Rudolf Virchow - Knowledge (XXG)

713: 1436:. Josef Kollmann, a collaborator of Virchow, stated at the same congress that the people of Europe, be they German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races", further declaring that the "results of craniology" led to a "struggle against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race" over others. He analysed the hair, skin, and eye colour of 6,758,827 schoolchildren to identify the Jews and Aryans. His findings, published in 1886 and concluding that there could be neither a Jewish nor a German race, were regarded as a blow to 1800: 1183:(the name given by K. M. Laurence a century later), a rare and fatal disease of the lung. From his experience of post-mortem examinations of cadavers, he published his method in a small book in 1876. His book was the first to describe the techniques of autopsy specifically to examine abnormalities in organs, and retain important tissues for further examination and demonstration. Unlike any other earlier practitioner, he practiced complete surgery of all body parts with body organs dissected one by one. This has become the standard method. 1545:, he was a leading political antagonist of Bismarck. He was opposed to Bismarck's excessive military budget, which angered Bismarck sufficiently that he challenged Virchow to a duel in 1865. Virchow declined because he considered dueling an uncivilized way to solve a conflict. Various English-language sources purport a different version of events, the so-called "Sausage Duel". It has Virchow, being the one challenged and therefore entitled to choose the weapons, selecting two pork sausages, one loaded with 1599: 1228: 6955: 1486:

means for their actual solution... Science for its own sake usually means nothing more than science for the sake of the people who happen to be pursuing it. Knowledge which is unable to support action is not genuine – and how unsure is activity without understanding... If medicine is to fulfill her great task, then she must enter the political and social life... The physicians are the natural attorneys of the poor, and the social problems should largely be solved by them.

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considering the unusual shape of his bones, had been arthritic, rickety, and feeble. With such an authority, the fossil was rejected as new species. With this reasoning, Virchow "judged Darwin an ignoramus and Haeckel a fool and was loud and frequent in the publication of these judgments," and declared that "it is quite certain that man did not descend from the apes." The Neanderthals were later accepted as distinct species of humans,

1379:. 'I don't believe in all this,' Virchow told me. 'if I lie on my sofa and blow the possibilities away from me, as another man may blow the smoke of his cigar, I can, of course, sympathize with such dreams. But they don't stand the test of knowledge. Haeckel is a fool. That will be apparent one day. As far as that goes, if anything like transmutation did occur it could only happen in the course of pathological degeneration!'" 1464:' policy of handwashing as an antiseptic practice, who said of him: "Explorers of nature recognize no bugbears other than individuals who speculate." He postulated that germs were only using infected organs as habitats, but were not the cause, and stated, "If I could live my life over again, I would devote it to proving that germs seek their natural habitat: diseased tissue, rather than being the cause of diseased tissue". 1104:, who studied at the Charité while Virchow was developing microscopic pathology there. One of Virchow's major contributions to German medical education was to encourage the use of microscopes by medical students, and he was known for constantly urging his students to "think microscopically". He was the first to establish a link between infectious diseases between humans and animals, for which he coined the term " 1656: 1473: 660: 44: 768:(to determine causes of diseases and the effects of drugs) and pathological anatomy, particularly at the microscopic level, as the basic principles of investigation in medical sciences. He went further and stated that the cell was the basic unit of the body that had to be studied to understand disease. Although the term 'cell' had been coined in 1665 during the English scientist 6974: 1460:. He proposed that diseases came from abnormal activities inside the cells, not from outside pathogens. He believed that epidemics were social in origin, and the way to combat epidemics was political, not medical. He regarded germ theory as a hindrance to prevention and cure. He considered social factors such as poverty major causes of disease. He even attacked Koch's and 910:) present in mature tissue. Virchow believed that cancer is caused by severe irritation in the tissues, and his theory came to be known as chronic irritation theory. He thought, rather wrongly, that the irritation spread in the form of liquid so that cancer rapidly increases. His theory was largely ignored, as he was proved wrong that it was not by liquid, but by 807: 1347:

school teacher who was banned because of his teaching a year earlier on the inanimate origin of life from carbon. This resulted in prolonged public debate with Virchow. A few days later Virchow responded that Darwinism was only a hypothesis, and morally dangerous to students. This severe criticism of Darwinism was immediately taken up by the London

1517:, where he states that the outbreak could not be solved by treating individual patients with drugs or with minor changes in food, housing, or clothing laws, but only through radical action to promote the advancement of an entire population, which could be achieved only by "full and unlimited democracy" and "education, freedom and prosperity". 829:, who showed that the origin of cells was the division of pre-existing cells. He did not initially accept the evidence for cell division and believed that it occurs only in certain types of cells. When it dawned on him in 1855 that Remak might be right, he published Remak's work as his own, causing a falling-out between the two. 736:(corneal manifestations of rheumatic disease) on 21 October 1843. Immediately on graduation, he became subordinate physician to Müller. But shortly after, he joined the Charité Hospital in Berlin for internship. In 1844, he was appointed as medical assistant to the prosector (pathologist) Robert Froriep, from whom he learned 789:, a weekly newspaper for promoting social medicine, in July of that year. The newspaper ran under the banners "medicine is a social science" and "the physician is the natural attorney of the poor". Political pressures forced him to terminate the publication in June 1849, and he was expelled from his official position. 1162:. Virchow further demonstrated that if the infected meat is first heated to 137 °F for 10 minutes, the worms could not infect dogs or humans. He established that human roundworm infection occurs via contaminated pork. This directly led to the establishment of meat inspection, which was first adopted in Berlin. 1533:. He worked to improve healthcare conditions for Berlin citizens, especially by working towards modern water and sewer systems. Virchow is credited as a founder of anthropology and of social medicine, frequently focusing on the fact that disease is never purely biological, but often socially derived or spread. 1663:

Virchow broke his thigh bone on 4 January 1902, jumping off a running streetcar while exiting the electric tramway. Although he anticipated full recovery, the fractured femur never healed, and restricted his physical activity. His health gradually deteriorated and he died of heart failure after eight

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was published on 11 July under the lead authorship of Bergmann. But Virchow and Mackenzie were omitted, and they were particularly criticised for all their works. The arguments between them turned into a century-long controversy, resulting in Virchow being accused of misdiagnosis and malpractice. But

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In November 1848, he was given an academic appointment and left Berlin for the University of Würzburg to hold Germany's first chair of pathological anatomy. During his seven-year period there, he concentrated on his scientific work, including detailed studies of venous thrombosis and cellular theory.

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in 1835. He confirmed by microscopic observation that the white particles were indeed the larvae of roundworms, curled up in the muscle tissue. Rudolph Leukart found that these tiny worms could develop into adult roundworms in the intestine of a dog. He correctly asserted that these worms could also

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was a secondary position in the hospital. This secondary position in Berlin convinced him to accept the chair of pathological anatomy at the medical school in the provincial town of Würzburg, where he continued his scientific research. Six years later, he had attained fame in scientific and medical

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titled "The Present Position of Evolution Theory", to which Virchow responded in the next issue with an article "The Liberty of Science in the Modern State". Virchow stated that teaching of evolution was "contrary to the conscience of the natural scientists, who reckons only with facts." The debate

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Virchow was the first to develop a systematic method of autopsy, based on his knowledge of cellular pathology. The modern autopsy still constitutes his techniques. His first significant autopsy was on a 50-year-old woman in 1845. He found an unusual number of white blood cells, and gave a detailed

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The Prussian government employed Virchow to study the typhus epidemic in Upper Silesia in 1847–1848. It was from this medical campaign that he developed his ideas on social medicine and politics after seeing the victims and their poverty. Even though he was not particularly successful in combating

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Virchow was the first to analyse hair in criminal investigation, and made the first forensic report on it in 1861. He was called as an expert witness in a murder case, and he used hair samples collected from the victim. He became the first to recognise the limitation of hair as evidence. He found

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Virchow was the first to correctly link the origin of cancers from otherwise normal cells. (His teacher Müller had proposed that cancers originated from cells, but from special cells, which he called blastema.) In 1855, he suggested that cancers arise from the activation of dormant cells (perhaps

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A leading German school teacher, Rudolf Virchow, characterized Bismarck's struggle with the Catholic Church as a Kulturkampf – a fight for culture – by which Virchow meant a fight for liberal, rational principles against the dead weight of medieval traditionalism,

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Rudolf Virchow was also a collector. Several museums in Berlin emerged from Virchow's collections: the Märkisches Museum, the Museum of Prehistory and Early History, the Ethnological Museum and the Museum of Medical History. In addition, Virchow's collection of anatomical specimens from numerous

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Medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing else but medicine on a large scale. Medicine, as a social science, as the science of human beings, has the obligation to point out problems and to attempt their theoretical solution: the politician, the practical anthropologist, must find the

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published in 1854. In 1856, he returned to Berlin to become the newly created Chair for Pathological Anatomy and Physiology at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-University, as well as Director of the newly built Institute for Pathology on the premises of the Charité. He held the latter post for the next 20

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On 22 September 1877, at the Fiftieth Conference of the German Association of Naturalists and Physician held in Munich, Haeckel pleaded for introducing evolution in the public school curricula, and tried to dissociate Darwinism from social Darwinism. His campaign was because of Herman Müller, a

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in 1872, and presented his observations before the Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte. He stated that the Neanderthal had not been a primitive form of human, but an abnormal human being, who, judging by the shape of his skull, had been injured and deformed, and

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before the Congress of German Naturalists and Physicians in Munich. There he spoke against the teaching of the theory of evolution in schools, arguing that it was as yet an unproven hypothesis that lacked empirical foundations and that, therefore, its teaching would negatively affect scientific

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Having made these initial discoveries based on autopsies, he proceeded to put forward a scientific hypothesis; that pulmonary thrombi are transported from the veins of the leg and that the blood has the ability to carry such an object. He then proceeded to prove this hypothesis by well-designed

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in connective tissues and which can be identified by discolouration seen under the microscope. He found the unusual symptom in an autopsy of the corpse of a 67-year-old man on 8 May 1884. This was the first time this abnormal disease affecting cartilage and connective tissue was observed and

761:) with a colleague Benno Reinhardt in 1847. He edited alone after Reinhardt's death in 1852 till his own. This journal published critical articles based on the criterion that no papers would be published that contained outdated, untested, dogmatic or speculative ideas. 784:

in 1848 became a turning point in politics and public health in Germany. He returned to Berlin on 10 March 1848, and only eight days later, a revolution broke out against the government in which he played an active part. To fight political injustice he helped found

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he detachment of larger or smaller fragments from the end of the softening thrombus which are carried along by the current of blood and driven into remote vessels. This gives rise to the very frequent process on which I have bestowed the name of Embolia."

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Virchow supported Bismarck in an attempt to reduce the political and social influence of the Catholic Church, between 1871 and 1887. He remarked that the movement was acquiring "the character of a great struggle in the interest of humanity". He called it

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that hairs can be different in an individual, that individual hair has characteristic features, and that hairs from different individuals can be strikingly similar. He concluded that evidence based on hair analysis is inconclusive. His testimony runs:

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European and non-European populations, which still exists today, deserves special mention. The collection is owned by the Berlin Society for Anthropology and Prehistory. The collection hit the international headlines in 2020 when the two journalists

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was in its nature politically dangerous and anti-democratic, and he also criticized it because he saw it as related to the emergent nationalist movement in Germany, ideas about cultural superiority, and militarism. In 1885, he launched a study of

1327:, who had been Virchow's student, later reported that his former professor said that "it is quite certain that man did not descend from the apes...not caring in the least that now almost all experts of good judgment hold the opposite conviction." 1528:

In 1859, he became a member of the Municipal Council of Berlin and began his career as a civic reformer. Elected to the Prussian Diet in 1862, he became leader of the Radical or Progressive party; and from 1880 to 1893, he was a member of the

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led to clot development and that thus coagulation was the main consequence of venous inflammation. This was a view held by many before Virchow's work. Related to this research, Virchow described the factors contributing to venous thrombosis,

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Hesse (1785–1857). His father was a farmer and the city treasurer. Academically brilliant, he always topped his classes and was fluent in German, Latin, Greek, Hebrew, English, Arabic, French, Italian and Dutch. He progressed to the

855:, but popularized by Virchow.) It is a rejection of the concept of spontaneous generation, which held that organisms could arise from nonliving matter. For example, maggots were believed to appear spontaneously in decaying meat; 2690: 7635: 4980:

Committee on Science, Technology, and Law, Federal Judicial Center, National Research Council, Policy and Global Affairs, Committee on the Development of the Third Edition of the Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence (2011).

1834:. Originally a medical centre, the building is now used as conference centre of the German Surgical Association (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Chirurgie) and the Berlin Medical Association (BMG-Berliner Medizinische Gesellschaft). 6326:

by Norman D. Livergood and "Kulturkampf \Kul*tur"kampf'\, n. (Ger. Hist.) Lit., culture war; – a name, originating with Virchow (1821–1902), given to a struggle between the Roman Catholic Church and the German government"

1318:. He did not reject evolutionary theory as a whole, and viewed the theory of natural selection as "an immeasurable advance" but that still has no "actual proof." On 22 September 1877, he delivered a public address entitled 1247:) which was very influential in coordinating and intensifying German archaeological research. Until his death, Virchow was several times (at least fifteen times) its president, often taking turns with his former student 1240: 979:

The Kaiser died on 15 June 1888. The next day a post-mortem examination was performed by Virchow and his assistant. They found that the larynx was extensively damaged by ulceration, and microscopic examination confirmed

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in Germany, and paved his political and social careers. From it, he coined a well known aphorism: "Medicine is a social science, and politics is nothing else but medicine on a large scale". His participation in the

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More than a laboratory physician, Virchow was an impassioned advocate for social and political reform. His ideology involved social inequality as the cause of diseases that requires political actions, stating:

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Virchow analysed the four key symptoms of inflammation (redness, swelling, heat and pain) and postulated that inflammation includes several inflammatory processes. He introduced the idea of a fifth symptom,

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Depprich, Rita A.; Handschel, Jörg G.; Fritzemeier, Claus U.; Engers, Rainer; Kübler, Norbert R. (2006). "Hybrid verrucous carcinoma of the oral cavity: A challenge for the clinician and the pathologist".

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Virchow, R. (1858). Cellular pathology: As based upon physiological and pathological histology, 20 lectures delivered in the Pathological Institute of Berlin, during Feb. Mar. and Apr. 1858. New York: De

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he hairs found on the defendant do not possess any so pronounced peculiarities or individualities that no one with certainty has the right to assert that they must have originated from the head of the

747:. He passed the medical licensure examination in 1846 and immediately succeeded Froriep as hospital prosector at the Charité. In 1847, he was appointed to his first academic position with the rank of 6347:"Rizal's Berlin associates, or perhaps the word "patrons" would give their relation better, were men as esteemed in Masonry as they were eminent in the scientific world—Virchow, for example." in " 1239:

Virchow developed an interest in anthropology in 1865, when he discovered pile dwellings in northern Germany. In 1869, he co-founded the German Anthropological Association. In 1870 he founded the

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These radical statements and his minor part in the revolution caused the government to remove him from his position in 1849, although within a year he was reinstated as prosector "on probation".

6490: 1093:) published in 1858, as a collection of his lectures. This is regarded as the basis of modern medical science, and the "greatest advance which scientific medicine had made since its beginning." 865:("Every living thing comes from a living thing" — literally "from an egg"); Virchow (and his predecessors) extended this to state that the only source for a living cell was another living cell. 1490:

Virchow actively worked for social change to fight poverty and diseases. His methods involved pathological observations and statistical analyses. He called this new field of social medicine a "

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In 1839, he received a military fellowship, a scholarship for gifted children from poor families to become army surgeons, to study medicine at the Friedrich Wilhelm University in Berlin (now

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that an enlarged left supraclavicular node is one of the earliest signs of gastrointestinal malignancy, commonly of the stomach, or less commonly, lung cancer. This sign has become known as

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reassessment of the diagnostic history revealed that Virchow was right in his findings and decisions. It is now believed that the Kaiser had hybrid verrucous carcinoma, a very rare form of

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of the Kaiser in 1887 and sent it to Virchow, who identified it as "pachydermia verrucosa laryngis". Virchow affirmed that the tissues were not cancerous, even after several biopsy tests.

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On 24 August 1850 in Berlin, Virchow married Ferdinande Rosalie Mayer (29 February 1832 – 21 February 1913), a liberal's daughter. They had three sons and three daughters:

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which interested him in pathology. Froriep was also the editor of an abstract journal that specialised in foreign work, which inspired Virchow for scientific ideas of France and England.

7670: 2562: 2148: 1132:". His concepts on pathology directly opposed humourism, an ancient medical dogma that diseases were due to imbalanced body fluids, hypothetically called humours, that still pervaded. 6749: 712: 6580:

David Bruser/Markus Grill: The untold story of four Indigenous skulls given away by one of Canada's most famous doctors, and the quest to bring them home. Toronto Star, 17.12.20.

1697:, succeeded in identifying four skulls of indigenous Canadians that were thought to be lost and which came into Virchow's possession through the mediation of the Canadian doctor 772:'s early application of the microscope to biology, the building blocks of life were still considered to be the 21 tissues of Bichat, a concept described by the French physician 1060:

experiments, repeated numerous times to consolidate evidence, and with meticulously detailed methodology. This work rebutted a claim made by the eminent French pathologist

6183: 2524: 554:). The latter is published by German Anthropological Association and the Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology and Prehistory, the societies which he also founded. 6520: 6997: 941:, and head and neck) are indeed strongly associated with long-term inflammation. In addition it became clear that prolonged use of anti-inflammatory drugs, such as 7040: 3845: 7555: 7091: 1664:

months, on 5 September 1902, in Berlin, a month before his 81st birthday. A state funeral was held on 9 September in the Assembly Room of the Magistracy in the

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suggested surgical removal of the entire larynx, Virchow was opposed to it because no successful operation of this kind had ever been done. The British surgeon

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The intermediate form is unimaginable save in a dream... We cannot teach or consent that it is an achievement that man descended from the ape or other animal.

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Cardesa, Antonio; Zidar, Nina; Alos, Llucia; Nadal, Alfons; Gale, Nina; Klöppel, Günter (2011). "The Kaiser's cancer revisited: was Virchow totally wrong?".

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independently observed abnormal increases in white blood cells in some patients. Virchow correctly identified the condition as a blood disease, and named it

6294:"This anti-Catholic crusade was also taken up by the Progressives, especially Rudolf Virchow, though Richter himself was tepid in his occasional support." 1713:

In 1860, he was elected official Member of the Königliche Wissenschaftliche Deputation für das Medizinalwesen (Royal Scientific Board for Medical Affairs).

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Virchow made himself known as a pronounced pro-democracy progressive in the year of revolutions in Germany (1848). His political views are evident in his

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of Edinburgh, whom he described as "one of the earliest and most acute observers of cell-life both physiological and pathological". Virchow dedicated his

7695: 7565: 3519: 7015: 933:). It was only towards the end of the 20th century that Virchow's theory was taken seriously. It was realised that specific cancers (including those of 6480: 7685: 7665: 6116: 7084: 5924:

Wittern-Sterzel, R (2003). "Politics is nothing else than large scale medicine – Rudolf Virchow and his role in the development of social medicine".

468: 6671: 7660: 7610: 7504: 6806: 6777: 6645: 2024:, the classic factors which precipitate venous thrombus formation: endothelial dysfunction or injury, hemodynamic changes, and hypercoagulability 499:'s financial policy resulted in duel challenge by the latter. However, Virchow supported Bismarck in his anti-Catholic campaigns, which he named 6883:

Virchow, Rudolf (1870). Menschen- und Affenschadeh Vortrag gehalten am 18. Febr. 1869 im Saale des Berliner Handwerkervereins. Berlin: Luderitz,

6615: 2723: 1494:". His most important influences could be noted in Latin America, where his disciples introduced his social medicine. For example, his student 3951: 2550: 68: 7630: 7021:

An English translation of the complete 1848 "Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia" is available in the 2006 edition of the journal

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physician, anthropologist, pathologist, prehistorian, biologist, writer, editor, and politician. He is known as "the father of modern

4602: 1983:, enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS) (often only potential) that surround blood vessels for a short distance as they enter the brain 3580: 3123: 1731: 1717: 1365: 488: 406: 2957:

Azar, HA (1997). "Rudolf Virchow, not just a pathologist: a re-examination of the report on the typhus epidemic in Upper Silesia".

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in 1849. After seven years, in 1856, Charité reinstated him to its new Institute for Pathology. He co-founded the political party

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and the verdict was in favour of Virchow. In 1882 the Prussian education policy officially excluded natural history in schools.

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Mackenbach, J P (2009). "Politics is nothing but medicine at a larger scale: reflections on public health's biggest idea".

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Zimmerman, Andrew (2008). "Anti-Semitism as Skill: Rudolf Virchow's Schulstatistik and the Racial Composition of Germany".

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and comparative pathology (comparison of diseases common to humans and animals). His most important work in the field was

957: 725: 443: 168: 6319: 3247: 1153:. Virchow noticed a mass of circular white flecks in the muscle of dog and human cadavers, similar to those described by 7615: 7034: 6298: 5768: 3790: 2486: 1838: 1738: 1260: 3459:"Anecdotal, historical and critical commentaries on genetics. Rudolph Virchow and the genetic basis of somatic ecology" 3141: 1987: 1799: 610: 7560: 7054: 6798: 4494: 2153: 484: 993:, and that Virchow had no way of correctly identifying it. (The cancer type was correctly identified only in 1948 by 852: 4056:"The contribution of Rudolf Virchow to the concept of inflammation: What is still of importance? | Request PDF" 1741:. He declined to be ennobled as "von Virchow," he was nonetheless designated Geheimrat ("privy councillor") in 1894. 1551:

larvae, the other safe; Bismarck declined. However, there are no German-language documents confirming this version.

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Taylor, R; Rieger, A (1985). "Medicine as social science: Rudolf Virchow on the typhus epidemic in Upper Silesia".

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Nöckler, K (2000). "Current status of the discussion on the certification of so-called "Trichinella-free areas"".

7168: 5100: 1745: 1530: 1353:, from which further debates erupted among English scholars. Haeckel wrote his arguments in the October issue of 492: 480: 249: 6727: 5992: 3282:

Degos, L (2001). "John Hughes Bennett, Rudolph Virchow... and Alfred Donné: the first description of leukemia".

1979: 606: 7605: 6434: 5220: 423: 7144: 3523: 729: 447: 279: 6378:, were instrumental in his becoming a member of the Berlin Ethnological and Anthropological Societies." From 743:

Virchow published his first scientific paper in 1845, giving the earliest known pathological descriptions of

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A Commentary on the Medical Writings of Rudolf Virchow: Based on Schwalbe's Virchow–Bibliographie, 1843–1901

5274: 1831: 1824: 1449: 627:, and introduced hair analysis in forensic investigation. Opposing the germ theory of diseases, he rejected 6113: 7488: 7352: 7128: 4551:

Saunders, L. Z. (2000). "Virchow's Contributions to Veterinary Medicine: Celebrated Then, Forgotten Now".

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would recall a conversation he held with Virchow, who was a close friend of his: "...On to the subject of

1279: 1050:. He noted that blood clots in the pulmonary artery originate first from venous thrombi, stating in 1859: 1019: 765: 3754:

Baron, John A.; Sandler, Robert S. (2000). "Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and cancer prevention".

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Social Darwinism in European and American thought, 1860–1945 : Nature as Model and Nature as Threat

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Adele Virchow (1 October 1855 – 18 May 1955), the wife of Rudolf Henning, a professor of

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Virchow is credited with several key discoveries. His most widely known scientific contribution is his

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Lopes, Ademar; Rossi, Benedito Mauro; Silveira, Claudio Regis Sampaio; Alves, Antonio Correa (1996).

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In 1870, he led a major excavation of the hill forts in Pomerania. He also excavated wall mounds in

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Skowronek, R; Chowaniec, C (2010). "The evolution of autopsy technique—from Virchow to Virtopsy".

1690: 1686: 1613: 1334:, discovered in 1856, as distinct species and ancestral to modern humans. He himself examined the 631:'s idea of disinfecting. He was critical of what he described as "Nordic mysticism" regarding the 7256: 6993: 6462: 5906: 5817: 5809: 5766:"Ariani, indogermani, stirpi mediterranee: aspetti del dibattito sulle razze europee (1870–1914)" 5407: 5212: 5094: 5074: 4654: 4576: 3898: 3837: 3630: 3205: 3097: 2939: 2866: 2765: 1507: 1382:

Virchow's ultimate opinion about evolution was reported a year before he died; in his own words:

1082: 965: 187: 158: 98: 72: 5716: 5710: 5035: 2020: 1960: 1495: 1070: 1027: 795:

Handbuch der speciellen Pathologie und Therapie (Handbook on Special Pathology and Therapeutics)

614: 329: 195: 5515: 5359:"The life and work of Rudolf Virchow 1821–1902: "Cell theory, thrombosis and the sausage duel"" 3947: 2893: 2342: 1590: 7328: 7240: 6983: 6950: 6926: 6907: 6877: 6872: 6406: 6400: 6277: 6226: 6222: 6216: 6164: 6096: 6047: 5933: 5898: 5865: 5745: 5720: 5689: 5664: 5630: 5585: 5546: 5519: 5488: 5388: 5328: 5308: 5246: 5172: 5139: 5119: 5015: 4988: 4962: 4911: 4876: 4841: 4800: 4773: 4742: 4679: 4646: 4568: 4533: 4475: 4437: 4316: 4291: 4248: 4209: 4184: 4135: 4086: 4009: 3980: 3928: 3890: 3829: 3771: 3736: 3687: 3622: 3488: 3439: 3362: 3334: 3299: 3239: 3197: 3119: 3026: 2974: 2931: 2858: 2850: 2656: 2636: 2594: 2588: 2416: 2386: 2319: 2292: 2267: 2184: 1955: 1907: 1425: 1311: 1196: 1023: 861: 602: 496: 3051: 1772:, a biomedical research center in the University of Würzburg was established in January 2002. 1200:

characterised. His description and coining of the name appeared in the October 1866 issue of

925:

in the modern sense) were inherently associated with white blood cells (which are now called

7472: 7464: 7392: 7280: 7152: 6959: 6899: 6454: 6356: 6267: 6259: 6154: 6146: 6086: 6078: 6037: 6027: 5964: 5890: 5801: 5478: 5470: 5419: 5378: 5370: 4952: 4942: 4903: 4868: 4765: 4732: 4724: 4636: 4560: 4407: 4374: 4366: 4281: 4174: 4166: 4125: 4117: 4078: 4037: 3882: 3821: 3813: 3763: 3726: 3718: 3677: 3669: 3614: 3478: 3470: 3429: 3398: 3326: 3291: 3189: 3177: 3016: 3008: 2966: 2923: 2840: 2257: 2249: 2048:

Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre.

2002: 1926: 1916: 1897: 1665: 1503: 1461: 1416: 1355: 1180: 1061: 969: 961: 894: 753:. Because his articles did not receive favourable attention from German editors, he founded 704:. However, he chose medicine mainly because he considered his voice too weak for preaching. 628: 365: 274: 1251:. As president, Virchow frequently contributed to and co-edited the society's main journal 1091:

Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre

683:). He was the only child of Carl Christian Siegfried Virchow (1785–1865) and Johanna Maria 7496: 7344: 7044: 7009: 6781: 6386: 6363: 6335: 6323: 6302: 6120: 5772: 5629:: Volume 1 of Garland Reference Library of the Humanities. Taylor & Francis. p. 101. 4594: 1943: 1315: 1039: 994: 822: 542: 537: 436: 350: 325: 6670:. Oregon State University Libraries' Special Collections & Archives Research Center. 3572: 1578:). Virchow was respected in Masonic circles, and according to one source may have been a 1278:, whose paper he edited on the subject. For his contributions in German archaeology, the 6450: 5466: 5208: 3809: 3665: 3093: 2761: 1751:

In 1881, Rudolf-Virchow-Foundation was established on the occasion of his 60th birthday.

700:) in 1835 with the goal of becoming a pastor. He graduated in 1839 with a thesis titled 623:

influenced the practice of meat inspection. He developed the first systematic method of

7480: 7320: 7232: 7224: 6989: 6887: 6485: 6272: 6247: 6159: 6134: 6091: 6066: 6042: 6015: 5969: 5952: 5508: 5483: 5450: 5383: 5358: 4957: 4930: 4737: 4712: 4379: 4354: 4286: 4269: 4179: 4154: 4130: 4105: 3731: 3706: 3682: 3649: 3483: 3021: 2996: 2262: 2237: 1694: 1627: 1506:, through social and political activities based on Virchow's doctrine, became the 29th 1491: 986:

Die Krankheit Kaiser Friedrich des Dritten (The Medical Report of Kaiser Frederick III)

914:

of the already cancerous cells that cancers spread. (Metastasis was first described by

856: 640: 636: 289: 4711:

Hwang, Joon Ho; Kim, Joo Heon; Hwang, Jung Ju; Kim, Kyu Soon; Kim, Seung Yeon (2014).

4480: 3618: 2970: 2452: 7529: 7432: 7424: 7368: 7304: 7216: 7200: 7192: 7176: 7002: 6693: 5613: 5279:

Board of Regents Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution

3602: 3402: 3209: 2845: 2828: 2590:

The Other in Jewish Thought and History: Constructions of Jewish Culture and Identity

2116:

Gesammelte Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der offentlichen Medizin und der Seuchenlehre

2046: 1969: 1795:

Rudolf Virchow Medical Society is based in New York, and offers Rudolf Virchow Medal.

1758: 1698: 1673: 1567: 1453: 1437: 1335: 1324: 1248: 1159: 1007: 915: 773: 648: 644: 463: 459: 333: 313: 303: 117: 102: 6379: 6328: 5910: 5835: 5821: 5581:

Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945

4580: 3902: 3434: 3417: 2943: 2870: 7120: 7107: 7069: 6466: 4658: 4055: 3841: 3634: 1844: 1830:

Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus was built in 1915 in Berlin, jointly honouring Virchow and

1762: 1655: 1472: 1330:

Virchow became one of the leading opponents on the debate over the authenticity of

1154: 1129: 1101: 934: 930: 833: 826: 769: 749: 659: 598: 521: 235: 213: 43: 3330: 2106: 2074: 2038: 1271: 1267: 1179:. His autopsy on a baby in 1856 was the first description of congenital pulmonary 7064: 7050: 6920: 6542: 6032: 5579: 5540: 5009: 4982: 4794: 4769: 4673: 4431: 4310: 4242: 4203: 3974: 3767: 3474: 3458: 3356: 2630: 2410: 2380: 2313: 2286: 2098: 1618: 512:(1858), regarded as the root of modern pathology, introduced the third dictum in 7384: 7376: 7076: 6375: 4155:"Virchow's contribution to the understanding of thrombosis and cellular biology" 3162:

Gardner, D. John Goodsir FRS (1814–1867): Pioneer of cytology and microbiology.

2927: 2786: 1935: 1547: 1457: 1429: 1421: 1331: 1275: 926: 818: 811: 513: 501: 317: 183: 64: 6946: 6750:"Rudolf Virchow Study Center: Rudolf Virchow and Transcultural Health Sciences" 5093: 4728: 3295: 2204: 471:

led to his expulsion from Charité the next year. He then published a newspaper

17: 6903: 6571:

Markus Grill/Ralf Wiegand: Die Spur der Schädel Süddeutsche Zeitung, 17.12.20.

6348: 6316: 6263: 5805: 5423: 4041: 4000:

Oliva, H; Aguilera, B (1986). "The harmful biopsies of Kaiser Frederick III".

3886: 3789:

Mantovani, Alberto; Allavena, Paola; Sica, Antonio; Balkwill, Frances (2008).

1973: 1848: 1813: 1283: 1192: 1117: 1047: 911: 737: 717: 676: 632: 586: 574: 566: 451: 321: 245: 191: 5894: 5765: 5374: 4947: 4641: 4624: 4412: 4395: 4069:

Loh, Keng Yin; Yushak, Abd Wahab (2007). "Virchow's Node (Troisier's Sign)".

3722: 3224: 3012: 2854: 2494: 2114: 1646:

Hanna Elisabeth Maria Virchow (10 May 1873 – 28 November 1963)

1635:

Marie Virchow (29 June 1866 – 23 October 1951), the editor of

262: 138: 125: 7029: 6380:

Dimasalang: The Masonic Life Of Dr. Jose P. Rizal By Reynold S. Fajardo, 33°

6248:"'One medicine—one pathology': are veterinary and human pathology prepared?" 6150: 6082: 5451:"Neanderthal-Denisovan ancestors interbred with a distantly related hominin" 5011:

Principles and Practice of Criminalistics the Profession of Forensic Science

4713:"Pneumonectomy case in a newborn with congenital pulmonary lymphangiectasia" 4121: 3317:

Kampen, Kim R. (2012). "The discovery and early understanding of leukemia".

3137: 1668:, which was decorated with laurels, palms and flowers. He was buried in the 1640: 1579: 1571: 1521: 1433: 1376: 1349: 1286:, the Caucasus, Egypt, Nubia, and other places, sometimes in the company of 1109: 1065: 981: 922: 907: 668: 432: 6281: 6168: 6100: 6051: 5937: 5902: 5492: 5474: 5392: 4966: 4907: 4872: 4845: 4746: 4572: 4537: 4502: 4370: 4208:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: American College of Physicians. p. 115. 4188: 4139: 4090: 3894: 3833: 3775: 3740: 3691: 3626: 3492: 3338: 3303: 3243: 3201: 3193: 3030: 2892: 2862: 2143: 755:

Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin

534:

Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin

6911: 5688:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 138. 4915: 4880: 4295: 4082: 4013: 3932: 3605:; Mantovani, Alberto (2001). "Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow?". 3443: 3080:

Boak, Arthur ER (1921). "Rudolf Virchow—Anthropologist and Archeologist".

2978: 2935: 2271: 1827:, a muscular limestone statue, was erected in 1910 at Karlplatz in Berlin. 1610:

Karl Virchow (1 August 1851 – 21 September 1912), a chemist

806: 764:

Unlike his German peers, Virchow had great faith in clinical observation,

6979: 6968: 6723: 5510:

Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer

4650: 4433:

Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders: A Historic and Scientific Perspective

4170: 4153:

Kumar, D. R.; Hanlin, E.; Glurich, I.; Mazza, J. J.; Yale, S. H. (2010).

2253: 2176: 1502:, becoming the most influential advocate. One of Westenhöfer's students, 1136: 1113: 1105: 1043: 938: 890: 882: 744: 693: 582: 570: 562: 558: 231: 6481:"Prof. Virchow is Dead. Famous Scientist's Long Illness Ended Yesterday" 5243:

Descent of Darwin: The Popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860–1914

5078: 4564: 3817: 3673: 2453:"O formach aktywności dydaktycznej Rudolfa Virchowa w zakresie medycyny" 2412:

The Britannica Guide to Theories and Ideas That Changed the Modern World

2090: 2082: 2052: 1042:(a condition of blood clotting in the blood vessels), coining the terms 859:

carried out experiments that disproved this notion and coined the maxim

6986:(co-authored by Virchow with Tomás Comyn, Fedor Jagor, and Chas Wilkes) 6880:(co-authored by Virchow with Tomás Comyn, Fedor Jagor, and Chas Wilkes) 5813: 3825: 2014: 1710:

In June 1859, Virchow was elected to Berlin Chamber of Representatives.

1139:, who worked as his assistant during Key's doctoral studies in Berlin. 1121: 942: 848: 672: 624: 590: 428: 1298:("Contributions to the knowledge of the landscape in Troy", 1879) and 843:

to Goodsir. Virchow's cellular theory was encapsulated in the epigram

832:

Virchow was particularly influenced in cellular theory by the work of

617:

are named after him. His description of the life cycle of a roundworm

6867: 6458: 5984: 5608:, p. 159. (Note: this conversation was taken from Schleich's memoirs 4312:

First Do No Harm: Empathy and the Writing of Medical Journal Articles

2551:"Forensic Hair Comparison: Background Information for Interpretation" 1998: 1817: 1809: 973: 954: 886: 697: 680: 455: 256: 94: 6964: 6114:

Rx for Survival. Global Health Champions. Paul Farmer, MD, PhD | PBS

5663:(2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 238. 5216: 5192: 4205:

Medicine in Quotations: Views of Health and Disease Through the Ages

3101: 2769: 2055:, 1860): The fourth edition of this work formed the first volume of 1245:

Berliner Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie und Urgeschichte

732:, his doctoral advisor. Virchow defended his doctoral thesis titled 6295: 4799:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 6. 3707:"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells: linking inflammation and cancer" 2040:

Mittheilungen über die in Oberschlesien herrschende Typhus-Epidemie

508:

A prolific writer, he produced more than 2000 scientific writings.

4931:"Ochronosis as an unusual cause of valvular defect: a case report" 2238:"Virchow, the heroic model in medicine: health policy by accolade" 2209: 2010: 2006: 1939: 1865:, the angle between the nasobasilar line and the nasosubnasal line 1798: 1792:, for eminent scientists in the field of palaeolithic archaeology. 1659:

The tomb of Rudolf and Rose Virchow at Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof

1654: 1597: 1589: 1471: 1259:), which Adolf Bastian, together with another student of Virchow, 1226: 847:("all cells (come) from cells"), which he published in 1855. (The 805: 711: 658: 7636:

Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences

7022: 4793:

Finkbeiner, Walter E; Ursell, Philip C; Davis, Richard L (2009).

2683:"Rudolf Virchow, pathologist, anthropologist, and social thinker" 1038:

Virchow is also known for elucidating the mechanism of pulmonary

6246:

Cardiff, Robert D; Ward, Jerrold M; Barthold, Stephen W (2008).

5245:. UNC Press Books. See: Chapter 4: "Darwinism and the schools". 1291: 578: 172: 7080: 5449:

Rogers, Alan R.; Harris, Nathan S.; Achenbach, Alan A. (2020).

1676:, Berlin. His tomb was shared by his wife on 21 February 1913. 1623:(10 September 1852 – 7 April 1940), an anatomist 2291:. Chichester, West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons. p. 10. 1951:, a method of autopsy where each organ is taken out one by one 1018:

It was discovered approximately simultaneously by Virchow and

702:

A Life Full of Work and Toil is not a Burden but a Benediction

392: 374: 1632:

Ernst Virchow (24 January 1858 – 5 April 1942)

937:, lung, prostate, bladder, pancreatic, cervical, esophageal, 5715:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Press/ABC-CLIO. pp. 4894:

Benedek, Thomas G. (1966). "Rudolph virchow on ochronosis".

2382:

The Global History of Paleopathology: Pioneers and Prospects

1175:. One on his autopsies in 1857 was the first description of 557:

Virchow was the first to describe and name diseases such as

7018:

that deals with his early work in cerebrovascular pathology

5862:

Nature's Path: A History of Naturopathic Healing in America

4987:(3rd ed.). US: National Academies Press. p. 112. 4859:

Virchow, RL (1966) . "Rudolph Virchow on ochronosis.1866".

1428:

theories on the "Aryan race", leading him to denounce the "

1407:, did not come from religion, since he was not a believer. 427:; 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902) was a 398: 395: 380: 6868:

The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes by Tomás de Comyn

6389:

by Fred Lamar Pearson, Scottish Rite Journal, October 1998

6067:"Social medicine then and now: lessons from Latin America" 6016:"How did social medicine evolve, and where is it heading?" 2748:

Weller, Carl Vernon (1921). "Rudolf Virchow—Pathologist".

2318:. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 415. 1991:, a very rare disease also known as "bird-headed dwarfism" 1754:

In 1892, he was appointed Rector of the Berlin University.

1723:

In 1862, he was elected as an international Member of the

1498:

became Director of Pathology at the medical school of the

1241:

Berlin Society for Anthropology, Ethnology, and Prehistory

1096:

His very innovative work may be viewed as between that of

479:). He took the first Chair of Pathological Anatomy at the 5294:, 3ª edición. Editorial Noguer, Barcelona-México, 566 pp. 5156:

Race and Anthropology: De la pluralité des races humaines

2593:. New York: New York University Press. pp. 375–376. 1191:

Virchow discovered the clinical syndrome which he called

6065:

Waitzkin, H; Iriart, C; Estrada, A; Lamadrid, S (2001).

5406:

White, Suzanna; Gowlett, John A.J.; Grove, Matt (2014).

2663:. NY: D. Appleton & Company. 1903. pp. 520–521. 2635:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 86–87. 2315:

Locating Medical History: The Stories and Their Meanings

2149:

The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language

2092:

Ueber einige Merkmale niederer Menschenrassen am Schädel

6890:(1986). "Rudolf Virchow: the physician as politician". 5926:

Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pathologie

1314:, and particularly skeptical of the emergent thesis of 1282:

is held annually in his honour. He made field trips to

7641:

Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences

6860:. 1859 special ed., 204–207 John Churchill London, UK. 6595:

American Philosophical Society Member History Database

5542:

Karl Pearson: The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age

4104:

Sundriyal, D; Kumar, N; Dubey, S. K; Walia, M (2013).

2451:

Skoczylas, M; Pierzak-Sominka, J; Rudnicki, J (2013).

2034:

Virchow was a prolific writer. Some of his works are:

1415:

Virchow believed that Haeckel's monist propagation of

1195:, a metabolic disorder in which a patient accumulates 5584:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 43. 5545:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 36. 5514:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 2385:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 388–390. 1890:, comparison of diseases common to humans and animals 1837:

The Rudolf Virchow Study Center is instituted by the

1803:

Hospital – Campus Virchow Klinikum, Cardiology Center

1637:

Rudolf Virchow, Briefe an Seine Eltern, 1839 bis 1864

1135:

Virchow was a great influence on Swedish pathologist

407: 389: 377: 5953:"Virchow misquoted, part-quoted, and the real McCoy" 5408:"The place of the Neanderthals in hominin phylogeny" 5171:. Oxford paperbacks. Oxford University Press, p. 22 3919:

Ober, WB (1970). "The case of the Kaiser's cancer".

1582:, though no official record of this has been found. 921:

He made a crucial observation that certain cancers (

371: 7626:

Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin

6402:

Virchow: medicina, ciência e sociedade no seu tempo

5712:

Chronology of the Evolution–creationism Controversy

5709:Moore, Randy; Decker, Mark; Cotner, Sehoya (2010). 4760:Saukko, Pekka J; Pollak, Stefan (2009). "Autopsy". 3389:Hirsch, Edwin F (1923). "Sacrococcygeal Chordoma". 3054:. Berliner Medizinhistorisches Museum der Charité. 2100:

Beiträge zur physischen Anthropologie der Deutschen

1900:, now recognized as a symptom rather than a disease 1424:, which gave results contradictory to contemporary 885:). In 1857, he was the first to describe a type of 386: 368: 343: 309: 295: 285: 273: 255: 241: 227: 209: 201: 179: 164: 154: 109: 83: 50: 34: 7030:Some places and memories related to Rudolf Virchow 5507: 4526:Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift 3358:The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer 3225:"Rudolph Virchow (1821–1902): "pope of pathology"" 2829:"Virchow and his triad: a question of attribution" 2587:Silberstein, Laurence J.; Cohn, Robert L. (1994). 1884:– every living cell comes from another living cell 1782:for research achievements in medical anthropology. 1364:in 1879. That year the issue was discussed in the 7596:Members of the 8th Reichstag of the German Empire 7591:Members of the 7th Reichstag of the German Empire 7586:Members of the 6th Reichstag of the German Empire 7581:Members of the 5th Reichstag of the German Empire 6851:Rudolf Virchow: Doctor, Statesman, Anthropologist 6644:. Society for Medical Anthropology. 13 May 2014. 5104:. New York: P. F. Collier & Son Company. 4436:. Oxford: Elsevier Academic Press. pp. 3–4. 4270:"Fundamentals—Rudolf Virchow and modern medicine" 3178:"De la théorie cellulaire à la théorie neuronale" 2379:Buikstra, Jane E.; Roberts, Charlotte A. (2012). 2065:, prepared in collaboration with others (1854–76) 1525:circles, and was reinstated at Charité Hospital. 1147:Virchow worked out the life cycle of a roundworm 716:Memorial stone of Rudolf Virchow in his hometown 439:, and to his colleagues, the "Pope of medicine". 7676:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 7576:Members of the Prussian House of Representatives 6135:"Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia" 5838:. The President and Fellows of Harvard College. 5193:"Rudolf Virchow–Anthropologist and Archeologist" 2438:Cell Theory: the Structure and Function of Cells 2156:from the original on 26 August 2014 – via 1788:, an annual public lecture, is organised by the 1541:As a co-founder and member of the liberal party 1432:mysticism" at the 1885 Anthropology Congress in 1108:". He also introduced scientific terms such as " 825:. He was one of the first to accept the work of 6998:Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 6405:. Imprensa da Univ. de Coimbra. pp. 140–. 6296:Authentic German Liberalism of the 19th century 6184:"Das verweigerte Duell: Bismarck gegen Virchow" 4202:Murray, T. Jock (2006). Huth, Edward J. (ed.). 3868: 3866: 3522:. National Institutes of Health. Archived from 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 2108:Die Freiheit der Wissenschaft im Modernen Staat 2063:Handbuch der Speciellen Pathologie und Therapie 1841:for compiling of the complete works of Virchow. 1808:Campus Virchow Klinikum (CVK) is the name of a 1384: 1215: 1171:description in 1847 and named the condition as 7651:Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) 6752:. European University Viadrina. Archived from 5883:Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health 3418:"Chordoma: retrospective analysis of 24 cases" 2710: 2708: 2582: 2580: 1716:In 1861, he was elected foreign member of the 1566:("culture struggle") during the discussion of 1515:Report on the Typhus Outbreak of Upper Silesia 782:Report on the Typhus Epidemic in Upper Silesia 205:Ferdinande Rosalie Mayer (a.k.a. Rose Virchow) 7092: 7016:American Association of Neurological Surgeons 6642:"Call for Submissions: Rudolf Virchow Awards" 2781: 2779: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2670: 2337: 2335: 1602:Virchow with his son Ernst and daughter Adele 953:Virchow was one of the leading physicians to 667:Virchow was born in Schievelbein, in eastern 454:hospital, his investigation of the 1847–1848 8: 7671:Academic staff of the University of Würzburg 5957:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 5343:American Society of Medical History (1927). 5186: 5184: 4929:Wilke, Andreas; Steverding, Dietmar (2009). 3914: 3912: 3518:Goldthwaite, Charles A. (20 November 2011). 2990: 2988: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2812: 2312:Huisman, Frank; Warner, John Harley (2004). 1320:"The Freedom of Science in the Modern State" 1010:, the loss of function of inflamed tissues. 793:His first major work there was a six-volume 6618:. The Rudolf Virchow Center. Archived from 5116:Economics in the Shadows of Darwin and Marx 2995:Brown, Theodore M.; Fee, Elizabeth (2006). 2743: 2741: 2171:Ahlheim, Karl-Heinz; Preuß, Gisela (1981). 7099: 7085: 7077: 6980:"The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes" 6315:obscurantism, and authoritarianism." from 5036:"Zeitschrift für Ethnologie: Journal Info" 4425: 4423: 2827:Bagot, Catherine N.; Arya, Roopen (2008). 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 1925:, a line from the root of the nose to the 1399:Virchow's anti-evolutionism, like that of 1100:, whose work Virchow studied, and that of 42: 31: 6271: 6158: 6090: 6041: 6031: 5968: 5742:Human Evolution : A Guide to Debates 5659:Hodge, Jonathan; Radick, Gregory (2009). 5482: 5382: 4956: 4946: 4736: 4640: 4411: 4378: 4285: 4178: 4129: 3730: 3705:Ostrand-Rosenberg, S.; Sinha, P. (2009). 3681: 3482: 3433: 3075: 3073: 3020: 2844: 2261: 651:as nothing but that of a deformed human. 7051:Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Virchow 4834:Archiwum Medycyny Sadowej I Kryminologii 4764:. Vol. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 4471:"Utforskare av kroppens okända passager" 4348: 4346: 4344: 3950:. The Innominate Society of Louisville. 3138:"The Cell: Episode 1 The Hidden Kingdom" 2916:International Journal of Health Services 2624: 2622: 2404: 2402: 1790:Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum Mainz 1371:Years later, the noted German physician 1302:("Old Trojan graves and skulls", 1882). 787:Die Medizinische Reform (Medical Reform) 6807:Augsburg University of Applied Sciences 5985:"Rudolf Virchow on Pathology Education" 5612:(1922), and translated into English by 5138:. University of California Press. p. 4 4984:Reference Manual on Scientific Evidence 4315:. New York: Routledge. pp. 43–45. 2544: 2542: 2135: 7393:Friedrich August Kekulé von Stradonitz 6674:from the original on 14 September 2015 6204:from the original on 12 November 2020. 5412:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 5046:from the original on 27 September 2019 4762:Wiley Encyclopedia of Forensic Science 4469:Ljunggren, Magnus (7 September 2006). 4396:"Rudolf Virchow: Cellular Pathologist" 3979:. Houten: Springer. pp. 104–105. 3499:from the original on 27 September 2021 2632:The Comparative reception of Darwinism 2217:from the original on 21 September 2018 1744:In 1880, he was elected member of the 1440:and the existence of an "Aryan race". 1081:Virchow founded the medical fields of 577:. He coined biological terms such as " 526:Physikalisch-Medizinische Gesellschaft 27:German doctor and polymath (1821–1902) 7556:People from the Province of Pomerania 6813:from the original on 17 November 2020 6730:from the original on 17 December 2014 5363:Journal of the Intensive Care Society 4796:Autopsy Pathology: A Manual and Atlas 4430:Etzioni, Amos; Ochs, Hans D. (2014). 3954:from the original on 14 February 2015 3583:from the original on 22 December 2014 3552:from the original on 22 December 2014 2467:from the original on 20 February 2019 1730:In March 1862, he was elected to the 532:in 1897. He founded journals such as 422: 7: 7646:Foreign members of the Royal Society 7571:German Free-minded Party politicians 7003:Students and Publications of Virchow 6925:. San Francisco: Norman Publishing. 6704:from the original on 5 December 2014 5995:from the original on 14 October 2014 5559:from the original on 25 January 2021 5357:Walter, Edward; Scott, Mike (2017). 5223:from the original on 30 October 2021 4678:. Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 2. 3851:from the original on 30 October 2022 3520:"Are Stem Cells Involved in Cancer?" 2797:from the original on 8 February 2019 1757:In 1892, he was awarded the British 1693:, in cooperation with the archivist 1639:(published in 1906) and the wife of 649:original specimen of Neanderthal man 530:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pathologie 5864:. Hopkins University Press. p. 59. 5842:from the original on 3 January 2014 5627:Antievolutionism Before World War I 5430:from the original on 5 January 2023 5008:Inman, Keith; Rudin, Norah (2000). 4629:CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 3058:from the original on 3 October 2018 2607:from the original on 9 October 2021 1223:Anthropology and prehistory biology 643:an "ignoramus" and his own student 300:Friedrich Daniel von Recklinghausen 6523:from the original on 17 March 2014 6435:"Virchow's letters to his parents" 6357:August 1916 – Volume II – Number 8 5744:. Santa Barbara, Calif: ABC-Clio. 5649:, Winona Publishing Company, p. 79 5307:. Harvard University Press. p. 38 5265:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 86–87 5118:. Edward Elgar Publishing., p. 14 5092:Reynolds, Francis J., ed. (1921). 5014:. Hoboken: CRC Press. p. 50. 4813:from the original on 17 April 2022 4692:from the original on 17 April 2022 4605:from the original on 28 April 2015 4329:from the original on 17 April 2022 3571:Mandal, Aranya (2 December 2009). 2726:from the original on 23 April 2016 2353:from the original on 29 April 2015 2001:-like device used to separate the 1290:. His 1879 journey to the site of 25: 7696:Recipients of the Cothenius Medal 7566:German Progress Party politicians 6648:from the original on 8 March 2016 6553:from the original on 23 July 2018 6493:from the original on 23 July 2018 6139:American Journal of Public Health 6071:American Journal of Public Health 5661:The Cambridge Companion to Darwin 5114:Hodgson, Geoffrey Martin (2006). 4717:Journal of Korean Medical Science 4450:from the original on 7 April 2022 4222:from the original on 17 June 2013 3001:American Journal of Public Health 2891:Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). 2565:from the original on 6 March 2016 2242:American Journal of Public Health 1732:Prussian House of Representatives 1718:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences 1366:Prussian House of Representatives 1360:led Haeckel to write a full book 1300:Alttrojanische Gräber und Schädel 1296:Beiträge zur Landeskunde in Troas 964:. While other physicians such as 489:Prussian House of Representatives 7686:19th-century German male writers 6990:Short biography and bibliography 6972: 6956:Works by or about Rudolf Virchow 5347:. Historico-Medico Press. p. 492 4247:. New York: Marcel Decker, Inc. 4159:Clinical Medicine & Research 3548:. American Cancer Society, Inc. 3403:10.1001/jama.1923.02640460019007 3253:from the original on 21 May 2022 3144:from the original on 1 July 2022 3136:Rutherford, Adam (August 2009). 2846:10.1111/j.1365-2141.2008.07323.x 2722:. HighBeam Research, Inc. 2004. 2173:Meyers Grosses Universal-Lexikon 1780:Society for Medical Anthropology 442:Virchow studied medicine at the 424:[ˈʁuːdɔlfˈvɪʁço,-ˈfɪʁço] 364: 349: 4935:Journal of Medical Case Reports 4672:Maurice-Williams, R.S. (2013). 4274:The Western Journal of Medicine 4071:New England Journal of Medicine 3435:10.1590/S1516-31801996000600006 2720:Encyclopedia of World Biography 2661:Appletons' Cyclopaedia for 1902 2555:Forensic Science Communications 2527:from the original on 2 May 2015 1737:In 1873, he was elected to the 1594:Rudolf and Rose Virchow in 1851 1448:Virchow did not believe in the 1362:Freedom in Science and Teaching 7661:Recipients of the Copley Medal 7611:19th-century German biologists 7014:A biography of Virchow by the 6399:Marco Steinert Santos (2008). 5604:Schleich, Carl Ludwig (1936). 3648:Coussens, LM; Werb, Z (2002). 3116:A history of the life sciences 2959:Annals of Diagnostic Pathology 2833:British Journal of Haematology 1888:Virchow's concept of pathology 1851:is named after Rudolf Virchow. 1746:Reichstag of the German Empire 1725:American Philosophical Society 1537:The duel challenge by Bismarck 1231:Portrait of Rudolf Virchow by 906:similar to cells now known as 734:De rheumate praesertim corneae 263:De rheumate praesertim corneae 1: 7666:University of Würzburg alumni 7047:retrieved on 28 January 2017. 7035:Article on Rudolf Virchow in 6849:Ackerknecht, Erwin H. (1953) 6786:Composite Antarctic Gazetteer 6351:as a Mason" by Austin Craig, 6195:Deutsches Historisches Museum 6133:Virchow, Rudolf Carl (2006). 5645:Patterson, Alexander (1903). 5134:Vucinich, Alexanderm (1988), 4595:"Autopsy: History of autopsy" 4394:Titford, M. (21 April 2010). 3791:"Cancer-related inflammation" 3619:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04046-0 3331:10.1016/j.leukres.2011.09.028 3223:Tan SY, Brown J (July 2006). 3176:Tixier-Vidal, Andrée (2011). 2971:10.1016/S1092-9134(97)80010-X 2687:Hektoen International Journal 2440:. New York: Cavendish Square. 2288:The Hunt for the Parathyroids 881:in 1847 (later anglicised to 821:, which built on the work of 728:). He was most influenced by 726:Humboldt University of Berlin 7065:"Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow" 6033:10.1371/journal.pmed.0030399 5539:Porter, Theodore M. (2006). 5506:Weiss, Sheila Faith (1987). 4770:10.1002/9780470061589.fsa036 4625:"Rudolf Virchow (1821–1902)" 4479:(in Swedish). Archived from 3768:10.1146/annurev.med.51.1.511 2787:"Rudolf Ludwig Karl Virchow" 2716:"Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow" 2457:Problems of Applied Sciences 2285:Nordenström, Jörgen (2012). 1839:European University Viadrina 1739:Prussian Academy of Sciences 1468:Politics and social medicine 1444:Anti-germ theory of diseases 1312:Darwin's theory of evolution 929:) that produced irritation ( 897:(at the base of the skull). 780:the epidemic, his 190-paged 444:Friedrich Wilhelm University 286:Other academic advisors 169:Friedrich Wilhelm University 7691:German paleoanthropologists 7681:19th-century German writers 7055:20th Century Press Archives 6971:(public domain audiobooks) 6616:"The Rudolf Virchow Center" 6317:The Triumph of Civilization 5647:The Other Side of Evolution 5325:Human Prehistory in Fiction 5323:De Paolo, 'Charles (2002); 5263:New History of Anthropology 5191:Boak, Arthur E. R. (1921). 4675:Spinal Degenerative Disease 4309:Knatterud, Mary E. (2002). 2928:10.2190/xx9v-acd4-kuxd-c0e5 2681:Weisenberg, Elliot (2009). 2076:Die krankhaften Geschwülste 2069:Vorlesungen über Pathologie 2057:Vorlesungen über Pathologie 1949:Virchow's method of autopsy 1680:Collections and Foundations 1670:Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof 1543:Deutsche Fortschrittspartei 1310:Virchow was an opponent of 647:a "fool". He described the 485:Deutsche Fortschrittspartei 310:Other notable students 114:Alter St.-Matthäus-Kirchhof 7712: 7337:Jean-Baptiste Boussingault 7313:August Wilhelm von Hofmann 5860:Cayleff, Susan E. (2016). 5836:"Rudolf Virchow 1821–1902" 5625:Ronald L. Numbers (1995). 5281:. Board of Regents. p. 472 5154:Robert Bernasconi (2003). 5101:Collier's New Encyclopedia 5067:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 4896:Arthritis & Rheumatism 4729:10.3346/jkms.2014.29.4.609 3475:10.1093/genetics/151.3.917 2489:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 2181:Bibliographisches Institut 1701:in the late 19th century. 1253:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 1098:Giovanni Battista Morgagni 810:Illustration of Virchow's 548:Zeitschrift für Ethnologie 524:. He was a co-founder of 360:Rudolf Ludwig Carl Virchow 7631:Physicians of the Charité 7115: 6904:10.1080/07488008608408712 6724:"Langenbeck-Virchow-Haus" 6694:"Rudolf Virchow monument" 6264:10.1038/labinvest.3700695 6221:. Mariner Books. p. 5806:10.1017/S0008938900021762 5424:10.1016/j.jaa.2014.04.004 5261:Kuklick, Henrika (2009). 5136:Darwin in Russian Thought 4495:"Discovery of Life Cycle" 4042:10.1016/j.ooe.2005.09.006 3973:Wagener, D.J.Th. (2009). 3887:10.1007/s00428-011-1075-0 3756:Annual Review of Medicine 3711:The Journal of Immunology 3650:"Inflammation and cancer" 3422:Sao Paulo Medical Journal 2629:Glick, Thomas F. (1988). 2409:Kuiper, Kathleen (2010). 893:that originated from the 487:, and was elected to the 348: 339: 220: 41: 6433:K., A. (14 March 1907). 6322:13 November 2006 at the 6252:Laboratory Investigation 6014:Porter, Dorothy (2006). 5895:10.1136/jech.2008.077032 5794:Central European History 5578:Weindling, Paul (1993). 5375:10.1177/1751143716663967 4948:10.1186/1752-1947-3-9302 4861:Arthritis and Rheumatism 4642:10.3322/canjclin.25.2.91 4413:10.1309/LM3GYQTY79CPYLBI 4241:Dalen, James E. (2003). 4002:Revista Clinica Espanola 3723:10.4049/jimmunol.0802740 3013:10.2105/AJPH.2005.078436 2689:. Online. Archived from 2123:Gegen den Antisemitismus 2051:, his chief work (1859; 853:François-Vincent Raspail 462:laid the foundation for 435:" and as the founder of 7281:Julius Robert von Mayer 7043:29 October 2020 at the 6965:Works by Rudolf Virchow 6947:Works by Rudolf Virchow 6780:4 December 2021 at the 6151:10.2105/AJPH.96.12.2102 6119:8 December 2022 at the 6083:10.2105/ajph.91.10.1592 5771:5 November 2007 at the 5345:Medical Life, Volume 34 5292:Tras la huellas de Adán 5275:Smithsonian Institution 5167:Ian Tattersall (1995). 5095:"Virchow, Rudolf" 4599:Encyclopædia Britannica 4353:Schultz, Myron (2008). 4122:10.1136/bcr-2013-200749 3976:The History of Oncology 3546:"The History of Cancer" 3118:, Marcel Dekker, 2002, 2894:"Virchow, Rudolf" 2521:Encyclopædia Britannica 2347:Encyclopædia Britannica 1988:Virchow–Seckel syndrome 1932:Virchow's metamorphosis 1882:omnis cellula e cellula 1856:Eponymous medical terms 1832:Bernhard von Langenbeck 1825:Rudolf Virchow Monument 1643:, an Austrian anatomist 1450:germ theory of diseases 1263:, had founded in 1869. 901:Theory of cancer origin 851:was actually coined by 845:Omnis cellula e cellula 611:Virchow–Seckel syndrome 540:in 1847, later renamed 518:Omnis cellula e cellula 473:Die Medizinische Reform 450:. While working at the 7621:Germ theory denialists 7601:German anthropologists 7353:James Joseph Sylvester 7169:Michel Eugène Chevreul 7129:Alexander von Humboldt 6919:Rather, L. J. (1990). 6668:"Rudolf Virchow Medal" 5684:Hawkins, Mike (1998). 5610:Besonnte Vergangenheit 5475:10.1126/sciadv.aay5483 5241:Kelly, Alfred (1981). 5197:The Scientific Monthly 4908:10.1002/art.1780090108 4873:10.1002/art.1780090108 4371:10.3201/eid1409.086672 4244:Venous Thromboembolism 3361:. Simon and Schuster. 3296:10.1038/sj/thj/6200090 3284:The Hematology Journal 3082:The Scientific Monthly 2900:Encyclopedia Americana 2750:The Scientific Monthly 2084:Ueber den Hungertyphus 1804: 1786:Rudolf Virchow lecture 1660: 1603: 1595: 1488: 1477: 1397: 1280:Rudolf Virchow lecture 1236: 1220: 1177:vertebral disc rupture 1057: 1020:Charles Emile Troisier 841:Die Cellularpathologie 814: 766:animal experimentation 721: 664: 505:("culture struggle"). 491:and won a seat in the 481:University of Würzburg 250:University of Würzburg 7457:George Gabriel Stokes 7361:Charles Adolphe Wurtz 7297:Hermann von Helmholtz 7265:Henri Victor Regnault 7145:Johannes Peter Müller 7137:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove 6856:Virchow, RLK (1978). 6842:Pagel, J. L. (1906). 6803:Bibliotecha Augustana 6543:"Rudolf Virchow tomb" 6385:12 April 2021 at the 6362:12 April 2021 at the 6334:12 April 2021 at the 6215:Isaac Asimov (1991). 5740:Regal, Brian (2004). 5073:: front cover. 1870. 4483:on 29 September 2007. 4083:10.1056/NEJMicm063871 3353:Mukherjee, Siddhartha 3052:"Virchow's Biography" 2997:"Rudolf Carl Virchow" 2549:Oien, Cary T (2009). 2005:from the rest of the 1995:Virchow skull breaker 1878:Virchow's cell theory 1802: 1770:Rudolf Virchow Center 1658: 1601: 1593: 1483: 1475: 1341:Homo neanderthalensis 1230: 1052: 873:In 1845, Virchow and 809: 730:Johannes Peter Müller 715: 662: 448:Johannes Peter Müller 280:Johannes Peter Müller 7656:German prehistorians 7441:Stanislao Cannizzaro 7409:Joseph Dalton Hooker 7273:James Prescott Joule 7185:Wilhelm Eduard Weber 7008:18 July 2010 at the 6519:. 9 September 1902. 6489:. 5 September 1902. 6353:The Builder Magazine 6301:10 June 2009 at the 5606:Those were good days 5303:Adam Kupler (1996). 4553:Veterinary Pathology 4171:10.3121/cmr.2009.866 3194:10.1051/jbio/2010015 3182:Biologie Aujourd'hui 2254:10.2105/AJPH.77.1.82 2236:Silver, G A (1987). 1980:Virchow–Robin spaces 1776:Rudolf Virchow Award 1373:Carl Ludwig Schleich 1257:Journal of Ethnology 1150:Trichinella spiralis 1126:amyloid degeneration 962:cancer of the larynx 960:, who suffered from 948: 620:Trichinella spiralis 607:Virchow–Robin spaces 595:amyloid degeneration 552:Journal of Ethnology 495:. His opposition to 77:German Confederation 7616:German pathologists 7551:People from Świdwin 7513:Marcellin Berthelot 7505:John William Strutt 7489:Albert von Kölliker 7417:Thomas Henry Huxley 7401:Franz Ernst Neumann 7249:Karl Ernst von Baer 7161:Henri Milne-Edwards 6622:on 29 November 2014 6451:1907Natur..75D...3K 5467:2020SciA....6.5483R 5327:. McFarland. p. 49 5209:1921SciMo..13...40B 4565:10.1354/vp.37-3-199 4400:Laboratory Medicine 4030:Oral Oncology Extra 3948:"Virchow's mistake" 3818:10.1038/nature07205 3810:2008Natur.454..436M 3674:10.1038/nature01322 3666:2002Natur.420..860C 3526:on 22 December 2014 3457:Wagner, RP (1999). 3094:1921SciMo..13...40B 2762:1921SciMo..13...33W 2497:on 12 February 2017 2158:The Free Dictionary 2053:English translation 1500:University of Chile 1401:Albert von Kölliker 1288:Heinrich Schliemann 1026:and simultaneously 991:verrucous carcinoma 982:epidermal carcinoma 875:John Hughes Bennett 135: / 7561:German Protestants 7257:Charles Wheatstone 6994:Virtual Laboratory 6858:Cellular pathology 6756:on 5 December 2014 5305:The Chosen Primate 5158:. Thoemmes. p. xii 4635:(2): 91–92. 1975. 4268:Reese, DM (1998). 3946:Lucas, Charles T. 1966:Virchow's psammoma 1871:, a macrophage in 1805: 1705:Honours and legacy 1661: 1604: 1596: 1508:President of Chile 1478: 1452:, as advocated by 1237: 1087:Cellular Pathology 1083:cellular pathology 966:Ernst von Bergmann 815: 722: 665: 510:Cellular Pathology 477:The Medical Reform 469:Revolution of 1848 188:Cellular pathology 159:Kingdom of Prussia 99:Kingdom of Prussia 73:Kingdom of Prussia 7523: 7522: 7329:James Dwight Dana 7108:Copley Medallists 6984:Project Gutenberg 6951:Project Gutenberg 6932:978-0-9304-0519-9 6878:Project Gutenberg 6873:Project Gutenberg 6412:978-989-8074-45-4 6338:in freedict.co.uk 6232:978-0-395-57226-9 6218:Treasury of Humor 6145:(12): 2102–2105. 6077:(10): 1592–1601. 5989:The Pathology Guy 5870:978-1-4214-1903-9 5751:978-1-85109-418-9 5726:978-0-313-36287-3 5695:978-0-521-57434-1 5670:978-0-521-71184-5 5635:978-0-8153-1802-6 5591:978-0-521-42397-7 5552:978-1-400-83570-6 5525:978-0-520-05823-1 5333:978-0-7864-8329-7 5313:978-0-674-12826-2 5251:978-1-4696-1013-9 5177:978-0-19-510981-8 5144:978-0-520-06283-2 5124:978-1-78100-756-3 5021:978-1-4200-3693-0 4994:978-0-3092-1425-4 4806:978-1-4160-5453-5 4779:978-0-470-01826-2 4685:978-1-4831-9340-3 4476:Svenska Dagbladet 4443:978-0-12-407179-7 4322:978-0-4159-3387-2 4254:978-0-8247-5645-1 4215:978-1-93051-367-9 4116:: bcr2013200749. 3986:978-9-0313-6143-4 3804:(7203): 436–444. 3660:(6917): 860–867. 3613:(9255): 539–545. 3397:(19): 1369–1370. 3368:978-1-4391-0795-9 3319:Leukemia Research 3007:(12): 2104–2105. 2657:"Virchow, Rudolf" 2642:978-0-226-29977-8 2600:978-0-8147-7990-3 2436:Hand, C. (2018). 2422:978-1-61530-029-7 2392:978-0-1953-8980-7 2325:978-0-8018-7861-9 2298:978-1-118-34339-5 2190:978-3-41-101841-3 1894:Virchow's disease 1426:scientific racist 1394:, January, (1901) 1197:homogentisic acid 949:The Kaiser's case 862:Omne vivum ex ovo 708:Scientific career 601:"; terms such as 497:Otto von Bismarck 357: 356: 296:Doctoral students 222:Scientific career 16:(Redirected from 7703: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7492: 7484: 7476: 7473:Karl Weierstrass 7468: 7465:Edward Frankland 7460: 7452: 7444: 7436: 7428: 7420: 7412: 7404: 7396: 7388: 7380: 7372: 7364: 7356: 7348: 7340: 7332: 7324: 7316: 7308: 7300: 7292: 7289:Friedrich Wöhler 7284: 7276: 7268: 7260: 7252: 7244: 7236: 7228: 7220: 7212: 7204: 7196: 7188: 7180: 7172: 7164: 7156: 7148: 7140: 7132: 7124: 7101: 7094: 7087: 7078: 7073: 6976: 6975: 6960:Internet Archive 6936: 6915: 6892:Medicine and War 6875: 6823: 6822: 6820: 6818: 6799:"Rudolf Virchow" 6797:Harsch, Ulrich. 6794: 6788: 6772: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6746: 6740: 6739: 6737: 6735: 6720: 6714: 6713: 6711: 6709: 6690: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6679: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6638: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6612: 6606: 6605: 6603: 6601: 6591:"Rudolf Virchow" 6587: 6581: 6578: 6572: 6569: 6563: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6539: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6509: 6503: 6502: 6500: 6498: 6477: 6471: 6470: 6459:10.1038/075iiia0 6445:(1950): iii–iv. 6430: 6424: 6423: 6421: 6419: 6396: 6390: 6372: 6366: 6345: 6339: 6312: 6306: 6292: 6286: 6285: 6275: 6243: 6237: 6236: 6212: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6188: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6130: 6124: 6111: 6105: 6104: 6094: 6062: 6056: 6055: 6045: 6035: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5948: 5942: 5941: 5921: 5915: 5914: 5878: 5872: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5789: 5783: 5782: 5764:Andrea Orsucci, 5762: 5756: 5755: 5737: 5731: 5730: 5706: 5700: 5699: 5681: 5675: 5674: 5656: 5650: 5643: 5637: 5623: 5617: 5602: 5596: 5595: 5575: 5569: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5536: 5530: 5529: 5513: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5486: 5455:Science Advances 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5403: 5397: 5396: 5386: 5354: 5348: 5341: 5335: 5321: 5315: 5301: 5295: 5290:Wendt, H. 1960. 5288: 5282: 5272: 5266: 5259: 5253: 5239: 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5188: 5179: 5169:The Fossil Trail 5165: 5159: 5152: 5146: 5132: 5126: 5112: 5106: 5105: 5097: 5089: 5083: 5082: 5065:"Front Matter". 5062: 5056: 5055: 5053: 5051: 5032: 5026: 5025: 5005: 4999: 4998: 4977: 4971: 4970: 4960: 4950: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4891: 4885: 4884: 4856: 4850: 4849: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4820: 4818: 4790: 4784: 4783: 4757: 4751: 4750: 4740: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4669: 4663: 4662: 4644: 4621: 4615: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4591: 4585: 4584: 4548: 4542: 4541: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4512: 4510: 4505:on 19 March 2014 4501:. Archived from 4491: 4485: 4484: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4427: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4365:(9): 1480–1481. 4359:Emerg Infect Dis 4355:"Rudolf Virchow" 4350: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4306: 4300: 4299: 4289: 4265: 4259: 4258: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4182: 4165:(3–4): 168–172. 4150: 4144: 4143: 4133: 4110:BMJ Case Reports 4106:"Virchow's node" 4101: 4095: 4094: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4052: 4046: 4045: 4024: 4018: 4017: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3921:Pathology Annual 3916: 3907: 3906: 3870: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3850: 3795: 3786: 3780: 3779: 3751: 3745: 3744: 3734: 3717:(8): 4499–4506. 3702: 3696: 3695: 3685: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3577:News-Medical.net 3573:"Cancer History" 3568: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3533: 3531: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3486: 3454: 3448: 3447: 3437: 3428:(6): 1312–1316. 3413: 3407: 3406: 3386: 3380: 3379: 3377: 3375: 3349: 3343: 3342: 3314: 3308: 3307: 3279: 3273: 3269: 3263: 3262: 3260: 3258: 3252: 3229: 3220: 3214: 3213: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3154: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3133: 3127: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3077: 3068: 3067: 3065: 3063: 3048: 3035: 3034: 3024: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2954: 2948: 2947: 2911: 2905: 2904: 2896: 2888: 2875: 2874: 2848: 2824: 2807: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2783: 2774: 2773: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2712: 2703: 2702: 2700: 2698: 2678: 2665: 2664: 2653: 2647: 2646: 2626: 2617: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2584: 2575: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2546: 2537: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2517:"Rudolf Virchow" 2513: 2507: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2493:. Archived from 2483: 2477: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2448: 2442: 2441: 2433: 2427: 2426: 2406: 2397: 2396: 2376: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2339: 2330: 2329: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2282: 2276: 2275: 2265: 2233: 2227: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2140: 1917:craniosynostosis 1898:leontiasis ossea 1873:Hansen's disease 1778:is given by the 1666:Berlin Town Hall 1622: 1504:Salvador Allende 1462:Ignaz Semmelweis 1417:social Darwinism 1395: 1392:Homiletic Review 1294:is described in 1181:lymphangiectasia 1062:Jean Cruveilhier 970:Morell Mackenzie 629:Ignaz Semmelweis 426: 421: 414: 410: 405: 404: 401: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 383: 382: 379: 376: 373: 370: 353: 275:Doctoral advisor 269: 150: 149: 147: 146: 145: 140: 136: 133: 132: 131: 128: 90: 87:5 September 1902 60: 58: 46: 32: 21: 7711: 7710: 7706: 7705: 7704: 7702: 7701: 7700: 7606:German radicals 7526: 7525: 7524: 7519: 7511: 7503: 7497:William Huggins 7495: 7487: 7479: 7471: 7463: 7455: 7447: 7439: 7431: 7423: 7415: 7407: 7399: 7391: 7383: 7377:William Thomson 7375: 7367: 7359: 7351: 7345:Rudolf Clausius 7343: 7335: 7327: 7319: 7311: 7303: 7295: 7287: 7279: 7271: 7263: 7255: 7247: 7239: 7231: 7223: 7215: 7207: 7199: 7191: 7183: 7175: 7167: 7159: 7151: 7143: 7135: 7127: 7119: 7111: 7105: 7063: 7045:Wayback Machine 7024:Social Medicine 7010:Wayback Machine 6982:, available at 6973: 6943: 6933: 6918: 6886: 6876:, available at 6865: 6835:Becher (1891). 6832: 6830:Further reading 6827: 6826: 6816: 6814: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6782:Wayback Machine 6773: 6769: 6759: 6757: 6748: 6747: 6743: 6733: 6731: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6707: 6705: 6692: 6691: 6687: 6677: 6675: 6666: 6665: 6661: 6651: 6649: 6640: 6639: 6635: 6625: 6623: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6599: 6597: 6589: 6588: 6584: 6579: 6575: 6570: 6566: 6556: 6554: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6526: 6524: 6511: 6510: 6506: 6496: 6494: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6398: 6397: 6393: 6387:Wayback Machine 6373: 6369: 6364:Wayback Machine 6346: 6342: 6336:Wayback Machine 6324:Wayback Machine 6313: 6309: 6303:Wayback Machine 6293: 6289: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6233: 6214: 6213: 6209: 6201: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6176: 6132: 6131: 6127: 6121:Wayback Machine 6112: 6108: 6064: 6063: 6059: 6013: 6012: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5950: 5949: 5945: 5923: 5922: 5918: 5880: 5879: 5875: 5859: 5855: 5845: 5843: 5834: 5833: 5829: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5780: 5773:Wayback Machine 5763: 5759: 5752: 5739: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5696: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5658: 5657: 5653: 5644: 5640: 5624: 5620: 5603: 5599: 5592: 5577: 5576: 5572: 5562: 5560: 5553: 5538: 5537: 5533: 5526: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5461:(8): eaay5483. 5448: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5405: 5404: 5400: 5356: 5355: 5351: 5342: 5338: 5322: 5318: 5302: 5298: 5289: 5285: 5273: 5269: 5260: 5256: 5240: 5236: 5226: 5224: 5190: 5189: 5182: 5166: 5162: 5153: 5149: 5133: 5129: 5113: 5109: 5091: 5090: 5086: 5064: 5063: 5059: 5049: 5047: 5034: 5033: 5029: 5022: 5007: 5006: 5002: 4995: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4893: 4892: 4888: 4858: 4857: 4853: 4831: 4830: 4826: 4816: 4814: 4807: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4780: 4759: 4758: 4754: 4710: 4709: 4705: 4695: 4693: 4686: 4671: 4670: 4666: 4623: 4622: 4618: 4608: 4606: 4593: 4592: 4588: 4550: 4549: 4545: 4523: 4522: 4518: 4508: 4506: 4499:Trichinella.org 4493: 4492: 4488: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4451: 4444: 4429: 4428: 4421: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4352: 4351: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4323: 4308: 4307: 4303: 4267: 4266: 4262: 4255: 4240: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4223: 4216: 4201: 4200: 4196: 4152: 4151: 4147: 4103: 4102: 4098: 4068: 4067: 4063: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4026: 4025: 4021: 3999: 3998: 3994: 3987: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3945: 3944: 3940: 3918: 3917: 3910: 3875:Virchows Archiv 3872: 3871: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3848: 3793: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3704: 3703: 3699: 3647: 3646: 3642: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3570: 3569: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3544: 3543: 3539: 3529: 3527: 3517: 3516: 3512: 3502: 3500: 3456: 3455: 3451: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3388: 3387: 3383: 3373: 3371: 3369: 3351: 3350: 3346: 3316: 3315: 3311: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3256: 3254: 3250: 3232:Singapore Med J 3227: 3222: 3221: 3217: 3175: 3174: 3170: 3166:2015;25:114–122 3161: 3157: 3147: 3145: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3114:Lois N. Magner 3113: 3109: 3079: 3078: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3050: 3049: 3038: 2994: 2993: 2986: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2913: 2912: 2908: 2890: 2889: 2878: 2826: 2825: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2785: 2784: 2777: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2729: 2727: 2714: 2713: 2706: 2696: 2694: 2693:on 5 March 2016 2680: 2679: 2668: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2643: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2610: 2608: 2601: 2586: 2585: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2530: 2528: 2515: 2514: 2510: 2500: 2498: 2485: 2484: 2480: 2470: 2468: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2435: 2434: 2430: 2423: 2408: 2407: 2400: 2393: 2378: 2377: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2341: 2340: 2333: 2326: 2311: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2235: 2234: 2230: 2220: 2218: 2203: 2202: 2198: 2191: 2170: 2169: 2165: 2142: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2032: 2027: 2021:Virchow's triad 1970:psammoma bodies 1961:Troisier's sign 1944:salivary glands 1904:Virchow's gland 1863:Virchow's angle 1858: 1707: 1682: 1653: 1616: 1588: 1559: 1539: 1496:Max Westenhöfer 1470: 1446: 1413: 1396: 1390: 1336:original fossil 1316:human evolution 1308: 1225: 1210: 1202:Virchows Archiv 1189: 1168: 1145: 1079: 1071:Virchow's triad 1040:thromboembolism 1036: 1034:Thromboembolism 1028:Troisier's sign 1016: 1003: 995:Lauren Ackerman 951: 918:in the 1860s.) 903: 871: 823:Theodor Schwann 804: 759:Virchows Archiv 720:, now in Poland 710: 692:in Köslin (now 657: 615:Virchow's triad 543:Virchows Archiv 538:Benno Reinhardt 437:social medicine 419: 412: 408: 385: 367: 363: 332: 330:Max Westenhöfer 328: 326:Adolph Kussmaul 324: 320: 316: 302: 267: 248: 234: 196:Virchow's triad 194: 190: 186: 143: 141: 139:52.28°N 13.22°E 137: 134: 129: 126: 124: 122: 121: 120: 105: 92: 88: 79: 62: 61:13 October 1821 56: 54: 37: 28: 23: 22: 18:Rudolph Virchow 15: 12: 11: 5: 7709: 7707: 7699: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7628: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7568: 7563: 7558: 7553: 7548: 7543: 7538: 7536:Rudolf Virchow 7528: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7518: 7517: 7509: 7501: 7493: 7485: 7481:Carl Gegenbaur 7477: 7469: 7461: 7453: 7449:Rudolf Virchow 7445: 7437: 7429: 7421: 7413: 7405: 7397: 7389: 7381: 7373: 7365: 7357: 7349: 7341: 7333: 7325: 7321:Claude Bernard 7317: 7309: 7301: 7293: 7285: 7277: 7269: 7261: 7253: 7245: 7241:Julius Plücker 7237: 7233:Michel Chasles 7229: 7225:Charles Darwin 7221: 7213: 7205: 7197: 7189: 7181: 7173: 7165: 7157: 7149: 7141: 7133: 7125: 7116: 7113: 7112: 7106: 7104: 7103: 7096: 7089: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7061: 7048: 7032: 7027: 7019: 7012: 7000: 6987: 6977: 6962: 6953: 6942: 6941:External links 6939: 6938: 6937: 6931: 6916: 6898:(4): 243–250. 6884: 6881: 6863: 6861: 6854: 6847: 6844:Rudolf Virchow 6840: 6837:Rudolf Virchow 6831: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6789: 6767: 6741: 6715: 6685: 6659: 6633: 6607: 6582: 6573: 6564: 6534: 6517:New York Times 6504: 6486:New York Times 6472: 6425: 6411: 6391: 6367: 6340: 6307: 6305:by Ralph Raico 6287: 6238: 6231: 6207: 6182:Petra Lennig. 6174: 6125: 6106: 6057: 6006: 5976: 5951:J R A (2006). 5943: 5916: 5889:(3): 181–184. 5873: 5853: 5827: 5800:(4): 409–429. 5784: 5757: 5750: 5732: 5725: 5701: 5694: 5676: 5669: 5651: 5638: 5618: 5597: 5590: 5570: 5551: 5531: 5524: 5498: 5441: 5398: 5369:(3): 234–235. 5349: 5336: 5316: 5296: 5283: 5267: 5254: 5234: 5180: 5160: 5147: 5127: 5107: 5084: 5057: 5027: 5020: 5000: 4993: 4972: 4921: 4886: 4851: 4824: 4805: 4785: 4778: 4752: 4723:(4): 609–613. 4703: 4684: 4664: 4616: 4586: 4559:(3): 199–207. 4543: 4532:(4): 134–138. 4516: 4486: 4461: 4442: 4419: 4406:(5): 311–312. 4386: 4340: 4321: 4301: 4280:(2): 105–108. 4260: 4253: 4233: 4214: 4194: 4145: 4096: 4061: 4047: 4019: 4008:(8): 409–411. 4004:(in Spanish). 3992: 3985: 3965: 3938: 3908: 3881:(6): 649–657. 3862: 3781: 3762:(1): 511–523. 3746: 3697: 3640: 3603:Balkwill, Fran 3594: 3563: 3537: 3510: 3469:(3): 917–920. 3449: 3408: 3381: 3367: 3344: 3309: 3274: 3264: 3238:(7): 567–568. 3215: 3188:(4): 253–266. 3168: 3155: 3128: 3107: 3069: 3036: 2984: 2949: 2922:(4): 547–559. 2906: 2876: 2839:(2): 180–190. 2808: 2775: 2737: 2704: 2666: 2648: 2641: 2618: 2599: 2576: 2538: 2508: 2478: 2443: 2428: 2421: 2398: 2391: 2364: 2331: 2324: 2304: 2297: 2277: 2228: 2196: 2189: 2163: 2134: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2120: 2112: 2104: 2096: 2088: 2080: 2072: 2066: 2060: 2044: 2031: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2017: 2009:to expose the 1992: 1984: 1976: 1963: 1956:Virchow's node 1952: 1946: 1929: 1923:Virchow's line 1920: 1910: 1908:Virchow's node 1901: 1891: 1885: 1875: 1869:Virchow's cell 1866: 1859: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1842: 1835: 1828: 1821: 1797: 1796: 1793: 1783: 1773: 1766: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1721: 1714: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1695:Nils Seethaler 1681: 1678: 1652: 1649: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1633: 1630: 1628:German studies 1624: 1611: 1587: 1584: 1558: 1553: 1538: 1535: 1492:social science 1476:Rudolf Virchow 1469: 1466: 1445: 1442: 1412: 1409: 1388: 1307: 1306:Anti-Darwinism 1304: 1261:Robert Hartman 1224: 1221: 1209: 1206: 1188: 1185: 1167: 1164: 1144: 1141: 1078: 1075: 1035: 1032: 1024:Virchow's node 1015: 1012: 1002: 999: 950: 947: 902: 899: 870: 867: 857:Francesco Redi 803: 800: 757:(now known as 709: 706: 656: 653: 641:Charles Darwin 637:anti-Darwinist 603:Virchow's node 355: 354: 346: 345: 341: 340: 337: 336: 311: 307: 306: 297: 293: 292: 290:Robert Froriep 287: 283: 282: 277: 271: 270: 259: 253: 252: 243: 239: 238: 229: 225: 224: 218: 217: 211: 207: 206: 203: 199: 198: 181: 180:Known for 177: 176: 166: 162: 161: 156: 152: 151: 111: 107: 106: 93: 91:(aged 80) 85: 81: 80: 63: 52: 48: 47: 39: 38: 36:Rudolf Virchow 35: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7708: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7637: 7634: 7632: 7629: 7627: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7577: 7574: 7572: 7569: 7567: 7564: 7562: 7559: 7557: 7554: 7552: 7549: 7547: 7544: 7542: 7539: 7537: 7534: 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3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3184:(in French). 3183: 3179: 3172: 3169: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3129: 3125: 3124:0-8247-0824-5 3121: 3117: 3111: 3108: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3076: 3074: 3070: 3057: 3053: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3028: 3023: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2953: 2950: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2910: 2907: 2902: 2901: 2895: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2847: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2809: 2796: 2792: 2788: 2782: 2780: 2776: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2751: 2744: 2742: 2738: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2711: 2709: 2705: 2692: 2688: 2684: 2677: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2649: 2644: 2638: 2634: 2633: 2625: 2623: 2619: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2581: 2577: 2564: 2561:(2): Online. 2560: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2543: 2539: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2512: 2509: 2496: 2492: 2490: 2482: 2479: 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1886: 1883: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1843: 1840: 1836: 1833: 1829: 1826: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806: 1801: 1794: 1791: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1777: 1774: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1760: 1759:Royal Society 1756: 1753: 1750: 1747: 1743: 1740: 1736: 1733: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1715: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1704: 1702: 1700: 1699:William Osler 1696: 1692: 1688: 1679: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1650: 1645: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1620: 1615: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1600: 1592: 1586:Personal life 1585: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1568:Adalbert Falk 1565: 1557: 1554: 1552: 1550: 1549: 1544: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1526: 1523: 1518: 1516: 1511: 1510:(1970–1973). 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1482: 1474: 1467: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1454:Louis Pasteur 1451: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1438:anti-Semitism 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1418: 1410: 1408: 1406: 1402: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1374: 1369: 1367: 1363: 1358: 1357: 1352: 1351: 1344: 1342: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1326: 1325:Ernst Haeckel 1321: 1317: 1313: 1305: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1277: 1274:in 1875 with 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1249:Adolf Bastian 1246: 1242: 1234: 1229: 1222: 1219: 1214: 1208:Forensic work 1207: 1205: 1203: 1198: 1194: 1186: 1184: 1182: 1178: 1174: 1165: 1163: 1161: 1160:helminthiasis 1156: 1152: 1151: 1142: 1140: 1138: 1133: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1076: 1074: 1072: 1067: 1063: 1056: 1051: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1031: 1029: 1025: 1021: 1013: 1011: 1009: 1008:functio laesa 1000: 998: 996: 992: 987: 983: 977: 975: 971: 967: 963: 959: 958:Frederick III 956: 946: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 919: 917: 916:Karl Thiersch 913: 909: 900: 898: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 868: 866: 864: 863: 858: 854: 850: 846: 842: 839: 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 813: 808: 801: 799: 796: 790: 788: 783: 777: 775: 774:Xavier Bichat 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 752: 751: 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 719: 714: 707: 705: 703: 699: 695: 691: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 663:Young Virchow 661: 654: 652: 650: 646: 645:Ernst Haeckel 642: 638: 634: 630: 626: 622: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 584: 580: 576: 572: 568: 564: 560: 555: 553: 549: 545: 544: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 506: 504: 503: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 465: 464:public health 461: 460:Upper Silesia 457: 453: 449: 445: 440: 438: 434: 430: 425: 417: 416: 403: 361: 352: 347: 342: 338: 335: 334:William Osler 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 314:Ernst Haeckel 312: 308: 305: 304:Walther Kruse 301: 298: 294: 291: 288: 284: 281: 278: 276: 272: 265: 264: 260: 258: 254: 251: 247: 244: 240: 237: 233: 230: 226: 223: 219: 215: 212: 208: 204: 200: 197: 193: 189: 185: 182: 178: 174: 170: 167: 163: 160: 157: 153: 148: 119: 115: 112: 110:Resting place 108: 104: 103:German Empire 100: 96: 86: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 53: 49: 45: 40: 33: 30: 19: 7448: 7121:Richard Owen 7070:FamilySearch 7068: 7036: 7023: 6921: 6895: 6891: 6888:Eisenberg L. 6866: 6857: 6850: 6843: 6836: 6815:. 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