608:
581:
510:
45:
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452:-like pattern of black and white. Breeding birds have reddish-brown upper parts with black markings. The head is mainly white with black streaks on the crown and a black pattern on the face. The breast is mainly black apart from a white patch on the sides. The rest of the underparts are white. In flight it reveals a white wingbar, white patch near the base of the wing and white lower back, rump and tail with dark bands on the uppertail-coverts and near the tip of the tail. The female is slightly duller than the male and has a browner head with more streaking.
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31:
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migration and winter. They estimate that the
Canadian population is 100,000–500,000 adults. The Canadian Wildlife Service estimates that the worldwide population of ruddy turnstones is 449,000, and that 235,000 are breeding in North America while the rest are breeding throughout the Arctic regions. They are very common and widespread. Their remote breeding range and widespread winter range should help them remain a common species.
69:
997:
988:. It found that 95% of birds resident to the area at the end of winter returned the following autumn. The same study also confirmed ruddy turnstones as one of the longest lived wader species, with annual adult mortality rates of under 15%. Their average lifespan is 9 years with 19 years and 2 months being the longest recorded.
935:
There is evidence that turnstones vary between these feeding behaviours based on individual preference, sex, and even social status with respect to other turnstones. In one studied population, dominant individuals tended to engage in routing while preventing subordinates from doing the same. When
1045:
According to the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), the ruddy turnstone population is currently very stable. Environment Canada surveys suggest that they have in fact decreased in abundance relative to the 1970s (up to 50% by one estimate) and face a variety of threats during
1020:
is laid with four being most common. The eggs measure about 41 mm Ă— 29 mm (1.6 in Ă— 1.1 in) and weigh around 17.9 g (0.63 oz). They are smooth, slightly glossy and oval to pear-shaped. They are variable in colour but are commonly pale green-brown with dark
952:
patterns of ruddy turnstones exhibit an unusual amount of variation in comparison with other shorebirds. Turnstones use these unique plumage patterns to recognize individuals and discriminate intruders in their territory from neighbours occupying an adjacent territory. When a fake fiberglass
944:
When foraging, turnstones adopt different postures indicative of their level of dominance. A lowered tail and a hunched stance is associated with chasing and aggression, and thus a dominant individual. Dominance in aggression is age-related, with juveniles assuming the subordinate role a
1639:
1012:
is a shallow scrape, often with a lining of leaves. It is about 11 cm (4.3 in) across and 3 cm (1.2 in) deep. It may be built amongst vegetation or on bare stony or rocky ground. Several pairs may nest close together.
882:, and even other turnstones, though this behaviour is uncommon. In the majority of observed cases, turnstones typically go after undefended or unattended nests, puncturing the shells with their beaks to get at the contents within.
422:(Linnaeus, 1758) – breeds in northeast Canada, Greenland, north Europe to northeast Siberia and west Alaska; winters in west, south Europe, Africa, south, east Asia, Australasia, Pacific islands, west USA and west Mexico
1032:
and are able to leave the nest soon after hatching. They are buff above with dark grey markings and are white below. They are able to feed themselves but are protected by the parents, particularly the male. They
3203:
437:
It is a fairly small and stocky bird, 22–24 cm (8.7–9.4 in) long with a wingspan of 50–57 cm (20–22 in) and a weight of 85–150 g (3.0–5.3 oz). The dark, wedge-shaped
607:
984:
In terms of wintering sites, ruddy turnstones are particularly faithful to specific locations. A study published in 2009 examined turnstones wintering along a stretch of coastline in the
953:
turnstone model is placed in a turnstone's territory, the occupant is less likely to respond aggressively if the model is painted to have the plumage pattern of a neighbouring turnstone.
867:. It often flips over stones and other objects to get at prey items hiding underneath; this behaviour is the origin of the name "turnstone". It usually forages in flocks.
1498:
Whitfield, D. Philip (October 1986). "Plumage variability and territoriality in breeding turnstone
Arenaria interpres: status signalling or individual recognition?".
822:. Some non-breeding birds remain year round in many parts of the wintering range, with some of those birds still taking on breeding plumage in the spring and summer.
3330:
1025:
begins when the first egg is laid and lasts for about 22–24 days. The female is mainly responsible for incubating the eggs but the male may help towards the end.
973:
with water nearby. Outside the breeding season, it is found along coasts, particularly on rocky or stony shores. It is often found on man-made structures such as
3395:
981:. It may venture onto open grassy areas near the coast. Small numbers sometimes turn up on inland wetlands, especially during the spring and autumn migrations.
3627:
914:
Digging: With small flicks of its bill, the turnstone creates holes in the ground substrate (usually sand or mud) and then pecks at the exposed prey – often
928:
Hammer–probing: The turnstone cracks open its prey's shell by using its bill as a hammer, and then extracts the animal inside through pecking and probing.
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these dominant individuals were temporarily removed, some of the subordinates started to rout, while others enacted no change in foraging strategy.
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315:
and flying south to winter on coastlines almost worldwide. It is the only species of turnstone in much of its range and is often known simply as
931:
Surface pecking: The turnstone uses short, shallow pecks (less than a quarter bill-length) to get at prey at or just below the ground's surface.
1726:
441:
is 2–2.5 cm (0.79–0.98 in) long and slightly upturned. The legs are fairly short at 3.5 cm (1.4 in) and are bright orange.
455:
Non-breeding adults are duller than breeding birds and have dark grey-brown upperparts with black mottling and a dark head with little white.
3454:
1216:
478:
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885:
Ruddy turnstones engage in a variety of behaviours to locate and capture prey. These behaviours can be placed into six general categories:
542:
3304:
3229:
1422:
Metcalfe, N.B.; Furness, R.W. (1985). "Survival, winter population stability and site fidelity in the
Turnstone Arenaria interpres".
1208:
1122:
Systema
Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis
472:
The ruddy turnstone has a staccato, rattling call and also a chattering alarm-call which is mainly given during the breeding season.
1204:
3632:
3599:
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209:
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Probing: The turnstone inserts its bill more than a quarter-length into the ground to get at littorinids and other gastropods.
622:
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93:
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3177:
1572:
3637:
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561:
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1376:
Whitfield, D. Philip (February 1990). "Individual
Feeding Specializations of Wintering Turnstone Arenaria interpres".
44:
3524:
1141:
Ornithologie, ou, MĂ©thode
Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés
667:
The ruddy turnstone breeds in northern latitudes, usually no more than a few kilometres from the sea. The subspecies
404:, meaning "interpreter" applied to this species, but in the local dialect the word means "legs" and is used for the
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1719:
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Routing: The turnstone manipulates piles of seaweed through flicking, bulldozing, and pecking to expose small
656:
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Turning stones: As suggested by its name, the turnstone flicks stones with its bill to uncover hidden
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birds have a pale brown head and pale fringes to the upperpart feathers creating a scaly impression.
428:(Linnaeus, 1766) – breeds in northeast Alaska and north Canada; winters in south USA to South America
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and their larvae are particularly important in the breeding season. At other times it also takes
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1125:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 148.
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They have also been observed preying on the eggs of other bird species such as
3545:
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2829:
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2105:
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1443:
919:
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908:
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798:, it is widespread in the south with birds wintering as far north as southern
724:
614:
485:
463:
412:
308:
1459:"Age related Differences in Ruddy Turnstone Foraging and Aggressive Behavior"
2812:
2625:
2377:
2013:
1735:
1349:
Parkes, Kenneth (September 1971). "The Ruddy
Turnstone as an Egg Predator".
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894:
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449:
285:
165:
155:
105:
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bird and pairs may remain together for more than one breeding season. The
3571:
3120:
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2132:
2087:
1758:
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conditions from Arctic to tropical. The typical breeding habitat is open
897:
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125:
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3003:
1475:
1458:
1405:
469:
are smaller with darker upperparts and less streaking on the crown.
3221:
1579:
Ruddy turnstone species text in The Atlas of
Southern African Birds
3216:
995:
978:
803:
799:
759:
655:
650:
644:
633:
587:
378:
357:
278:
1397:
782:, Norway and Denmark southwards. Only small numbers are found on
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1764:
879:
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864:
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438:
281:
135:
3019:
2332:
1783:
1708:
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1061:
1059:
299:
but was formerly sometimes placed in the plover family
601:
Ruddy
Turnstone, Vasai, Maharashtra, India in December
1596:
Video of ruddy turnstones in Swansea Bay, Wales, U.K.
1287:
1285:
1283:
1241:
Nettleship, D. N. (2020). Billerman, Shawn M (ed.).
1143:(in French and Latin). Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche.
3561:
3028:
2810:
2768:
2673:
2623:
2601:
2594:
2458:
2425:
2375:
2353:
2346:
2085:
2052:
2011:
2004:
1941:
1934:
1826:
1804:
1797:
1095:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22693336A154669637.en
1648:at Neotropical Birds (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
961:Ruddy turnstones can survive in a wide range of
835:The ruddy turnstone has a varied diet including
1417:
1415:
794:with good numbers on many offshore islands. In
352:. The species is now placed together with the
1720:
1573:Ruddy Turnstone Population Assessment Summary
295:It is now classified in the sandpiper family
8:
1251:Birds of the World (S. M. Billerman, Editor)
1201:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
365:that was introduced by the French zoologist
1021:brown markings, densest at the larger end.
758:although it is scarce in southern parts of
3016:
2598:
2350:
2343:
2329:
2008:
1938:
1801:
1794:
1780:
1727:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1618:
843:and plant material but it feeds mainly on
218:
67:
43:
29:
20:
1474:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1308:
1093:
746:, the species winters on coastlines from
369:in 1760 with the ruddy turnstone as the
1055:
474:
1568:Ruddy turnstone profile at BirdWeb.org
1293:"Arenaria interpres (Ruddy turnstone)"
1236:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1228:
1203:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1180:. International Ornithologists' Union
1160:
1158:
945:disproportionate amount of the time.
778:, it winters in western regions from
7:
3434:2740bbf0-9a2d-483e-ab7c-30ad68c0955d
3274:bb3d8a1e-7131-4e73-b31c-bf9f6620dad7
307:bird, breeding in northern parts of
3628:IUCN Red List least concern species
1664:Audio recordings of Ruddy turnstone
1081:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
790:, it is common all the way down to
3310:ruddy-turnstone-arenaria-interpres
1787:(Numeniinae–Limosinae–Arenariinae)
1584:Encounter between ruddy turnstone
754:southwards to the southern tip of
14:
613:in flight, non-breeding plumage,
392:means "messenger"; when visiting
1178:IOC World Bird List Version 11.2
940:Aggression and territory defence
621:
606:
594:
579:
560:
541:
526:
508:
496:
477:
92:
3648:Birds of the Dominican Republic
1681:Field Guide: Birds of the World
1646:Ruddy turnstone species account
1601:BirdLife species factsheet for
1562:Ruddy turnstone Species Account
1070:BirdLife International (2019).
1016:A single clutch of two to five
1000:Breeding-plumaged adult on nest
1457:Groves, Sarah (January 1978).
1253:. Cornell Lab of Ornithology.
1174:"Sandpipers, snipes, coursers"
400:thought that the Swedish word
52:Adult in non-breeding plumage
1:
1640:Ruddy turnstone photo gallery
1512:10.1016/S0003-3472(86)80218-4
1642:at VIREO (Drexel University)
1564:– Cornell Lab of Ornithology
3668:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
766:and is only an unconfirmed
3689:
723:. It formerly bred on the
384:, "inhabiting sand", from
331:by the Swedish naturalist
38:Adult in breeding plumage
2998:
2342:
2328:
2277:Buff-breasted sandpiper (
1793:
1779:
1747:
1652:Interactive range map of
1444:10.1080/00063658509476881
1378:Journal of Animal Ecology
1199:Jobling, James A (2010).
1137:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques
1088:: e.T22693336A154669637.
731:and has possibly bred in
250:
243:
226:
217:
194:
187:
89:Scientific classification
87:
65:
56:
51:
42:
37:
28:
23:
2643:Short-billed dowitcher (
2336:(Tringinae–Scolopacinae)
2250:Spoon-billed sandpiper (
2241:Semipalmated sandpiper (
2160:White-rumped sandpiper (
2142:Broad-billed sandpiper (
2097:Sharp-tailed sandpiper (
1909:Bristle-thighed curlew (
1632:Internet Bird Collection
367:Mathurin Jacques Brisson
327:The ruddy turnstone was
284:, one of two species of
3633:Birds described in 1758
2652:Long-billed dowitcher (
2506:Nordmann's greenshank (
1918:Slender-billed curlew (
1627:"Ruddy turnstone media"
1538:State of the Birds 2022
1041:Status and conservation
818:and is present on many
388:, "sand". The specific
3643:Birds of the Caribbean
2938:South American snipe (
2404:Red-necked phalarope (
1001:
810:). It occurs south to
664:
653:
3494:Paleobiology Database
2738:New Guinea woodcock (
2470:Grey-tailed tattler (
2073:Henderson sandpiper (
1988:Black-tailed godwit (
1534:"Download the Report"
1259:10.2173/bow.rudtur.01
999:
659:
648:
533:on Bald Head Island,
3269:Fauna Europaea (new)
2780:Subantarctic snipe (
2560:Solitary sandpiper (
2524:Greater yellowlegs (
2413:Wilson's phalarope (
2196:Pectoral sandpiper (
1882:Far Eastern curlew (
1873:Hudsonian whimbrel (
1846:Long-billed curlew (
1610:"Arenaria interpres"
1575:– Environment Canada
1298:Animal Diversity Web
1172:, eds. (July 2021).
1028:The young birds are
662:Muzhappilangad Beach
503:Non-breeding plumage
444:In all seasons, the
3638:Birds of the Arctic
2747:Eurasian woodcock (
2729:Moluccan woodcock (
2711:American woodcock (
2702:Sulawesi woodcock (
2693:Bukidnon woodcock (
2533:Common greenshank (
2515:Wandering tattler (
2488:Lesser yellowlegs (
2446:Spotted sandpiper (
2187:Western sandpiper (
2124:Baird's sandpiper (
2064:Tuamotu sandpiper (
1979:Bar-tailed godwit (
1900:Eurasian whimbrel (
1884:N. madagascariensis
1436:1985BirdS..32..207M
1390:1990JAnEc..59..193W
1351:The Wilson Bulletin
671:occurs in northern
660:Ruddy turnstone at
59:Conservation status
3653:Cosmopolitan birds
3551:Arenaria-interpres
3209:arenaria-interpres
3142:BirdLife-Australia
3098:Arenaria_interpres
3085:Arenaria_interpres
3060:Arenaria interpres
3030:Arenaria interpres
2956:Pin-tailed snipe (
2884:Madagascar snipe (
2479:Spotted redshank (
2437:Common sandpiper (
2286:Temminck's stint (
2259:Red-necked stint (
2178:Purple sandpiper (
2151:Curlew sandpiper (
1970:Hudsonian godwit (
1814:Upland sandpiper (
1675:Arenaria interpres
1659:IUCN Red List maps
1654:Arenaria interpres
1603:Arenaria interpres
1590:Coenobita perlatus
1586:Arenaria interpres
1245:Arenaria interpres
1243:"Ruddy Turnstone (
1168:; Donsker, David;
1074:Arenaria interpres
1037:after 19–21 days.
1002:
909:gammarid amphipods
900:hidden underneath.
687:breeds in western
665:
654:
448:is dominated by a
329:formally described
271:Arenaria interpres
238: Non-breeding
198:Arenaria interpres
3615:
3614:
3481:Open Tree of Life
3022:Taxon identifiers
3013:
3012:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2902:Swinhoe's snipe (
2875:Jameson's snipe (
2823:
2686:
2661:Asian dowitcher (
2636:
2590:
2589:
2578:Common redshank (
2569:Marsh sandpiper (
2542:Green sandpiper (
2388:
2363:Terek sandpiper (
2324:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2268:Long-toed stint (
2214:Least sandpiper (
2169:Stilt sandpiper (
2040:Black turnstone (
2031:Ruddy turnstone (
2024:
2000:
1999:
1954:
1930:
1929:
1855:Eurasian curlew (
1839:
1324:"Ruddy turnstone"
1218:978-1-4081-2501-4
1170:Rasmussen, Pamela
554:Galapagos Islands
373:. The genus name
303:. It is a highly
262:
261:
257:
180:A. interpres
82:
3680:
3608:
3607:
3595:
3594:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3563:Tringa interpres
3554:
3553:
3541:
3540:
3528:
3527:
3515:
3514:
3502:
3501:
3489:
3488:
3476:
3475:
3463:
3462:
3450:
3449:
3437:
3436:
3427:
3426:
3417:
3416:
3404:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3388:NBNSYS0000000142
3378:
3377:
3365:
3364:
3352:
3351:
3339:
3338:
3326:
3325:
3313:
3312:
3300:
3299:
3290:
3289:
3277:
3276:
3264:
3263:
3251:
3250:
3238:
3237:
3225:
3224:
3212:
3211:
3199:
3198:
3186:
3185:
3173:
3172:
3163:
3162:
3150:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3124:
3123:
3114:
3113:
3111:DC3050A9771F2CE9
3101:
3100:
3088:
3087:
3075:
3074:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3017:
2947:Solitary snipe (
2866:Imperial snipe (
2857:Latham's snipe (
2839:Wilson's snipe (
2822:
2821:
2817:
2756:Javan woodcock (
2720:Amami woodcock (
2695:S. bukidnonensis
2685:
2684:
2680:
2635:
2634:
2630:
2599:
2497:Wood sandpiper (
2387:
2386:
2382:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2279:C. subruficollis
2223:Rock sandpiper (
2042:A. melanocephala
2023:
2022:
2018:
2009:
1961:Marbled godwit (
1953:
1952:
1948:
1939:
1838:
1837:
1833:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1706:
1701:
1636:
1622:
1617:
1588:and hermit crab
1549:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1506:(5): 1471–1482.
1500:Animal Behaviour
1495:
1489:
1488:
1478:
1454:
1448:
1447:
1419:
1410:
1409:
1373:
1367:
1366:
1346:
1340:
1339:
1337:
1335:
1320:
1303:
1302:
1289:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1273:
1238:
1223:
1222:
1196:
1190:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1162:
1153:
1152:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1097:
1067:
831:Feeding and diet
772:Falkland Islands
693:Ellesmere Island
625:
610:
598:
583:
564:
545:
530:
512:
500:
481:
415:are recognised:
350:Tringa interpres
255:
253:Tringa interpres
237:
231:
222:
200:
97:
96:
76:
71:
70:
47:
33:
24:Ruddy turnstone
21:
3688:
3687:
3683:
3682:
3681:
3679:
3678:
3677:
3673:Holarctic birds
3618:
3617:
3616:
3611:
3603:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3576:
3575:
3570:
3557:
3549:
3544:
3536:
3531:
3523:
3518:
3510:
3505:
3497:
3492:
3484:
3479:
3473:ruddy-turnstone
3471:
3466:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3442:Observation.org
3440:
3432:
3430:
3424:ruddy-turnstone
3422:
3420:
3412:
3407:
3399:
3394:
3386:
3381:
3373:
3368:
3360:
3355:
3347:
3342:
3334:
3329:
3321:
3316:
3308:
3303:
3297:ruddy-turnstone
3295:
3293:
3285:
3280:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3233:
3228:
3220:
3215:
3207:
3202:
3194:
3189:
3181:
3176:
3168:
3166:
3158:
3153:
3147:ruddy-turnstone
3145:
3140:
3132:
3127:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3096:
3091:
3083:
3078:
3072:
3067:
3058:
3057:
3052:
3043:
3042:
3037:
3024:
3014:
3009:
2982:
2967:G. stricklandii
2965:Fuegian snipe (
2920:African snipe (
2886:G. macrodactyla
2819:
2818:
2816:
2806:
2798:Chatham snipe (
2764:
2682:
2681:
2679:
2669:
2663:L. semipalmatus
2632:
2631:
2629:
2619:
2586:
2454:
2421:
2395:Red phalarope (
2384:
2383:
2381:
2371:
2338:
2335:
2312:
2297:C. tenuirostris
2081:
2066:P. parvirostris
2048:
2020:
2019:
2017:
1996:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1926:
1920:N. tenuirostris
1891:Little curlew (
1864:Eskimo curlew (
1835:
1834:
1832:
1822:
1789:
1786:
1775:
1771:Charadriiformes
1743:
1742:: Scolopacidae)
1733:
1691:Ruddy turnstone
1625:
1608:
1558:
1553:
1552:
1543:
1541:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1476:10.2307/4085499
1456:
1455:
1451:
1421:
1420:
1413:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1333:
1331:
1330:. TheCornellLab
1328:All About Birds
1322:
1321:
1306:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1240:
1239:
1226:
1219:
1198:
1197:
1193:
1183:
1181:
1164:
1163:
1156:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1115:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1069:
1068:
1057:
1052:
1043:
994:
959:
942:
833:
828:
820:Pacific islands
806:(mainly in the
685:A. i. interpres
679:as far east as
669:A. i. morinella
643:
636:
626:
617:
611:
602:
599:
590:
584:
575:
569:Hailuoto Island
565:
556:
550:Floreana Island
546:
537:
531:
522:
516:A. i. morinella
513:
504:
501:
492:
482:
435:
426:A. i. morinella
420:A. i. interpres
354:black turnstone
342:Systema Naturae
335:in 1758 in the
325:
266:ruddy turnstone
239:
235:
233:
229:
213:
202:
196:
183:
146:Charadriiformes
91:
83:
72:
68:
61:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
3686:
3684:
3676:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3612:
3610:
3609:
3596:
3583:
3567:
3565:
3559:
3558:
3556:
3555:
3542:
3529:
3516:
3503:
3490:
3477:
3464:
3451:
3438:
3428:
3418:
3405:
3392:
3379:
3366:
3353:
3340:
3327:
3314:
3301:
3291:
3278:
3265:
3256:Fauna Europaea
3252:
3239:
3226:
3213:
3200:
3187:
3174:
3164:
3151:
3138:
3125:
3115:
3102:
3089:
3076:
3065:
3050:
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3020:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
2999:
2996:
2995:
2992:
2991:
2988:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2971:
2962:
2953:
2944:
2935:
2926:
2922:G. nigripennis
2917:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2881:
2872:
2863:
2854:
2848:Common snipe (
2845:
2836:
2826:
2824:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2804:
2795:
2789:Snares snipe (
2786:
2782:C. aucklandica
2776:
2774:
2766:
2765:
2763:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2740:S. rosenbergii
2735:
2731:S. rochussenii
2726:
2717:
2708:
2699:
2689:
2687:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2658:
2654:L. scolopaceus
2649:
2639:
2637:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2605:
2596:
2592:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2584:
2575:
2571:T. stagnatilis
2566:
2557:
2553:T. semipalmata
2548:
2539:
2530:
2526:T. melanoleuca
2521:
2512:
2503:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2466:
2464:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2419:
2410:
2401:
2391:
2389:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2348:
2340:
2339:
2333:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2311:
2310:
2301:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2265:
2256:
2247:
2238:
2229:
2225:C. ptilocnemis
2220:
2211:
2205:Little stint (
2202:
2193:
2184:
2175:
2166:
2162:C. fuscicollis
2157:
2148:
2144:C. falcinellus
2139:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2046:
2037:
2027:
2025:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1995:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1957:
1955:
1936:
1932:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1915:
1911:N. tahitiensis
1906:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1870:
1861:
1852:
1842:
1840:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1808:
1799:
1791:
1790:
1784:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1688:
1671:
1661:
1649:
1643:
1637:
1623:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1581:
1576:
1570:
1565:
1557:
1556:External links
1554:
1551:
1550:
1525:
1490:
1449:
1430:(3): 207–214.
1411:
1384:(1): 193–211.
1368:
1357:(3): 306–308.
1341:
1304:
1279:
1224:
1217:
1191:
1154:
1149:Vol. 5, p. 132
1128:
1117:Linnaeus, Carl
1108:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1039:
993:
990:
986:Firth of Clyde
958:
955:
941:
938:
933:
932:
929:
926:
923:
912:
901:
832:
829:
827:
824:
808:Ryukyu Islands
675:and in Arctic
642:
639:
638:
637:
627:
620:
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612:
605:
603:
600:
593:
591:
585:
578:
576:
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538:
535:North Carolina
532:
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493:
483:
476:
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431:
430:
429:
423:
324:
321:
260:
259:
256:Linnaeus, 1758
248:
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241:
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232: Breeding
228:
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3685:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3606:
3601:
3597:
3593:
3588:
3584:
3579:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3552:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3419:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3397:
3393:
3389:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3332:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3179:
3175:
3171:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3103:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3018:
3005:
3001:
3000:
2997:
2979:
2977:
2974:Giant snipe (
2972:
2970:
2968:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2945:
2943:
2941:
2940:G. paraguaiae
2936:
2934:
2932:
2929:Noble snipe (
2927:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2916:
2914:
2913:G. nemoricola
2909:
2907:
2905:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2893:Great snipe (
2891:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2873:
2871:
2869:
2868:G. imperialis
2864:
2862:
2860:
2859:G. hardwickii
2855:
2853:
2851:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2828:
2827:
2825:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2803:
2801:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2772:
2767:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2745:
2743:
2741:
2736:
2734:
2732:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2704:S. celebensis
2700:
2698:
2696:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2666:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2641:
2640:
2638:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2616:
2614:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2558:
2556:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2522:
2520:
2518:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2481:T. erythropus
2477:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2439:A. hypoleucos
2435:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2409:
2407:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2397:P. fulicarius
2393:
2392:
2390:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2358:
2356:
2352:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2334:Scolopacidae
2331:
2327:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2288:C. temminckii
2284:
2282:
2280:
2275:
2273:
2271:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2261:C. ruficollis
2257:
2255:
2253:
2248:
2246:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2235:
2230:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2185:
2183:
2181:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2171:C. himantopus
2167:
2165:
2163:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2153:C. ferruginea
2149:
2147:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2122:
2120:
2118:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2104:
2102:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2078:
2076:
2071:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2061:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2051:
2045:
2043:
2038:
2036:
2034:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2016:
2015:
2010:
2007:
2003:
1993:
1991:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1972:L. haemastica
1968:
1966:
1964:
1959:
1958:
1956:
1946:
1945:
1940:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1875:N. hudsonicus
1871:
1869:
1867:
1862:
1860:
1858:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1848:N. americanus
1844:
1843:
1841:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1819:
1817:
1816:B. longicauda
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1803:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:Scolopacidae
1782:
1778:
1772:
1768:
1766:
1762:
1760:
1756:
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1611:
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1539:
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1529:
1526:
1521:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1494:
1491:
1486:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1469:(1): 95–103.
1468:
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1460:
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1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
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784:Mediterranean
781:
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761:
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756:South America
753:
752:Massachusetts
749:
745:
740:
738:
737:Faroe Islands
734:
730:
726:
722:
719:and northern
718:
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681:Baffin Island
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347:binomial name
344:
343:
338:
337:tenth edition
334:
333:Carl Linnaeus
330:
322:
320:
318:
314:
313:North America
310:
306:
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293:
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288:in the genus
287:
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273:
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74:Least Concern
64:
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55:
50:
46:
41:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
3562:
3029:
2975:
2966:
2957:
2949:G. solitaria
2948:
2939:
2930:
2921:
2912:
2911:Wood snipe (
2903:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2850:G. gallinago
2849:
2840:
2831:
2830:Puna snipe (
2811:
2799:
2790:
2781:
2771:Coenocorypha
2769:
2757:
2749:S. rusticola
2748:
2739:
2730:
2721:
2712:
2703:
2694:
2674:
2662:
2653:
2644:
2633:(Dowitchers)
2624:
2612:
2611:Jack snipe (
2603:Lymnocryptes
2602:
2595:Scolopacinae
2579:
2570:
2562:T. solitaria
2561:
2552:
2543:
2535:T. nebularia
2534:
2525:
2516:
2507:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2471:
2459:
2448:A. macularia
2447:
2438:
2426:
2414:
2405:
2396:
2385:(Phalaropes)
2376:
2364:
2354:
2305:
2296:
2295:Great knot (
2287:
2278:
2270:C. subminuta
2269:
2260:
2251:
2242:
2233:
2224:
2216:C. minutilla
2215:
2206:
2198:C. melanotos
2197:
2188:
2179:
2170:
2161:
2152:
2143:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2107:
2106:Sanderling (
2099:C. acuminata
2098:
2086:
2074:
2065:
2053:
2041:
2033:A. interpres
2032:
2030:
2021:(Turnstones)
2012:
1989:
1981:L. lapponica
1980:
1971:
1962:
1942:
1919:
1910:
1901:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1827:
1815:
1805:
1679:
1674:
1653:
1630:
1613:
1602:
1589:
1585:
1542:. Retrieved
1540:. 2019-09-20
1537:
1528:
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1499:
1493:
1466:
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1452:
1427:
1423:
1398:10.2307/5168
1381:
1377:
1371:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1332:. Retrieved
1327:
1296:
1270:. Retrieved
1250:
1244:
1200:
1194:
1182:. Retrieved
1177:
1140:
1131:
1121:
1111:
1099:. Retrieved
1085:
1079:
1073:
1044:
1027:
1015:
1003:
992:Reproduction
983:
960:
947:
943:
934:
884:
869:
834:
792:South Africa
741:
684:
668:
666:
641:Distribution
515:
471:
466:
461:
454:
443:
436:
425:
419:
410:
401:
389:
385:
381:
374:
371:type species
360:
349:
340:
326:
316:
301:Charadriidae
297:Scolopacidae
294:
289:
276:cosmopolitan
270:
269:
265:
263:
252:
251:
197:
195:
179:
178:
166:
156:Scolopacidae
18:
3507:SeaLifeBase
3409:Neotropical
3370:NatureServe
3318:iNaturalist
3054:Wikispecies
3004:Boyd (2019)
2976:G. undulata
2877:G. jamesoni
2841:G. delicata
2758:S. saturata
2683:(Woodcocks)
2626:Limnodromus
2544:T. ochropus
2508:T. guttifer
2499:T. glareola
2490:T. flavipes
2472:T. brevipes
2415:P. tricolor
2365:X. cinereus
2180:C. maritima
2005:Arenariinae
1902:N. phaeopus
1866:N. borealis
1693:media from
1184:22 November
1166:Gill, Frank
1101:11 November
975:breakwaters
916:sandhoppers
905:littorinids
891:crustaceans
853:crustaceans
816:New Zealand
786:coasts. In
628:At Narara,
433:Description
3663:Shorebirds
3658:Sandpipers
3622:Categories
3578:Q107055546
3546:Xeno-canto
2958:G. stenura
2931:G. nobilis
2800:C. pusilla
2791:C. huegeli
2645:L. griseus
2613:L. minimus
2580:T. totanus
2406:P. lobatus
2378:Phalaropus
2306:C. virgata
2304:Surfbird (
2252:C. pygmaea
2243:C. pusilla
2135:C. canutus
2133:Red knot (
2126:C. bairdii
2055:Prosobonia
1893:N. minutus
1857:N. arquata
1798:Numeniinae
1736:Sandpipers
1668:Xeno-canto
1544:2022-11-14
1424:Bird Study
1334:29 October
1272:29 October
1050:References
1023:Incubation
1006:monogamous
748:Washington
615:Madagascar
486:Heligoland
464:subspecies
413:subspecies
345:under the
3002:Based on
2904:G. megala
2832:G. andina
2813:Gallinago
2517:T. incana
2347:Tringinae
2234:C. pugnax
2207:C. minuta
2117:C. alpina
1990:L. limosa
1951:(Godwits)
1935:Limosinae
1836:(Curlews)
1806:Bartramia
1751:Kingdom:
1267:216484643
1030:precocial
895:gastropod
826:Behaviour
764:Argentina
727:coast of
697:Greenland
490:North Sea
467:morinella
450:harlequin
396:in 1741,
390:interpres
382:arenarius
317:turnstone
305:migratory
286:turnstone
174:Species:
112:Kingdom:
106:Eukaryota
3572:Wikidata
3375:2.102944
3362:22693336
3336:11083181
3134:22693336
3129:BirdLife
3118:BioLib:
3039:Wikidata
2895:G. media
2820:(Snipes)
2713:S. minor
2676:Scolopax
2551:Willet (
2189:C. mauri
2115:Dunlin (
2088:Calidris
2075:P. sauli
2014:Arenaria
1963:L. fedoa
1829:Numenius
1759:Chordata
1757:Phylum:
1753:Animalia
1520:53172887
1139:(1760).
1119:(1758).
1004:It is a
967:climatic
963:habitats
898:molluscs
861:molluscs
839:, eggs,
812:Tasmania
744:Americas
735:and the
733:Scotland
630:Jamnagar
457:Juvenile
406:redshank
398:Linnaeus
377:is from
375:arenaria
362:Arenaria
323:Taxonomy
290:Arenaria
245:Synonyms
206:Linnaeus
167:Arenaria
152:Family:
126:Chordata
122:Phylum:
116:Animalia
102:Domain:
79:IUCN 3.1
3605:1299123
3592:8393102
3287:2481776
3183:bob5610
3106:Avibase
2722:S. mira
2428:Actitis
2108:C. alba
1769:Order:
1763:Class:
1614:Avibase
1485:4085499
1463:The Auk
1432:Bibcode
1386:Bibcode
1363:4160107
979:jetties
957:Ecology
950:plumage
857:spiders
849:Insects
837:carrion
780:Iceland
770:in the
768:vagrant
742:In the
729:Germany
717:Estonia
713:Finland
705:Denmark
573:Finland
446:plumage
394:Gotland
356:in the
339:of his
309:Eurasia
162:Genus:
142:Order:
132:Class:
77: (
3538:147431
3512:166038
3499:186395
3486:821753
3460:147431
3431:NZOR:
3421:NZBO:
3414:rudtur
3349:176571
3294:GNAB:
3243:EURING
3222:rudtur
3170:rudtur
3073:rudtur
3045:Q26892
2461:Tringa
2232:Ruff (
1944:Limosa
1740:family
1695:ARKive
1686:Flickr
1518:
1483:
1404:
1361:
1265:
1215:
1035:fledge
971:tundra
863:, and
788:Africa
776:Europe
725:Baltic
721:Russia
709:Sweden
701:Norway
689:Alaska
677:Canada
673:Alaska
520:Tobago
279:wading
236:
230:
227:Range
3600:WoRMS
3533:WoRMS
3401:54971
3331:IRMNG
3261:96863
3230:EUNIS
3217:eBird
3196:67RLB
3167:BOW:
3160:19980
3121:21696
2355:Xenus
1516:S2CID
1481:JSTOR
1402:JSTOR
1359:JSTOR
1263:S2CID
880:ducks
876:terns
872:gulls
865:worms
804:Japan
800:China
774:. In
760:Chile
651:kutch
634:India
588:India
386:arena
379:Latin
358:genus
3587:GBIF
3525:2252
3468:ODNR
3455:OBIS
3396:NCBI
3357:IUCN
3344:ITIS
3323:3938
3282:GBIF
3248:5610
3155:BOLD
1765:Aves
1406:5168
1336:2021
1274:2021
1213:ISBN
1186:2021
1103:2021
1086:2019
1018:eggs
1010:nest
977:and
965:and
948:The
907:and
841:fish
814:and
802:and
796:Asia
762:and
750:and
439:bill
411:Two
402:Tolk
311:and
282:bird
264:The
210:1758
136:Aves
3520:TSA
3447:182
3383:NBN
3305:IBC
3235:904
3204:CMS
3191:CoL
3178:BTO
3093:AFD
3080:ADW
3069:ABA
1684:on
1678:in
1666:on
1657:at
1508:doi
1471:doi
1440:doi
1394:doi
1255:doi
1209:206
1090:doi
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893:or
649:at
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567:on
548:on
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