Rudd Concession - Knowledge (XXG)

952:, do hereby grant and assign unto the said grantees, their heirs, representatives, and assigns, jointly and severally, the complete and exclusive charge over all metals and minerals situated and contained in my kingdoms, principalities, and dominions, together with full power to do all things that they may deem necessary to win and procure the same, and to hold, collect, and enjoy the profits and revenues, if any, derivable from the said metals and minerals, subject to the aforesaid payment; and whereas I have been much molested of late by divers persons seeking and desiring to obtain grants and concessions of land and mining rights in my territories, I do hereby authorise the said grantees, their heirs, representatives and assigns, to take all necessary and lawful steps to exclude from my kingdom, principalities, and dominions all persons seeking land, metals, minerals, or mining rights therein, and I do hereby undertake to render them all such needful assistance as they may from time to time require for the exclusion of such persons, and to grant no concessions of land or mining rights from and after this date without their consent and concurrence; provided that, if at any time the said monthly payment of one hundred pounds shall be in arrear for a period of three months, then this grant shall cease and determine from the date of the last-made payment; and further provided that nothing contained in these presents shall extend to or affect a grant made by me of certain mining rights in a portion of my territory south of the Ramaquaban River, which grant is commonly known as the Tati Concession. 1801:

Company's charter, and threaten Lippert's associates with legal action. The Colonial Office agreed with Loch. Rhodes initially said that he would not pay Lippert's price, which he described as blackmail, but after conferring with Beit decided that refusing to buy out Lippert might lead to drawn-out and similarly expensive court proceedings, which they could not be sure of winning. Rhodes told Beit to start bargaining. Lippert's agreement turned out to be an unexpected blessing for Rhodes in that it included a concession on land rights from Lobengula, which the Chartered Company itself lacked, and needed if it were to be recognised by Whitehall as legally owning the occupied territory in Mashonaland. After two months and a number of breakdowns in talks, Rudd took over the negotiations. He and Lippert agreed on 12 September 1891 that the Company would take over the concession from Lippert on the condition that he returned to Bulawayo and had it more properly formalised by Lobengula; in return the Company would grant the German 75 square miles (190 km) of his choice in Matabeleland (with full land and mineral rights), 30,000 shares in the Chartered Company and other financial incentives.

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Cawston and Gifford exclusively while there remained other potential concessionaires, most prominently Rhodes—certainly not without unequivocal instructions from Whitehall. While Rudd's party gathered and prepared in Kimberley, Maund travelled north, and reached the diamond mines at the start of July. On 14 July, in Bulawayo, agents representing a consortium headed by the South African-based entrepreneur Thomas Leask received a mining concession from Lobengula, covering all of his country, and pledging half of the proceeds to the king. When he learned of this latter condition Leask was distraught, saying the concession was "commercially valueless". Moffat pointed out to Leask that his group did not have the resources to act on the concession anyway, and that both Rhodes and the London syndicate did; at Moffat's suggestion, Leask decided to wait and sell his concession to whichever big business group gained a new agreement from Lobengula. Neither Rhodes's group, the Cawston–Gifford consortium nor the British colonial officials immediately learned of the Leask concession.

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hundred pounds sterling, British currency, on the first day of every lunar month; and further, to deliver at my royal kraal one thousand Martini–Henry breech-loading rifles, together with one hundred thousand rounds of suitable ball cartridge, five hundred of the said rifles and fifty thousand of the said cartridges to be ordered from England forthwith and delivered with reasonable despatch, and the remainder of the said rifles and cartridges to be delivered as soon as the said grantees shall have commenced to work mining machinery within my territory; and further, to deliver on the Zambesi River a steamboat with guns suitable for defensive purposes upon the said river, or in lieu of the said steamboat, should I so elect, to pay to me the sum of five hundred pounds sterling, British currency. On the execution of these presents, I, Lobengula, King of Matabeleland, Mashonaland, and other adjoining territories, in exercise of my sovereign powers, and in the presence and with the consent of my council of

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syndicate would agree to merge its interests with his own and form an amalgamated company alongside him. He told Maund to wire this pitch to his employers. Maund presumed that Rhodes's shift in attitude had come about because of his own influence, coupled with the threat to Rhodes's concession posed by the Matabele mission, but in fact the idea for uniting the two rival bids had come from Knutsford, who the previous month had suggested to Cawston and Gifford that they were likelier to gain a royal charter covering south-central Africa if they joined forces with Rhodes. They had wired Rhodes, who had in turn come back to Maund. The unification, which extricated Rhodes and his London rivals from their long-standing stalemate, was happily received by both sides; Cawston and Gifford could now tap Rhodes's considerable financial and political resources, and Rhodes's Rudd Concession had greater value now the London consortium no longer challenged it.

1492:"My part is done," Rhodes wrote to Maund, soon after reaching Cape Town; "the charter is granted supporting Rudd Concession and granting us the interior ... We have the whole thing recognised by the Queen and even if eventually we had any difficulty with king the Home people would now always recognise us in possession of the minerals they quite understand that savage potentates frequently repudiate." A few weeks later, he wrote to Maund again: with the royal charter in place, "whatever does now will not affect the fact that when there is a white occupation of the country our concession will come into force provided the English and not Boers get the country". On 29 October 1889, nearly a year to the day after the signing of the Rudd Concession, Rhodes's chartered company, the 350: 1510: 1250: 232: 1805:

untrustworthy as Lippert. With Moffat looking on as a witness, Lippert delivered his side of the deal in November 1891, extracting from the Matabele king the exclusive land rights for a century in the Chartered Company's operative territories, including permission to lay out farms and towns and to levy rents, in place of what had been agreed in April. As arranged, Lippert sold these rights to the Company, whereupon Loch approved the concession, expressing contentment at the solving of the Company's land rights problem; in an internal Whitehall memorandum, the Colonial Office affably remarked how expediently that administrative obstacle had been removed. The Matabele remained unaware of this subterfuge until May 1892.

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and western bounds were not indicated. This was done deliberately to allow Rhodes to acquire as much land as he could without interference. The Company was made responsible for the safeguarding of peace and law in its territory, and licensed to do so "in such ways and manners as it shall consider necessary". It was vested with the power to raise its own police force, and charged with, among other things, abolishing slavery in all of its territories and restricting the sale of liquor to indigenous Africans. Local traditions were to be respected. The Company's charter was otherwise made extremely equivocal with the intention that this would allow it to operate freely and independently, and to

1351: 1557: ... which must be regarded as one of Rhodes's least creditable actions". Contrary to what Whitehall and the public had been allowed to think, the Rudd Concession was not vested in the British South Africa Company, but in a short-lived ancillary concern of Rhodes, Rudd and others called the Central Search Association, which was quietly formed in London in 1889. This entity renamed itself the United Concessions Company in 1890, and soon after sold the Rudd Concession to the Chartered Company for 1,000,000 shares. When Colonial Office functionaries discovered this chicanery in 1891, they advised Knutsford to consider revoking the concession, but no action was taken. 1535:

October, too late to make a difference. Meanwhile, the British appointed an official resident in Bulawayo, as Lobengula had requested; much to the king's indignation, it was Moffat. Maund counselled Lobengula that the concession was legal beyond doubt and that he would just have to accept it. Lobengula rued the situation to Helm: "Did you ever see a chameleon catch a fly? The chameleon gets behind the fly and remains motionless for some time, then he advances very slowly and gently, first putting forward one leg and then another. At last, when well within reach, he darts out his tongue and the fly disappears. England is the chameleon and I am that fly."

1342: 385:, weapons and ammunition. Because of the king's illiteracy, these documents were prepared in English or Dutch by whites who took up residence at his kraal; to ascertain that what was written genuinely reflected what he had said, Lobengula would have his words translated and transcribed by one of the whites, then later translated back by another. Once the king was satisfied of the written translation's veracity, he would sign his mark, affix the royal seal (which depicted an elephant), and then have the document signed and witnessed by a number of white men, at least one of whom would also write an endorsement of the proclamation. 796:, in response. Maund volunteered to help defend Khama, writing a letter to his employers explaining that doing so might lay the foundations for a concession from Khama covering territory that the Matabele and Ngwato disputed. Cawston tersely wrote back with orders to make for Bulawayo without delay, but over a month had passed in the time this written exchange required, and Maund had squandered his head start on Rudd. After ignoring a notice Lobengula had posted at Tati, barring entry to white big-game hunters and concession-seekers, the Rudd party arrived at the king's kraal on 21 September 1888, three weeks ahead of Maund. 1147:

end was tied up in late January 1889, when Rhodes met and settled with Leask and his associates, James Fairbairn and George Phillips, in Johannesburg. Leask was given £2,000 in cash and a 10% interest in the Rudd Concession, and allowed to retain a 10% share in his own agreement with Lobengula. Fairbairn and Phillips were granted an annual allowance of £300 each. In Cape Town, with Rhodes's opposition removed, Robinson altered his stance regarding the Matabele mission, cabling Whitehall that further investigation had shown Babayane and Mshete to be headmen after all, so they should be allowed to board ship for England.

1814: 1478:. Rhodes claimed not to be worried, telling Shippard in a letter that "the policy will not be altered". Indeed, by the end of June 1889, despite the removal of Robinson and the sensation caused by Lobengula's letter rejecting the concession, Rhodes had got his way: Lord Salisbury's concerns of Portuguese and German expansionism in Africa, coupled with Rhodes's personal exertions in London, prompted the Prime Minister to approve the granting of a royal charter. Rhodes returned victorious to the Cape in August 1889, while back in London Cawston oversaw the final preparations for the chartered company's establishment. 871: 509:(comprising that country's southern part). Shippard, an old friend of Rhodes, was soon won over to the idea, and in May 1887 the administrator wrote to Robinson strongly endorsing annexation of the territories, particularly Mashonaland, which he described as "beyond comparison the most valuable country south of the Zambezi". It was the Boers, however, who were first to achieve diplomatic successes with Lobengula. Pieter Grobler secured a treaty of "renewal of friendship" between Matabeleland and the South African Republic in July 1887. The same month, Robinson organised the appointment of 1564: 764: 1156:

country, that the grantees could dig for minerals anywhere they liked, including in and around kraals, and that they could bring an army into Matabeleland to depose Lobengula in favour of a new chief. The king told Helm to read back and translate the copy of the concession that had remained in Bulawayo; Helm did so, and pointed out that none of the allegations Tainton had made were actually reflected in the text. Lobengula then said he wished to dictate an announcement. After Helm refused, Tainton translated and transcribed the king's words:

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Grobler treaty had not been released publicly, it was unclear to outside observers precisely what had been agreed with Lobengula in July; in the uncertainty, newspapers in South Africa were reporting that the treaty had made Matabeleland a protectorate of the South African Republic. Moffat made enquiries in Bulawayo. Grobler denied the newspaper reports of a Transvaal protectorate over Lobengula's country, while the king said that an agreement did exist, but that it was a renewal of the Pretorius peace treaty and nothing more.

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the following weeks, talks took place sporadically. Moffat, who had remained in Bulawayo, was occasionally called upon by the king for advice, prompting the missionary to subtly assist Rudd's team through his counsel. He urged Lobengula to work alongside one large entity rather than many small concerns, telling him that this would make the issue easier for him to manage. He then informed the king that Shippard was going to pay an official visit during October, and advised him not to make a decision until after this was over.

560: 1482: 1360: 616:, a sprawling national monopoly that controlled 90% of world diamond production. Barnato wanted to limit De Beers to mining diamonds, but Rhodes insisted that he was going to use the company to "win the north": to this end, he ensured that the De Beers trust deed enabled activities far removed from mining, including banking and railway-building, the ability to annex and govern land, and the raising of armed forces. All this gave the immensely wealthy company powers not unlike those of the 885:, the most pressing motivator was Matabeleland's security. While Lobengula considered the Transvaalers more formidable battlefield adversaries than the British, he understood that Britain was more prominent on the world stage, and while the Boers wanted land, Rudd's party claimed to be interested only in mining and trading. Lobengula reasoned that if he accepted Rudd's proposals, he would keep his land, and the British would be obliged to protect him from incursions by the Boers. 1406:

sanction the concession because of its equivocal nature, as well as the fact that Lobengula had announced its suspension. Rhodes was originally angry with Maund, accusing him of responsibility for this, but eventually accepted that it was not Maund's fault. Rhodes told Maund to go back to Bulawayo, to pose as an impartial adviser, and to try to sway the king back in favour of the concession; as an added contingency, he told Maund to secure as many new subconcessions as he could.

1460:, among others. Along with Grey's active involvement and Lord Salisbury's continuing favour, the weight of this opinion seemed to be reaping dividends for Rhodes by June 1889. The amalgamation with the London syndicate was complete, and Whitehall appeared to have dropped its reservations regarding the Rudd Concession's validity. Opposition to the charter in parliament and elsewhere had been for the most part silenced, and, with the help of Rhodes's press contacts, prominently 685:

secure the document quickly. "Someone has to get the country, and I think we should have the best chance," Rhodes told Rothschild; "I have always been afraid of the difficulty of dealing with the Matabele king. He is the only block to central Africa, as, once we have his territory, the rest is easy ... the rest is simply a village system with separate headmen ... I have faith in the country, and Africa is on the move. I think it is a second Cinderella."

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and that the British proposal served Matabele interests better in any case. On 11 February 1888, Lobengula agreed and placed his mark and seal at the foot of the agreement. The document proclaimed that the Matabele and British were now at peace, that Lobengula would not enter any kind of diplomatic correspondence with any country apart from Britain, and that the king would not "sell, alienate or cede" any part of Matabeleland or Mashonaland to anybody.

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join ... if we get anything we must always have someone resident". Thus prevented from leaving, Rudd vigorously tried to persuade Lobengula to enter direct negotiations with him over a concession, but was repeatedly rebuffed. The king only agreed to look at the draft document, mostly written by Rudd, just before Shippard was due to leave in late October. At this meeting, Lobengula discussed the terms with Rudd for over an hour.

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a mere 20 days after the document's signing, and commented with great satisfaction that this marked a record that would surely not be broken until the railway was laid into the interior. Rhodes was elated by Rudd's results, describing the concession as "so gigantic it is like giving a man the whole of Australia". Both in high spirits, the pair travelled to Cape Town by train, and presented themselves to Robinson on 21 November.

845:, a missionary based in the vicinity, was summoned by the king to act as an interpreter. According to Helm, Rudd made a number of oral promises to Lobengula that were not in the written document, including "that they would not bring more than 10 white men to work in his country, that they would not dig anywhere near towns, etc., and that they and their people would abide by the laws of his country and in fact be his people." 825:. Meanwhile, Rhodes sent a number of letters to Rudd, warning him that Maund was his main rival, and that because the London syndicate's goals overlapped so closely with their own, it was essential that Cawston and Gifford be defeated or else brought into the Rhodes camp. Regarding Lobengula, Rhodes advised Rudd to make the king think that the concession would work for him. "Offer a steamboat on the Zambezi same as 760:. Robinson wrote to Knutsford on 21 July that he thought Whitehall should back this idea; he surmised that the Boers would receive British expansion into the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed better if it came in the form of a chartered company than if it occurred with the creation of a new Crown colony. He furthermore wrote a letter for Rudd's party to carry to Bulawayo, recommending Rudd and his companions to Lobengula. 756:. Rhodes said that this company would take control of those parts of Matabeleland and Mashonaland "not in use" by the local people, demarcate reserved areas for the indigenous population, and thereafter defend both, while developing the lands not reserved for natives. In this way, he concluded, Matabele and Mashona interests would be protected, and south-central Africa would be developed, all without a penny from 1915:

partly at the expense of the black population's traditional ways of life, which were varyingly disrupted by the introduction of Western-style infrastructure, government, religion and economics. Southern Rhodesia, which attracted most of the settlers and investment, was turning a profit by 1912; Northern Rhodesia, by contrast, annually lost the Company millions right up to the 1920s. Following the results of the

29: 689: 1741:, a few hundred volunteers referred to as "pioneers" whose lot was to both occupy Mashonaland and begin its development. To this end its ranks were filled with men from all corners of southern African society, including, at Rhodes's insistence, several sons of the Cape's leading families. Each pioneer was promised 3,000 acres (12 km) of land and 15 mining claims in return for his service. 920:, who did not seem to know where these places were. "The Zambezi must be there", said one, incorrectly pointing south (rather than north). The Matabele representatives then prolonged the talks through "procrastination and displays of geographical ignorance", in the phrase of the historian Arthur Keppel-Jones, until Rudd and Thompson announced that they were done talking and rose to leave. The 83: 1106:

transfer of 1,000 Martini–Henrys: "If rifles part of consideration, as reported, do you think there will be danger of complications arising from this?" Robinson replied, again in writing; he enclosed a minute from Shippard in which the Bechuanaland official explained how the concession had come about, and expressed the view that the Matabele were less experienced with rifles than with

1125:, having been so honoured by Lobengula years before as thanks for medical treatment—to invite Maund to their cottage. Maund was suspicious, but came anyway. At the cottage, Rhodes offered Maund financial and professional incentives to defect from the London syndicate. Maund refused, prompting Rhodes to declare furiously that he would have Robinson stop his progress at Cape Town. The 211:, to approve the royal charter, which was formally granted in October 1889. The Company occupied and annexed Mashonaland about a year later. Attempting to set up a rival to the Rudd Concession, Lobengula granted similar rights to the German businessman Eduard Lippert in 1891, but Rhodes promptly acquired this concession as well. Company troops conquered Matabeleland during the 1641: 897:. Lobengula had Helm go over the document with him several times, in great detail, to ensure that he properly understood what was written. None of Rudd's alleged oral conditions were in the concession document, making them legally unenforceable (presuming they indeed existed), but the king apparently regarded them as part of the proposed agreement nonetheless. 1571: 1607: 1591: 195:

deceit by the concessionaires regarding the settled terms;(only Rudd understood most of the terms.) The King insisted that restrictions on the grantees' activities had been agreed orally, and considered these part of the contract. He attempted to persuade the British government to deem the concession invalid, among other things sending emissaries to meet

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Lobengula had made an agreement: in return for £1,000 up front and £500 annually, the king would bestow on Lippert the exclusive rights to manage lands, establish banks, mint money, and conduct trade in the territory of the Chartered Company. The authenticity of this document was disputed, largely because the only witnesses to have signed it, apart from

1625: 542:, the President of the South African Republic, who reportedly said that his government now regarded Matabeleland as under Transvaal "protection and sovereignty", and that one of the clauses of the Grobler treaty had been that Lobengula could not "grant any concessions or make any contact with anybody whatsoever" without Pretoria's approval. Meeting at 1722: 1714: 1084:, Babayane and Mshete, to England, so they could meet Queen Victoria herself, officially to present to her a letter bemoaning Portuguese incursions on eastern Mashonaland, but also unofficially to seek counsel regarding the crisis at Bulawayo. The mission was furthermore motivated by the simple desire of Lobengula and his 893:

rifles and carbines, but almost no ammunition for them. The proposed arrangement would lavishly stock his arsenal with both firearms and bullets, which might prove decisive in the event of conflict with the South African Republic. The weapons might also help him keep control of the more rambunctious factions amid his own

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On 13 August 1893, Lobengula refused to accept the stipend due him under the terms of the Rudd Concession, saying "it is the price of my blood". The next day, Jameson signed a secret agreement with settlers at Fort Victoria, promising each man 6,000 acres (24 km) of farm land, 20 gold claims and

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Maguire, in London, promptly wrote to the Colonial Office, casting doubt on the letter's character on the grounds that it lacked the witnessing signature of an unbiased missionary. He concurrently wrote to Thompson, who was still in Bulawayo, to ask if there was any sign that the king had been misled

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Around this time, a group of Austral Africa Company prospectors, led by Alfred Haggard, approached Lobengula's south-western border, hoping to gain their own Matabeleland mining concession; on learning of this, the king honoured one of the terms of the Rudd Concession by allowing Maguire to go at the

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if he expects to be attacked by him afterwards?" Seeing the allusion to the offered Martini–Henry rifles, Lobengula was swayed by this logic, and made up his mind to grant the concession. "Bring me the fly-blown paper and I will sign it," he said. Thompson briefly left the room to call Rudd, Maguire,

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and 16 policemen, Shippard arrived in mid-October 1888. The king suspended concession negotiations in favour of meetings with him. The colonial official told the king that the Boers were hungry for more land and intended to overrun his country before too long; he also championed Rudd's cause, telling

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were therefore very long and uneasy. The missionary presented the proposed British treaty as an offer to renew that enacted by d'Urban and Mzilikazi in 1836. He told the Matabele that the Boers were misleading them, that Pretoria's interpretation of the Grobler treaty differed greatly from their own,

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on Christmas Day, Rhodes, Shippard and Robinson agreed to instruct Moffat to investigate the matter with Lobengula and to secure a copy of the Grobler treaty for further clarification, as well as to arrange a formal Anglo-Matabele treaty, which would have provisions included to prevent Lobengula from

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in 1911. During three decades under Company rule, railways, telegraph wires and roads were laid across the territories' previously bare landscape with great vigour, and, with the immigration of tens of thousands of white colonists, prominent mining and tobacco farming industries were created, albeit

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Babayane and Mshete had arrived back in Bulawayo in August, accompanied by Maund, and Lobengula had immediately written again to Whitehall, reaffirming that "If the Queen hears that I have given away the whole country, it is not so." But this letter only reached the Colonial Office in London in late

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were about to leave London, Rhodes arrived to make the amalgamation with Cawston and Gifford official. To the amalgamators' dismay, the Colonial Office had received protests against the Rudd Concession from a number of London businessmen and humanitarian societies, and had resolved that it could not

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and a Shoshong trader, George Musson, to convey them to Bulawayo. Lobengula had so far accepted the financial payments described in the Rudd Concession (and continued to do so for years afterwards), but when the guns arrived in early April, he refused to take them. Jameson placed the weapons under a

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Within hours, Rudd and Dreyer were hurrying south to present the document to Rhodes, travelling by mule cart, the fastest mode of transport available. Thompson and Maguire stayed in Bulawayo to defend the concession against potential challenges. Rudd reached Kimberley and Rhodes on 19 November 1888,

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Know all men by these presents, that whereas Charles Dunell Rudd, of Kimberley; Rochfort Maguire, of London; and Francis Robert Thompson, of Kimberley, hereinafter called the grantees, have covenanted and agreed, and do hereby covenant and agree, to pay to me, my heirs and successors, the sum of one

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Rhodes and Beit put Rudd at the head of their new negotiating team because of his extensive experience negotiating the purchase of Boers' farms for gold prospecting. Because Rudd knew little of indigenous African customs and languages, Rhodes added Francis "Matabele" Thompson, an employee of his who

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The concession conferred on the grantees the sole rights to mine throughout Lobengula's country, as well as the power to defend this exclusivity by force, in return for weapons and a regular monetary stipend. Starting in early 1889, the king repeatedly tried to disavow the document on the grounds of

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Rhodes, backed by Loch, initially condemned the Lippert concession as a fraud and branded Lippert's locally based agents enemies of the peace. Loch assured Rhodes that if Lippert tried to gazette his agreement, he would issue a proclamation warning of its infringement on the Rudd Concession and the

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businessman Eduard Lippert—an estranged cousin of Beit—had been attempting to gain a concession from Lobengula since early 1888. Rhodes saw Lippert's activities as unwelcome meddling and so repeatedly tried (and failed) to settle with him. In April 1891, Renny-Tailyour grandly announced that he and

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Rhodes capitalised the Company at £1,000,000, split into £1 shares, and used his other business interests to pump capital into it. Rhodes's diamond concern, De Beers, invested more than £200,000, while his gold firm, Gold Fields, put in nearly £100,000. He himself put in £45,000, along with another

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and their interpreter—Maund could not attend such a meeting as he was a British subject—but Knutsford arranged an exception for Maund when Babayane and Mshete refused to go without him; the Colonial Secretary said that it would be regrettable for all concerned if the embassy were derailed by such a

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canvas cover in Maguire's camp, stayed at the kraal for ten days, and then went back south with Maguire in tow, leaving the rifles behind. A few weeks later, Lobengula dictated a letter for Fairbairn to write to the Queen—he said he had never intended to sign away mineral rights and that he and his

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There still remained the question of Leask's concession, the existence of which Rudd's negotiating team had learned in Bulawayo towards the end of October. Rhodes resolved that it must be acquired: "I quite see that worthless as concession is, it logically destroys yours," he told Rudd. This loose

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reached Cape Town in mid-January 1889 to find that it was as Rhodes had said; to delay their departure, Robinson discredited them, Maund and Colenbrander in cables to the Colonial Office in London, saying that Shippard had described Maund as "mendacious" and "dangerous", Colenbrander as "hopelessly

1110:, so their receipt of such weapons did not in itself make them lethally dangerous. He then argued that it would not be diplomatic to give Khama and other chiefs firearms while withholding them from Lobengula, and that a suitably armed Matabeleland might act as a deterrent against Boer interference. 1105:

to turn Haggard away. While Robinson's letter to Knutsford made its way to England by sea, the Colonial Secretary learned of the Rudd Concession from Cawston and Gifford. Knutsford wired Robinson on 17 December to ask if there was any truth in what the London syndicate had told him about the agreed

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For Rhodes, the agreement Moffat had made with Lobengula was crucial as it bought time that allowed him to devote the necessary attention to the final amalgamation of the South African diamond interests. A possible way out of the situation for Lobengula was to lead another Matabele migration across

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For unclear reasons, Lobengula's attitude towards foreigners reversed sharply during the late 1870s. He discarded his Western clothes in favour of more traditional animal-skin garments, stopped supporting trading enterprises, and began to restrict the movement of whites into and around his country.

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Lobengula's weakened Matabele kingdom uneasily coexisted with Rhodes's Company settlements in Mashonaland and north of the Zambezi for about another year. The king was angered by the lack of respect he perceived Company officials to have towards his authority, their insistence that his kingdom was

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The success of this plan hinged on Lobengula continuing to believe that Lippert was acting against Rhodes rather than on his behalf. The religious Moffat was deeply troubled by what he called the "palpable immorality" of this deceit, but agreed not to interfere, deciding that Lobengula was just as

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The charter incorporating the British South Africa Company committed it to remaining "British in character and domicile", and defined its area of operations extremely vaguely, mentioning only that it was empowered to operate north of Bechuanaland and the Transvaal, and west of Mozambique. Northern

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because all white visitors to Bulawayo met with him before seeing the king. This feeling was compounded by the fact that Helm had for some time acted as Lobengula's postmaster, and so handled all mail coming into Bulawayo. He was accused of having hidden the concession's true meaning from the king

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After the subject of business was eschewed for a few days, Thompson explained to the king in Setswana what he and his confederates had come to talk about. He said that his backers, unlike the Transvaalers, were not seeking land, but only wanted to mine gold in the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed. During

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in Bechuanaland between 1884 and 1885, towards the end of this time visiting Lobengula as an official British envoy. Cawston and Gifford's base in England gave them the advantage of better connections with Whitehall, while Rhodes's location in the Cape allowed him to see the situation with his own

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Lobengula was alarmed by how some were perceiving his dealings with Grobler, and so was reluctant to sign any more agreements with foreigners. Despite his familiarity with Moffat, the king did not consider him above suspicion, and he was dubious about placing himself firmly in the British camp; as

1854:. Lobengula complained that the Chartered Company had "come not only to dig the gold but to rob me of my people and country as well". Monitoring events from Cape Town, Rhodes gauged Jameson's readiness for war by telegraph: "Read Luke 14:31". Jameson wired back: "All right. Have read Luke 14:31". 1775:

The administration of Mashonaland did not immediately prove profitable for the Company or its investors, partly because of the costly police force, which Rhodes dramatically downsized in 1891 to save money. There also existed the problem of land ownership; Britain recognised the Company's subsoil

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Amid the enquiry, Thompson and Maguire received a number of threats and had to tolerate other more minor vexations. Maguire, unaccustomed to the African bush as he was, brought a number of accusations on himself through his personal habits. One day he happened to clean his false teeth in what the

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from the Cape, who had been to the diamond fields at Kimberley, pointed out that the mining would take thousands of men rather than the handful Lobengula had imagined, and argued that digging into the land amounted to taking possession of it: "You say you do not want any land, how can you dig for

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Tainton and the other white opponents of the concession contended that the document conferred upon the grantees all of the watershed's minerals, lands, wood and water, and was therefore tantamount to a purchase receipt for the whole country. Thompson, backed by the missionaries, insisted that the

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to see if this white queen, whose name the British swore by, really existed. The king's letter concluded with a request for the Queen to send a representative of her own to Bulawayo. Maund, who saw a second chance to secure his own concession, perhaps even at Rudd's expense, said he was more than

956:

As Lobengula inscribed his mark at the foot of the paper, Maguire turned to Thompson and said "Thompson, this is the epoch of our lives." Once Rudd, Maguire and Thompson had signed the concession, Helm and Dreyer added their signatures as witnesses, and Helm wrote an endorsement beside the terms:

804:

Rudd, Thompson and Maguire immediately went to present themselves to Lobengula, who came out from his private quarters without hesitation and politely greeted the visitors. Through a Sindebele interpreter, Rudd introduced himself and the others, explained on whose behalf they acted, said they had

530:

In September 1887, Robinson wrote to Lobengula, through Moffat, urging the king not to grant concessions of any kind to Transvaal, German or Portuguese agents without first consulting the missionary. Moffat reached Bulawayo on 29 November to find Grobler still there. Because the exact text of the

1870:

to crush attacks by the far larger Matabele army. On 3 November, with the whites nearing Bulawayo, Lobengula torched the town and fled; the settlers began rebuilding atop the ruins the next day. Jameson sent troops north from Bulawayo to bring the king back, but this column ceased its pursuit in

1034:

But the king was already beginning to receive reports telling him that he had been hoodwinked into "selling his country". Word abounded in Bulawayo that with the Rudd Concession (as the document became called), Lobengula had signed away far more impressive rights than he had thought. Some of the

892:

breech-loading rifles, 100,000 rounds of matching ammunition, a steamboat on the Zambezi (or, if Lobengula preferred, a lump sum of £500), and £100 a month in perpetuity. More impressive to the king than the financial aspects of this offer were the weapons: he had at the time between 600 and 800

736:

Maund arrived in Cape Town in late June 1888 and attempted to gain Robinson's approval for the Cawston–Gifford bid. Robinson was reserved in his answers, saying that he supported the development of Matabeleland by a company with this kind of backing, but did not feel he could commit to endorsing

728:

suggests that he may have intended Maguire to lend Rudd's expedition "a touch of culture and class", in the hope that this might impress Lobengula and rival would-be concessionaires. One of the advantages held by the London syndicate was the societal prestige of Gifford in particular, and Rhodes

1547:£11,000 jointly with Beit. Overall, about half of the Chartered Company's capital was held by its main actors, particularly Rhodes, Beit, Rudd and their confederates. During the Company's early days, Rhodes and his associates set themselves up to make millions over the coming years through what 1142:

Rhodes then arrived in Cape Town to talk again with Maund. His mood was markedly different: after looking over Lobengula's message to Queen Victoria, he said that he believed the Matabele expedition to England could actually buttress the concession and associated development plans if the London

684:

The urgency of negotiating a concession was made clear to Rhodes during a visit to London in June 1888, when he learned of the London syndicate's letter to Knutsford, and of their appointment of Maund. Rhodes now understood that the Matabeleland concession could still go elsewhere if he did not

1155:

Meanwhile, in Bulawayo, South African newspaper reports of the concession started to arrive in the middle of January 1889. William Tainton, one of the local white residents, translated a press cutting for Lobengula, adding a few embellishments of his own: he told the king that he had sold his

866:

were open to considering Rudd's bid. The idea of a mining monopoly in the hands of Rudd's powerful backers was attractive to the Matabele in some ways, as it would end the incessant propositioning for concessions by small-time prospectors, but there was also a case for allowing competition to

1470:, opinion in the media was starting to back the idea of a chartered company for south-central Africa. But in June 1889, just as the Colonial Office looked poised to grant the royal charter, Lobengula's letter repudiating the Rudd Concession, written two months previously, arrived in London. 1003:

the concession immediately, but Rhodes knew that the promise to arm Lobengula with 1,000 Martini–Henrys would be received with apprehension elsewhere in South Africa, especially among Boers; he suggested that this aspect of the concession should be kept quiet until the guns were already in

840:

As October passed without major headway, Rudd grew anxious to return to the Witswatersrand gold mines, but Rhodes insisted that he could not leave Bulawayo without the concession. "You must not leave a vacuum," Rhodes instructed. "Leave Thompson and Maguire if necessary or wait until I can

1797:'s son, "Offy" Shepstone, with Lippert merely acting as an agent. The Lippert concession therefore had a number of potential defects, but Lippert was still confident he could extract a princely fee for it from the Chartered Company; he named his price as £250,000 in cash or shares at par. 1187:

and the whites of Bulawayo was soon convened, but because Helm and Thompson were not present, the start of the investigation was delayed until 11 March. As in the negotiations with Rudd and Thompson in October, Lobengula did not himself attend, remaining close by but not interfering. The

594:; treaties with "native tribes" north of the Limpopo were permitted, but the Prime Minister claimed that Matabeleland was too cohesively organised to be regarded as a mere tribe, and should instead be considered a nation. He concluded from this reasoning that the Grobler treaty was 632:

empowering him to take personal control of the relevant territories on Britain's behalf. To secure this royal charter, he would need to present Whitehall with a concession, signed by a native ruler, granting to Rhodes the exclusive mining rights in the lands he hoped to annex.

338:, who had inhabited the north-east of the region for centuries, greatly outnumbered the Matabele, but were weaker militarily, and so to a large degree entered a state of tributary submission to them. Mzilikazi agreed to two treaties with the Transvaal Boers in 1853, first with 1016:

newspapers on 24 November 1888. The altered version described the agreed price for the Zambezi–Limpopo mining monopoly as "the valuable consideration of a large monthly payment in cash, a gunboat for defensive purposes on the Zambesi, and other services." Two days later, the

266:, who enjoyed high royal favour for a time, but ultimately provoked the king's wrath by repeatedly offending him. When Shaka forced Mzilikazi and his followers to leave the country in 1823, they moved north-west to the Transvaal, where they became known as the Ndebele or " 1200:

agreement only involved the extraction of metals and minerals, and that anything else the concessionaires might do was covered by the concession's granting of "full power to do all things that they may deem necessary to win and procure" the mining yield. William Mzisi, a

1055:

Lotshe, who had supported granting the concession, was condemned for having misled his king and executed, along with his extended family and followers—over 300 men, women and children in all. Meanwhile, Rhodes and Rudd returned to Kimberley, and Robinson wrote to the

719:

Many analysts find the inclusion of the cultured, metropolitan Maguire puzzling—it is often suggested that he was brought along so he could couch the document in the elaborate legal language of the English bar, and thus make it unchallengeable, but as the historian

1026:

All the mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and adjoining territories of the Matabele Chief have been already disposed of, and all concession-seekers and speculators are hereby warned that their presence in Matabeleland is obnoxious to the chief and people.

962:

I hereby certify that the accompanying document has been fully interpreted and explained by me to the Chief Lobengula and his full Council of Indunas and that all the Constitutional usages of the Matabele Nation had been complied with prior to his executing the

318:—and just like Zululand, Matabeleland had a strong martial tradition. Matabele men went through a Spartan upbringing, designed to produce disciplined warriors, and military organisation largely dictated the distribution of administrative responsibilities. The 401:. After rumours spread among the Witwatersrand (or Rand) prospectors of even richer tracts, "a second Rand", north of the Limpopo, the miners began to trek north to seek concessions from Lobengula that would allow them to search for gold in Matabeleland and 1998:, which relocated whenever a king died, or as soon as local sources of water and food ran out. Whenever a move took place, the old kraal was burned. The name "Bulawayo", applied to every Matabele royal town, dated back to the 1820s, when it was used by 780:

in Bechuanaland, was ahead of both expeditions. He reached Bulawayo in late August to find the kraal filled with white concession-hunters. The various bidders attempted to woo the king with a series of gifts and favours, but won little to show for it.

206:

After Rhodes and the London consortium agreed to pool their interests, Rhodes travelled to London, arriving in March 1889. His amalgamated charter bid gathered great political and popular support over the next few months, prompting the Prime Minister,

577:

had signed the proclamation, and asked Robinson if it would be advisable to negotiate another treaty. Robinson replied in the negative, reasoning that reopening talks with Lobengula so soon would only make him suspicious. Britain's ministers at

628:, the gold-mining firm he had recently started with Charles Rudd, Rhodes had both the capacity and the financial means to make his dream of an African empire a reality, but to make such ambitions practicable, he would first have to acquire a 1205:

gold without it, is it not in the land?" Thompson was then questioned as to where exactly it had been agreed that the concessionaires could mine; he affirmed that the document licensed them to prospect and dig anywhere in the country.

1563: 1433:, who was a staunch imperialist, already associated with southern Africa. Attempting to ingratiate himself with Lord Salisbury, Rhodes then gave the position of standing counsel in the proposed company to the Prime Minister's son, 1515: 1079:

While reassuring Thompson and Maguire that he was only repudiating the idea that he had given his country away, and not the concession itself (which he told them would be respected), Lobengula asked Maund to accompany two of his

1519: 1518: 608:

the Zambezi, but Rhodes hoped to keep the king where he was for the moment as a buffer against Boer expansion. In March 1888, Rhodes bought out the company of his last competitor, the circus showman turned diamond millionaire

1858:

a share of Lobengula's cattle in return for service in a war against Matabeleland. Lobengula wrote again to Queen Victoria, and tried to send Mshete to England again at the head of another embassy, but Loch detained the

1514: 513:, a locally born missionary, as assistant commissioner in Bechuanaland. Moffat, well-known to Lobengula, was given this position in the hope that he might make the king less cordial with the Boers and more pro-British. 346:; the first of these, which did not bear Mzilikazi's own mark, purported to make Matabeleland a virtual Transvaal protectorate, while the second, which was more properly enacted, comprised a more equal peace agreement. 1296:. The Society sent a letter to Lobengula, advising him to be "wary and firm in resisting proposals that will not bring good to you and your people". The diplomats saw many of the British capital's sights, including 1213:

and of having knowingly sabotaged the prices being paid by traders for cattle, but neither of these charges could be proven either way. On the fourth day of the enquiry, Elliot and Rees, two missionaries based at

364:

replaced him in 1870, following a brief succession struggle. Tall and well built, Lobengula was generally considered thoughtful and sensible, even by contemporary Western accounts; according to the South African

775:

Maund left Kimberley in July, well ahead of the Rudd party. Rudd's negotiating team, armed with Robinson's endorsement, was still far from ready—they left Kimberley only on 15 August—but Moffat, travelling from

1520: 5126: 4310: 2045:

Rhodes and Beit had already sent a man named John Fry north to negotiate a concession with Lobengula in late 1887, but Fry had since returned to Kimberley empty-handed; soon thereafter Fry died of cancer.

2054:

Shippard's visit was designed to help advance Rhodes's interests, but Rudd, who was unaware of Shippard's support, actually received his intervention with annoyance, complaining that it might delay the

1221:

concluded that either Helm or the missionaries must be lying. Elliot and Rees attempted to convince Lobengula that honest men did not necessarily always hold the same opinions, but had little success.

1192:

questioned Helm and Thompson at great length, and various white men gave their opinions on the concession. A group of missionaries acted as mediators. Condemnation of the concession was led not by the

1496:, was officially granted its royal charter by Queen Victoria. The concession's legitimacy was now safeguarded by the charter and, by extension, the British Crown, making it practically unassailable. 978:, and so did not think it necessary for them to also sign. Keppel-Jones comments that Lobengula might have felt that it would be harder to repudiate the document later if it bore the marks of his 1229:

into it; the angry locals interpreted this as him deliberately poisoning the spring. They also alleged that Maguire partook of witchcraft and spent his nights riding around the bush on a hyena.

1513: 916:

demurred, Thompson insisted, "No, we must have Mashonaland, and right up to the Zambezi as well—in fact, the whole country". According to Thompson's account, this provoked confusion among the

2093:: "Or what king, going to make war against another king, sitteth not down first, and consulteth whether he be able with ten thousand to meet him that cometh against him with twenty thousand?" 1328:, and during the second of these gave them the Queen's reply to Lobengula's letter, which mostly comprised vague assurances of goodwill. Satisfied with this, the emissaries sailed for home. 1043:

and interrogated for over 10 hours before being released; according to Thompson, they were "prepared to suspect even the king himself". Rumours spread among the kraal's white residents of a

573:

The document was unilateral in form, describing only what Lobengula would do to prevent any of these conditions being broken. Shippard was dubious about this and the fact that none of the

2015:

It was never made clear which of the 1853 treaties was being "renewed". Lobengula regarded the 1887 agreement as renewing the treaty of friendship his father had made with Pretorius, but

724:

comments, the kind of agreement that was required was hardly complicated enough to merit the considerable expense and inconvenience of bringing Maguire along. In his biography of Rhodes,

1474:

during the repudiation letter's drafting. Around the same time, Robinson's strident attacks on parliamentary opponents of the Rudd Concession led to Lord Salisbury replacing him with

295:

away from British rule in the Cape. These new arrivals soon toppled Mzilikazi's domination of the Transvaal, compelling him to lead another migration north in 1838. Crossing the

5133: 5026: 4322: 4224: 493:

Rhodes began advocating the annexation by Britain of Matabeleland and Mashonaland in 1887 by applying pressure to a number of senior colonial officials, most prominently the

1776:

rights in Mashonaland, but not its possession of the land itself, and the Company therefore could not grant titles to land or accept rents and other payments from farmers.

1756:

under Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Pennefather, the pioneers skirted their way around Lobengula's heartlands, heading north-east from Bechuanaland and then north, and founded

4188: 1004:

Bechuanaland. Rudd therefore prepared a version of the document omitting mention of the Martini–Henrys, which was approved by Rhodes and Robinson, and published in the

936:

After speaking with Lotshe and Thompson, the king was still hesitant to make a decision. Thompson appealed to Lobengula with a rhetorical question: "Who gives a man an

5885: 5850: 5221: 1409:

In London, as the amalgamation was formalised, Rhodes and Cawston sought public members to sit on the board of their prospective chartered company. They recruited the

1168:

As there is a great misunderstanding about this, all action in respect of said Concession is hereby suspended pending an investigation to be made by me in my country.

583: 563: 208: 1825:, 700 Company troops defeated over 3,000 Matabele warriors, killing about 1,500, while losing only four of their own number. Such victories were made possible by the 729:

hoped to counter this through Maguire. Rudd's party ultimately comprised himself, Thompson, Maguire, J G Dreyer (their Dutch wagon driver), a fifth white man, a

471:

further complicated matters; the Transvaalers, Germans and Portuguese were all also showing interest in the area, much to the annoyance of both Lobengula and Rhodes.

1894:

in late February 1894. Rhodes subsequently funded education for three of Lobengula's sons. The name applied to the Company's domain by many of its early settlers, "

1916: 1457: 974:

to sign the document. Exactly why he did this is not clear. Rudd's interpretation was that the king considered them to have already been consulted at the day's

582:

perceived the unilateral character of the treaty as advantageous for Britain, as it did not commit Her Majesty's Government to any particular course of action.

173:

watershed on Britain's behalf. He laid the groundwork for concession negotiations during early 1888 by arranging a treaty of friendship between the British and

912:

pressed Rudd and his companions as to where exactly they planned to mine, to which they replied that they wanted rights covering "the whole country". When the

888:

Rudd was offering generous terms that few competitors could hope to even come close to. If Lobengula agreed, Rudd's backers would furnish the king with 1,000

2006:

royal town in Zululand. Lobengula's first Bulawayo was founded in 1870, and lasted until 1881, when he moved to the site of the modern city of the same name.

1434: 1075:

was referred to by the Matabele as the "White Queen". Lobengula sent emissaries to meet her with the hope of, among other things, ascertaining her existence.

4521: 673:

eyes. He also possessed formidable financial capital and closer links with the relevant colonial administrators. In May 1888, Cawston and Gifford wrote to

1737:. He announced that his first objective as premier was the occupation of the Zambezi–Limpopo watershed. His Chartered Company had by this time raised the 153:

Rhodes's pursuit of the exclusive mining rights in Matabeleland, Mashonaland and the surrounding areas was motivated by his wish to annex them into the

1093:

valley, the king replied "Take my men to England for me; and when you return, then I will talk about that." Johannes Colenbrander, a frontiersman from

328:(or indunas), who acted as tribal leaders in both military and civilian matters. Like the Zulus, the Matabele referred to a regiment of warriors as an 5895: 4987: 1217:, were asked if exclusive mining rights in other countries could be bought for similar sums, as Helm was claiming; they replied in the negative. The 5397: 4601: 551:

Moffat said of the Matabele leadership in general, "they may like us better, but they fear the Boers more". Moffat's negotiations with the king and

1981:. For clarity, consistency and ease of reading, this article uses the term "Matabele" to refer to the people, and calls their language "Sindebele". 1285:

technicality. The emissaries duly met the Queen and delivered the letter from Lobengula, as well as an oral message they had been told to pass on.

231: 5840: 4445: 5855: 5277: 5216: 4492: 4181: 1425:—to act as his deputy. The third and final public member added to the board was the nephew and heir apparent of the erstwhile Cabinet minister 1232:

Rhodes sent the first shipments of rifles up to Bechuanaland in January and February 1889, sending 250 each month, and instructed Jameson, Dr

877:

rifles. Rudd's offer of 1,000 of these weapons, along with appropriate ammunition, proved key in persuading Lobengula to grant the concession.

858:

to present the proposed concession terms to them and gauge their sympathies. It soon became clear that opinion was split: most of the younger

5845: 5365: 5111: 4472: 4300: 4156: 4103: 4082: 4060: 4041: 4019: 3977: 3958: 3937: 3873: 3849: 3784: 2068:, but a group of Tswana rescued and briefly nursed them before sending them on their way. They switched to horses at Mafeking on 17 November. 674: 650: 524: 494: 5262: 5121: 5018: 4384: 4315: 4216: 1850:

in July 1893, Jameson, who Rhodes had appointed Company administrator in Mashonaland, unsuccessfully tried to stop the violence through an

1410: 1376: 749: 567: 520: 498: 4240: 1051:, in overthrowing and killing Lobengula. Horrified by these developments, Lobengula attempted to secure his position by deflecting blame. 4586: 678: 654: 502: 437: 1793:

Mshete, were Renny-Tailyour's associates, one of whom soon attested that Lobengula had believed himself to be granting a concession to

1748:, who saw the column's march to Mashonaland as an appropriation of Matabele territory. Led by Major Frank Johnson and the famed hunter 5800: 5626: 5568: 5549: 5370: 5211: 5000: 4774: 4716: 4497: 1700: 1438: 1317: 600:

and legally meaningless. Whitehall soon gave Robinson permission to ratify the Moffat agreement, which was announced to the public in

487: 5443: 5138: 1994:" was not one place. Like the Zulus, the Matabele did not have a permanent "capital" in the Western sense; instead, they had a royal 5116: 4576: 4527: 4305: 4174: 3894: 3830: 3811: 3745: 262:, who united a number of rival clans into a centralised monarchy. Among the Zulu Kingdom's main leaders and military commanders was 5190: 1293: 369:

Frederick Hugh Barber, who met him in 1875, he was witty, mentally sharp and authoritative—"every inch a king". Based at his royal

1134:

or even headmen. Cawston forlornly telegraphed Maund that it was pointless to try to go on while Robinson continued in this vein.

177:

peoples and then sent Rudd's team from South Africa to obtain the rights. Rudd succeeded following a race to the Matabele capital

5392: 5180: 5148: 5099: 5059: 4430: 4332: 4288: 4248: 1452:

and, occasionally, the rural estates of the landed gentry. These efforts yielded the public backing of the prominent imperialist

1441:, a prominent London financier and friend of the Prince of Wales, was added to the board at Fife's suggestion later in the year. 1418: 1372: 1117:

and to stop them from leaving Africa. When the envoys reached Kimberley Rhodes told his close friend, associate and housemate Dr

661: 579: 5185: 708:

to Lobengula's south-west, and therefore could communicate directly and articulately with the king, who also knew the language.

5835: 5685: 4807: 4533: 943:

Helm and Dreyer in, and they sat in a semi-circle around the king. Lobengula then put his mark to the concession, which read:

586:, the British Prime Minister, ruled that Moffat's treaty trumped Grobler's, despite being signed at a later date, because the 5458: 5333: 4653: 4440: 1392: 792:

warriors while returning to the Transvaal, and that the Boers were threatening to attack the British-protected Ngwato chief,

745: 460:

and, just to the north of them, Lobengula's domains. The fact that the Zambezi–Limpopo region did not fall into any of the "

1292:

stayed in London throughout the month of March, attending a number of dinners in their honour, including one hosted by the

700:

had for years run the reserves and compounds that housed the black labourers at the diamond fields. Thompson was fluent in

5890: 5880: 5514: 5328: 4980: 4561: 4545: 4420: 4053:

Manipulating the Market: Understanding Economic Sanctions, Institutional Change, and the Political Unity of White Rhodesia

1089:

happy to assist, but Lobengula remained cautious with him: when Maund raised the subject of a new concession covering the

924:

were somewhat alarmed by this and asked the visitors to please stay and continue, which they did. It was then agreed that

1898:", was made official by the Company in May 1895, and by Britain in 1898. The lands south of the Zambezi were designated " 377:, Lobengula was at first open to Western enterprises in his country, adopting Western-style clothing and granting mining 5865: 5860: 5741: 5231: 4677: 1744:

Lobengula impassively acquiesced to the expedition at the behest of his friend Jameson, much to the fury of many of the

1525: 1493: 1486: 1233: 276:("the crushing"), the Matabele quickly became the region's dominant tribe. In 1836, they negotiated a peace treaty with 135: 68: 5905: 5870: 5754: 5727: 5539: 4694: 4467: 4455: 4450: 1753: 1350: 1039:

looked on anxiously, Moffat questioned whether Lobengula would be able to keep control. Thompson was summoned by the

185:, a bidding-rival employed by a London-based syndicate, and after long negotiations with the king and his council of 1113:

Surprised by the news of a Matabele mission to London, Rhodes attempted to publicly downplay the credentials of the

900:

The final round of negotiations started at the royal kraal on the morning of 30 October. The talks took place at an

5649: 5509: 5387: 5380: 5287: 4905: 4797: 4571: 4462: 2029: 1879:

ahead of the main force. Lobengula had escaped the Company, but he lived only another two months before dying from

1475: 1368: 2102:

It was in keeping with Matabele tribal custom to burn the royal town as soon as it ceased to be the seat of power.

2077:

He did not explore the possibility that their musketry might improve with practice, or that they might carry both

5292: 5226: 5168: 5051: 4880: 4596: 4352: 3772: 3729: 1965: 1963:), whence comes a term commonly used in other languages, including English: "Matabele". Their language is called 1548: 1426: 768: 410: 311: 130:, on 30 October 1888. Despite Lobengula's retrospective attempts to disavow it, it proved the foundation for the 870: 5875: 5759: 5636: 5559: 5534: 5499: 5423: 5338: 5153: 5069: 5010: 4973: 4910: 4643: 4337: 4258: 4208: 1540: 587: 421: 143: 2090: 5910: 5900: 5606: 5453: 5355: 5350: 5343: 4920: 4754: 4648: 1847: 1761: 433: 394: 267: 243: 174: 821:

Lobengula that Rudd's team acted on behalf of a powerful, financially formidable organisation supported by

5830: 5360: 5195: 4503: 4435: 2003: 1920: 1907: 1903: 1866:

started in earnest in October: Company troops moved on Lobengula, using the inexorable firepower of their

1818: 1733:

Rhodes became Prime Minister of the Cape Colony in July 1890 on the back of widespread support among Cape

709: 390: 126:

and Francis Thompson, three agents acting on behalf of the South African-based politician and businessman

123: 5704: 5468: 5433: 5428: 5375: 5323: 5282: 5267: 5245: 4867: 4854: 4663: 4591: 4566: 4551: 4515: 4425: 2117: 1924: 1249: 1118: 1097:, was recruited to accompany the Matabele emissaries as an interpreter. They left in mid-December 1888. 1044: 740:

In early July 1888, Rhodes returned from London and met with Robinson, proposing the establishment of a

721: 621: 453: 406: 378: 158: 103: 413:

where miners had operated since 1868, mining operations in the watershed remained few and far between.

1969:, generally rendered "Sindebele" in English, and the country they have inhabited since 1838 is called 5529: 5494: 5311: 5297: 5257: 4539: 4477: 4408: 4379: 1794: 1461: 1264:

Following their long delay, Babayane, Mshete, Maund and Colenbrander journeyed to England aboard the

1047:

force in the South African Republic that allegedly intended to invade and support Gambo, a prominent

826: 817: 713: 695:

was chosen to lead Rhodes's negotiators because of his prior bargaining experience with Boer farmers.

506: 1341: 1272:

in early March 1889, and travelled by train to London, where they checked into the Berners Hotel on

862:

were opposed to the idea of any concession whatsoever, while the king himself and many of his older

5793: 5690: 5659: 5573: 5482: 5463: 5411: 5158: 5089: 5042: 4840: 4721: 4689: 4658: 4581: 4342: 4278: 1978: 753: 665: 461: 441: 420:, a vicar's son who had arrived from England in 1870, aged 17. Since entering the diamond trade at 281: 277: 182: 161:—winning the concession would enable him to gain a royal charter from the British government for a 2036:

were more inclined to hold discussions with an emissary more advanced in years than a younger man.

479: 389:

However, the whites kept coming, particularly after the discovery in 1886 of gold deposits in the

5717: 5654: 5143: 5079: 4802: 4327: 4268: 4149:

Africa and the West: A Documentary History. Volume 1: From the slave trade to conquest, 1441–1905

3737: 1974: 1863: 1822: 1445: 1309: 1161:

I hear it is published in all the newspapers that I have granted a Concession of the Minerals in

617: 424:

in 1871, Rhodes had gained near-complete domination of the world diamond market with the help of

212: 2028:

Not only had Lobengula and Moffat known each other many years, but their fathers, Mzilikazi and

1553: 889: 874: 744:

to govern and develop south-central Africa, with himself at its head, and similar powers to the

86: 2032:, had been great friends. It was also helpful that the son Moffat was already 52; the Matabele 5809: 5544: 5524: 5519: 5438: 5163: 5106: 5030: 5014: 4954: 4784: 4556: 4482: 4347: 4295: 4228: 4212: 4152: 4135: 4118: 4099: 4078: 4056: 4037: 4029: 4015: 3995: 3973: 3954: 3933: 3909: 3890: 3869: 3845: 3826: 3807: 3795: 3780: 3760: 3741: 3717: 1911: 1899: 1466: 1383: 741: 725: 591: 510: 468: 452:, the Egyptian city at the northern end of the continent, and allow for the construction of a 343: 339: 162: 270:"—both names mean "men of the long shields". Amid the period of war and chaos locally called 5774: 5769: 4937: 4925: 4627: 1927:. Northern Rhodesia became a directly administered British protectorate the following year. 1749: 1301: 366: 559: 5094: 5084: 4635: 4509: 4283: 4273: 1895: 1872: 1305: 1094: 1057: 701: 147: 4166: 1862:

at Cape Town for a few days, then sent them home. Following a few minor skirmishes, the

1444:

Rhodes spent the next few months in London, seeking out supporters for his cause in the

660:

Rhodes faced competition for the Matabeleland mining concession from George Cawston and

590:

precluded the South African Republic from making treaties with any state apart from the

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Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power

3859: 2122: 2111:

The first recorded use of the name in reference to the country is in the titles of the

1876: 1842:, and their demands that he stop the traditional raids on Mashona villages by Matabele 1813: 1757: 1738: 1705: 1453: 1449: 1414: 1382:, the three public board members recruited by Rhodes and Cawston for their prospective 1321: 1277: 1257: 1253: 1226: 1072: 1000: 822: 806: 789: 669: 609: 457: 445: 382: 200: 196: 154: 139: 3698:. Harare: Mashonaland Branch of the History Society of Zimbabwe. 25–26 September 1993. 763: 142:'s occupation of Mashonaland in 1890, which marked the beginning of white settlement, 5824: 5764: 5601: 5448: 4932: 4915: 4749: 4389: 4134:. Salisbury: Department of Government, University College of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. 3948: 3794:

Chanaiwa, David (2000) . "African Initiatives and Resistance in Southern Africa". In

1839: 1456:, Alexander Livingstone Bruce (who sat on the board of the East Africa Company), and 1273: 830: 730: 705: 629: 315: 296: 170: 131: 4132:

Source Book of Parliamentary Elections and Referenda in Southern Rhodesia, 1898–1962

1768:(named after the Prime Minister), on 12 September 1890, and ceremonially raised the 310:

Matabele culture mirrored that of the Zulus in many aspects. The Matabele language,

5616: 5596: 5591: 5583: 4764: 4744: 4739: 4731: 3987: 1970: 1835: 1201: 1165:

my country to CHARLES DUNELL RUDD, ROCHFORD MAGUIRE , and FRANCIS ROBERT THOMPSON.

1090: 1068: 842: 692: 483: 425: 417: 398: 335: 304: 288: 255: 247: 239: 127: 119: 107: 58: 3884: 1359: 1280:

after two days in the capital. The audience was originally meant only for the two

242:

followers on two northerly migrations during the 1820s and 1830s. They became the

999:

Robinson was pleased to learn of Rudd's success. The High Commissioner wanted to

867:

continue, so that the rival miners would have to compete for Lobengula's favour.

5175: 2065: 1764:

and Fort Charter along the way. They stopped at the site of the future capital,

1430: 1421:—soon to become the Duke of Fife, following his marriage to the daughter of the 1387: 1269: 757: 625: 596: 543: 539: 429: 402: 111: 1923:

from Britain at the termination of the Company's charter in 1923, and became a

1871:

early December after the remnants of Lobengula's army ambushed and annihilated

416:

The foremost business and political figure in southern Africa at this time was

5644: 4792: 4699: 3842:

The Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Land Warfare: An Illustrated World View

1769: 1734: 1422: 1297: 1012: 1006: 349: 292: 90: 28: 4139: 4122: 3999: 5712: 5675: 4862: 4830: 3678: 1867: 1826: 1313: 834: 793: 601: 456:. This ambition was directly challenged in the south by the presence of the 432:

and other business associates, as well as the generous financial backing of

361: 353: 263: 235: 115: 3953:. Montreal, Quebec and Kingston, Ontario: McGill-Queen's University Press. 3863: 3721: 1320:, the man who had given this spear to the Queen after routing the Zulus in 688: 448:

of territories that would connect the Cape, at Africa's southern tip, with

4012:

Bulawayo Burning: The Social History of a Southern African City, 1893–1960

3800:

General History of Africa. VII: Africa under Colonial Domination 1880–1935

3764: 1481: 928:

Lotshe and Thompson would together report the day's progress to the king.

114:

and other adjoining territories in what is today Zimbabwe, was granted by

5621: 5034: 5022: 4996: 4769: 4359: 4232: 4220: 4197: 3913: 2016: 1991: 1973:. In historiographical terms, "Matabele" is retained in the names of the 1880: 788:, Maund learned from Shippard that Grobler had been killed by a group of 785: 777: 613: 535: 374: 220: 178: 54: 516: 4394: 1785: 938: 908:

and Rudd's party; the king himself did not attend, but was nearby. The

646: 300: 272: 166: 3970:

Own Goals – National pride and defeat in war: the Rhodesian experience

3886:

Crown and Charter: The Early Years of the British South Africa Company

5679: 4834: 4813: 4055:(First ed.). Ann Arbor, Michigan: University of Michigan Press. 3803: 2126: 1765: 1214: 1060:

at Whitehall on 5 December 1888 to inform them of Rudd's concession.

850: 324: 187: 4965: 1530:

Hover your mouse over each man for his name; click for more details.

2019:

apparently considered it a renewal of the earlier Potgieter treaty.

805:

come for an amiable sojourn, and presented the king with a gift of

547:

making any more agreements with foreign powers other than Britain.

4147:

Worger, William H; Clark, Nancy L; Alpers, Edward Alters (2010) .

1999: 1995: 1812: 1508: 1480: 1248: 1225:

Matabele considered a sacred spring and accidentally dropped some

1067: 869: 762: 687: 645: 624:

India on Britain's behalf from 1757 to 1857. Through De Beers and

558: 515: 478: 449: 370: 348: 259: 230: 16:

1888 written concession for mining rights in what is now Zimbabwe

330: 285: 4969: 4170: 1312:, which now hung on a wall at Windsor Castle, and took them to 837:

and Matabeleland for the Matabele I am sure it is the ticket."

3950:

Rhodes and Rhodesia: The White Conquest of Zimbabwe, 1884–1902

409:, which covered a small strip of land on the border with the 4072:

The African Heritage: History for Junior Secondary Schools.

4070:

Sibanda, Misheck; Moyana, Henry; Gumbo, Sam D (April 1992).

3487: 1846:. After Matabele warriors began slaughtering Mashonas near 1035:

Matabele began to question the king's judgement. While the

4117:(Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1316:

to observe military manoeuvres conducted by Major-General

3694:"1893 Sequence of Events; The Wilson (Shangani) Patrol". 4115:

The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume Four

3889:. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. 3714:

The Quiet Man: A Biography of the Hon. Ian Douglas Smith

356:; a posthumous depiction, based on a contemporary sketch 342:(who died shortly before negotiations ended), then with 4098:(First ed.). New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 3825:(First English ed.). Moscow: Progress Publishers. 3483: 3481: 3479: 2121:

newspapers, which were respectively first published at

1834:

separated from Company territory by a line between the

1413:, an affluent Irish peer and landowner with estates in 1208:

Helm was painted as a suspicious figure by some of the

664:, two London financiers. They appointed as their agent 258:

was established in southern Africa by the warrior king

1883:

in the north of the country on 22 or 23 January 1894.

1543:

its acquired territories while also turning a profit.

146:

and development in the country that eventually became

1308:. Their hosts showed them the spear of the Zulu king 1130:

unreliable", and Babayane and Mshete as not actually

381:

and hunting licences to white visitors in return for

4151:(Second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3757:

Handbook to the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

405:. These efforts were mostly in vain. Apart from the 303:–Limpopo watershed; this area has since been called 299:, the Matabele settled in the southwest part of the 5740: 5703: 5668: 5635: 5582: 5567: 5558: 5481: 5410: 5310: 5244: 5204: 5050: 5041: 4893: 4853: 4823: 4783: 4730: 4715: 4708: 4676: 4616: 4407: 4368: 4239: 4036:(First ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3561: 3559: 1951:Their term for themselves in their own language is 75: 64: 50: 35: 4034:The Founder: Cecil Rhodes and the Pursuit of Power 3925: 3906:A History of Northern Rhodesia: Early Days to 1953 3424: 3422: 3420: 3418: 3366: 3364: 3063: 3061: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3040: 2919: 2917: 2915: 2913: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2468: 2466: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2160: 1890:unanimously accepted peace with the Company at an 3201: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3015: 3013: 2904: 2453: 2451: 2356: 2354: 2281: 2279: 1196:, but by the other whites, particularly Tainton. 848:After these talks with Rudd, Lobengula called an 440:, having been elected in 1881. Amid the European 3689:(4). Lusaka: Northern Rhodesia Society: 101–102. 3324: 3322: 3320: 3295: 3293: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3156: 3154: 3078: 3076: 2969: 2967: 2965: 2963: 2961: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2882: 2880: 2878: 2876: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2676: 2674: 2661: 2659: 2657: 2608: 2606: 2593: 2591: 2589: 2587: 2585: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2171: 2169: 3405: 3403: 1512: 1159: 1024: 960: 945: 538:, in early December, another British agent met 165:, empowered to annex and thereafter govern the 3466: 3464: 3451: 3449: 3129: 3127: 2984: 2982: 2703: 2701: 2536: 2534: 2266: 2264: 1902:", while those to the north were divided into 1809:Conquest of Matabeleland: the end of Lobengula 1260:received the Matabele emissaries in March 1889 733:, an African American and two black servants. 4981: 4182: 3522: 3520: 3274: 3272: 3218: 3216: 3214: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2803: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2754: 2752: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2186: 2184: 8: 3382: 3160: 3145: 3118: 3067: 3052: 3031: 2952: 2923: 2892: 2855: 2838: 2731: 2692: 2665: 2648: 2624: 2513: 2472: 2442: 2413: 2396: 2384: 2372: 2214: 1324:. Knutsford held two more meetings with the 21: 4522:Southern Rhodesia African National Congress 3779:. New York: Doubleday, Page & Company. 1959:indicating the plural form of the singular 1947: 1945: 1241:revoked their recognition of the document. 1138:Rhodes and the London syndicate join forces 246:, and the area they settled in 1838 became 5579: 5564: 5487: 5416: 5316: 5250: 5047: 4988: 4974: 4966: 4727: 4712: 4682: 4620: 4413: 4372: 4189: 4175: 4167: 3679:"First Records—No. 6. The Name 'Rhodesia'" 3339: 3337: 681:, seeking his approval for their designs. 134:granted by the United Kingdom to Rhodes's 20: 3600: 3589: 3565: 3428: 3409: 3370: 3263: 3239: 3133: 3094: 3082: 3000: 2973: 2719: 2707: 2680: 2636: 2612: 2576: 2540: 2297: 1886:Matabeleland was conquered. The Matabele 1417:and Scotland, to chair the firm, and the 712:, an Irish barrister Rhodes had known at 203:, but these efforts proved unsuccessful. 5398:Zimbabwe and the Commonwealth of Nations 3932:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 3928:The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History 3844:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. 3538: 3511: 3455: 3440: 3355: 3311: 3205: 3019: 2988: 2867: 2552: 2457: 2425: 2360: 2309: 2285: 2270: 2238: 2226: 2202: 2190: 2175: 1784:Edward Renny-Tailyour, representing the 138:in October 1889, and thereafter for the 5886:Political history of the United Kingdom 5851:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom 3648: 3577: 3550: 3470: 3394: 3328: 3299: 3278: 3251: 3222: 3184: 3172: 3106: 2935: 2813: 2794: 2777: 2758: 2743: 2597: 2564: 2496: 2484: 2333: 2321: 2148: 2141: 1941: 1177:Bechuanaland News and Malmani Chronicle 157:as part of his personal ambition for a 5134:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 4602:Chemical weapons and biological agents 4323:Unilateral Declaration of Independence 4077:. Harare: Zimbabwe Educational Books. 3636: 3624: 3526: 3499: 3004: 2525: 2345: 2255: 1570: 970:Lobengula refused to allow any of the 444:, he envisioned the annexation to the 360:After Mzilikazi died in 1868, his son 3696:Centenary of the Matabele War of 1893 3343: 1754:British South Africa Company's Police 1606: 1528:'s original board of directors, 1889. 525:High Commissioner for Southern Africa 495:High Commissioner for Southern Africa 7: 3660: 3612: 1590: 5122:Rhodesia–Nyasaland federation 3972:. Northampton: Paragon Publishing. 1386:during early 1889, all depicted by 716:, was recruited as a third member. 393:(or Transvaal), which prompted the 5550:Zimbabwe at the Commonwealth Games 4498:Responsible Government Association 4095:Cape to Cairo: Rape of a Continent 2064:They nearly died on the road from 436:. Rhodes was also a member of the 14: 4528:Southern Rhodesia Communist Party 3840:Farwell, Byron (September 2001). 1624: 1175:This notice was published in the 1021:printed a notice from Lobengula: 767:A Matabele kraal, as depicted by 505:, Britain's administrator in the 5896:Treaties with indigenous peoples 5227:Cricket crisis (2003–2007) 3712:Berlyn, Phillippa (April 1978). 3488:History Society of Zimbabwe 1993 2161:Sibanda, Moyana & Gumbo 1992 1720: 1712: 1640: 1639: 1623: 1605: 1589: 1569: 1562: 1401:In late March 1889, just as the 1358: 1349: 1340: 965: Charles Daniel Helm 291:moved to the area, during their 81: 27: 4534:Southern Rhodesia Liberal Party 3994:. London: Chatto & Windus. 3968:Marston, Roger (January 2010). 2905:Worger, Clark & Alpers 2010 1821:on 25 October 1893, during the 1717:– founded by the Pioneer Column 150:, named after Rhodes, in 1895. 106:for exclusive mining rights in 5841:British colonisation in Africa 5334:Capital punishment in Zimbabwe 5149:1975 Victoria Falls Conference 4333:1975 Victoria Falls Conference 3908:. New York: Humanities Press. 3670:Newspaper and journal articles 1294:Aborigines' Protection Society 1245:Babayane and Mshete in England 1121:—who himself held the rank of 1: 5856:History of the British Empire 5444:Zimbabwean dollar (2019–2024) 5127:Malayan Emergency involvement 4546:United National Federal Party 4311:Malayan Emergency involvement 3947:Keppel-Jones, Arthur (1983). 3683:The Northern Rhodesia Journal 1919:, Southern Rhodesia received 1917:government referendum of 1922 1332:Rhodes wins the royal charter 322:(king) appointed a number of 5846:British South Africa Company 4446:Ministry of External Affairs 4198:Southern Rhodesia / Rhodesia 4130:Willson, F M G, ed. (1963). 4113:Walker, Eric A, ed. (1963). 3755:Brelsford, W V, ed. (1960). 3677:Brelsford, W V, ed. (1954). 1526:British South Africa Company 1494:British South Africa Company 1487:British South Africa Company 1234:Frederick Rutherfoord Harris 1179:on 2 February 1889. A grand 750:Imperial British East Africa 136:British South Africa Company 69:British South Africa Company 5439:Dollar (suspended currency) 3821:Davidson, Apollon (1988) . 626:Gold Fields of South Africa 614:De Beers Consolidated Mines 5927: 5181:2008–2009 cholera outbreak 3883:Galbraith, John S (1974). 3777:Scouting on Two Continents 3773:Burnham, Frederick Russell 3736:(First ed.). London: 3716:. Salisbury: M O Collins. 1750:Frederick Courteney Selous 991:Announcement and reception 475:Prelude: the Moffat treaty 219:, and Lobengula died from 5787: 5490: 5419: 5319: 5253: 5222:Cricket (1992–2006) 5169:Lancaster House Agreement 5033:under UDI; 1980–present: 5007: 4950: 4685: 4623: 4416: 4375: 4353:Lancaster House Agreement 4231:under UDI; 1980–present: 4205: 3868:. New York: Basic Books. 3823:Cecil Rhodes and His Time 1875:who were sent across the 1505:Occupation of Mashonaland 854:(conference) of over 100 769:William Cornwallis Harris 588:London Convention of 1884 507:Bechuanaland Crown colony 411:Bechuanaland Protectorate 80: 39:30 October 1888 26: 4587:Leader of the Opposition 4014:. Oxford: James Currey. 2129:in May and October 1892. 1458:Lord Balfour of Burleigh 818:Sir Hamilton Goold-Adams 3904:Gann, Lewis H (1969) . 1910:, which merged to form 1476:Sir Henry Brougham Loch 1276:. They were invited to 1150: 1063: 454:railway linking the two 434:Nathan Mayer Rothschild 395:Witwatersrand Gold Rush 314:, was largely based on 5836:19th century in Africa 5293:Wards (municipalities) 5154:1976 Geneva Conference 4504:Rhodesian Action Party 4338:1976 Geneva Conference 4051:Rowe, David M (2001). 1921:responsible government 1908:North-Eastern Rhodesia 1830: 1819:Battle of the Shangani 1752:, and escorted by 500 1531: 1489: 1268:. They disembarked at 1261: 1172: 1170: Lobengula 1076: 1031: 1029: Lobengula 967: 954: 878: 784:Between Kimberley and 772: 758:Her Majesty's Treasury 710:James Rochfort Maguire 704:, the language of the 696: 668:, who had served with 657: 570: 527: 490: 391:South African Republic 357: 254:During the 1810s, the 251: 124:James Rochfort Maguire 5434:Zimbabwean bond notes 5429:Zimbabwean bond coins 5393:2007 political crisis 4577:Deputy Prime Minister 4552:United Rhodesia Party 4516:Rhodesia Labour Party 4380:Chimanimani Mountains 4092:Strage, Mark (1973). 3734:A History of Rhodesia 1925:self-governing colony 1816: 1708:'s route north, 1890: 1523: 1484: 1252: 1119:Leander Starr Jameson 1071: 873: 766: 754:Royal Niger Companies 722:John Semple Galbraith 691: 649: 562: 521:Sir Hercules Robinson 519: 499:Sir Hercules Robinson 482: 352: 234: 223:in exile soon after. 159:Cape to Cairo Railway 5891:Treaties of Zimbabwe 5881:Politics of Rhodesia 5258:Chimanimani District 4630:(currency from 1970) 4540:United Federal Party 4478:Central Africa Party 4431:Legislative Assembly 3806:. pp. 194–220. 1979:Second Matabele Wars 1931:Notes and references 1795:Theophilus Shepstone 1701:class=notpageimage| 1462:William Thomas Stead 746:British North Borneo 462:spheres of influence 397:and the founding of 284:, but the same year 278:Sir Benjamin d'Urban 5866:History of Zimbabwe 5861:History of Rhodesia 5278:Place name renaming 5159:Internal Settlement 5090:Second Matabele War 4343:Internal Settlement 4279:Second Matabele War 3924:(September 2002) . 3759:. London: Cassell. 1151:Lobengula's enquiry 1101:head of a Matabele 1064:Lobengula's embassy 982:alongside his own. 833: ... Stick to 666:Edward Arthur Maund 442:Scramble for Africa 282:British Cape Colony 183:Edward Arthur Maund 118:of Matabeleland to 23: 5906:Eponymous treaties 5871:Mining in Zimbabwe 5459:Telecommunications 5196:2019 fuel protests 5186:2016–2017 protests 5080:First Matabele War 4690:List of Rhodesians 4654:Telecommunications 4638:(currency to 1970) 4269:First Matabele War 4010:(September 2010). 3663:, pp. 191–192 3580:, pp. 202–204 3568:, pp. 308–309 3541:, pp. 223–224 3443:, pp. 212–214 3431:, pp. 274–276 3385:, pp. 163–172 3373:, pp. 143–153 3331:, pp. 285–286 3302:, pp. 284–285 3266:, pp. 116–117 3208:, pp. 150–152 3022:, pp. 145–146 3003:, pp. 72–76; 2746:, pp. 132–133 2600:, pp. 257–258 2555:, pp. 128–129 2528:, pp. 525–526 2460:, pp. 125–127 2363:, pp. 120–124 2324:, pp. 212–213 2288:, pp. 107–108 2205:, pp. 113–115 2178:, pp. 112–113 2113:Rhodesia Chronicle 1868:Maxim machine guns 1864:First Matabele War 1831: 1823:First Matabele War 1780:Lippert concession 1772:the next morning. 1541:govern and develop 1532: 1490: 1262: 1077: 879: 773: 697: 679:Colonial Secretary 670:Sir Charles Warren 658: 655:Colonial Secretary 618:East India Company 604:on 25 April 1888. 571: 528: 491: 358: 280:, Governor of the 252: 213:First Matabele War 191:(tribal leaders). 5818: 5817: 5783: 5782: 5736: 5735: 5699: 5698: 5545:Sport in Zimbabwe 5515:Human trafficking 5477: 5476: 5406: 5405: 5366:Political parties 5329:Foreign relations 5306: 5305: 5240: 5239: 5217:Cricket (to 1992) 5164:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 5107:Southern Rhodesia 5031:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 5015:Southern Rhodesia 4963: 4962: 4946: 4945: 4889: 4888: 4849: 4848: 4672: 4671: 4612: 4611: 4483:Confederate Party 4473:Political parties 4451:Mission in Lisbon 4421:Political history 4403: 4402: 4348:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 4296:Southern Rhodesia 4229:Zimbabwe Rhodesia 4213:Southern Rhodesia 4158:978-0-19-537313-4 4105:978-0-15-115450-0 4084:978-0-908300-00-6 4062:978-0-472-11187-9 4043:978-0-19-504968-8 4030:Rotberg, Robert I 4021:978-1-84701-020-9 4008:Ranger, Terence O 3979:978-1-899820-81-8 3960:978-0-7735-0534-6 3939:978-0-226-35168-1 3922:Hopkins, Donald R 3875:978-0-465-02329-5 3851:978-0-393-04770-7 3786:978-1-879356-31-3 3383:Keppel-Jones 1983 3161:Keppel-Jones 1983 3146:Keppel-Jones 1983 3119:Keppel-Jones 1983 3068:Keppel-Jones 1983 3053:Keppel-Jones 1983 3032:Keppel-Jones 1983 2953:Keppel-Jones 1983 2924:Keppel-Jones 1983 2893:Keppel-Jones 1983 2856:Keppel-Jones 1983 2839:Keppel-Jones 1983 2732:Keppel-Jones 1983 2693:Keppel-Jones 1983 2666:Keppel-Jones 1983 2649:Keppel-Jones 1983 2625:Keppel-Jones 1983 2514:Keppel-Jones 1983 2473:Keppel-Jones 1983 2443:Keppel-Jones 1983 2414:Keppel-Jones 1983 2397:Keppel-Jones 1983 2385:Keppel-Jones 1983 2373:Keppel-Jones 1983 2215:Keppel-Jones 1983 1912:Northern Rhodesia 1900:Southern Rhodesia 1695: 1690: 1685: 1680: 1675: 1670: 1664: 1657: 1467:Pall Mall Gazette 1435:Lord Robert Cecil 1384:chartered company 742:chartered company 726:Robert I. Rotberg 592:Orange Free State 511:John Smith Moffat 486:, as sketched by 469:Berlin Conference 464:" defined at the 344:Andries Pretorius 340:Hendrik Potgieter 163:chartered company 96: 95: 5918: 5803: 5796: 5580: 5565: 5488: 5417: 5317: 5263:Cities and towns 5251: 5191:2017 coup d'état 5117:Second World War 5112:colonial history 5048: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4967: 4871: 4728: 4713: 4683: 4639: 4631: 4621: 4456:Centre in Sydney 4414: 4385:Cities and towns 4373: 4306:Second World War 4301:colonial history 4191: 4184: 4177: 4168: 4162: 4143: 4126: 4109: 4088: 4066: 4047: 4032:(October 1988). 4025: 4003: 3983: 3964: 3943: 3931: 3917: 3900: 3879: 3855: 3836: 3817: 3790: 3768: 3751: 3725: 3699: 3690: 3664: 3658: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3628: 3622: 3616: 3615:, pp. 65–69 3610: 3604: 3598: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3575: 3569: 3563: 3554: 3548: 3542: 3536: 3530: 3524: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3474: 3468: 3459: 3453: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3413: 3407: 3398: 3392: 3386: 3380: 3374: 3368: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3332: 3326: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3282: 3276: 3267: 3261: 3255: 3249: 3243: 3242:, pp. 83–84 3237: 3226: 3220: 3209: 3203: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3149: 3148:, pp. 85–86 3143: 3137: 3131: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3098: 3097:, pp. 78–80 3092: 3086: 3085:, pp. 77–78 3080: 3071: 3070:, pp. 81–82 3065: 3056: 3055:, pp. 86–88 3050: 3035: 3029: 3023: 3017: 3008: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2977: 2976:, pp. 72–76 2971: 2956: 2950: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2926:, pp. 79–80 2921: 2908: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2871: 2865: 2859: 2853: 2842: 2836: 2817: 2811: 2798: 2792: 2781: 2775: 2762: 2756: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2734:, pp. 65–66 2729: 2723: 2722:, pp. 64–65 2717: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2683:, pp. 63–64 2678: 2669: 2663: 2652: 2651:, pp. 56–57 2646: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2616: 2615:, pp. 61–62 2610: 2601: 2595: 2580: 2574: 2568: 2562: 2556: 2550: 2544: 2538: 2529: 2523: 2517: 2516:, pp. 58–59 2511: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2475:, pp. 44–45 2470: 2461: 2455: 2446: 2445:, pp. 42–43 2440: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2411: 2400: 2394: 2388: 2382: 2376: 2370: 2364: 2358: 2349: 2343: 2337: 2331: 2325: 2319: 2313: 2307: 2301: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2274: 2268: 2259: 2258:, pp. 14–17 2253: 2242: 2236: 2230: 2224: 2218: 2212: 2206: 2200: 2194: 2188: 2179: 2173: 2164: 2158: 2152: 2146: 2130: 2109: 2103: 2100: 2094: 2088: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2062: 2056: 2052: 2046: 2043: 2037: 2026: 2020: 2013: 2007: 1988: 1982: 1949: 1724: 1723: 1716: 1715: 1693: 1688: 1683: 1678: 1673: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1658: 1655: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1633: 1627: 1626: 1616: 1609: 1608: 1599: 1593: 1592: 1582: 1581: 1573: 1572: 1566: 1551:describes as a " 1511: 1464:, editor of the 1411:Duke of Abercorn 1377:Duke of Abercorn 1362: 1353: 1344: 1302:Alhambra Theatre 986:Validity dispute 881:For many at the 642:Race to Bulawayo 467: 218: 85: 84: 46: 44: 31: 24: 5926: 5925: 5921: 5920: 5919: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5876:New Imperialism 5821: 5820: 5819: 5814: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5779: 5732: 5695: 5664: 5631: 5571: 5554: 5540:Public holidays 5473: 5402: 5302: 5236: 5200: 5100:First World War 5095:Second Boer War 5085:Shangani Patrol 5065:Rudd Concession 5037: 5003: 4994: 4964: 4959: 4942: 4885: 4870:(South African) 4869: 4845: 4819: 4779: 4719: 4704: 4695:Public holidays 4668: 4637: 4629: 4608: 4597:Security Forces 4510:Rhodesian Front 4399: 4364: 4289:First World War 4284:Second Boer War 4274:Shangani Patrol 4254:Rudd Concession 4235: 4201: 4195: 4165: 4159: 4146: 4129: 4112: 4106: 4091: 4085: 4069: 4063: 4050: 4044: 4028: 4022: 4006: 3986: 3980: 3967: 3961: 3946: 3940: 3920: 3903: 3897: 3882: 3876: 3860:Ferguson, Niall 3858: 3852: 3839: 3833: 3820: 3814: 3793: 3787: 3771: 3754: 3748: 3728: 3711: 3702: 3693: 3676: 3667: 3659: 3655: 3647: 3643: 3635: 3631: 3623: 3619: 3611: 3607: 3599: 3595: 3588: 3584: 3576: 3572: 3564: 3557: 3549: 3545: 3537: 3533: 3525: 3518: 3510: 3506: 3498: 3494: 3486: 3477: 3469: 3462: 3454: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3427: 3416: 3408: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3381: 3377: 3369: 3362: 3354: 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2143: 2134: 2133: 2118:Rhodesia Herald 2110: 2106: 2101: 2097: 2089: 2085: 2076: 2072: 2063: 2059: 2053: 2049: 2044: 2040: 2027: 2023: 2014: 2010: 1989: 1985: 1950: 1943: 1933: 1811: 1782: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1728: 1721: 1713: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1691: 1686: 1681: 1679:(British prot.) 1676: 1671: 1666: 1661: 1659: 1654: 1652: 1651: 1650: 1647: 1644: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1620: 1619: 1618: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1594: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1579: 1578: 1574: 1554:suppressio veri 1529: 1522: 1509: 1507: 1502: 1439:Horace Farquhar 1423:Prince of Wales 1399: 1398: 1397: 1396: 1380:(left to right) 1365: 1364: 1363: 1355: 1354: 1346: 1345: 1334: 1306:Bank of England 1247: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1166: 1153: 1140: 1066: 1058:Colonial Office 1032: 1028: 993: 988: 968: 964: 934: 816:Accompanied by 802: 644: 639: 503:Sidney Shippard 477: 465: 438:Cape Parliament 407:Tati Concession 383:pounds sterling 367:big-game hunter 229: 216: 100:Rudd Concession 87:Rudd Concession 82: 42: 40: 22:Rudd Concession 17: 12: 11: 5: 5924: 5922: 5914: 5913: 5911:1888 documents 5908: 5903: 5901:1888 in Africa 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5873: 5868: 5863: 5858: 5853: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5833: 5823: 5822: 5816: 5815: 5813: 5812: 5805: 5804: 5797: 5789: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5781: 5780: 5778: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5746: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5731: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5709: 5707: 5701: 5700: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5693: 5688: 5683: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5665: 5663: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5647: 5641: 5639: 5633: 5632: 5630: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5588: 5586: 5577: 5562: 5556: 5555: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5510:Child marriage 5507: 5502: 5497: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5472: 5471: 5469:Transportation 5466: 5461: 5456: 5454:Stock exchange 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5390: 5388:Prime Minister 5385: 5384: 5383: 5381:Vice-President 5373: 5371:Heads of State 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5336: 5331: 5326: 5320: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5304: 5303: 5301: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5273:Great Zimbabwe 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5212:Constitutional 5208: 5206: 5202: 5201: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5172: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5131: 5130: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5104: 5103: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5075:Pioneer Column 5067: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5045: 5039: 5038: 5008: 5005: 5004: 4995: 4993: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4970: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4957: 4951: 4948: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4928: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4883: 4878: 4873: 4865: 4859: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4847: 4846: 4844: 4843: 4838: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4810: 4805: 4800: 4795: 4789: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4736: 4734: 4725: 4710: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4686: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4666: 4664:Transportation 4661: 4656: 4651: 4649:Stock Exchange 4646: 4641: 4633: 4624: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4610: 4609: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4604: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4572:Prime Minister 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4519: 4513: 4507: 4501: 4495: 4490: 4488:Dominion Party 4485: 4480: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4463:Municipalities 4460: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4417: 4411: 4405: 4404: 4401: 4400: 4398: 4397: 4392: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4370: 4366: 4365: 4363: 4362: 4357: 4356: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4330: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4264:Pioneer Column 4256: 4251: 4245: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4206: 4203: 4202: 4200: articles 4196: 4194: 4193: 4186: 4179: 4171: 4164: 4163: 4157: 4144: 4127: 4110: 4104: 4089: 4083: 4067: 4061: 4048: 4042: 4026: 4020: 4004: 3984: 3978: 3965: 3959: 3944: 3938: 3918: 3901: 3895: 3880: 3874: 3862:(April 2004). 3856: 3850: 3837: 3831: 3818: 3812: 3791: 3785: 3769: 3752: 3746: 3726: 3708: 3701: 3700: 3691: 3673: 3666: 3665: 3653: 3641: 3629: 3617: 3605: 3601:Brelsford 1960 3593: 3590:Brelsford 1954 3582: 3570: 3566:Galbraith 1974 3555: 3543: 3531: 3516: 3504: 3492: 3490:, pp. 5–6 3475: 3460: 3445: 3433: 3429:Galbraith 1974 3414: 3410:Galbraith 1974 3399: 3387: 3375: 3371:Galbraith 1974 3360: 3348: 3333: 3316: 3304: 3283: 3268: 3264:Galbraith 1974 3256: 3244: 3240:Galbraith 1974 3227: 3210: 3189: 3177: 3165: 3150: 3138: 3134:Galbraith 1974 3123: 3111: 3099: 3095:Galbraith 1974 3087: 3083:Galbraith 1974 3072: 3057: 3036: 3024: 3009: 3001:Galbraith 1974 2993: 2978: 2974:Galbraith 1974 2957: 2940: 2928: 2909: 2897: 2872: 2860: 2843: 2818: 2799: 2782: 2763: 2748: 2736: 2724: 2720:Galbraith 1974 2712: 2708:Galbraith 1974 2697: 2685: 2681:Galbraith 1974 2670: 2653: 2641: 2637:Galbraith 1974 2629: 2617: 2613:Galbraith 1974 2602: 2581: 2577:Galbraith 1974 2569: 2557: 2545: 2541:Galbraith 1974 2530: 2518: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2462: 2447: 2430: 2418: 2401: 2389: 2377: 2365: 2350: 2338: 2326: 2314: 2302: 2298:Galbraith 1974 2290: 2275: 2260: 2243: 2231: 2219: 2207: 2195: 2180: 2165: 2153: 2140: 2132: 2131: 2127:Fort Salisbury 2104: 2095: 2083: 2070: 2057: 2047: 2038: 2021: 2008: 1983: 1940: 1939: 1932: 1929: 1877:Shangani River 1840:Hunyani Rivers 1810: 1807: 1781: 1778: 1766:Fort Salisbury 1739:Pioneer Column 1727: 1726: 1725:– other places 1718: 1709: 1706:Pioneer Column 1699: 1698: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1660: 1653: 1646: 1645: 1638: 1637: 1630: 1629: 1622: 1621: 1613: 1612: 1611: 1604: 1603: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1587: 1580:Fort Salisbury 1577: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1567: 1561: 1560: 1559: 1506: 1503: 1501: 1498: 1454:Harry Johnston 1415:County Donegal 1367: 1366: 1357: 1356: 1348: 1347: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1333: 1330: 1278:Windsor Castle 1258:Queen Victoria 1254:Windsor Castle 1246: 1243: 1227:eau de Cologne 1158: 1152: 1149: 1139: 1136: 1073:Queen Victoria 1065: 1062: 1023: 992: 989: 987: 984: 959: 933: 930: 823:Queen Victoria 801: 798: 677:, the British 675:Lord Knutsford 653:, the British 651:Lord Knutsford 643: 640: 638: 635: 610:Barney Barnato 584:Lord Salisbury 568:Prime Minister 566:, the British 564:Lord Salisbury 523:, the British 488:Violet Manners 476: 473: 458:Boer republics 446:British Empire 354:King Lobengula 336:Mashona people 228: 225: 209:Lord Salisbury 201:Windsor Castle 197:Queen Victoria 155:British Empire 144:administration 140:Pioneer Column 116:King Lobengula 94: 93: 78: 77: 73: 72: 66: 62: 61: 52: 48: 47: 37: 33: 32: 15: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5923: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5872: 5869: 5867: 5864: 5862: 5859: 5857: 5854: 5852: 5849: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5832: 5831:1888 treaties 5829: 5828: 5826: 5811: 5808: 5807: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5786: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5745: 5743: 5739: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5706: 5702: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5677: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5661: 5658: 5656: 5653: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5638: 5634: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5575: 5570: 5569:Ethnic groups 5566: 5563: 5561: 5557: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5506: 5503: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5493: 5492: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5449:Zimbabwe Gold 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5382: 5379: 5378: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5341: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5321: 5318: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5243: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5209: 5207: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5135: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5109: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5071: 5068: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5040: 5036: 5032: 5028: 5024: 5021:; 1965–1979: 5020: 5017:; 1953–1963: 5016: 5013:; 1923–1980: 5012: 5006: 5002: 4998: 4991: 4986: 4984: 4979: 4977: 4972: 4971: 4968: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4949: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4924: 4923: 4922: 4919: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4882: 4879: 4877: 4874: 4872: 4866: 4864: 4861: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4822: 4815: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4782: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4729: 4726: 4723: 4718: 4717:Ethnic groups 4714: 4711: 4707: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4687: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4665: 4662: 4660: 4657: 4655: 4652: 4650: 4647: 4645: 4642: 4640: 4634: 4632: 4626: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4603: 4600: 4599: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4493:Federal Party 4491: 4489: 4486: 4484: 4481: 4479: 4476: 4474: 4471: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4448: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4396: 4395:Zambezi River 4393: 4391: 4390:Limpopo River 4388: 4386: 4383: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4361: 4358: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4299: 4298: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4280: 4277: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4244: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4199: 4192: 4187: 4185: 4180: 4178: 4173: 4172: 4169: 4160: 4154: 4150: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4097: 4096: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4068: 4064: 4058: 4054: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4023: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4001: 3997: 3993: 3989: 3988:Millin, Sarah 3985: 3981: 3975: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3951: 3945: 3941: 3935: 3930: 3929: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3898: 3896:0-520-02693-4 3892: 3888: 3887: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3867: 3866: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3847: 3843: 3838: 3834: 3832:5-01-001828-4 3828: 3824: 3819: 3815: 3813:92-3-101713-6 3809: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3796:Boahen, A Adu 3792: 3788: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3753: 3749: 3747:9780413283504 3743: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3730:Blake, Robert 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3709: 3707: 3706: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3671: 3662: 3657: 3654: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3639:, p. 669 3638: 3633: 3630: 3627:, p. 664 3626: 3621: 3618: 3614: 3609: 3606: 3603:, p. 619 3602: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3586: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3560: 3556: 3553:, p. 191 3552: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3539:Davidson 1988 3535: 3532: 3529:, p. 191 3528: 3523: 3521: 3517: 3514:, p. 219 3513: 3512:Davidson 1988 3508: 3505: 3502:, p. 188 3501: 3496: 3493: 3489: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3476: 3473:, p. 539 3472: 3467: 3465: 3461: 3458:, p. 188 3457: 3456:Ferguson 2004 3452: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3441:Davidson 1988 3437: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3421: 3419: 3415: 3412:, p. 273 3411: 3406: 3404: 3400: 3397:, p. 336 3396: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3367: 3365: 3361: 3358:, p. 183 3357: 3356:Davidson 1988 3352: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3317: 3314:, p. 164 3313: 3312:Davidson 1988 3308: 3305: 3301: 3296: 3294: 3292: 3290: 3288: 3284: 3281:, p. 283 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3260: 3257: 3254:, p. 279 3253: 3248: 3245: 3241: 3236: 3234: 3232: 3228: 3225:, p. 271 3224: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3206:Davidson 1988 3202: 3200: 3198: 3196: 3194: 3190: 3187:, p. 269 3186: 3181: 3178: 3175:, p. 266 3174: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3142: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3115: 3112: 3109:, p. 267 3108: 3103: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3077: 3073: 3069: 3064: 3062: 3058: 3054: 3049: 3047: 3045: 3043: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3028: 3025: 3021: 3020:Davidson 1988 3016: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2997: 2994: 2991:, p. 140 2990: 2989:Davidson 1988 2985: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2964: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2938:, p. 264 2937: 2932: 2929: 2925: 2920: 2918: 2916: 2914: 2910: 2907:, p. 241 2906: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2889: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2870:, p. 206 2869: 2868:Chanaiwa 2000 2864: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2816:, p. 262 2815: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2800: 2797:, p. 261 2796: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2780:, p. 260 2779: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2764: 2761:, p. 259 2760: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2740: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2645: 2642: 2638: 2633: 2630: 2626: 2621: 2618: 2614: 2609: 2607: 2603: 2599: 2594: 2592: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2573: 2570: 2567:, p. 252 2566: 2561: 2558: 2554: 2553:Davidson 1988 2549: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2522: 2519: 2515: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2499:, p. 207 2498: 2493: 2490: 2487:, p. 251 2486: 2481: 2478: 2474: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2458:Davidson 1988 2454: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2428:, p. 125 2427: 2426:Davidson 1988 2422: 2419: 2415: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2390: 2386: 2381: 2378: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2361:Davidson 1988 2357: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2342: 2339: 2336:, p. 128 2335: 2330: 2327: 2323: 2318: 2315: 2311: 2310:Davidson 1988 2306: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2291: 2287: 2286:Davidson 1988 2282: 2280: 2276: 2273:, p. 102 2272: 2271:Davidson 1988 2267: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2239:Davidson 1988 2235: 2232: 2229:, p. 101 2228: 2227:Davidson 1988 2223: 2220: 2216: 2211: 2208: 2204: 2203:Davidson 1988 2199: 2196: 2193:, p. 204 2192: 2191:Chanaiwa 2000 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2176:Davidson 1988 2172: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2145: 2142: 2139: 2138: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2119: 2114: 2108: 2105: 2099: 2096: 2092: 2087: 2084: 2080: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2061: 2058: 2051: 2048: 2042: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2030:Robert Moffat 2025: 2022: 2018: 2012: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1948: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1937: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1913: 1909: 1905: 1904:North-Western 1901: 1897: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1855: 1853: 1849: 1848:Fort Victoria 1845: 1841: 1837: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1808: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1796: 1792: 1787: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1762:Fort Victoria 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1742: 1740: 1736: 1719: 1711: 1710: 1707: 1702: 1615:Fort Victoria 1565: 1558: 1556: 1555: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1536: 1527: 1504: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1488: 1483: 1479: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1468: 1463: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1361: 1352: 1343: 1331: 1329: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Oxford Street 1271: 1267: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1244: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1203: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1186: 1182: 1178: 1171: 1164: 1157: 1148: 1144: 1137: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1109: 1104: 1098: 1096: 1092: 1087: 1083: 1074: 1070: 1061: 1059: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1030: 1022: 1020: 1015: 1014: 1009: 1008: 1002: 997: 990: 985: 983: 981: 977: 973: 966: 958: 953: 951: 944: 941: 940: 931: 929: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 891: 890:Martini–Henry 886: 884: 876: 875:Martini–Henry 872: 868: 865: 861: 857: 853: 852: 846: 844: 838: 836: 832: 828: 824: 819: 814: 810: 808: 799: 797: 795: 791: 787: 782: 779: 770: 765: 761: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 734: 732: 731:Cape Coloured 727: 723: 717: 715: 711: 707: 706:Tswana people 703: 694: 690: 686: 682: 680: 676: 671: 667: 663: 656: 652: 648: 641: 636: 634: 631: 630:royal charter 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 605: 603: 599: 598: 593: 589: 585: 581: 576: 569: 565: 561: 557: 554: 548: 545: 541: 537: 532: 526: 522: 518: 514: 512: 508: 504: 500: 496: 489: 485: 481: 474: 472: 470: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 414: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 386: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 355: 351: 347: 345: 341: 337: 333: 332: 327: 326: 321: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 297:Limpopo River 294: 290: 287: 283: 279: 275: 274: 269: 265: 261: 257: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 226: 224: 222: 214: 210: 204: 202: 198: 192: 190: 189: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 151: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 132:royal charter 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 92: 88: 79: 74: 70: 67: 63: 60: 56: 53: 49: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 5760:Coat of arms 5560:Demographics 5535:Prostitution 5500:Architecture 5424:Central bank 5339:Human rights 5070:Company rule 5064: 5060:Pre-colonial 5011:Company rule 4911:Coat of arms 4709:Demographics 4644:Reserve Bank 4259:Company rule 4253: 4249:Pre-colonial 4209:Company rule 4148: 4131: 4114: 4094: 4075: 4071: 4052: 4033: 4011: 3991: 3969: 3949: 3927: 3905: 3885: 3864: 3841: 3822: 3799: 3776: 3756: 3738:Eyre Methuen 3733: 3713: 3705:Bibliography 3704: 3703: 3695: 3686: 3682: 3669: 3668: 3656: 3651:, p. 46 3649:Willson 1963 3644: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3596: 3585: 3578:Burnham 1926 3573: 3551:Hopkins 2002 3546: 3534: 3507: 3495: 3471:Farwell 2001 3436: 3395:Rotberg 1988 3390: 3378: 3351: 3346:, p. 55 3329:Rotberg 1988 3307: 3300:Rotberg 1988 3279:Rotberg 1988 3259: 3252:Rotberg 1988 3247: 3223:Rotberg 1988 3185:Rotberg 1988 3180: 3173:Rotberg 1988 3168: 3163:, p. 86 3141: 3136:, p. 79 3121:, p. 91 3114: 3107:Rotberg 1988 3102: 3090: 3034:, p. 85 3027: 3007:, p. 70 2996: 2955:, p. 81 2936:Rotberg 1988 2931: 2900: 2895:, p. 78 2863: 2858:, p. 76 2841:, p. 77 2814:Rotberg 1988 2795:Rotberg 1988 2778:Rotberg 1988 2759:Rotberg 1988 2744:Rotberg 1988 2739: 2727: 2715: 2710:, p. 66 2695:, p. 64 2688: 2668:, p. 71 2644: 2639:, p. 63 2632: 2627:, p. 63 2620: 2598:Rotberg 1988 2579:, p. 61 2572: 2565:Rotberg 1988 2560: 2548: 2543:, p. 86 2521: 2497:Rotberg 1988 2492: 2485:Rotberg 1988 2480: 2421: 2416:, p. 41 2399:, p. 34 2392: 2387:, p. 60 2380: 2375:, p. 33 2368: 2348:, p. 99 2341: 2334:Rotberg 1988 2329: 2322:Rotberg 1988 2317: 2312:, p. 37 2305: 2300:, p. 32 2293: 2241:, p. 97 2234: 2222: 2217:, p. 10 2210: 2198: 2163:, p. 88 2156: 2149:Marston 2010 2144: 2136: 2135: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2098: 2086: 2078: 2073: 2060: 2050: 2041: 2033: 2024: 2011: 2002:to refer to 1986: 1971:Matabeleland 1964: 1960: 1956: 1955:(the prefix 1952: 1935: 1934: 1891: 1887: 1885: 1859: 1856: 1851: 1843: 1832: 1803: 1799: 1790: 1783: 1774: 1745: 1743: 1732: 1674:Bechuanaland 1663:Matabeleland 1598:Fort Charter 1552: 1549:Robert Blake 1545: 1537: 1533: 1491: 1485:Flag of the 1472: 1465: 1443: 1419:Earl of Fife 1408: 1402: 1400: 1391: 1379: 1373:Earl of Fife 1325: 1289: 1287: 1281: 1265: 1263: 1238: 1231: 1223: 1218: 1209: 1207: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1174: 1162: 1160: 1154: 1145: 1141: 1131: 1126: 1122: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1102: 1099: 1085: 1081: 1078: 1052: 1048: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1025: 1018: 1011: 1005: 998: 994: 979: 975: 971: 969: 961: 955: 949: 946: 937: 935: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 905: 904:between the 901: 899: 894: 887: 882: 880: 863: 859: 855: 849: 847: 843:Charles Helm 839: 815: 811: 803: 800:Negotiations 783: 774: 739: 735: 718: 698: 693:Charles Rudd 683: 662:Lord Gifford 659: 620:, which had 606: 595: 574: 572: 552: 549: 533: 529: 492: 484:Cecil Rhodes 426:Charles Rudd 418:Cecil Rhodes 415: 399:Johannesburg 387: 359: 329: 323: 319: 309: 305:Matabeleland 289:Voortrekkers 271: 256:Zulu Kingdom 253: 248:Matabeleland 205: 193: 186: 152: 128:Cecil Rhodes 120:Charles Rudd 108:Matabeleland 102:, a written 99: 97: 59:Matabeleland 18: 5612:Rusape Jews 5351:Land reform 5344:LGBT rights 5176:Gukurahundi 5009:1890–1923: 4760:Rusape Jews 4219:; 1965–79: 4215:; 1953–63: 4211:; 1923–80: 4207:1890–1923: 3637:Walker 1963 3625:Walker 1963 3527:Millin 1952 3500:Millin 1952 3005:Strage 1973 2526:Walker 1963 2346:Berlyn 1978 2256:Ranger 2010 2151:, p. v 2081:and rifles. 2066:dehydration 2055:concession. 1873:34 troopers 1669:Barotseland 1656:Mashonaland 1431:Albert Grey 1393:Vanity Fair 1388:Leslie Ward 1369:Albert Grey 1318:Evelyn Wood 1270:Southampton 831:Upper Congo 829:put on the 597:ultra vires 544:Grahamstown 540:Paul Kruger 430:Alfred Beit 403:Mashonaland 379:concessions 112:Mashonaland 71:(from 1890) 5825:Categories 5660:Portuguese 5645:Afrikaners 5376:Presidents 5361:Parliament 5052:Chronology 5019:Federation 4793:Afrikaners 4700:Rhodesiana 4436:Parliament 4316:Federation 4217:Federation 3344:Blake 1977 2137:References 2091:Luke 14:31 1966:isiNdebele 1953:amaNdebele 1770:Union Jack 1735:Afrikaners 1694:Mozambique 1689:Portuguese 1298:London Zoo 1045:freebooter 1019:Cape Times 1013:Cape Argus 1007:Cape Times 637:Concession 612:, to form 293:Great Trek 227:Background 104:concession 91:Wikisource 65:Depositary 43:1888-10-30 5728:Sindebele 5713:Afrikaans 5705:Languages 5676:Coloureds 5324:Elections 5283:Provinces 5268:Districts 5246:Geography 4863:Afrikaans 4855:Languages 4831:Coloureds 4592:Provinces 4567:President 4441:Elections 4426:Districts 4369:Geography 4140:219295658 4123:560778129 4000:459568471 3990:(1952) . 3802:. Paris: 3661:Gann 1969 3613:Rowe 2001 2123:Fort Tuli 1936:Footnotes 1827:Maxim gun 1758:Fort Tuli 1684:Transvaal 1632:Fort Tuli 1500:Aftermath 1427:Earl Grey 1314:Aldershot 1310:Cetshwayo 932:Agreement 835:Home Rule 794:Khama III 602:Cape Town 580:Whitehall 422:Kimberley 362:Lobengula 312:Sindebele 264:Mzilikazi 236:Mzilikazi 217:1893–1894 76:Full text 5810:Category 5622:Tokaleya 5574:diaspora 5530:Polygamy 5495:Abortion 5356:Military 5312:Politics 5298:Wildlife 5232:Military 5205:By topic 5144:Bush War 5139:Rhodesia 5035:Zimbabwe 5029:; 1979: 5023:Rhodesia 5001:articles 4997:Zimbabwe 4955:Category 4933:Insignia 4926:national 4868:English 4770:Tokaleya 4722:diaspora 4562:Governor 4409:Politics 4360:Zimbabwe 4328:Bush War 4233:Zimbabwe 4227:; 1979: 4221:Rhodesia 3775:(1926). 3732:(1977). 2079:assegais 2034:izinDuna 2017:Pretoria 1992:Bulawayo 1896:Rhodesia 1888:izinDuna 1881:smallpox 1860:izinDuna 1746:izinDuna 1648:Bulawayo 1446:West End 1403:izinDuna 1375:and the 1326:izinDuna 1304:and the 1290:izinDuna 1282:izinDuna 1256:, where 1239:izinDuna 1219:izinDuna 1210:izinDuna 1194:izinDuna 1190:izinDuna 1185:izinDuna 1132:izinDuna 1127:izinDuna 1115:izinDuna 1108:assegais 1086:izinDuna 1082:izinDuna 1041:izinDuna 1037:izinDuna 980:izinDuna 972:izinDuna 922:izinDuna 918:izinDuna 914:izinDuna 910:izinDuna 906:izinDuna 864:izinDuna 860:izinDuna 856:izinDuna 786:Mafeking 778:Shoshong 702:Setswana 622:governed 575:izinDuna 553:izinDuna 536:Pretoria 375:Bulawayo 325:izinDuna 268:Matabele 244:Matabele 238:led his 221:smallpox 188:izinDuna 181:against 179:Bulawayo 175:Matabele 148:Rhodesia 55:Bulawayo 51:Location 5794:Outline 5742:Symbols 5718:English 5691:Indians 5680:Goffals 5650:British 5607:Ndebele 5602:Manyika 5483:Culture 5464:Tourism 5412:Economy 5043:History 4894:Symbols 4881:Ndebele 4841:Indians 4835:Goffals 4814:Rhodies 4798:British 4755:Ndebele 4750:Manyika 4678:Society 4659:Tourism 4628:Dollar 4617:Economy 4582:Cabinet 4524:(SRANC) 4241:History 3798:(ed.). 3722:4282978 2004:his own 1961:Ndebele 1817:At the 1786:Hamburg 1183:of the 1001:gazette 950:indunas 939:assegai 827:Stanley 466:1884–85 301:Zambezi 273:mfecane 171:Limpopo 167:Zambezi 41: ( 5775:Flower 5765:Emblem 5755:Anthem 5750:Animal 5669:Others 5655:Greeks 5288:Rivers 5025:under 4999: 4938:Flower 4916:Emblem 4906:Anthem 4901:Animal 4824:Others 4803:Greeks 4636:Pound 4548:(UNFP) 4536:(SRLP) 4530:(SRCP) 4468:Police 4223:under 4155: 4138: 4121: 4102: 4081: 4074:Book 1 4059: 4040: 4018: 3998: 3992:Rhodes 3976: 3957: 3936: 3912: 3893: 3872: 3848: 3829: 3810: 3804:UNESCO 3783: 3765:445677 3763: 3744: 3720: 1892:indaba 1852:indaba 1836:Shashe 1791:inDuna 1448:, the 1371:, the 1300:, the 1215:Inyati 1181:indaba 1123:inDuna 1053:InDuna 1049:inDuna 976:indaba 926:inDuna 902:indaba 883:indaba 851:indaba 790:Ngwato 771:, 1836 714:Oxford 501:, and 334:. The 320:inkosi 36:Signed 5801:Index 5723:Shona 5637:White 5627:Tonga 5617:Shona 5597:Lemba 5592:Kunda 5584:Black 5525:Music 5520:Media 4921:Flags 4876:Shona 4785:White 4775:Tonga 4765:Shona 4745:Lemba 4740:Kunda 4732:Black 4557:Queen 4542:(UFP) 4518:(RLP) 4506:(RAP) 4500:(RGA) 3914:46853 2000:Shaka 1996:kraal 1975:First 1844:impis 1202:Fengu 1095:Natal 1091:Mazoe 963:same. 895:impis 809:100. 450:Cairo 371:kraal 260:Shaka 5770:Flag 5686:Jews 4808:Jews 4512:(RF) 4153:ISBN 4136:OCLC 4119:OCLC 4100:ISBN 4079:ISBN 4057:ISBN 4038:ISBN 4016:ISBN 3996:OCLC 3974:ISBN 3955:ISBN 3934:ISBN 3910:OCLC 3891:ISBN 3870:ISBN 3846:ISBN 3827:ISBN 3808:ISBN 3781:ISBN 3761:OCLC 3742:ISBN 3718:OCLC 2125:and 2115:and 1977:and 1957:ama- 1906:and 1838:and 1704:The 1524:The 1450:City 1322:1879 1288:The 1266:Moor 1103:impi 1010:and 752:and 331:impi 316:Zulu 286:Boer 240:Zulu 98:The 5505:Art 5027:UDI 4225:UDI 1390:in 1163:all 534:In 373:at 215:of 199:at 89:at 5827:: 3740:. 3687:II 3685:. 3681:. 3558:^ 3519:^ 3478:^ 3463:^ 3448:^ 3417:^ 3402:^ 3363:^ 3336:^ 3319:^ 3286:^ 3271:^ 3230:^ 3213:^ 3192:^ 3153:^ 3126:^ 3075:^ 3060:^ 3039:^ 3012:^ 2981:^ 2960:^ 2943:^ 2912:^ 2875:^ 2846:^ 2821:^ 2802:^ 2785:^ 2766:^ 2751:^ 2700:^ 2673:^ 2656:^ 2605:^ 2584:^ 2533:^ 2504:^ 2465:^ 2450:^ 2433:^ 2404:^ 2353:^ 2278:^ 2263:^ 2246:^ 2183:^ 2168:^ 1944:^ 1760:, 1437:. 1429:, 748:, 497:, 428:, 307:. 122:, 110:, 57:, 5682:) 5678:( 5576:) 5572:( 4989:e 4982:t 4975:v 4837:) 4833:( 4816:" 4812:" 4724:) 4720:( 4190:e 4183:t 4176:v 4161:. 4142:. 4125:. 4108:. 4087:. 4065:. 4046:. 4024:. 4002:. 3982:. 3963:. 3942:. 3916:. 3899:. 3878:. 3854:. 3835:. 3816:. 3789:. 3767:. 3750:. 3724:. 1990:" 1829:. 807:£ 250:. 169:– 45:)

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