:
1958:
1942:
1940:
1929:
1927:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1896:
1885:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1854:
1852:
1841:
1839:
1828:
1826:
1810:
1808:
1797:
1795:
1784:
1782:
1760:
1749:
1743:
1701:
1590:
1437:
1427:
1413:
1399:
1385:
1371:
1360:
1352:Main articles:
1350:
1338:Igor Frantsusov
1330:Roman Khairulin
1281:Edgard Taturian
1180:
1027:
1016:
981:
948:and Bucharest.
916:
908:cosmopolitanism
895:
875:, and won 6-0.
847:
686:
635:
589:
535:
477:
444:Polyechika Alma
428:
210:Southern Russia
164:; parts of the
145:
141:
132:
125:
121:
117:
113:
111:Rugby World Cup
104:
84:
71:
59:
49:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5352:
5350:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5326:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5295:
5290:
5285:
5279:
5277:
5276:other entities
5271:
5270:
5268:
5267:
5262:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5241:
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5217:
5210:United Kingdom
5207:
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5072:
5067:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5042:
5037:
5032:
5027:
5022:
5020:Czech Republic
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
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4992:
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4657:
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4532:
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4517:
4508:
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4505:
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4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4482:Czechoslovakia
4478:
4476:
4470:
4469:
4467:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4431:
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4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
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4381:
4376:
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4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4113:Czech Republic
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4082:Chinese Taipei
4079:
4074:
4069:
4067:Cayman Islands
4064:
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3972:American Samoa
3969:
3963:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3916:
3907:
3906:
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3903:
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3889:
3882:
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3812:
3805:
3797:
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3790:
3788:
3787:
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3767:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3754:
3752:
3751:
3746:
3741:
3735:
3733:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3720:
3714:
3712:
3711:National teams
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3695:Governing body
3692:
3691:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3655:
3654:
3640:
3633:
3632:External links
3630:
3628:
3627:
3615:
3606:
3594:
3568:
3557:
3544:
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3526:
3504:
3488:
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3455:
3446:
3432:
3423:
3411:
3402:
3384:
3372:
3354:
3338:
3324:
3315:
3298:Medvedev, Roy
3291:
3269:
3253:
3244:
3230:
3214:
3196:
3172:
3158:
3149:
3140:
3112:
3098:
3082:
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3047:
3023:
3007:
2992:
2956:
2940:
2931:
2915:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2867:
2856:
2841:Robertson, Ian
2831:
2813:
2800:
2787:
2772:
2751:Richards, Huw
2749:
2746:мысли о спорте
2740:
2739:
2738:
2720:
2702:
2701:
2700:
2682:Laidlaw, Chris
2664:
2650:
2629:
2614:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2581:
2580:
2579:
2574:
2566:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2553:Ukraine teams
2551:
2546:
2541:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2514:
2508:Moldova teams
2506:
2501:
2496:
2495:
2494:
2489:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2461:
2460:
2459:
2454:
2448:Georgia teams
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2424:
2421:
2407:a women's team
2401:
2400:
2387:
2379:
2366:
2362:
2361:
2348:
2340:
2327:
2323:
2322:
2309:
2301:
2288:
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2283:
2270:
2262:
2249:
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2244:
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2201:
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2192:
2179:
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2161:
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2118:
2117:
2109:
2096:
2083:
2079:
2078:
2065:
2052:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2026:
2013:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1952:
1951:
1938:
1925:
1912:
1908:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1864:
1863:
1850:
1837:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1806:
1793:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1759:
1756:
1745:Main article:
1742:
1739:
1713:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1697:
1677:
1676:
1658:
1657:
1638:
1637:
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1069:
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1023:
1015:
1012:
980:
977:
927:Czechoslovakia
915:
912:
894:
891:
869:
868:
846:
843:
823:
822:
803:
802:
763:
762:
732:
731:
716:
715:
685:
682:
644:pre-dated the
642:Russian Empire
638:Rugby football
634:
631:
630:
629:
588:
585:
534:
531:
508:Sports schools
500:
499:
495:
491:
476:
473:
472:
471:
451:being played.
427:
424:
423:
422:
399:
398:
385:
379:Dinamo Tbilisi
352:
351:
341:
331:
321:
311:
289:rail transport
261:
260:
246:writes in the
147:
146:
137:
134:
133:
130:
127:
126:
109:
106:
105:
102:
99:
98:
95:
91:
90:
87:
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68:
67:
62:
56:
55:
52:
50:Governing body
46:
45:
42:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5351:
5340:
5337:
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5329:
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5311:
5309:
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5304:
5301:
5299:
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5294:
5291:
5289:
5288:Faroe Islands
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5278:
5272:
5266:
5263:
5261:
5260:South Ossetia
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5234:
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5101:
5098:
5096:
5095:Liechtenstein
5093:
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5006:
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4867:
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4862:
4859:
4858:
4856:
4851:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4835:South Ossetia
4833:
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4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
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4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
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4008:
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4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
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3873:
3869:
3866:
3862:
3859:
3855:
3852:
3848:
3845:
3841:
3838:
3834:
3831:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3817:
3813:
3810:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3792:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3756:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3715:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3670:
3668:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3645:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3622:
3620:
3616:
3610:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3595:
3582:
3578:
3572:
3569:
3566:
3561:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3545:
3539:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3523:
3517:
3515:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3505:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3493:
3489:
3483:
3480:
3477:
3471:
3468:
3462:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3447:
3441:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3373:
3367:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3349:
3347:
3345:
3343:
3339:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3325:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3311:0-231-06350-4
3308:
3304:
3302:
3295:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3278:
3276:
3274:
3270:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3248:
3245:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3225:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3215:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3165:
3163:
3159:
3156:Lukashin, p24
3153:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3125:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3099:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3041:
3037:
3033:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3005:
3002:Solomatin in
2999:
2997:
2993:
2987:
2985:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2947:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2932:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2916:
2910:
2908:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2884:
2879:
2878:1-85868-076-X
2875:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2854:
2853:1-85291-038-0
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2828:0-7126-2662-X
2825:
2821:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2794:
2793:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2721:
2718:
2717:0-08-024506-4
2714:
2710:
2706:
2705:Louis, Victor
2703:
2698:
2697:0-304-30299-6
2694:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2676:0-304-30299-6
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2661:0-460-04017-0
2658:
2654:
2651:
2649:
2648:0-7126-0911-3
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2630:
2627:
2626:0-521-35593-1
2623:
2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:1-86200-013-1
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2582:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2524:
2523:Russia teams
2522:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2484:
2482:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2408:
2399:
2388:
2386:Soviet Union
2384:
2380:
2378:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2360:
2349:
2347:Soviet Union
2345:
2341:
2339:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:
2310:
2308:Soviet Union
2306:
2302:
2300:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2271:
2269:Soviet Union
2267:
2263:
2261:
2250:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2232:
2230:
2219:
2217:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2199:Soviet Union
2197:
2193:
2191:
2180:
2178:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2149:
2147:
2136:
2134:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2116:Soviet Union
2114:
2110:
2108:
2097:
2095:
2084:
2081:
2080:
2077:
2066:
2064:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2037:
2036:
2033:Soviet Union
2031:
2027:
2025:
2014:
2012:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1994:
1983:
1981:
1970:
1968:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1950:
1939:
1937:
1926:
1924:
1913:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1895:
1893:
1882:
1880:
1869:
1866:
1865:
1862:
1851:
1849:
1838:
1836:
1825:
1822:
1821:
1818:
1807:
1805:
1794:
1792:
1781:
1778:
1777:
1771:Second place
1763:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1748:
1741:National team
1740:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1702:
1698:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1645:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1629:
1628:
1622:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1587:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1497:
1495:
1494:Boris Yeltsin
1491:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1471:United States
1468:
1463:
1456:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1369:
1364:
1359:
1355:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1236:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1130:and into the
1129:
1125:
1121:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1110:
1109:Chris Laidlaw
1106:
1101:
1099:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:I.I. Kiziriia
1036:
1035:B.P. Gavrilov
1032:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1004:
1002:
997:
995:
990:
985:
978:
976:
974:
969:
967:
962:
958:
954:
949:
947:
943:
938:
936:
935:Grivita Rosie
932:
931:Rhys Williams
928:
923:
920:
913:
911:
909:
904:
901:
898:
892:
890:
886:
883:
881:
876:
874:
866:
863:
862:
861:
858:
856:
851:
844:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
820:
816:
812:
811:
810:
808:
805:In his book,
801:
798:
797:
796:
794:
793:
788:
784:
779:
775:
771:
768:
760:
758:
752:
751:
750:
747:
745:
741:
736:
729:
725:
724:
723:
721:
713:
711:
706:
702:
698:
691:
690:
689:
684:Early history
683:
681:
679:
678:
673:
668:
664:
662:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
632:
627:
622:
621:
620:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
586:
584:
582:
578:
574:
570:
566:
562:
554:
550:
546:
543:
539:
532:
530:
528:
524:
519:
515:
511:
509:
505:
496:
492:
489:
488:
487:
484:
482:
474:
469:
465:
464:
463:
461:
457:
452:
450:
445:
441:
432:
425:
420:
415:
414:
413:
411:
406:
404:
397:
393:
389:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
363:Dinamo/Dynamo
360:
357:
356:
355:
349:
345:
342:
339:
335:
332:
329:
325:
322:
319:
315:
312:
309:
305:
302:
301:
300:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
269:
267:
258:
253:
252:
251:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
228:
226:
222:
217:
215:
211:
208:and areas in
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
190:Ukrainian SSR
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
163:
159:
158:
154:
144:
140:
135:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
107:
100:
96:
92:
88:
82:
79:
75:
69:
66:
63:
57:
53:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
22:
19:
16:Russian Sport
5265:Transnistria
4850:Dependencies
4780:Turkmenistan
4745:Saudi Arabia
4497:West Germany
4491:
4487:East Germany
4093:Cook Islands
3886:Turkmenistan
3732:Competitions
3687:
3648:
3642:
3613:Louis (1980)
3609:
3587:24 September
3585:. Retrieved
3581:the original
3571:
3560:
3553:Soviet Rugby
3552:
3547:
3538:
3533:Hopkins, P24
3529:
3522:Soviet Rugby
3521:
3482:
3470:
3465:Laidlaw, p52
3449:
3443:(in Russian)
3435:
3426:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3379:
3375:
3318:
3299:
3294:
3247:
3152:
3143:
3138:Sorokin, pxi
3073:
3068:
3031:
3026:
3019:Soviet Rugby
3018:
3003:
2951:
2950:Lane, David
2934:
2869:
2863:
2859:
2858:Thau, Chris
2844:
2837:Soviet Rugby
2836:
2819:
2803:
2790:
2775:
2752:
2745:
2734:
2730:
2723:
2708:
2688:
2684:
2667:
2652:
2635:
2632:Cotton, Fran
2617:
2602:
2416:
2411:
2404:
1774:Third place
1753:
1750:
1736:
1733:
1719:(МВТУ), the
1714:
1681:
1678:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1653:
1646:
1639:
1634:established.
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1602:Soviet Union
1591:
1582:
1578:RC Lokomotiv
1569:rugby league
1566:
1544:
1505:
1498:
1479:
1464:
1460:
1430:Turkmenistan
1326:Igor Mironov
1322:Soviet Union
1319:
1304:
1294:
1288:
1278:
1255:
1249:
1243:
1239:
1230:
1227:South Africa
1220:
1214:
1207:
1201:
1194:
1192:
1184:Igor Mironov
1181:
1165:
1159:
1148:Iron Curtain
1145:
1116:
1102:
1098:Eastern Bloc
1095:
1089:motor racing
1085:grass hockey
1078:
1073:
1070:
1064:
1057:
1043:
1028:
1020:
1017:
1005:
998:
986:
982:
970:
950:
939:
924:
921:
917:
905:
902:
899:
896:
887:
884:
877:
870:
864:
859:
852:
848:
839:
824:
818:
814:
806:
804:
799:
790:
786:
782:
764:
757:prostitution
754:
748:
737:
733:
727:
717:
693:
687:
675:
669:
665:
658:
636:
624:
605:aimtskachara
590:
558:
520:
516:
512:
501:
485:
478:
467:
453:
437:
417:
407:
401:In the 1938
400:
387:
375:Dynamo Penza
358:
353:
343:
333:
323:
313:
304:Буреве́стник
303:
293:Trade Unions
277:rugby league
270:
262:
255:
247:
229:
218:
212:, including
166:Russian SFSR
162:Georgian SSR
157:Soviet Union
151:
150:
72:First played
65:Soviet Union
44:Soviet Union
18:
5303:Isle of Man
5238:recognition
5195:Switzerland
5130:Netherlands
4909:Asia portal
4810:States with
4730:Philippines
4670:South Korea
4665:North Korea
4560:Afghanistan
4409:Switzerland
4379:South Korea
4334:Philippines
4294:Netherlands
3947:World Rugby
3943:Rugby union
3542:Cotton, p44
3430:Cotton, p29
3194:Sorokin, px
3038:, England)
2834:Thau, Chris
1606:Rugby union
1296:Crawley RFC
1209:perestroika
1107:scrum half
1103:The former
1050:Rhymney RFC
740:folk sports
654:rugby union
595:(Georgia),
577:Great Purge
440:Krasnoyarsk
434:Krasnoyarsk
308:Burevestnik
178:Krasnoyarsk
153:Rugby union
5328:Categories
5165:San Marino
5125:Montenegro
5105:Luxembourg
5085:Kazakhstan
4985:Azerbaijan
4790:Uzbekistan
4765:Tajikistan
4680:Kyrgyzstan
4660:Kazakhstan
4580:Bangladesh
4570:Azerbaijan
4502:Yugoslavia
4449:Uzbekistan
4254:Mauritania
4234:Madagascar
4224:Luxembourg
4204:Kyrgyzstan
4194:Kazakhstan
4098:Costa Rica
3997:Azerbaijan
3900:Uzbekistan
3879:Tajikistan
3844:Kyrgyzstan
3837:Kazakhstan
3809:Azerbaijan
3421:Bath, p 71
3352:Bath, pp74
3080:, England)
3036:Chichester
2913:Louis, p39
2731:Folk Games
2591:References
2365:1989/1990
2326:1987/1989
2287:1985/1987
2248:1984/1985
2204:1983/1984
2165:1982/1983
2121:1981/1982
2082:1980/1981
2038:1979/1980
1999:1978/1979
1955:1977/1978
1911:1976/1977
1867:1975/1976
1823:1974/1975
1779:1973/1974
1731:("Фили").
1689:shamateurs
1594:Soviet Cup
1588:Popularity
1562:Igor Bokov
1518:, and the
1440:Uzbekistan
1424:Tajikistan
1402:Kyrgyzstan
1396:Kazakhstan
1378:Azerbaijan
1342:scrum-half
1311:Yugoslavia
1225:regime of
1188:Barbarians
1124:Yugoslavia
957:Marseilles
792:Proletkult
744:Spartakiad
705:gymnastics
593:lelo burti
555:is buried.
456:permafrost
449:snow rugby
410:Chris Thau
257:societies.
244:David Lane
186:Kazakh SSR
5293:Gibraltar
5100:Lithuania
4876:Hong Kong
4830:Palestine
4755:Sri Lanka
4750:Singapore
4630:Indonesia
4459:Venezuela
4399:Swaziland
4389:St Lucia
4384:Sri Lanka
4359:Singapore
4259:Mauritius
4219:Lithuania
4164:Hong Kong
3858:Lithuania
3604:Bath, p77
3336:Bath, p90
2929:Bath, p67
2885:Footnotes
2784:Cambridge
2761:Edinburgh
2642:, 1984).
2584:SV Dynamo
1673:populace.
1610:Communism
1410:Lithuania
1279:In 1988,
1269:match in
1242:apartheid
1222:apartheid
1105:All Black
1083:, rugby,
1081:badminton
1044:In 1973,
955:man from
855:Civil War
720:communism
318:Lokomotiv
314:Локомотив
291:workers'
281:Lokomotiv
225:USSR side
221:Georgians
214:Krasnodar
206:Leningrad
5313:Svalbard
5298:Guernsey
5245:Abkhazia
5220:Scotland
5180:Slovenia
5175:Slovakia
5150:Portugal
5005:Bulgaria
4899:Category
4820:Abkhazia
4770:Thailand
4725:Pakistan
4705:Mongolia
4700:Maldives
4695:Malaysia
4595:Cambodia
4419:Thailand
4414:Tanzania
4369:Slovenia
4364:Slovakia
4324:Paraguay
4314:Pakistan
4279:Mongolia
4239:Malaysia
4135:(Tahiti)
4088:Colombia
4084:(Taiwan)
4062:Cameroon
4057:Cambodia
4047:Bulgaria
4027:Botswana
4007:Barbados
3555:, p 47 8
3397:rugby.md
2763:, 2007,
2423:See also
1596:and the
1532:Scotland
1469:and the
1453:playing
1315:Bulgaria
1313:playing
1271:Toulouse
1168:Russians
1152:Rumanian
1001:Moldavia
953:Armenian
946:Llanelli
829:, where
613:buzkashi
609:Abkhazia
597:shvalyga
523:FIRA-AER
494:society.
268:a year.
236:Red Army
204:such as
182:Alma-Ata
168:such as
5215:England
5205:Ukraine
5155:Romania
5115:Moldova
5070:Ireland
5065:Iceland
5060:Hungary
5050:Germany
5045:Georgia
5035:Finland
5030:Estonia
5025:Denmark
5010:Croatia
4995:Belgium
4990:Belarus
4980:Austria
4975:Armenia
4970:Andorra
4965:Albania
4795:Vietnam
4710:Myanmar
4690:Lebanon
4620:Georgia
4575:Bahrain
4565:Armenia
4454:Vanuatu
4444:Ukraine
4429:Tunisia
4349:Senegal
4299:Nigeria
4284:Morocco
4269:Moldova
4184:Jamaica
4169:Hungary
4139:Germany
4128:Finland
4123:Ecuador
4118:Denmark
4103:Croatia
4052:Burundi
4017:Bermuda
4012:Belgium
4002:Bahamas
3992:Austria
3987:Armenia
3977:Andorra
3967:Algeria
3893:Ukraine
3865:Moldova
3830:Georgia
3823:Estonia
3816:Belarus
3802:Armenia
3723:Women's
3647:in the
2812:, 1978)
2799:, 1978)
2596:Sources
2398:Romania
2359:Romania
2320:Romania
2229:Romania
2177:Romania
2159:Romania
2094:Romania
2063:Romania
2024:Romania
1980:Romania
1923:Romania
1905:Romania
1835:Romania
1804:Romania
1768:Winner
1727:), and
1693:dollars
1642:Georgia
1573:England
1558:Ukraine
1536:Romania
1528:Namibia
1524:Ireland
1508:Georgia
1467:Ireland
1451:Georgia
1434:Ukraine
1432:, 14.
1418:, 11.
1416:Moldova
1392:Georgia
1388:Estonia
1382:Belarus
1374:Armenia
1366:Map of
1258:Ferasse
1128:Hungary
1120:Romania
973:Tbilisi
640:in the
533:History
442:played
426:Climate
328:Spartak
324:Спартак
275:(now a
266:kopecks
223:in the
196:in the
174:Siberia
155:in the
76:1880s,
41:Country
5308:Jersey
5250:Kosovo
5200:Turkey
5190:Sweden
5170:Serbia
5160:Russia
5145:Poland
5140:Norway
5120:Monaco
5090:Latvia
5075:Israel
5055:Greece
5040:France
5015:Cyprus
4840:Taiwan
4775:Turkey
4740:Russia
4675:Kuwait
4655:Jordan
4645:Israel
4605:Cyprus
4590:Brunei
4585:Bhutan
4464:Zambia
4439:Uganda
4404:Sweden
4354:Serbia
4344:Rwanda
4339:Poland
4309:Norway
4274:Monaco
4264:Mexico
4214:Latvia
4189:Jordan
4179:Israel
4159:Guyana
4149:Greece
4108:Cyprus
4042:Brunei
4032:Brazil
3872:Russia
3851:Latvia
3551:Thau,
3524:, p 47
3520:Thau,
3393:"Home"
3309:
3042:
3017:Thau,
2876:
2851:
2843:(eds)
2826:
2810:Moscow
2797:Moscow
2767:
2715:
2695:
2691:(1979
2674:
2670:(1979
2659:
2646:
2640:London
2634:(Ed.)
2624:
2609:
2395:
2377:France
2374:
2356:
2338:France
2335:
2317:
2299:France
2296:
2278:
2260:France
2257:
2239:
2226:
2216:France
2213:
2187:
2174:
2156:
2143:
2133:France
2130:
2107:France
2104:
2091:
2073:
2060:
2050:France
2047:
2021:
2011:France
2008:
1990:
1977:
1967:France
1964:
1946:
1936:France
1933:
1920:
1902:
1889:
1879:France
1876:
1858:
1848:France
1845:
1832:
1814:
1801:
1791:France
1788:
1546:Russia
1540:Russia
1514:, the
1484:. The
1455:Russia
1422:, 12.
1420:Russia
1408:, 9.
1406:Latvia
1394:, 6.
1390:, 5.
1380:, 3.
1376:, 2.
1356:, and
1340:, the
1263:France
1136:France
961:France
827:Menton
778:boxing
767:Soviet
701:tennis
697:rowing
661:Moscow
571:, and
563:&
549:Menton
419:rugby.
365:- The
359:Динамо
338:Vodnik
334:Водник
180:; and
170:Moscow
78:Moscow
5283:Åland
5225:Wales
5185:Spain
5110:Malta
5080:Italy
4881:Macau
4800:Yemen
4760:Syria
4735:Qatar
4715:Nepal
4650:Japan
4625:India
4615:Egypt
4600:China
4289:Nauru
4249:Malta
4229:Macau
4199:Kenya
4174:India
4144:Ghana
4077:China
4072:Chile
3644:Регби
3021:, p46
2818:(ed)
2689:Rugby
2668:Rugby
2281:Italy
2242:Italy
2190:Italy
2146:Italy
2076:Italy
1993:Spain
1949:Italy
1892:Italy
1861:Italy
1817:Spain
1765:Year
1404:, 8.
1178:1980s
1025:1970s
979:1960s
893:1940s
880:Gorky
873:Minsk
845:1930s
581:Gulag
567:), a
348:Zenit
344:Зенит
242:. As
202:RSFSR
194:Minsk
176:like
94:Clubs
4720:Oman
4685:Laos
4640:Iraq
4635:Iran
4492:USSR
4424:Togo
4329:Peru
4304:Niue
4244:Mali
4209:Laos
4154:Guam
3718:USSR
3589:2009
3307:ISBN
3040:ISBN
2874:ISBN
2849:ISBN
2824:ISBN
2765:ISBN
2733:(in
2713:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2672:ISBN
2657:ISBN
2644:ISBN
2622:ISBN
2607:ISBN
1729:Fili
1438:15.
1428:13.
1414:10.
1332:and
1307:FIRA
1267:USSR
1193:The
1132:USSR
1122:and
1087:and
994:MHTS
940:The
910:".
703:and
677:lelo
601:kila
565:1917
561:1905
504:CSKA
97:~300
4852:and
3945:in
3765:CIS
1685:KGB
1400:7.
1386:4.
1372:1.
1265:v.
959:in
712:').
371:KGB
367:MVD
287:of
5330::
3618:^
3597:^
3507:^
3491:^
3458:^
3414:^
3395:.
3357:^
3341:^
3327:^
3272:^
3256:^
3233:^
3217:^
3199:^
3175:^
3161:^
3115:^
3101:^
3085:^
3050:^
3010:^
2995:^
2959:^
2943:^
2918:^
2892:^
2782:,
2759:,
2678:)
1612:.
1436:,
1426:,
1412:,
1398:,
1384:,
1328:,
1212:.
1126:,
1003:.
968:.
882:.
821:"
815:a
746:.
699:,
619:.
529:.
390:-
381:,
377:,
361:-
346:-
336:-
326:-
316:-
306:-
250::
192:,
4943:e
4936:t
4929:v
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3313:)
2880:)
2855:)
2830:)
2778:(
2771:)
2755:(
2737:)
2719:)
2699:)
2663:)
2628:)
2613:)
1675:"
1670:"
1656:"
1652:"
1636:"
1631:"
1623:"
1619:"
1457:.
1291:"
1287:"
1275:"
1254:"
1246:"
1238:"
1173:"
1164:"
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1115:"
1067:"
1063:"
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1056:"
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813:"
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761:"
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