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511:. Many of these people he hired assisted him in his typhus research and experiments with lice. Many of his Jewish associates primarily helped grow the lice and in return, they received food, protection, and doses of the vaccine when it was fully developed. His vaccines were smuggled into ghettos in Lwów and Warsaw, various concentration camps, and even certain
31:
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Growing lice meant feeding them blood, the more human the better. At first he tested his method on guinea pigs, but around 1933 he began large-scale testing on humans, feeding the lice human blood by letting them suck human legs through a screen. This could cause typhus during the latter phase, when
481:
After the invasion of Poland by
Germany in 1939, Weigl continued his research and work at an institution in Lwów. There, he was able to increase the production of his typhus vaccine. He spent the next four years in Lwów focusing his research on developing a vaccine for spotted fever. He led and
496:, Weigl's research attracted the attention of the Nazis. When they occupied Lwów, they ordered him to set up a typhus vaccine production plant at his Institute. Weigl hired several Jewish friends and colleagues for the plant. Weigl employed and protected approximately 2,000
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and even human volunteers. He refined this technique over the years until 1933 when he performed large-scale testing to cultivate bacteria and experiment with the lice using a micro-infection strategy. The method comprised four major steps:
619:. Soon, the vaccines were also administered in Africa. The vaccine was dangerous to produce and hard to make on a large scale. Over time, other vaccines were developed that were less dangerous and more economical to produce, including the
558:, Weigl took the next step and developed a technique to produce a typhus vaccine by growing infected lice and crushing them into a vaccine paste. He discovered that a vaccine could be developed from lice stomachs infected with
416:, to Austrian parents, of Austro-Moravian descent. When he was a child, his father died in a bicycle accident. His mother, Elisabeth Kroesel, married a Polish secondary-school teacher, Józef Trojnar. Weigl was raised in
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directed the
Institute for Typhus and Virus Research based in Lwów. Weigl created a vaccine for spotted fever; the vaccine did not provide full immunity against the disease, but it substantially reduced the symptoms.
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the lice were infected. He alleviated this problem by vaccinating the human "injectees", which successfully protected them from death (though some did develop the disease). Weigl and his wife
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For Weigl's research and work with typhus at Lwów
University, Weigl's Institute was created in the typhus research department. The institute features prominently in
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in 1914, Weigl was drafted into the medical service of the Austro-Hungarian army and began research on typhus and its causes. Weigl worked at a military hospital in
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How
Charles Nicolle of the Pasteur Institute discovered that epidemic typhus is transmitted by lice: reminiscences from my years at the Pasteur Institute in Paris
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in the years 1930–1934 and 1936–1939. Despite these nominations, he never received a Nobel Prize for his vaccine accomplishments or social work.
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562:, the causative agent of typhus in humans. He developed this first version of the vaccine in 1918 and began experimenting on
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which effectively gave him tenure. He then received his doctorate degrees in zoology, comparative anatomy, and histology.
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A half-century after his death, Weigl's research, work, and service were recognized by many. In 2003, he was honored as
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News article about the receipt of "Righteous Among the
Nations of the World" medal for helping Jews during World War II
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1156:"Das Fleckfieber und die Erfindung seiner Serodiagnose und Impfung bei der k. u. k. Armee im Ersten Weltkrieg"
1005:"Maintenance of Human-fed Live Lice in the Laboratory and Production of Weigl's Exanthematous Typhus Vaccine"
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Maintenance of human-fed live lice in the laboratory and production of Weigl's exanthematous typhus vaccine
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Recollections of Halina
Szymanska Ogrodzinska, reporting the underground activities of the Weigl Institute
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1127:'The Fantastic Laboratory of Dr. Weigl: How Two Brave Scientists Battled Typhus and Sabotaged the Nazis
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In memoriam. McArdle
Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison WI 53705, USA
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prisons. It was estimated that Weigl was able to save around 5,000 lives during the Nazis' reign.
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459:(1859–1917). After graduation, Weigl became Nusbaum's assistant, and in 1913 he completed his
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in southern Poland. He was appointed chair of the
General Microbiology Institute at the
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898:"The genius of Rudolf Stefan Weigl (1883–1957), a Lvovian microbe hunter and breeder"
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Extracting the lice's midguts and grinding them into a paste (which was the vaccine).
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1274:"Rudolph Weigl (1883–1957) – a scientist in Poland in wartime Plus ratio quam vis"
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The first major application of his vaccine was conducted between 1936 and 1943 by
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and commemorated his work for saving countless Jewish lives during World War II.
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1097:"Google Doodle honors Rudolf Weigl, vaccine inventor who saved Jews from Nazis"
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Following the border changes in the aftermath of the war, Weigl moved to
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837:"Forscher Rudolf Weigl rettete mit Hilfe von Läusen Juden vor den Nazis"
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On 2 September 2021, Google commemorated Weigl's 138th birthday with a
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Wincewicz, Andrzej; Sulkowska, Mariola; Sulkowski, Stanislaw (2007).
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478:. As he began researching and experimenting, he developed a vaccine.
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447:), where in 1907 Weigl graduated from the biology department at the
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1030:"The life and scientific activity of Professor Rudolf Stefan Weigl"
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206:, physician and inventor, known for creating the first effective
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Scientists
Created A Typhus Vaccine In A 'Fantastic Laboratory'
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Weigl died on 11 August 1957 in the Polish mountain resort of
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Bibliography of typhus and Weigl history articles from PubMed
770:"The Doctor Who Protected Jews from Disease and Destruction"
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in occupied Poland. For his contributions, he was named a
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Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St
Gregory the Great
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each year between 1930 and 1934, and from 1936 to 1939.
1085:", Google, 2 September 2021. Accessed 2 September 2021.
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Commanders with Star of the Order of Polonia Restituta
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Academic staff of Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
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by Stefan Krynski, Eugeniusz Becla, and Marian Machel
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Polish biologist, physician, and inventor (1883–1957)
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Pictures of the Weigl Institute and a little history
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1364:Nominations for the Nobel Prize between 1930–1939
851:"Rudolf Stefan Jan Weigl - weltbekannter Biologe"
202:(2 September 1883 – 11 August 1957) was a Polish
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774:International Fellowship of Christians and Jews
1914:Victims of post–World War II forced migrations
1259:(in Polish). Vol. V. 39. Wrocław: Prasa.
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1412:, NPR books author interviews, July 22, 2014.
451:, at which he had been a pupil of Professors
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1849:Commanders of the Order of Polonia Restituta
1795:Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust
527:Prof. Rudolf Weigl's anti-typhus vaccine at
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605:. He developed the disease, but recovered.
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1227:Przez tundrę i tajgę po sowieckich łagrach
529:POLIN Museum of the History of Polish Jews
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1874:Members of the Polish Academy of Learning
1859:Academic staff of Jagiellonian University
1253:Towarzystwo Miłośników Wrocławia (1998).
882:Wincewicz, Sulkowska & Sulkowski 2007
654:at age 73. He was buried at the historic
577:Growing them more, for 5 additional days;
1909:Academic staff of the University of Lviv
1201:(in Polish). Kraków: Agencja Omnipress.
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571:Growing healthy lice, for about 12 days;
1335:Page with many Weigl links and pictures
1131:. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.
957:"Story of Rescue - Weigl Rudolf Stefan"
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679:Weigl was continuously nominated for a
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1869:Members of the Lwów Scientific Society
1457:Rescuers of Jews during the Holocaust
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801:Towarzystwo Miłośników Wrocławia 1998
237:to protect those suffering under the
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1028:Barabasz, Wiesław (8–10 July 2015).
728:, microbiologist, Holocaust survivor
412:, which at the time was part of the
1230:(in Polish). Krzeszowice: Kubajak.
1884:Polish Righteous Among the Nations
14:
1899:Polish people of Austrian descent
1160:Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
1149:– via the Internet Archive.
1059:"The Righteous among the Nations"
751:. The Nobel Institute. April 2020
749:"Nomination archive Rudolf Weigl"
180:Jagiellonian University of Kraków
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1154:Flamm, Heinz (2 December 2014).
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29:
1402:by Ludwik Gross, August 6, 1996
1063:The Righteous among the Nations
225:to save the lives of countless
631:Later years, death, and legacy
229:by developing the vaccine for
35:Rudolf Weigl in his laboratory
1:
1844:Burials at Rakowicki Cemetery
1789:Related articles by country:
1224:Krawczyński, Wiesław (2010).
1198:Cmentarz Rakowicki w Krakowie
1195:Krawczuk, Aleksander (1998).
1083:Rudolf Weigl's 138th Birthday
1526:Princess Alice of Battenberg
1340:Overview of the experiment –
1278:Journal of Medical Biography
1095:Musil, Steven (2021-09-01).
776:. 2020-01-29. Archived from
556:Rocky Mountain spotted fever
1839:People from Austria-Hungary
1561:Helen of Greece and Denmark
1448:Righteous Among the Nations
688:Righteous Among the Nations
668:The Third Part of the Night
574:Injecting them with typhus;
423:Later, the family moved to
243:Righteous Among the Nations
214:. He was nominated for the
142:Righteous Among the Nations
1930:
981:"Rudolf Weigl's Institute"
690:. This award was given by
601:were some of the earliest
1904:University of Lviv alumni
1791:Rescue of the Danish Jews
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1601:Aristides de Sousa Mendes
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1329:Biography of Weigl (1967)
1172:10.1007/s10354-014-0332-7
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1290:10.1258/j.jmb.2007.06-19
221:Weigl worked during the
1824:20th-century biologists
641:Jagiellonian University
542:'s 1909 discovery that
414:Austro-Hungarian Empire
216:Nobel Prize in Medicine
200:Rudolf Stefan Jan Weigl
1351:Ann. Acad. Med. Gedan.
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466:After the outbreak of
1711:Johan Hendrik Weidner
1531:Archbishop Damaskinos
623:vaccine developed on
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457:J. Nusbaum–Hilarowicz
1661:Klymentiy Sheptytsky
1256:Kalendarz Wrocławski
645:University of Poznań
560:Rickettsia prowazeki
490:occupation of Poland
185:University of Poznań
1509:Notable individuals
1346:by Wacław Szybalski
839:. 2 September 2021.
538:In 1930, following
519:Vaccine development
507:and members of the
1879:People from Přerov
1731:Nations and groups
1611:Tadeusz Pankiewicz
1576:Constantin Karadja
1486:Seven Laws of Noah
1386:2009-06-04 at the
1374:2007-03-25 at the
931:, pp. 152–163
896:Waclaw Szybalski,
884:, pp. 111–115
656:Rakowicki Cemetery
594:
588:Weigl Monument in
536:
509:Polish underground
408:Weigl was born in
292:Seven Laws of Noah
175:University of Lwów
92:Rakowicki Cemetery
1889:Polish biologists
1801:
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1541:Odoardo Focherini
1476:Holocaust victims
1331:by Stefan Kryński
675:Awards and honors
453:Benedykt Dybowski
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259:Among the Nations
235:providing shelter
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152:Scientific career
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1706:Raoul Wallenberg
1626:Marion Pritchard
1616:Giorgio Perlasca
1591:Valdemar Langlet
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1716:Rudolf Weigl
1715:
1676:Tina Strobos
1641:Anton Schmid
1566:Feng-Shan Ho
1556:Jane Haining
1521:Gino Bartali
1398:
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1114:Bibliography
1101:. Retrieved
1090:
1077:
1066:. Retrieved
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1041:
1009:. Retrieved
999:
988:. Retrieved
984:
975:
964:. Retrieved
960:
936:
924:
919:, p. 29
877:
863:
855:the original
845:
831:
826:, p. 28
782:. Retrieved
778:the original
773:
764:
753:. Retrieved
721:Ludwik Fleck
711:Louse-feeder
696:
685:
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613:missionaries
607:
603:lice feeders
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494:World War II
484:
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436:
428:
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239:Nazi Germans
220:
199:
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168:Institutions
151:
116:Inventor of
71:(1957-08-11)
23:Rudolf Weigl
1819:1957 deaths
1814:1883 births
1666:Ona Šimaitė
681:Nobel Prize
658:in Kraków.
599:Zofia Weigl
564:guinea pigs
487:Nazi German
485:During the
476:Polish army
468:World War I
132:Zofia Weigl
103:Nationality
1808:Categories
1759:Lithuanian
1581:Jan Karski
1491:Yad Vashem
1103:2021-09-02
1068:2021-03-22
1011:2021-09-02
990:2021-03-22
966:2021-03-22
929:Flamm 2014
784:2021-03-22
755:2021-09-02
340:Lithuanian
306:By country
297:Yad Vashem
47:1883-09-02
1779:Ukrainian
1764:Norwegian
1596:Carl Lutz
1410:Fresh Air
1298:0967-7720
1246:751559144
1180:0043-5341
1147:915589490
546:were the
370:Ukrainian
345:Norwegian
335:Hungarian
257:Righteous
245:in 2003.
223:Holocaust
204:biologist
1744:Croatian
1739:Austrian
1464:Overview
1384:Archived
1372:Archived
1314:37072415
1306:17551613
1217:21969299
1188:25448128
1123:(2015).
705:See also
652:Zakopane
625:egg yolk
592:, Poland
472:Przemyśl
360:Romanian
320:Croatian
315:Austrian
210:against
120:against
98:, Poland
77:Zakopane
1774:Serbian
1265:1782909
610:Belgian
590:Wrocław
513:Gestapo
445:Yiddish
437:Lemberg
365:Serbian
208:vaccine
162:Biology
118:vaccine
1769:Polish
1754:German
1344:(1999)
1312:
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1234:
1215:
1205:
1186:
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1145:
1135:
1099:. CNET
692:Israel
637:Kraków
548:vector
533:Warsaw
498:Polish
441:German
433:Polish
410:Prerau
350:Polish
330:German
231:typhus
158:Fields
145:(2003)
138:Awards
128:Spouse
107:Polish
96:Kraków
81:Poland
55:Prerau
1749:Czech
1310:S2CID
1033:(PDF)
733:Notes
617:China
418:Jasło
325:Czech
1302:PMID
1294:ISSN
1261:OCLC
1242:OCLC
1232:ISBN
1213:OCLC
1203:ISBN
1184:PMID
1176:ISSN
1143:OCLC
1133:ISBN
544:lice
505:Jews
443:and
429:Lwów
425:Lviv
354:list
249:Life
233:and
227:Jews
66:Died
41:Born
1286:doi
1168:doi
1164:165
621:Cox
615:in
550:of
531:in
492:in
439:in
431:in
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1793:•
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1308:.
1300:.
1292:.
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1280:.
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1061:.
1020:^
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