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rudders generate greater moment and faster turning than more forward mounted keel hung rudders. Rudders on smaller craft can be operated by means of a tiller that fits into the rudder stock that also forms the fixings to the rudder foil. Craft where the length of the tiller could impede movement of the helm can be split with a rubber universal joint and the part adjoined the tiller termed a tiller extension. Tillers can further be extended by means of adjustable telescopic twist locking extension.
218:
587:
31:
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43:
237:, at first a small pin run through the stock of the steering oar, can be traced to the fifth dynasty (2504â2347 BC). Both the tiller and the introduction of an upright steering post abaft reduced the usual number of necessary steering oars to one each side. Single steering oars put on the stern can be found in several tomb models of the time, particularly during the
707:
760:
391:(c. 475â221 BC). Sternpost-mounted rudders started to appear on Chinese ship models starting in the 1st century AD. However, the Chinese continued to use the steering oar long after they invented the rudder, since the steering oar still had practical use for inland rapid-river travel. One of oldest known depictions of the Chinese stern-mounted rudder (
768:
199:
straight course; this slowed down the vessel because a steering oar (or rudder) course correction acts as a brake. The second sail, located forward, could be trimmed to offset the turning tendency of the mainsail and minimize the need for course corrections by the steering oar, which would have substantially improved sail performance.
665:
a cockpit. Inboard keel hung rudders (which are a continuation of the aft trailing edge of the full keel) are traditionally deemed the most damage resistant rudders for off shore sailing. Better performance with faster handling characteristics can be provided by skeg hung rudders on boats with smaller fin keels.
664:
Boat rudders may be either outboard or inboard. Outboard rudders are hung on the stern or transom. Inboard rudders are hung from a keel or skeg and are thus fully submerged beneath the hull, connected to the steering mechanism by a rudder post that comes up through the hull to deck level, often into
602:
While earlier rudders were mounted on the stern by the way of rudderposts or tackles, the iron hinges allowed the rudder to be attached to the entire length of the sternpost in a permanent fashion. However, its full potential could only to be realized after the introduction of the vertical sternpost
672:
Small boat rudders that can be steered more or less perpendicular to the hull's longitudinal axis make effective brakes when pushed "hard over." However, terms such as "hard over," "hard to starboard," etc. signify a maximum-rate turn for larger vessels. Transom hung rudders or far aft mounted fin
284:
Roman navigation used sexillie quarter steering oars that went in the
Mediterranean through a long period of constant refinement and improvement so that by Roman times ancient vessels reached extraordinary sizes. The strength of the steering oar lay in its combination of effectiveness, adaptability
518:
The captain from the crow's nest carefully observes the sea. When a rock is espied, he shouts: "Starboard!" or 'Port!" Two youths, posted there, repeat the cry. The helmsman, with two ropes in his hand, when he hears the calls tugs one or the other to the right or left. If great care is not taken,
156:
Generally, a rudder is "part of the steering apparatus of a boat or ship that is fastened outside the hull, " denoting all types of oars, paddles, and rudders. More specifically, the steering gear of ancient vessels can be classified into side-rudders and stern-mounted rudders, depending on their
177:
as a true rudder. The steering oar can interfere with the handling of the sails (limiting any potential for long ocean-going voyages) while it was fit more for small vessels on narrow, rapid-water transport; the rudder did not disturb the handling of the sails, took less energy to operate by its
198:
A single sail tends to turn a vessel in an upwind or downwind direction, and rudder action is required to steer a straight course. A steering oar was used at this time because the rudder had not yet been invented. With a single sail, frequent movement of the steering oar was required to steer a
668:
Rudder post and mast placement defines the difference between a ketch and a yawl, as these two-masted vessels are similar. Yawls are defined as having the mizzen mast abaft (i.e. "aft of") the rudder post; ketches are defined as having the mizzen mast forward of the rudder post.
203:
The steering oar or steering board is an oversized oar or board to control the direction of a ship or other watercraft before the invention of the rudder. It is normally attached to the starboard side in larger vessels, though in smaller ones it is rarely if ever, attached.
848:, is to add one or more drag-creating surfaces, such as split ailerons, on the outer wing section. Operating one of these surfaces creates drag on the wing, causing the plane to yaw in that direction. These surfaces are often referred to as drag rudders.
316:, adding to the mobility of the harbour vessel. Further attested Roman uses of stern-mounted steering oars includes barges under tow, transport ships for wine casks, and diverse other ship types. A large river barge found at the mouth of the Rhine near
833:. A rudder alone will turn a conventional fixed-wing aircraft, but much more slowly than if ailerons are also used in conjunction. Sometimes pilots may intentionally operate the rudder and ailerons in opposite directions in a maneuver called a
504:
ships also used a sternpost-mounted rudder. On their ships "the rudder is controlled by two lines, each attached to a crosspiece mounted on the rudder head perpendicular to the plane of the rudder blade." The earliest evidence comes from the
574:
attachment. While steering oars were found in Europe on a wide range of vessels since Roman times, including light war galleys in
Mediterranean, the oldest known depiction of a pintle-and-gudgeon rudder can be found on church carvings of
480:
Paul
Johnstone and Sean McGrail state that the Chinese invented the "median, vertical and axial" sternpost-mounted rudder, and that such a kind of rudder preceded the pintle-and-gudgeon rudder found in the West by roughly a millennium.
432:
system so that they could be raised or lowered into the water. Also, many junks incorporated "fenestrated rudders" (rudders with holes in them, supposedly allowing for better control). Detailed descriptions of
Chinese junks during the
165:
context, side-rudders are more specifically called quarter-rudders as the later term designates more exactly where the rudder was mounted. Stern-mounted rudders are uniformly suspended at the back of the ship in a central position.
424:
in 1958. Within decades, several other Han dynasty ship models featuring rudders were found in archaeological excavations. The first solid written reference to the use of a rudder without a steering oar dates to the 5th century.
1394:
M. D. de Weerd: Ships of the Roman Period at
Zwammerdam / Nigrum Pullum, Germania Inferior, in: Roman Shipping and Trade: Britain and the Rhine Provinces. (The Council for) British Archaeology, Research Report 24, 1978,
355:(25–220 AD) Chinese pottery boat fit for riverine and maritime sea travel, with an anchor at the bow, a steering rudder at the stern, roofed compartments with windows and doors, and miniature sailors
953:
493:(West Bengal) seal dated between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD depicts a steering mechanism on a ship named ''Indra of the Ocean'' (Jaladhisakra), which indicates that it was a sea-bound vessel.
741:
Large ships (over 10,000 ton gross tonnage) have requirements on rudder turnover time. To comply with this, high torque rudder controls are employed. One commonly used system is the
779:
680:, where the ship's screw is enclosed and can be swiveled to steer the vessel. Designers claim that this type of rudder on a smaller vessel will answer the helm faster.
829:
and rudder controls are used together to turn an aircraft, with the ailerons imparting roll and the rudder imparting yaw and also compensating for a phenomenon called
1891:
1070:
2235:
173:
as a rudder, others argue that the steering oar used in ancient Egypt and Rome was not a true rudder and define only the stern-mounted rudder used in ancient
566:. As the size of ships and the height of the freeboards increased, quarter steering oars became unwieldy and were replaced by the more sturdy rudders with
268:, oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BCE in artwork, wooden models, and even remnants of actual boats.
2812:
342:
1404:
M. D. de Weerd: Römerzeitliche
Transportschiffe und EinbÀume aus Nigrum Pullum / Zwammerdam, in: Studien zu den MilitÀrgrenzen Roms II (1977), 187ff.
837:
or sideslip. This may be done to overcome crosswinds and keep the fuselage in line with the runway, or to lose altitude by increasing drag, or both.
465:(1587â1666) and the 17th-century European traveler Louis Lecomte wrote of the junk design and its use of the rudder with enthusiasm and admiration.
387:, predating their appearance in the West by a thousand years. In China, miniature models of ships that feature steering oars have been dated to the
148:, or hydraulics may link rudders to steering wheels. In typical aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics.
688:
Various types of rudders are used in the marine industry, including spade rudders, semi-spade rudders, high-lift rudders, and balanced rudders.
1724:
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Chinese rudders are attached to the hull by means of wooden jaws or sockets, while typically larger ones were suspended from above by a rope
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1351:
Lawrence V. Mott, The
Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, p.84, 95f.
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Lawrence V. Mott, The
Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, p.1
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140:âessentially, a stick or pole acting as a lever armâmay be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a
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2221:
1252:
Francesco
Tiradritti (ed.): âThe Treasures of the Egyptian Museumâ, The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo 1999,
614:
holds that the stern-mounted rudder was transferred from China to Europe and the
Islamic world during the Middle Ages.
3191:
1812:
413:
3196:
2847:
2802:
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1864:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics
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Tilmann Bechert: Römisches Germanien zwischen Rhein und Maas. Die Provinz Germania inferior, Hirmer, MĂŒnchen 1982,
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Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics
908:
359:
174:
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375:, by Guo Zhongshu (c. 910â977 AD); notice the large sternpost-mounted rudder on the ship shown in the foreground
285:
and simpleness. Roman quarter steering oar mounting systems survived mostly intact through the medieval period.
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2370:
2300:
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and is not the primary control used to turn the airplane. A rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the
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The world's oldest known depiction of a sternpost-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a Chinese
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3120:
2882:
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are the small vertical surfaces on the rear end of each float. Their setting is controlled from the cockpit.
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238:
20:
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810:(attached to the wings) that control pitch and roll, respectively. The rudder is usually attached to the
745:. It employs four hydraulic rams to rotate the rudder stock (rotation axis), in turn rotating the rudder.
529:
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in 1866. If a vessel requires extra maneuverability at low speeds, the rudder may be supplemented by a
388:
930:, K.S. Tom, Chung Chee Kit, S.A.M. Adshead, John K. Fairbank, Merle Goldman, Frank Ross, and Leo Block.
217:
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By the first half of the 1st century AD, steering gear mounted on the stern were also quite common in
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Stern-mounted steering oar of an Egyptian riverboat depicted in the Tomb of Menna (c. 1422â1411 BC)
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1977:
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233:(2686 BC â 2134 BC) as many as five steering oars are found on each side of passenger boats. The
35:
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motion to the craft. In basic form, a rudder is a flat plane or sheet of material attached with
907:
Lawrence Mott in his comprehensive treatment of the history of the rudder, Timothy Runyan, the
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onwards, European ships with pintle-and-gudgeon rudders sailed successfully on all seven seas.
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about the vertical axis, i.e., change the horizontal direction in which the nose is pointing.
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Rowing oars set aside for steering appeared on large Egyptian vessels long before the time of
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featured a large steering gear mounted on the stern. According to new research, the advanced
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Mohamed Ata: âEgypt from Past to Present. Through the Eyes of an Egyptianâ, Cairo 2007, p.68
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261:", probably meaning the crotch at the end of the keel (as depicted in the "Tomb of Menna").
183:
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The Maritime Engineering Reference Book: A Guide to Ship Design, Construction and Operation
586:
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Oars mounted on the side of ships evolved into quarter steering oars, which were used from
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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Timothy J. Runyan: âReview of The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Taleâ,
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1048:. Honolulu: The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press.
182:, was better fit for larger vessels on ocean-going travel, and first appeared in
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2017:
1992:
1912:
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Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.-1900 A.D
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806:(usually attached to the horizontal tail structure, if not a slab elevator) and
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with a long stern-mounted oar for better leverage. The boat already featured a
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1957:
1947:
1852:(2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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1342:, Vol. 55, No. œ, Parts 1 and 2. (1965), pp. 35 (Pl. I); 36, Fn.43 (Pl.II,1)
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19:
This article is about the navigational instrument. For other meanings, see
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2082:
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1982:
1742:"Understanding Marine Rudders: Types, Usage, and Design Considerations"
1278:
826:
571:
537:
446:
442:
305:
301:
145:
77:
1414:
Deutschlandfunk: Römische Schiffsversuchsanstalt in den Albaner Bergen
767:
718:
about other types of steering gear, such as rotary type steering gear.
2503:
2410:
2385:
2315:
2182:
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1922:
863:
775:
on the bottom rear of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit.
567:
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454:
421:
372:
293:
245:
navigation. The first literary reference appears in the works of the
234:
137:
1552:
Guy, John (1999). "A Boat Model and State Ritual in Eastern India".
1528:
Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean
1046:
Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom
509:('The Best Divisions for the Classification of Regions') written by
2926:
2528:
2380:
2202:
2162:
1952:
1942:
1842:
The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale
1636:
The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale
1618:
The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale
1457:
1455:
1453:
1130:
1128:
1126:
997:
The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale
778:
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758:
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528:
467:
458:
358:
346:
275:
254:
226:
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121:
117:
81:
41:
29:
280:
Steering oar of a Roman boat, 1st century AD (RG-Museum, Cologne)
2147:
2072:
1191:
To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails
1170:
To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails
948:
946:
501:
265:
258:
242:
65:
61:
2217:
1873:
952:
rudder.EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica. Retrieved August 8, 2008, from
1502:
1500:
811:
700:
1329:, Vol. 55, No. 1/2, Parts 1 and 2 (1965), pp. 31-39 (plate 1)
1112:. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1086:. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. New York: St. Martin's Press.
190:(1550–300 BC) use of the steering oar without a rudder
1360:
Lionel Casson: âShips and Seamanship in the Ancient Worldâ,
408:(202 BC – 220 AD). It was discovered in
1209:
1207:
622:
Conventional rudders have been essentially unchanged since
860: â Mechanism used to steer a ship or other watercraft
400:) can be seen on a 2-foot (61 cm) pottery model of a
124:, tail, or afterend. Often rudders are shaped to minimize
16:
Control surface for fluid-dynamic steering in the yaw axis
1296:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
1241:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
1228:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
1215:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
966:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
954:
EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
872: â Type of directional propulsion system for vessels
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1338:
Lionel Casson, Harbour and River Boats of Ancient Rome,
257:: "They make one rudder, and this is thrust through the
1629:
1627:
1294:
William F. Edgerton: âAncient Egyptian Steering Gearâ,
1239:
William F. Edgerton: "Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear",
1226:
William F. Edgerton: "Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear",
1213:
William F. Edgerton: "Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear",
964:
William F. Edgerton: âAncient Egyptian Steering Gearâ,
603:
and the full-rigged ship in the 14th century. From the
1620:, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, S.2, 92f.
999:, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, p.2f., 92
550:(1567â1581), the largest ship in the world at its time
34:
Modern ship rudder (the long red rectangle behind the
1308:
1306:
1304:
476:
showing the earliest known representation of a rudder
186:
during the 1st century AD. In regards to the ancient
1638:, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, S.118f.
437:
are known from various travellers to China, such as
241:
when tomb reliefs suggest them commonly employed in
3093:
3072:
3005:
2901:
2736:
2602:
2439:
2255:
1707:
Osmotech UK on Uses and advantages of bow thrusters
890: â Perpendicular axis marine propulsion system
412:in an archaeological excavation carried out by the
1653:(2nd ed.). London: John Murray. p. 160.
1040:
1038:
1036:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1023:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
328:(37-41 AD), may have featured 14 m long rudders.
840:Another technique for yaw control, used on some
1469:
1467:
1138:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Pages 627–628.
1848:Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992).
1554:Bulletin de l'Ăcole française d'ExtrĂȘme-Orient
1104:
1102:
1100:
1013:, Vol. 74, No. 4, (1999), pp. 1096-1098 (1098)
884: â Low aspect ratio rudder with endplates
253:(484-424 BC), who had spent several months in
2229:
1885:
1850:China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition
1147:Fairbank, John K. and Merle Goldman. (1998).
590:A ship's rudder carved in oak, 15th century,
395:
60:is a primary control surface used to steer a
8:
1844:, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University
1677:A History of Control Engineering, 1800-1930
404:dating from the 1st century AD, during the
2236:
2222:
2214:
1892:
1878:
1870:
1593:
1591:
1525:Barnes, Ruth; Parkin, David (2015-12-22).
1435:Johnstone, Paul and Sean McGrail. (1988).
519:the ship strikes the rocks and is wrecked.
383:dating from the 1st century AD during the
96:, the rudder is used primarily to counter
343:Science and technology of the Han dynasty
1725:"Barrel Type Rudder Makes Quicker Turns"
80:, or other vehicle that moves through a
1323:Harbour and River Boats of Ancient Rome
1151:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1069:was invoked but never defined (see the
942:
900:
878: â Thruster assisted ship's rudder
866: â Electric drive azimuth thruster
652:in the bow, or be replaced entirely by
292:river and harbour craft as proved from
1813:"Understanding Steering Gear in Ships"
1767:
1757:
1149:China: A New History, Enlarged Edition
1108:Adshead, Samuel Adrian Miles. (2000).
1082:Adshead, Samuel Adrian Miles. (2000).
913:Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
2533:
968:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 255-265
818:), which allows the pilot to control
507:Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Marifat al-Aqalim
7:
1193:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1172:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
763:Movement caused by the use of rudder
157:location on the ship. A third term,
1730:, October 1934, bottom-right pg.495
1461:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 649-650.
1064:
983:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
367:(960â1279) painting on silk of two
1785:Molland, Anthony F. (2011-10-13).
598:of Cheyne and Willoughby families.
461:. The later Chinese encyclopedist
14:
1298:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 263
1243:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 260
1230:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 257
1217:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 255
771:The rudder is controlled through
1065:Cite error: The named reference
705:
308:age shows a harbour tug boat in
23:. For mythological meaning, see
1506:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 362.
1067:Needham volume 4 part 3 649 650
324:, the palace barges of emperor
3146:In-flight entertainment system
2843:Horizontal situation indicator
161:, can denote both types. In a
112:, thus imparting a turning or
1:
1486:. Westport: Greenwood Press.
144:. In larger vessels, cables,
3126:Environmental control system
1740:Desk, NV Tech (2024-07-22).
1340:The Journal of Roman Studies
1327:The Journal of Roman Studies
3187:Ancient Egyptian technology
1437:The Sea-craft of Prehistory
802:along with the rudder-like
414:Guangdong Provincial Museum
194:, Leo Block (2003) writes:
3228:
2803:Course deviation indicator
2494:Electro-hydraulic actuator
1866:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
1680:. Peregrinus. p. 98.
1515:Needham, Volume 4, Par634.
1368:, S.XXVIII, 336f.; Fig.193
985:, Vol. 26. (1941), pp. 3-9
783:The water rudders on this
752:
340:
296:and archaeological finds (
18:
3034:Conventional landing gear
1908:
1649:Vaughan, Adrian (1991) .
1134:Needham, Joseph. (1986).
888:Voith Schneider propeller
396:
169:Although some classify a
2818:Flight management system
1862:Needham, Joseph (1986).
1606:Lawrence V. Mott, p.92f.
594:church, Devon. Heraldic
332:Sternpost-mounted rudder
25:Gubernaculum (classical)
3121:Emergency oxygen system
2883:Turn and slip indicator
2678:Leading-edge droop flap
2648:Drag-reducing aerospike
2623:Adaptive compliant wing
2618:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1933:Apparent wind indicator
1651:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
1566:10.3406/befeo.1999.3407
1439:. New York: Routledge.
979:Egyptian Seagoing Ships
909:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
624:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
583:dating to around 1180.
21:Rudder (disambiguation)
3161:Passenger service unit
2962:Self-sealing fuel tank
2858:Multi-function display
1712:July 26, 2013, at the
1597:Lawrence V. Mott, p.93
1385:, p.183, 203 (Fig.266)
1110:China in World History
1084:China in World History
791:
776:
764:
743:ram type steering gear
716:is missing information
599:
551:
477:
376:
356:
281:
222:
201:
53:
39:
3207:Watercraft components
3141:Ice protection system
3059:Tricycle landing gear
3049:Landing gear extender
2266:Aft pressure bulkhead
1056:. Page 103–104.
782:
770:
762:
753:Further information:
589:
558:until the end of the
532:
471:
389:Warring States period
362:
350:
341:Further information:
304:7). A tomb plaque of
279:
220:
196:
152:History of the rudder
45:
33:
3106:Auxiliary power unit
2514:Flight control modes
1674:Bennett, S. (1986).
1482:Deng, Gang. (1997).
1189:Block, Leo. (2003).
1168:Block, Leo. (2003).
825:Unlike a ship, both
660:Boat rudders details
650:manoeuvring thruster
192:in the Mediterranean
3202:Egyptian inventions
3085:Escape crew capsule
2992:War emergency power
2863:Pitotâstatic system
2708:Variable-sweep wing
2416:Vertical stabilizer
928:LefÚbre des Noëttes
816:vertical stabilizer
798:is the directional
755:Vertical stabilizer
474:Eastern Han dynasty
369:Chinese cargo ships
3192:Ancient inventions
2793:Attitude indicator
2773:Airspeed indicator
2768:Aircraft periscope
1840:Lawrence V. Mott,
1770:has generic name (
1634:Lawrence V. Mott,
1616:Lawrence V. Mott,
1044:Tom, K.S. (1989).
995:Lawrence V. Mott,
911:, and The Concise
794:On an aircraft, a
792:
785:Cessna 208 Caravan
777:
765:
678:barrel type rudder
676:There is also the
600:
552:
497:Medieval Near East
478:
472:Pottery boat from
377:
357:
282:
229:(3100 BC). In the
223:
54:
40:
3197:Aircraft controls
3174:
3173:
3101:Aircraft lavatory
2838:Heading indicator
2783:Annunciator panel
2763:Air data computer
2673:Leading-edge cuff
2211:
2210:
1798:978-0-08-056009-0
1728:Popular Mechanics
1538:978-1-317-79342-7
1258:978-977-424-504-6
977:R. O. Faulkner:
842:tailless aircraft
739:
738:
654:azimuth thrusters
371:accompanied by a
208:Steering oar/gear
175:Han dynasty China
3219:
3156:Navigation light
3136:Hydraulic system
3111:Bleed air system
3039:Drogue parachute
2713:Vortex generator
2331:Interplane strut
2238:
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1988:Carpenter's walk
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931:
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905:
882:Schilling rudder
749:Aircraft rudders
734:
731:
725:
709:
701:
684:Types of rudders
637:in 1843 and the
605:Age of Discovery
547:Adler von LĂŒbeck
542:Hanseatic league
399:
398:
130:aerodynamic drag
84:medium (usually
52:'s rudder turned
3227:
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3222:
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3177:
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3166:Ram air turbine
3131:Flight recorder
3089:
3068:
3001:
2982:Thrust reversal
2906:
2897:
2868:Radar altimeter
2833:Head-up display
2743:
2732:
2628:Anti-shock body
2610:
2598:
2459:Artificial feel
2441:Flight controls
2435:
2301:Fabric covering
2251:
2247:components and
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2207:
2123:Quarter gallery
1928:Anchor windlass
1904:
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639:steering engine
628:balanced rudder
626:introduced the
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525:Medieval Europe
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491:Chandraketugarh
487:
418:Academia Sinica
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1473:Fairbank, 192.
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924:Joseph Needham
916:
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876:Pleuger rudder
873:
870:Kitchen rudder
867:
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736:
713:
711:
704:
696:
695:Rudder control
693:
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618:Modern rudders
616:
612:Joseph Needham
540:rudder of the
526:
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3094:Other systems
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1858:0-674-01828-1
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1531:. Routledge.
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1492:0-313-29212-4
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1199:1-55750-209-9
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1178:1-55750-209-9
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1157:0-674-11673-9
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1119:
1118:0-312-22565-2
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1092:0-312-22565-2
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1054:0-8248-1285-9
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789:
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781:
774:
773:rudder pedals
769:
761:
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748:
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744:
733:
723:
717:
714:This section
712:
708:
703:
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689:
683:
681:
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674:
670:
666:
659:
657:
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645:Great Eastern
640:
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635:
634:Great Britain
629:
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531:
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516:
515:
514:
512:
508:
503:
496:
494:
492:
485:Ancient India
484:
482:
475:
470:
466:
464:
463:Song Yingxing
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
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436:
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415:
411:
407:
403:
394:
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386:
382:
374:
370:
366:
361:
354:
349:
344:
337:Ancient China
336:
331:
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327:
323:
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315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
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291:
286:
278:
271:
269:
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244:
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236:
232:
228:
219:
213:Ancient Egypt
212:
207:
205:
200:
195:
193:
189:
185:
184:ancient China
181:
176:
172:
167:
164:
163:Mediterranean
160:
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131:
127:
123:
119:
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107:
103:
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83:
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67:
63:
59:
51:
50:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
3212:Shipbuilding
3116:Deicing boot
3044:Landing gear
2987:Townend ring
2977:Thrust lever
2952:NACA cowling
2917:Autothrottle
2909:fuel systems
2907:devices and
2698:Stall strips
2668:Krueger flap
2638:Channel wing
2584:Wing warping
2574:Stick shaker
2569:Stick pusher
2489:Dual control
2474:Centre stick
2341:Leading edge
2311:Flying wires
2271:Cabane strut
2143:Ship's wheel
2137:
2008:Companionway
1902:sailing ship
1863:
1849:
1841:
1821:. Retrieved
1819:. 2019-02-20
1816:
1807:
1791:. Elsevier.
1787:
1780:
1749:. Retrieved
1745:
1735:
1727:
1720:
1702:
1691:. Retrieved
1676:
1669:
1650:
1644:
1635:
1617:
1611:
1602:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1527:
1520:
1511:
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1436:
1409:
1400:
1390:
1373:
1356:
1347:
1339:
1334:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1295:
1290:
1274:
1265:
1248:
1240:
1235:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1201:. 8–9.
1190:
1185:
1169:
1164:
1148:
1143:
1135:
1109:
1083:
1078:
1061:
1045:
1018:
1010:
1005:
996:
990:
982:
978:
973:
965:
960:
919:
903:
858:Ship's wheel
846:flying wings
839:
824:
795:
793:
742:
740:
727:
715:
698:
690:
687:
677:
675:
671:
667:
663:
644:
633:
621:
609:
601:
592:Bere Ferrers
553:
545:
517:
511:al-Muqaddasi
506:
500:
488:
479:
427:
392:
378:
373:smaller boat
365:Song dynasty
287:
283:
272:Ancient Rome
263:
224:
202:
197:
171:steering oar
168:
159:steering oar
155:
132:. On simple
126:hydrodynamic
57:
55:
48:
3064:Tundra tire
2947:Intake ramp
2878:Transponder
2663:Gurney flap
2604:Aerodynamic
2519:Fly-by-wire
2401:Triple tail
2128:Quarterdeck
2018:Daggerboard
2013:Crow's nest
1993:Centreboard
1963:Bow or prow
1913:Aftercastle
1900:Parts of a
1768:|last=
1560:: 105â126.
1447:. Page 191.
1180:. Page 123.
1120:. Page 156.
1094:. Page 156.
831:adverse yaw
560:Middle Ages
439:Ibn Battuta
435:Middle Ages
406:Han dynasty
385:Han dynasty
353:Eastern Han
231:Old Kingdom
98:adverse yaw
3181:Categories
3054:Oleo strut
2942:Inlet cone
2937:Gascolator
2903:Propulsion
2893:Yaw string
2888:Variometer
2744:instrument
2723:Wing fence
2658:Gouge flap
2633:Blown flap
2589:Yaw damper
2564:Stabilator
2549:Side-stick
2484:Dive brake
2371:Stabilizer
2346:Lift strut
2336:Jury strut
2098:Orlop deck
2033:Forecastle
2028:Figurehead
1958:Boom brake
1948:Bilgeboard
1834:References
1823:2021-06-03
1751:2024-07-22
1693:2015-01-10
1494:. Page 42.
1159:. Page 93.
788:floatplane
610:Historian
581:Winchester
451:Marco Polo
322:Nemi ships
318:Zwammerdam
298:Zwammerdam
249:historian
188:Phoenician
134:watercraft
74:hovercraft
3029:Autobrake
2957:NACA duct
2932:Fuel tank
2922:Drop tank
2905:controls,
2788:Astrodome
2778:Altimeter
2643:Dog-tooth
2608:high-lift
2559:Spoileron
2544:Servo tab
2524:Gust lock
2479:Deceleron
2464:Autopilot
2421:Wing root
2406:Twin tail
2391:Tailplane
2326:Hardpoint
2296:Empennage
2259:structure
2198:Whipstaff
2168:Sternpost
2158:Starboard
2108:Poop deck
2103:Outrigger
1918:Afterdeck
1574:0336-1519
1283:Histories
1071:help page
938:Footnotes
730:June 2021
722:talk page
556:antiquity
544:flagship
410:Guangzhou
363:An early
314:spritsail
306:Hadrianic
251:Herodotus
92:). On an
70:submarine
47:RMS
36:propeller
2997:Wet wing
2972:Throttle
2718:Vortilon
2579:Trim tab
2509:Flaperon
2499:Elevator
2454:Airbrake
2426:Wing tip
2351:Longeron
2321:Fuselage
2257:Airframe
2245:Aircraft
2178:Taffrail
2118:Porthole
2088:Leeboard
2063:Jackline
1968:Bowsprit
1938:Beakhead
1760:cite web
1710:Archived
1582:43732572
1260:, p.92f.
1011:Speculum
852:See also
808:ailerons
804:elevator
577:Zedelgem
513:in 985:
326:Caligula
180:helmsman
146:pushrods
142:helmsman
110:fuselage
102:p-factor
94:airplane
3007:Landing
2798:Compass
2746:systems
2738:Avionic
2728:Winglet
2611:devices
2554:Spoiler
2449:Aileron
2431:Wingbox
2356:Nacelle
2306:Fairing
2249:systems
2193:Transom
2068:Jibboom
2048:Gunwale
2043:Gangway
2003:Cockpit
1983:Cathead
1978:Capstan
1279:Herodot
827:aileron
641:in the
630:on the
572:gudgeon
538:gudgeon
447:Morocco
443:Tangier
302:Woerden
294:reliefs
78:airship
49:Olympic
2742:flight
2703:Strake
2534:Rudder
2504:Elevon
2469:Canard
2411:V-tail
2386:T-tail
2316:Former
2276:Canopy
2183:Tiller
2173:Strake
2138:Rudder
2083:Kelson
1998:Chains
1923:Anchor
1856:
1795:
1684:
1657:
1580:
1572:
1535:
1490:
1443:
1381:
1364:
1285:, 2.96
1256:
1197:
1176:
1155:
1116:
1090:
1052:
864:Azipod
796:rudder
568:pintle
564:Europe
534:Pintle
455:Venice
430:tackle
422:Taiwan
235:tiller
138:tiller
118:hinges
114:yawing
58:rudder
2927:FADEC
2813:EICAS
2688:Slats
2529:HOTAS
2381:Strut
2203:Winch
2038:Frame
1973:Cable
1953:Bitts
1943:Bilge
1578:JSTOR
1395:15ff.
895:Notes
596:badge
536:-and-
459:Italy
310:Ostia
290:Roman
255:Egypt
247:Greek
227:Menes
122:stern
90:water
82:fluid
3009:and
2873:TCAS
2853:ISIS
2808:EFIS
2753:ACAS
2740:and
2693:Slot
2653:Flap
2606:and
2594:Yoke
2366:Spar
2291:Dope
2153:Stem
2148:Skeg
2113:Port
2093:Mast
2073:Keel
2058:Hull
2053:Head
2023:Deck
1854:ISBN
1793:ISBN
1772:help
1682:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1570:ISSN
1533:ISBN
1488:ISBN
1441:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1362:ISBN
1254:ISBN
1195:ISBN
1174:ISBN
1153:ISBN
1114:ISBN
1088:ISBN
1050:ISBN
844:and
835:slip
814:(or
579:and
570:and
502:Arab
449:and
416:and
402:junk
381:junk
266:Iran
259:keel
243:Nile
136:, a
106:hull
100:and
66:boat
62:ship
2848:INS
2828:GPS
2683:LEX
2361:Rib
2188:Top
2133:Rib
1562:doi
820:yaw
812:fin
643:SS
632:SS
562:in
453:of
441:of
420:of
393:duĂČ
351:An
264:In
128:or
108:or
88:or
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27:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
