Rudolf Berthold - Knowledge (XXG)

1088: 1184:(Fighter Wing 1) for a surreptitious test flight. He liked its lightness on the controls, remarking hopefully that he could even fly it with his damaged right arm. On the morning of 28 May, he mounted a brand-new Fokker D.VII and for the first time, led his air wing into combat. Although it was a ground-support mission, he took the opportunity to score his 29th victory. The following day, he downed two more enemy aircraft, despite a malfunctioning gun synchronizer that nearly shot away his own propeller and caused a crash-landing. Berthold's drug addiction did not handicap him in the air. 944: 1145:"…a bone splinter protruded from my lower wound. My very capable medical orderly came immediately with a pair of tweezers, and with much skill and force, he removed it…. I passed out during this violent procedure. The pains were horrific. But the lower wound is beginning to close. Only the upper wound still festers very heavily. When the bone fragment was being withdrawn it broke into pieces, as the opening was too small and the splinter was snagged in the flesh, and so he had to probe and extract each piece." 555: 40: 1412: 724: 1632:

Rudolf Berthold am Sturz der Weimar Republik in Berlin mitwirken sollte. Eine spontan gebildete Allianz aus Mitgliedern der Harburger Einwohnerwehr, Harburger Pionieren und einer großen Zahl bewaffneter Arbeiter stellte sich den Putschisten erfolgreich entgegen. Im Verlauf des Kampfes starben insgesamt 25 Menschen und mehr als 50 Personen wurden teilweise schwer verwundet.

1518: 1636:

rebel Rudolf Berthold in an attempt to overthrow the Weimar Republic in Berlin. A spontaneously formed alliance of members of the military population of Harburg, Harburg pioneers and a large number of armed workers successfully turned against the rebels. During the course of the battle a total of 25 people died and more than 50 people were wounded, some seriously.

1564:. According to Peter Kilduff, Tombstones were removed from many graves in 1960, including Berthold's, so that communist border guards preventing escapes from East Berlin had a better view of the boundary. Berthold's stone disappeared. However, after Germany's reunification, private donors raised the funds for a simple marker to be placed on his grave in 2003. 1203:"The arm is still not good. Since the lower wound has opened up again, the pain has subsided a bit and the swelling has gone down. I have screamed in pain, sometimes frantically. It seems to have been only a bone splinter…" "...it got stuck in the old, scarred wound, then the fun began for me....as the scar popped open...the pus sprayed out in a high arc...." 710: 727:"This photo was taken to celebrate the bestowal of the Pour le Mérite to Oblt. Rudolf Berthold on 12 October 1916. From left to right are: Ltn. Alfred Lenz, Ltn. Karl Stehle, Ltn. Walter Höhndorf, Vzfw. Hermann Margot, Oblt. Hans-Joachim Buddecke, Ltn. Kralweski, Berthold, Ltn. Fritz Otto Bernert, von Althaus, and Ltn. Hans Malchow." 341:) Oskar Berthold. The young child, familiarly known as Rudolf, was the first born to Helene Stief Berthold, Oskar's second wife. Oskar's first wife, Ida Anne Hoffmann Berthold, died in childbirth, leaving as survivors a daughter and three sons. Rudolf was followed by three younger brothers, two of whom survived to adulthood. 473: 698:. Between the message traffic brought to him, and the accounts of his visiting subordinates, he learned of ongoing casualties. His brother Wolfram had been killed in action as an infantryman on 29 April. Max Immelmann perished in battle on 18 June. After Immelmann's death, Germany's highest scoring ace, 1403:

Berthold's men commandeered a train and crew from striking rail workers and moved to join the coup. This initially failed due to the refusal of the democratically-minded railway workers in Stade to provide a train. The following day, "with brutal use of force and death threats, which also extended to

884:

From reports, Berthold determined that his squadron's performance declined, and believed this was due to the lack of in-air leadership. In early August, he returned to his old training facility in Grossenhain and wrangled a medical clearance from its doctor. Berthold returned to his unit to await the

1504:

do the honors. On Berthold's first gravestone, since destroyed, was allegedly the memorial: "Honored by his enemies, killed by his German brethren". However, a literal translation of the inscription is "slain in the brother fight for the freedom of the German lands". After receiving complaints about

1049:

that was to be launched on 21 March. Berthold was in a tenuous and stressful situation. He had suffered the loss of his best friend, left his familiar old squadron, was taking command of an unfamiliar and newly formed larger unit, and was not on flight status. His solution to his dilemma was to take

430:

The outbreak of World War I disrupted the young aviator's progress. On 1 July, Berthold was recalled from his schooling to rejoin his infantry regiment. After a fortnight's refresher course in soldierly skills, he was returned to flying training. On 17 July 1914, he was officially transferred out of

1635:

Translation: On 15 March 1920 the school in the Woellmer street was the scene of the only armed conflict which occurred in the course of the Kapp Putsch of 13 March 1920 in the Hamburg area. The fight in Harburg was targeted against an armed Freicorps, which participated under the leadership of the

1379:

Under the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, which came into effect on 10 January 1920, Germany was required to reduce its land forces to a maximum of 100,000 men, who were to be only professional soldiers, not conscripts. The initial deadline was set for March 1920. Freikorps units were to return

978:

The Coutrai hospital lacked the facilities to heal such a complex injury; however, it sufficed to keep him alive. It was three weeks before the wounded ace was stable enough to be transferred. On 31 October, he was shipped back to Germany. His pilots alerted his elder sister, Franziska, who was a

504:

On 4 October, Berthold was awarded the Iron Cross, First Class by General Bülow. Again, Berthold received his award second only to Bülow. As November's winter weather limited combat flying, Berthold arranged to continue his pilot's training at a nearby flight park. He became friends with a fellow

1297:

Heinz Freiherr von Brederlow, who was senior to him, and announced, "Here I am the boss." Once Brederlow departed, Berthold took to bed, stating he would run the fighter wing from there. On the 14th, Kaiser Wilhelm II personally ordered the ace to take sick leave, and appointed Berthold's deputy

1157:

During this inactive stretch, Berthold outlined his intended use of the wing in a memorandum to headquarters. He outlined an air defense warning net posted forward to alert his wing, and he pleaded for a transport column to maintain the unit's mobility. Aside from this memo, he planned personnel

1099:

fighters began to arrive. Despite high expectations for the craft because of its superior performance, it suffered engine failures after only seven to ten hours usage. The type was rapidly withdrawn from the wing. Meanwhile, Berthold had his men begin repainting the wing's aircraft with a common

1631:

Am 15. März 1920 wurde die Schule in der Woellmerstraße Schauplatz der einzigen bewaffneten Auseinandersetzung, die sich im Zuge des Kapp-Putsches vom 13. März 1920 im Hamburger Raum ereignete. Der Kampf in Harburg richtete sich gegen ein bewaffnetes Freicorps, das unter Führung des Putschisten

1028:, but denied permission to fly. On 6 March, with his arm in a sling, he rejoined his old squadron at its new duty station. Within two days, on 8 March, Berthold had arranged for Hans-Joachim Buddecke's transfer into the unit to lead it in the air. Two days later, Buddecke was killed in action. 562:

Berthold knew he could cross the lines searching for opponents in the AEG G.II, while the Eindekker was restricted to patrolling behind German lines. Berthold took command of the big bomber, and left the Eindekker to Buddecke. This decision sped Buddecke on his way to being a member of the

1080:, completing the trade. Berthold then departed for Buddecke's funeral in Berlin on 22 March. He returned to his new assignment two days into the new German offensive, to find that the infantry divisions his wing was supposed to support were complaining about their lack of air cover. 1248:

had no usable aircraft, and the wing was reduced to half strength or below. The bereft squadrons would slowly restock with D.VIIs after the triplanes were removed from the wing. Relief finally came on 28 June, when a shipment of 14 Fokker D.VIIs arrived and were divided between

1195:"My arm has gotten worse. It is rather swollen and infected underneath the open wound. I believe the bone splinters are forcibly pushing themselves out, because the swollen area is very hard. The pain is terrific. During my air battle yesterday…I screamed loudly in pain." 1483:

According to Kilduff's biography of Berthold, his remains were taken to the Wandsbeke hospital, in a Hamburg suburb. Two of his old fliers who lived in Hamburg rushed to the hospital. They stayed with Berthold's body until Franziska arrived from Berlin. Berthold's

860:

to find there were no quarters for his men. He was adamant that he would not move his squadron until quarters were furnished. In mid-March, a convoy of trucks hauled the squadron 200 kilometers (124 mi) to Marchais, France. They began operations on 17 March.

702:, was grounded for fear that his loss would be disastrous to morale. In the meantime, Berthold was scheduled to be evacuated back to Germany. Instead, in late July, he commandeered a car and returned to his unit. Unable to fly, he could still command. He made his 1129:

airfield. By the following morning the airfield and its equipment had been hit over 200 times by shellbursts. Though no one was killed, damage was such that the wing was essentially out of action for the next three weeks, as it changed airfields and re-equipped.

1431:(Pioneer Battalion 9), the remaining 900 trained soldiers declared themselves loyal to the republic. A spontaneously formed alliance of members of the citizen's defense of Harburg, pioneers and a large number of armed workers then formed to face the 1529:

rose to power, Berthold was celebrated as a martyr. City streets were named for him in Bamberg and Wittenberg, among others. In addition, various myths started circulated about his death. Such as that Berthold was strangled with the ribbon of his

880:

until driven back to base by a bullet through his right shin. This wound added more chronic pain to his misery, and caused him to convalesce at home from 23 May to 15 June. By now, his narcotics addiction was an open secret to his pilots.

939:

on 21 August, raising his tally to 13. It was the beginning of a string of 16 aerial victories. During September he scored 14 more victories, bringing his tally to 27. On 2 October he scored his 28th victory, his final one of the year.

1399:

with the goal to undo the German Revolution of 1918–1919, overthrow the Weimar Republic, and establish an autocratic government in its place. It was supported by parts of the Reichswehr, as well as nationalist and monarchist factions.

1302:, to take command of the wing. On 16 August, Berthold returned to Doctor Bier's clinic, being treated there through early October. Once his pains were alleviated, he went home to recuperate. The war ended while he was convalescing. 636:

apiece. It was Berthold's first aerial victory. He scored another three days later. Then, on 10 February, Berthold was himself downed, with a punctured fuel tank and a slightly wounded left hand. He was rewarded with one of the 12

582:

Shortly thereafter, he returned to Germany to pick up a replacement G.II. By 1 October, he was using it as a gunship for air defense missions, as well as for bombing. On 6 November, one of those missions turned deadly; a British

771:'s supreme award for valor, on 12 October 1916. His was only the tenth award for aviators. Five of the other living recipients attended the 16 October celebration of the award, including Buddecke, Althaus, Frankl, Höhndorf, and 999:. Berthold spent his convalescent leave learning to write with his left hand. He believed, "If I can write, I can fly." Meantime, his right arm remained paralyzed as it slowly healed and he remained dependent on narcotics. 1439:

if they would disarm. Berthold refused. After noon, when a crowd had gathered, a machine gun fired over their heads to clear an exit passage out of the school. The defense alliance shot back. In the ensuing firefight, the

1285:

with such force that its engine fell into the cellar. German infantrymen plucked him from the rubble and rushed him to hospital. His right arm was rebroken at its previous fracture. Rudolf Berthold would never fly again.

844:(Army Division A). Anticipating the future need for air protection, Berthold made an unheeded plea for amassing air power into larger units, and supported his proposal with detailed professional analysis. In February, 1239:

had only partially rearmed with new Fokker D.VIIs. The understrength wing also suffered fuel shortages. To remain operational, fuel and lubricants were channeled to the most useful craft, the D.VIIs. On 19 June,

1158:

changes in his new wing. He felt that the squadron commanders were plotting to have him replaced. By 18 May, the last of them had been replaced. The wing's score improved for that month, totaling 19 victories.

1471:

filed out of the schoolhouse to disarm. A crowd of unarmed onlookers who had not been part of the negotiations were outraged by the civilian casualties, and they started kicking and beating the members of the

1268:

by 6 July. Berthold scored three more victories in early August, raising his tally to 42. On 10 August, he led 12 of his pilots into battle against a vastly superior force of British aircraft. He shot down a

1404:

the family members of the railway officials" - according to the district president of Stade - the soldiers forced the provision of a train. Slowed by doused signals along the rail line, they got as far as

1395:, to the west of Hamburg. They arrived with 800 men with 300 rifles and a handful of machine-guns. They were scheduled to disarm on 15 March 1920. However, on 13 March, parts of the military attempted the 1546:

Berthold, his shoes and his overcoat robbed from him, his face crushed into a formless mass by the mob's feet, his paralyzed arm torn out of its socket, his bloody body punctured by gunshot wounds...

313:

with the goal to overthrow the German national government in Berlin and establish an autocratic government in its place. Berthold died of gunshot wounds during fighting in Harburg on 15 March 1920.

2707: 523:

Berthold finally qualified as a military pilot on 18 January 1915. He arranged Buddecke's transfer into FFA 223. Berthold was assigned an observer, Leutnant Josef Grüner, for flying reconnaissance

1534:

or that he was decapitated, highlighting the supposed brutality of the defenders of the republic. Another example of this posthumus martyrization is the account of Hans Wittmann, member of the

899:

had had little success; their new commander promptly emphasized training even as they flew combat missions. Shortly after assuming command, Berthold again pitched his idea of using fighters

1188:, one of his pilots, noted that despite his undiminished martial skills, his morphine addiction made him temperamentally erratic. Nevertheless, his subordinates remained loyal to him. 2692: 876:, plus additional personal insignia. On 24 March, Berthold resumed his successful air assaults and was credited with four more victories by mid-April. On 24 April he engaged a French 543:

bombers in August. The twin-engine giant was armed with two swiveling machine guns and manned by a pilot and two gunners. The unit also received its first single-seat fighter with a

987:, pioneer of cocaine usage in spinal anesthesia. Berthold entered the clinic on 2 November 1917. He was there for four months and Doctor Bier labored to save the mangled arm from 936: 2727: 1364:'s intention to reinforce the attack on the Bolsheviks, the German Freikorps units pursued their own political objectives aimed at overthrowing the Latvian government of 484:. Later in the month, he discovered the French counter-thrust between the German 1st and 2nd Armies. German staff officers' disbelief led to Berthold personally briefing 372:(Old Secondary School) in Bamberg to better fit himself for military service. He graduated on 14 July 1910, with a reputation for being fearless, cheerful, and studious. 1191:

Berthold's victory tally increased by half a dozen victories during June. Meantime, on 18 June, Berthold again advised his sister of his ongoing medical problems.

1420: 348:

von Deuster; Rudolf grew up roving the baron's great estate. Early in September 1897, Rudolf began his education. By the time he had completed his studies at the

2712: 1277:

bomber for his 44th. When he tried to pull away from the DH.9 at 800 meters (2,625 ft) altitude, his controls came loose in his hand. His attempt to use a

1314:

Airfield in Berlin. He soon had the airfield functioning smoothly when it was shut down. In April 1919, Berthold then put out a call for volunteers to form a

1153:"…his vigor was gone. The constant discharge from his wounds and the nerve pain wore down the body more and more. In order to work…he had to be given drugs." 2687: 644:

Berthold continued flying a bomber on missions as well as to patrol in his fighter. After he scored another victory, he was again honored by his native

763:

for eight victories. After disallowed claims on two occasions, on 26 September, Berthold was finally credited with his eighth victory. He received his

2682: 587:

gunner mortally wounded Grüner. Berthold was depressed by his friend's death, and sent on home leave. In early December, Buddecke was seconded to the

462:

mission. Two days later, his pilot strayed off-course; Bertholdt and his pilot landed, lost. They evaded French cavalry, to direct retrieval of their

2737: 1444:

shot indiscriminately into the crowd, causing civilian casualties. Several people were wounded, while 13 members of the defense alliance and three

1087: 667:. Besides a badly broken left leg, Berthold had suffered a broken nose and upper jaw, with attendant damage to his optic nerves. He was prescribed 2697: 604: 629:(RFC) Headquarters directed that any reconnaissance craft crossing into German-held territory be escorted by at least three protective aircraft. 967:

home airfield. He passed out after his safe arrival. His unconscious body was lifted from his Fokker and rushed 5 kilometers (3 mi) to the

2702: 2732: 2628: 2609: 2583: 2564: 2545: 2526: 417:. After informing his family he had a "special assignment" to a flying school, Berthold underwent military flight training during July 1914. 983:(Victoria Hospital), Berlin. She arranged for her brother's diversion to the Berlin clinic of one of Germany's pre-eminent surgeons, Doctor 824:

replacement fighter aircraft, and renovated the officers' mess. In mid-December, following the unit's first victory, they were inspected by

431:

the 3rd Brandenbergers to aerial service. His infantry refresher course had aborted his pilot training, and he had to settle for duty as an

2657: 608: 531:

for their aircraft; Berthold could cease futile assaults on the enemy with his pistol. At about the same time, Berthold was laid up for a

579:. Meanwhile, Berthold damaged his original G.II in a landing accident on 15 September, and had to return to piloting an old two-seater. 1480:

to defend himself, which was taken from him and used to shoot him twice in the head and four times in the body as the crowd beat him.

1084:

s performance improved under its grounded commander's guidance, as the Germans advanced 65 kilometers (65,000 m) in eight days.

2717: 754: 272: 694:

Eventually, although Berthold's eyesight returned, he was unable to fly for four months, but nevertheless remained in command of

2722: 2538:

Above the Lines: The Aces and Fighter Units of the German Air Service, Naval Air Service and Flanders Marine Corps, 1914–1918

1591: 1509:

justice, the Stade police investigated Berthold's murder. In February 1921, two men were tried and acquitted of the killing.

1180: 1104:. However, instead of also copying a scarlet nose from them, the other squadrons each sported their own hue on the cowlings. 947:

Berthold's Fokker D.VII would have been painted with scarlet cowling and a royal blue fuselage bearing a winged sword emblem.

638: 407:

on 1 October 1912. Berthold learned to fly at his own expense in 1913, qualifying as a pilot in September. He trained at the

267: 625:

formed near FFA 223; Berthold was placed in charge. Even as the pioneering fighter units formed, on 14 January, the British

409: 1598: 1376:

were characterised by anti-Slavic racism and excesses of violence towards civilians who were suspected to be communists.

649: 655:

On 25 April, Berthold made an emergency landing after enemy bullets crippled his Fokker's engine. He took off again in a

20: 1380:

and expected to be disbanded. The militias perceived this as a betrayal. The last three weeks of 1919 Berthold and his

376: 2653: 1604: 1270: 943: 302: 261: 218: 480:

Berthold was also the observer on flights on 1 and 3 September. He saw panicked French troops retreating across the

895:, Belgium, on 12 August. On 18 August, Berthold was finally certified to resume flying. Before Berthold's arrival, 750: 592: 102: 39: 1038: 613:

As the Germans pioneered use of aircraft with synchronized guns, they began to group the new aerial weapons into

494: 1435:, and converged on the middle school. Meanwhile, mayor Heinrich Denicke offered safe passage out of town to the 931: 2742: 1260:

Berthold fought on, scoring two more victories in July. However, now that he had re-equipped his fighter wing,

991:. Meantime, counter to Berthold's wishes, Oberleutnant Ernst Wilhelm Turck assumed Berthold's dual commands of 1488:, Iron Cross First Class, and Pilot's Badge were retrieved from a garbage dump in Harburg before she arrived. 731:

On 24 August, Berthold scored his sixth victory, although he had to be helped into his fighter. The next day,

2417: 2369: 2333: 2245: 1353: 1096: 1054:

commander being transferred swapped a small cadre of his unit into his new assignment. Berthold designated

1046: 812: 463: 1310:

In early 1919, Berthold was medically cleared to return to duty. On 24 February, he assumed the command of

671:

painkillers for chronic pain. At that time, German military doctors used three narcotics as remedies—

554: 2297:„Lynchjustiz an Hauptmann Berthold“ oder Abwehr des Kapp-Putsches? Die Ereignisse in Harburg im März 1920. 450:(Field Flier Detachment 23, FFA 23), supporting the German 2nd Army. By 9 August, FFA 23 was encamped at 1361: 864:

Berthold had an Albatros D.III prepared as his assigned aircraft. Its guns were test-fired to check its

506: 390: 1910: 868:. It was painted with his personal insignia of a white-winged sword of vengeance on either side of the 440: 1467:, Berthold negotiated a safe passage for those of his men who would disarm. At about 18:00 hours, the 2677: 2672: 1185: 872:. By September, his entire squadron had adopted his basic scheme of royal blue fuselages and scarlet 865: 829: 816:. Berthold took advantage of being in a quiet sector, and trained his troops hard. He brought in new 664: 404: 368:(Royal Secondary School for Humanities) for sixth level classes. In late 1909, he transferred to the 1125:

On the night of 12 April, French artillery directed by a reconnaissance aircraft began shelling the

955:

within the cockpit of Berthold's aircraft and entered his arm at an angle that pulverized his right

1388: 1311: 127: 1199:

He took a break until 28 June, when he scored his 37th victory. That night, he wrote his sister,

192: 1012:

By February, Berthold could get out of bed. In mid-month, he volunteered to return to command of

753:

were early members—all fated to become prominent aces. On 27 August, Berthold received the

645: 626: 326: 67: 2271: 2258: 1500:

were customarily of the same rank as the deceased, his family requested that sergeants from his

1476:. Berthold tried to flee into a nearby pub but was dragged out by the angry crowd. He pulled a 1100:

background marking. The wing's craft had standard dark blue paint applied to the fuselage, a la

746: 2624: 2605: 2579: 2560: 2541: 2522: 1552: 1452:

fighters were summarily executed after being captured. The school grounds were encircled. The

1365: 1033: 825: 703: 588: 490: 436: 245: 198: 413:(Halberstadt Aircraft Factory) on dual-control Bristol types; one of his fellow students was 2270:

Bruno Thoß, Freikorps, publiziert am 10.09.2012; in: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, URL: <

2257:

Bruno Thoß, Freikorps, publiziert am 10.09.2012; in: Historisches Lexikon Bayerns, URL: <

1405: 1337: 1293:

officers' mess coincidentally with the newly appointed wing commander. Berthold stared down

1207:

His festering wound was not his only stressor. As summer's heat came on, the engines of the

802: 777: 548: 544: 227: 87: 2301:

Das andere Hamburg. Freiheitliche Bestrebungen in der Hansestadt seit dem Spätmittelalter.

1329: 741:(Fighter Squadron 4) under Berthold's command; the new unit started with a starred roster— 432: 292:. Between 1916 and 1918, he shot down 44 enemy planes—16 of them while flying one-handed. 91: 2644: 1411: 1610: 1299: 1289:

On 12 August, Berthold once again checked himself out of a hospital. He arrived at the

1118: 1112: 1106: 1056: 968: 887: 853: 783: 764: 759: 742: 715: 699: 568: 564: 518: 459: 414: 185: 178: 1041:, killed in action the previous day. The new wing had been copied from the pioneering 2666: 1345: 1281:

failed because it required the use of both hands. His Fokker crashed into a house in

821: 772: 768: 737: 584: 576: 572: 486: 330: 171: 114: 71: 501:

for the 2nd Army; he personally awarded the second one to Berthold on 13 September.

1175: 1171: 817: 798: 723: 617:

units to protect reconnaissance and bombing aircraft. These new units were dubbed

2649: 1336:

units to quell socialist and communist uprisings, such as against members of the

848:

scored only two victories. However, it was slated to move to more active duty in

1561: 1557: 1396: 1294: 1282: 1208: 1167: 1122:

settled on yellow. To these markings, pilots added their own personal insignia.

984: 806: 528: 481: 385: 361: 322: 310: 289: 223: 213: 63: 1408:

on the evening of 14 March; there they bivouacked in Heimfelder Middle School.

1384:

spent encamped on the German-Lithuanian border before their return to Germany.

1574: 1497: 1324:(Franconian Farmer's Detachment: Iron Troop Berthold), mostly from his native 1274: 1216: 988: 963:

and remained conscious long enough to make a smooth one-handed landing at the

794: 688: 656: 498: 380: 285: 256: 251: 1141:

He kept his sister apprised of his medical condition. On 25 April, he wrote,

1506: 1373: 1357: 1325: 1315: 1278: 1261: 892: 633: 558:

Berthold fought his first aerial combats in an AEG G.II bomber such as this.

536: 532: 297: 146: 2557:

Iron Man: Rudolf Berthold: Germany's Indomitable Fighter Ace of World War I

1517: 691:

of these three depressant drugs. Berthold's exact prescription is unknown.

469:. In his diary, Berthold noted his decision to complete pilot's training. 1220: 1021: 972: 952: 923: 919: 915: 911: 869: 676: 668: 540: 451: 394: 360:: "It is sweet and fitting to die for one's Fatherland." Rudolf moved to 345: 338: 527:; they quickly became friends. In June, they were finally supplied with 305:. Upon return in 1920, Berthold refused to disarm and together with his 44:

Rudolf Berthold c. 1918. The clutched gloves conceal his paralyzed hand.

1477: 1415:

Commemorative plaque at the school Woellmerstrasse in Hamburg Heimfeld.

1227:. New Fokker D.VIIs arrived in the wing, but only sufficed to re-equip 960: 956: 877: 873: 684: 680: 595:

when the latter shot down enemy planes on both 5 and 28 December 1915.

466: 455: 353: 927: 706:

help him bend his knee and flex strength back into his withered leg.

614: 524: 357: 709: 1526: 1516: 1464: 1410: 1392: 1137:"And I will fly again…even if they must carry me to the airplane." 1086: 942: 722: 708: 672: 553: 471: 1702: 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1690: 1688: 1369: 1328:. They were trained by late May. The government under president 1178:

entered service. Berthold borrowed one of the new machines from

885:

paperwork, to discover that he was being transferred to command

857: 849: 472: 493:

on the situation. Bülow moved his troops to higher ground; the

458:

border. On 15 August, Berthold was chosen for the unit's first

1423:

government of Harburg anticipated the imminent arrival of the

389:(Officer Candidate) before being accepted by its officers for 2344: 2342: 2272:

https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Freikorps

2259:

https://www.historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de/Lexikon/Freikorps

1064:(command squadron). Then he effected a wholesale exchange of 1603:

27 August 1916: Prussia's Knight's Cross with Swords of the

1091:

The avidly awaited but disappointing Siemens-Schuckert D.III

2303:

Pahl-Rugenstein, Köln 1981, ISBN 3-7609-0654-0, pp. 223 ff.

840:

In January, Berthold and his squadron were subordinated to

497:

began. General Bülow had received the initial Second Class

321:

Oskar Gustav Rudolf Berthold was born on 24 March 1891, in

2536:

Franks, Norman; Bailey, Frank W.; Guest, Russell (1993).

2380: 2378: 1372:, establishing German supremacy and their own state. The 1223:

grounded the squadron, and hampered its sister squadron,

797:, France. Its motley assortment of fighters included two 1944: 1942: 1387:

On 1 January 1920, Berthold and his troops entrained at

1031:

On 16 March, Rudolf Berthold was transferred to command

591:

and Berthold fell heir to his Eindekker. He accompanied

344:

Rudolf's father was employed by a local nobleman, Oskar

1219:

for lubrication. Occasionally, the lack of replacement

632:

On 2 February, Berthold and Althaus shot down a French

1496:

Rudolf Berthold was buried on 30 March 1920. Although

1215:

began overheating, aggravated by the lack of genuine

809:. It had had no success when it was still the ad hoc 1550:

After 1945, the streets lost the Berthold name. The

375:

Berthold's military career began when he joined the

352:(New Secondary School for the Humanities) in nearby 1322:

Fränkische Bauern-Detachment Eiserne Schar Berthold

1016:. On 1 March, he reported to the medical office of 621:(Single-seater fighter detachment). On 11 January, 239: 206: 161: 152: 142: 134: 120: 110: 97: 77: 57: 49: 30: 951:During a dogfight on 10 October, a British bullet 403:(The Flying Troop) became an official part of the 2708:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (military class) 1706: 959:. Berthold overcame the handicap of half-severed 775:. The following day, Berthold's was assigned as 757:. Berthold was very near attaining the Prussian 356:at age 14, he had adopted a personal motto from 1540: 1201: 1193: 1151: 1143: 1135: 793:was newly formed when Berthold took command at 2693:Military personnel from the Kingdom of Bavaria 1587:18 January 1915: Prussian military pilot badge 1521:The new grave stone on the Invalids' Cemetery. 383:. He served a year and a half's training as a 1597:8 April 1916: Saxony's Knight's Cross of the 284:(24 March 1891 – 15 March 1920) was a German 8: 2200: 2164: 2128: 2080: 2068: 1933: 1826: 1629: 1448:combatants were killed. An additional eight 648:, this time with the Knight's Cross of the 2728:German military personnel killed in action 1149:Franziska Berthold wrote of her brother, 38: 27: 2650:Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Berthold 2576:Jagdgeschwader Nr II: Geschwader Berthold 1542:In the dirt of the street lay, lifeless, 935:with Berthold in command. He shot down a 295:In postwar Germany, Berthold organized a 2519:Fokker D VII Aces of World War 1: Part 1 1050:advantage of a loophole. Customarily, a 2501: 2489: 2477: 2465: 2453: 2441: 2429: 2396: 2384: 2348: 2312: 2283: 2224: 2212: 2176: 2140: 2116: 2104: 2092: 2056: 2044: 2032: 2020: 2008: 1996: 1984: 1972: 1960: 1948: 1921: 1898: 1886: 1874: 1862: 1850: 1838: 1814: 1802: 1790: 1778: 1766: 1754: 1742: 1730: 1718: 1679: 1667: 1655: 1648: 1622: 605:Aerial victory standards of World War I 2188: 2152: 1463:ammunition was running low. Calling a 1037:(Fighter Wing 2) to replace Hauptmann 446:By 7 August, Berthold was assigned to 228: 2412:Publiziert am 10. September 2012 in: 2364:Publiziert am 10. September 2012 in: 2328:Publiziert am 10. September 2012 in: 2240:Publiziert am 10. September 2012 in: 1579:13 September 1914: Second Class award 1320:militia. Around 1,200 men joined the 7: 2203:, pp. 45–46, 50, 65, 71–72, 74. 1427:by arresting the commander of local 1273:fighter for his 43rd victory and an 1133:In the meantime, Berthold fretted, 641:awarded to aviators during the war. 609:List of victories of Rudolf Berthold 435:. On 1 August, he entrained for the 2071:, pp. 39–40, 43, 55–60, 62–64. 1556:lay near the dividing line between 1264:grounded all but three pilots from 907:headquarters responded by grouping 366:Königliches Humanistische Gymnasium 659:. He reawakened two days later in 476:A First Class Iron Cross from 1914 317:Early life and entry into military 14: 2713:Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery 1707:Franks, Bailey & Guest (1993) 1582:4 October 1914: First Class award 1076:personnel and airplanes moved to 1060:(Fighter Squadron 15) the wing's 755:Royal House Order of Hohenzollern 377:3rd Brandenberg Infantry Regiment 273:Royal House Order of Hohenzollern 2683:20th-century Freikorps personnel 2602:Early German Aces of World War I 1231:. By mid-June, the triplanes of 1024:. He was returned to command of 713:Rudolf Berthold was awarded the 2738:Military personnel from Bavaria 2688:People from Haßberge (district) 2645:The Aerodrome – Rudolf Berthold 2418:historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de 2370:historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de 2334:historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de 2246:historisches-lexikon-bayerns.de 1841:, pp. 14–16, 49–52, 54–55. 539:. FFA 223 was re-equipped with 19:For the German footballer, see 2698:German World War I flying aces 1020:(Replacement Detachment 5) in 1: 2623:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2604:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2578:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2521:. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. 2414:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. 2366:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. 2330:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. 2242:Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. 1599:Military Order of Saint Henry 650:Military Order of Saint Henry 623:Kampfseinsitzer Kommando Vaux 2733:Deaths by firearm in Germany 2621:Albatros Aces of World War I 1999:, pp. 83, 85–87, 93–94. 1374:Freikorps' Eastern campaigns 1271:Royal Aircraft Factory SE.5a 333:. He was the sixth child of 282:Oskar Gustav Rudolf Berthold 21:Rudolf Berthold (footballer) 2654:20th Century Press Archives 2619:VanWyngarden, Greg (2007). 2600:VanWyngarden, Greg (2006). 2574:VanWyngarden, Greg (2005). 1605:House Order of Hohenzollern 1590:29 February 1916: Bavarian 1235:were deemed unserviceable. 1166:Berthold had often flown a 856:fighters. Berthold flew to 410:Halberstädter Flugzeugwerke 303:Latvian War of Independence 262:Military Order of St. Henry 219:Latvian War of Independence 2759: 2703:Luftstreitkräfte personnel 2011:, pp. 88–90, 139–140. 1609:12 October 1916: Prussian 1018:Flieger-Ersatz-Abteilung 5 852:, and began to rearm with 751:Ernst Freiherr von Althaus 602: 593:Ernst Freiherr von Althaus 516: 103:Invalidenfriedhof Cemetery 18: 1068:people and aircraft into 1039:Adolf Ritter von Tutschek 891:(Fighter Squadron 18) in 663:(Military Hospital 7) in 565:first wave of German aces 495:First Battle of the Aisne 37: 2718:Kapp Putsch participants 2410:Eiserne Schar Berthold. 2362:Eiserne Schar Berthold. 2326:Eiserne Schar Berthold. 2238:Eiserne Schar Berthold. 2227:, pp. 125–129, 140. 1889:, pp. 63–67, 94–95. 1340:. In August, Berthold's 1045:; it was crucial to the 781:(Squadron Commander) of 619:Kampfseinsitzer Kommando 448:Feldflieger-Abteilung 23 2559:. Oxford: Grub Street. 2555:Kilduff, Peter (2012). 2540:. Oxford: Grub Street. 2517:Franks, Norman (2003). 2299:In: Jörg Berlin (Ed.): 2215:, pp. 76, 121–125. 1174:. In May 1918, the new 1162:Return to aerial combat 1097:Siemens-Schuckert D.III 1047:German spring offensive 787:(Fighter Squadron 14). 350:Neues Gymnasium Bamberg 268:Order of Military Merit 264:, Class: Knight's Cross 1670:, pp. 19–20, 174. 1630: 1548: 1522: 1416: 1344:moved to fight in the 1205: 1197: 1155: 1147: 1139: 1092: 979:nursing supervisor in 948: 728: 720: 559: 477: 2723:German mass murderers 1975:, pp. 74–75, 77. 1963:, pp. 69–74, 80. 1805:, pp. 40, 45–50. 1520: 1492:Funeral and aftermath 1421:Independent Socialist 1414: 1170:in preference to the 1116:had dark green ones; 1090: 946: 726: 712: 683:. Doctors prescribed 639:Military Merit Orders 557: 507:Hans Joachim Buddecke 475: 257:Iron Cross: 1st class 252:Iron Cross: 2nd class 135:Years of service 1592:Military Merit Order 1348:. In September, the 1298:commander, Leutnant 1186:Georg von Hantelmann 1110:had white cowlings; 866:synchronization gear 830:Crown Prince Wilhelm 405:German Imperial Army 16:German fighter pilot 2399:, pp. 135–137. 2351:, pp. 133–134. 2315:, pp. 132–133. 2286:, pp. 129–132. 2201:VanWyngarden (2005) 2165:VanWyngarden (2005) 2143:, pp. 115–116. 2129:VanWyngarden (2005) 2081:VanWyngarden (2005) 2069:VanWyngarden (2005) 2059:, pp. 110–112. 2047:, pp. 107–110. 2035:, pp. 104–107. 2023:, pp. 103–104. 1934:VanWyngarden (2005) 1827:VanWyngarden (2005) 1658:, pp. 19, 174. 1459:By late afternoon, 1429:Pionier-Bataillon 9 1352:became part of the 811:Fokker Kampstaffel 719:on 12 October 1916. 1877:, pp. 59, 61. 1721:, pp. 22, 24. 1523: 1417: 1360:. Contrary to the 1093: 1082:Jagdgeschwader II' 949: 729: 721: 687:to counteract the 646:Kingdom of Bavaria 627:Royal Flying Corps 560: 478: 327:Kingdom of Bavaria 301:and fought in the 68:Kingdom of Bavaria 2630:978-1-84603-179-3 2611:978-1-84176-997-4 2585:978-1-84176-727-7 2566:978-1-908117-37-3 2547:978-0-948817-73-1 2528:978-1-84176-729-1 2274:> (12.08.2023) 2261:> (12.08.2023) 2155:, pp. 52–53. 2131:, pp. 35–36. 2083:, pp. 30–32. 1987:, pp. 80–82. 1924:, pp. 64–69. 1901:, pp. 63–69. 1865:, pp. 58–60. 1853:, pp. 56–57. 1829:, pp. 18–19. 1817:, pp. 49–52. 1793:, pp. 38–40. 1781:, pp. 35–36. 1769:, pp. 30–34. 1757:, pp. 26–28. 1733:, pp. 24–25. 1682:, pp. 20–21. 1617:Translation notes 1568:Honors and awards 1553:Invalidenfriedhof 1095:On 6 April, nine 1043:Jagdgeschwader II 1034:Jagdgeschwader II 981:Viktoria-Lazarett 842:Armee-Abteilung A 826:Kaiser Wilhelm II 589:Turkish Air Force 401:Der Fliegertruppe 279: 278: 199:Jagdgeschwader II 105:, Berlin, Germany 2750: 2634: 2615: 2589: 2570: 2551: 2532: 2505: 2499: 2493: 2487: 2481: 2475: 2469: 2468:, p. 45-46. 2463: 2457: 2451: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2406: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2373: 2358: 2352: 2346: 2337: 2322: 2316: 2310: 2304: 2293: 2287: 2281: 2275: 2268: 2262: 2255: 2249: 2234: 2228: 2222: 2216: 2210: 2204: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2114: 2108: 2102: 2096: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2048: 2042: 2036: 2030: 2024: 2018: 2012: 2006: 2000: 1994: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1970: 1964: 1958: 1952: 1946: 1937: 1931: 1925: 1919: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1890: 1884: 1878: 1872: 1866: 1860: 1854: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1812: 1806: 1800: 1794: 1788: 1782: 1776: 1770: 1764: 1758: 1752: 1746: 1740: 1734: 1728: 1722: 1716: 1710: 1704: 1683: 1677: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1637: 1634: 1627: 1406:Harburg, Hamburg 1338:Spartacus League 1209:Fokker Triplanes 1181:Jagdgeschwader 1 1127:Jagdgeschwader 2 1052:Luftstreitkräfte 803:Halberstadt D.II 769:Imperial Germany 661:Kriegslazarett 7 549:Fokker Eindekker 545:synchronized gun 230: 128:Luftstreitkräfte 122: 88:Harburg, Hamburg 84: 42: 28: 2758: 2757: 2753: 2752: 2751: 2749: 2748: 2747: 2743:Lynching deaths 2663: 2662: 2641: 2631: 2618: 2612: 2599: 2596: 2594:Further reading 2586: 2573: 2567: 2554: 2548: 2535: 2529: 2516: 2513: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2488: 2484: 2476: 2472: 2464: 2460: 2452: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2407: 2403: 2395: 2391: 2383: 2376: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2340: 2323: 2319: 2311: 2307: 2294: 2290: 2282: 2278: 2269: 2265: 2256: 2252: 2235: 2231: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2207: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2183: 2179:, pp. 120. 2175: 2171: 2163: 2159: 2151: 2147: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2115: 2111: 2103: 2099: 2091: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2067: 2063: 2055: 2051: 2043: 2039: 2031: 2027: 2019: 2015: 2007: 2003: 1995: 1991: 1983: 1979: 1971: 1967: 1959: 1955: 1947: 1940: 1932: 1928: 1920: 1916: 1909: 1905: 1897: 1893: 1885: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1849: 1845: 1837: 1833: 1825: 1821: 1813: 1809: 1801: 1797: 1789: 1785: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1753: 1749: 1741: 1737: 1729: 1725: 1717: 1713: 1705: 1686: 1678: 1674: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1640: 1628: 1624: 1619: 1570: 1515: 1494: 1368:(1877-1942) in 1330:Friedrich Ebert 1308: 1164: 1010: 1005: 838: 747:Walter Höhndorf 611: 601: 521: 515: 433:aerial observer 428: 423: 370:Altes Gymnasium 319: 271: 265: 259: 255: 250: 235: 196: 190: 183: 176: 169: 157: 106: 92:Weimar Republic 86: 82: 62: 45: 33: 32:Rudolf Berthold 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 2756: 2754: 2746: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2665: 2664: 2661: 2660: 2647: 2640: 2639:External links 2637: 2636: 2635: 2629: 2616: 2610: 2595: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2584: 2571: 2565: 2552: 2546: 2533: 2527: 2512: 2509: 2507: 2506: 2502:Kilduff (2012) 2494: 2490:Kilduff (2012) 2482: 2478:Kilduff (2012) 2470: 2466:Kilduff (2012) 2458: 2454:Kilduff (2012) 2446: 2442:Kilduff (2012) 2434: 2432:, p. 137. 2430:Kilduff (2012) 2422: 2401: 2397:Kilduff (2012) 2389: 2387:, p. 134. 2385:Kilduff (2012) 2374: 2353: 2349:Kilduff (2012) 2338: 2317: 2313:Kilduff (2012) 2305: 2288: 2284:Kilduff (2012) 2276: 2263: 2250: 2229: 2225:Kilduff (2012) 2217: 2213:Kilduff (2012) 2205: 2193: 2181: 2177:Kilduff (2012) 2169: 2157: 2145: 2141:Kilduff (2012) 2133: 2121: 2119:, p. 115. 2117:Kilduff (2012) 2109: 2107:, p. 113. 2105:Kilduff (2012) 2097: 2095:, p. 112. 2093:Kilduff (2012) 2085: 2073: 2061: 2057:Kilduff (2012) 2049: 2045:Kilduff (2012) 2037: 2033:Kilduff (2012) 2025: 2021:Kilduff (2012) 2013: 2009:Kilduff (2012) 2001: 1997:Kilduff (2012) 1989: 1985:Kilduff (2012) 1977: 1973:Kilduff (2012) 1965: 1961:Kilduff (2012) 1953: 1949:Kilduff (2012) 1938: 1926: 1922:Kilduff (2012) 1914: 1903: 1899:Kilduff (2012) 1891: 1887:Kilduff (2012) 1879: 1875:Kilduff (2012) 1867: 1863:Kilduff (2012) 1855: 1851:Kilduff (2012) 1843: 1839:Kilduff (2012) 1831: 1819: 1815:Kilduff (2012) 1807: 1803:Kilduff (2012) 1795: 1791:Kilduff (2012) 1783: 1779:Kilduff (2012) 1771: 1767:Kilduff (2012) 1759: 1755:Kilduff (2012) 1747: 1743:Kilduff (2012) 1735: 1731:Kilduff (2012) 1723: 1719:Kilduff (2012) 1711: 1684: 1680:Kilduff (2012) 1672: 1668:Kilduff (2012) 1660: 1656:Kilduff (2012) 1647: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1621: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1611:Pour le Merite 1607: 1601: 1595: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1569: 1566: 1532:Pour le Merite 1514: 1511: 1493: 1490: 1486:Pour le Merite 1456:was besieged. 1366:Kārlis Ulmanis 1307: 1304: 1300:Josef Veltjens 1291:Jagdstaffel 15 1266:Jagdstaffel 19 1255:Jagdstaffel 19 1251:Jagdstaffel 12 1246:Jagdstaffel 19 1242:Jagdstaffel 12 1237:Jagdstaffel 19 1233:Jagdstaffel 12 1229:Jagdstaffel 15 1225:Jagdstaffel 13 1213:Jagdstaffel 12 1163: 1160: 1119:Jagdstaffel 19 1113:Jagdstaffel 13 1107:Jagdstaffel 12 1102:Jagdstaffel 15 1078:Jagdstaffel 18 1074:Jagdstaffel 15 1070:Jagdstaffel 15 1066:Jagdstaffel 18 1057:Jagdstaffel 15 1009: 1008:Return to duty 1006: 1004: 1001: 993:Jagdstaffel 18 969:field hospital 965:Jagdstaffel 18 897:Jagdstaffel 18 888:Jagdstaffel 18 854:Albatros D.III 846:Jagdstaffel 14 837: 834: 791:Jagdstaffel 14 784:Jagdstaffel 14 760:Pour le Merite 743:Wilhelm Frankl 700:Oswald Boelcke 600: 597: 569:Oswald Boelcke 567:that included 519:Fokker Scourge 514: 511: 491:Karl von Bülow 460:reconnaissance 427: 424: 422: 419: 415:Oswald Boelcke 318: 315: 277: 276: 246:Pour le Mérite 241: 237: 236: 234: 233: 221: 216: 210: 208: 204: 203: 186:Jagdstaffel 18 179:Jagdstaffel 14 163: 159: 158: 154: 150: 149: 144: 140: 139: 136: 132: 131: 124: 118: 117: 112: 108: 107: 101: 99: 95: 94: 85:(aged 28) 79: 75: 74: 59: 55: 54: 51: 47: 46: 43: 35: 34: 31: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2755: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2670: 2668: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2622: 2617: 2613: 2607: 2603: 2598: 2597: 2593: 2587: 2581: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2562: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2543: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2524: 2520: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2504:, p. 73. 2503: 2498: 2495: 2492:, p. 61. 2491: 2486: 2483: 2480:, p. 60. 2479: 2474: 2471: 2467: 2462: 2459: 2456:, p. 38. 2455: 2450: 2447: 2444:, p. 36. 2443: 2438: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2423: 2420:(13.08.2023). 2419: 2415: 2411: 2405: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2372:(13.08.2023). 2371: 2367: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2350: 2345: 2343: 2339: 2336:(13.08.2023). 2335: 2331: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2314: 2309: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2295:Jörg Berlin: 2292: 2289: 2285: 2280: 2277: 2273: 2267: 2264: 2260: 2254: 2251: 2248:(13.08.2023). 2247: 2243: 2239: 2233: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2218: 2214: 2209: 2206: 2202: 2197: 2194: 2191:, p. 52. 2190: 2189:Franks (2003) 2185: 2182: 2178: 2173: 2170: 2167:, p. 71. 2166: 2161: 2158: 2154: 2153:Franks (2003) 2149: 2146: 2142: 2137: 2134: 2130: 2125: 2122: 2118: 2113: 2110: 2106: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2086: 2082: 2077: 2074: 2070: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2053: 2050: 2046: 2041: 2038: 2034: 2029: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2014: 2010: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1981: 1978: 1974: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1957: 1954: 1951:, p. 69. 1950: 1945: 1943: 1939: 1936:, p. 77. 1935: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1912: 1911:the Aerodrome 1907: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1892: 1888: 1883: 1880: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1864: 1859: 1856: 1852: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1835: 1832: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1816: 1811: 1808: 1804: 1799: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1780: 1775: 1772: 1768: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1748: 1745:, p. 25. 1744: 1739: 1736: 1732: 1727: 1724: 1720: 1715: 1712: 1709:, p. 71. 1708: 1703: 1701: 1699: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1691: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1649: 1643: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1606: 1602: 1600: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1565: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1554: 1547: 1545: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1528: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1481: 1479: 1475: 1470: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1401: 1398: 1394: 1390: 1385: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1354:Iron Division 1351: 1347: 1346:Baltic states 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332:utilized the 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1318: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1267: 1263: 1258: 1256: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1161: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1120: 1115: 1114: 1109: 1108: 1103: 1098: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1058: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1035: 1029: 1027: 1026:Jagstaffel 18 1023: 1019: 1015: 1007: 1002: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 945: 941: 938: 934: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 910: 909:Jagdstaffelen 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 889: 882: 879: 875: 871: 867: 862: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 835: 833: 831: 827: 823: 822:Albatros D.II 819: 815: 814: 808: 804: 800: 799:Fokker E.IIIs 796: 792: 788: 786: 785: 780: 779: 778:Staffelführer 774: 773:Kurt Wintgens 770: 767:, considered 766: 762: 761: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 739: 738:Jagdstaffel 4 734: 725: 718: 717: 711: 707: 705: 701: 697: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 665:Saint-Quentin 662: 658: 653: 652:on 15 April. 651: 647: 642: 640: 635: 630: 628: 624: 620: 616: 610: 606: 598: 596: 594: 590: 586: 585:Vickers F.B.5 580: 578: 577:Kurt Wintgens 574: 573:Max Immelmann 570: 566: 556: 552: 550: 546: 542: 538: 534: 530: 526: 520: 512: 510: 508: 502: 500: 496: 492: 489: 488: 487:Generaloberst 483: 474: 470: 468: 465: 461: 457: 453: 449: 444: 442: 438: 434: 425: 420: 418: 416: 412: 411: 406: 402: 398: 396: 392: 391:commissioning 388: 387: 382: 378: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 342: 340: 336: 332: 331:German Empire 328: 324: 316: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 299: 293: 291: 287: 283: 274: 269: 263: 258: 253: 248: 247: 242: 238: 231: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 211: 209: 205: 201: 200: 195: 194: 188: 187: 181: 180: 174: 173: 172:Jagdstaffel 4 167: 164: 160: 155: 151: 148: 145: 141: 137: 133: 130: 129: 125: 119: 116: 115:German Empire 113: 109: 104: 100: 96: 93: 89: 81:15 March 1920 80: 76: 73: 72:German Empire 69: 65: 61:24 March 1891 60: 56: 52: 48: 41: 36: 29: 26: 22: 2620: 2601: 2575: 2556: 2537: 2518: 2497: 2485: 2473: 2461: 2449: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2409: 2408:Bruno Thoß: 2404: 2392: 2365: 2361: 2360:Bruno Thoß: 2356: 2329: 2325: 2324:Bruno Thoß: 2320: 2308: 2300: 2296: 2291: 2279: 2266: 2253: 2241: 2237: 2236:Bruno Thoß: 2232: 2220: 2208: 2196: 2184: 2172: 2160: 2148: 2136: 2124: 2112: 2100: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2052: 2040: 2028: 2016: 2004: 1992: 1980: 1968: 1956: 1929: 1917: 1906: 1894: 1882: 1870: 1858: 1846: 1834: 1822: 1810: 1798: 1786: 1774: 1762: 1750: 1738: 1726: 1714: 1675: 1663: 1651: 1625: 1551: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1535: 1531: 1524: 1501: 1495: 1485: 1482: 1473: 1468: 1460: 1458: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1418: 1402: 1386: 1381: 1378: 1349: 1341: 1333: 1321: 1316: 1309: 1290: 1288: 1265: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1212: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1190: 1179: 1176:Fokker D.VII 1172:Albatros D.V 1165: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1126: 1124: 1117: 1111: 1105: 1101: 1094: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1065: 1062:Stab Staffel 1061: 1055: 1051: 1042: 1032: 1030: 1025: 1017: 1014:Jagdgruppe 7 1013: 1011: 997:Jagdgruppe 7 996: 992: 980: 977: 964: 950: 932:Jagdgruppe 7 930: 908: 904: 900: 896: 886: 883: 863: 845: 841: 839: 818:Albatros D.I 813:Falkenhausen 810: 807:Fokker D.IIs 805:, and seven 790: 789: 782: 776: 758: 736: 732: 730: 714: 695: 693: 660: 654: 643: 631: 622: 618: 612: 581: 561: 529:machine guns 522: 503: 485: 479: 447: 445: 439:Air Base at 429: 408: 400: 399: 384: 374: 369: 365: 349: 343: 334: 320: 306: 296: 294: 281: 280: 244: 207:Battles/wars 197: 193:Jagdgruppe 7 191: 184: 177: 170: 165: 126: 83:(1920-03-15) 53:"Iron Eagle" 25: 2678:1920 deaths 2673:1891 births 1594:, 4th class 1562:West Berlin 1558:East Berlin 1498:pallbearers 1397:Kapp Putsch 1295:Rittmeister 1283:Ablaincourt 1168:Pfalz D.III 1072:. In turn, 985:August Bier 878:Caudron R.9 482:Marne River 441:Grossenhain 437:Royal Saxon 421:World War I 362:Schweinfurt 335:Oberförster 323:Ditterswind 311:Kapp Putsch 309:joined the 290:World War I 275:with Swords 270:: 4th class 224:Kapp Putsch 214:World War I 64:Ditterswind 50:Nickname(s) 2667:Categories 2511:References 1575:Iron Cross 1275:Airco DH.9 1217:castor oil 989:amputation 953:ricocheted 795:Sarrebourg 689:somnolence 657:Pfalz E.IV 603:See also: 517:See also: 499:Iron Cross 381:Wittenberg 286:flying ace 266:-Bavaria: 260:-Saxonia: 243:-Prussia: 111:Allegiance 1573:Prussian 1544:Hauptmann 1536:Freikorps 1525:When the 1507:lynch law 1502:Freikorps 1474:Freikorps 1469:Freikorps 1461:Freikorps 1454:Freikorps 1450:Freikorps 1446:Freikorps 1442:Freikorps 1437:Freikorps 1433:Freikorps 1425:Freikorps 1382:Freikorps 1358:Lithuania 1350:Freikorps 1342:Freikorps 1334:Freikorps 1326:Franconia 1317:Freikorps 1279:parachute 1262:influenza 1221:Triplanes 926:into the 905:4th Armee 893:Harelbeke 634:Voisin LA 537:dysentery 533:fortnight 505:student, 454:near the 307:Freikorps 298:Freikorps 147:Hauptmann 138:1910–1919 1644:Endnotes 1312:Döberitz 1306:Post-war 1022:Hannover 973:Courtrai 961:ailerons 901:en masse 874:cowlings 870:fuselage 765:Blue Max 733:KEK Vaux 716:Blue Max 696:KEK Vaux 677:morphine 669:narcotic 541:AEG G.II 452:Monschau 395:leutnant 386:Fähnrich 346:Freiherr 339:Forester 166:KEK Vaux 162:Commands 121:Service/ 2656:of the 2652:in the 1478:handgun 1362:Entente 957:humerus 735:became 704:orderly 685:cocaine 681:codeine 525:sorties 467:biplane 456:Belgian 354:Bamberg 329:in the 226: ( 156:FFA 23, 2627: 2608: 2582: 2563: 2544: 2525: 1513:Legacy 928:ad hoc 922:, and 749:, and 679:, and 615:ad hoc 575:, and 358:Horace 337:(Head 240:Awards 123:branch 98:Buried 2416:URL: 2368:URL: 2332:URL: 2244:URL: 1527:Nazis 1465:truce 1393:Stade 1389:Memel 673:opium 535:with 393:as a 2625:ISBN 2606:ISBN 2580:ISBN 2561:ISBN 2542:ISBN 2523:ISBN 1560:and 1419:The 1391:for 1370:Riga 1253:and 1244:and 1003:1918 995:and 937:SPAD 858:Laon 850:Laon 836:1917 828:and 820:and 801:, a 607:and 599:1916 547:, a 513:1915 426:1914 153:Unit 143:Rank 78:Died 58:Born 2658:ZBW 1356:in 1211:of 971:in 464:DFW 379:in 364:'s 288:of 229:DOW 2669:: 2377:^ 2341:^ 1941:^ 1687:^ 1538:: 1257:. 975:. 924:36 920:31 918:, 916:24 914:, 912:18 903:; 832:. 745:, 675:, 571:, 551:. 509:. 443:. 397:. 325:, 90:, 70:, 66:, 2633:. 2614:. 2588:. 2569:. 2550:. 2531:. 254:; 249:; 232:) 202:, 189:, 182:, 175:, 168:, 23:.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index