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rudders generate greater moment and faster turning than more forward mounted keel hung rudders. Rudders on smaller craft can be operated by means of a tiller that fits into the rudder stock that also forms the fixings to the rudder foil. Craft where the length of the tiller could impede movement of the helm can be split with a rubber universal joint and the part adjoined the tiller termed a tiller extension. Tillers can further be extended by means of adjustable telescopic twist locking extension.
229:
598:
42:
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54:
248:, at first a small pin run through the stock of the steering oar, can be traced to the fifth dynasty (2504â2347 BC). Both the tiller and the introduction of an upright steering post abaft reduced the usual number of necessary steering oars to one each side. Single steering oars put on the stern can be found in several tomb models of the time, particularly during the
718:
771:
402:(c. 475â221 BC). Sternpost-mounted rudders started to appear on Chinese ship models starting in the 1st century AD. However, the Chinese continued to use the steering oar long after they invented the rudder, since the steering oar still had practical use for inland rapid-river travel. One of oldest known depictions of the Chinese stern-mounted rudder (
779:
210:
straight course; this slowed down the vessel because a steering oar (or rudder) course correction acts as a brake. The second sail, located forward, could be trimmed to offset the turning tendency of the mainsail and minimize the need for course corrections by the steering oar, which would have substantially improved sail performance.
676:
a cockpit. Inboard keel hung rudders (which are a continuation of the aft trailing edge of the full keel) are traditionally deemed the most damage resistant rudders for off shore sailing. Better performance with faster handling characteristics can be provided by skeg hung rudders on boats with smaller fin keels.
675:
Boat rudders may be either outboard or inboard. Outboard rudders are hung on the stern or transom. Inboard rudders are hung from a keel or skeg and are thus fully submerged beneath the hull, connected to the steering mechanism by a rudder post that comes up through the hull to deck level, often into
613:
While earlier rudders were mounted on the stern by the way of rudderposts or tackles, the iron hinges allowed the rudder to be attached to the entire length of the sternpost in a permanent fashion. However, its full potential could only to be realized after the introduction of the vertical sternpost
683:
Small boat rudders that can be steered more or less perpendicular to the hull's longitudinal axis make effective brakes when pushed "hard over." However, terms such as "hard over," "hard to starboard," etc. signify a maximum-rate turn for larger vessels. Transom hung rudders or far aft mounted fin
295:
Roman navigation used sexillie quarter steering oars that went in the
Mediterranean through a long period of constant refinement and improvement so that by Roman times ancient vessels reached extraordinary sizes. The strength of the steering oar lay in its combination of effectiveness, adaptability
529:
The captain from the crow's nest carefully observes the sea. When a rock is espied, he shouts: "Starboard!" or 'Port!" Two youths, posted there, repeat the cry. The helmsman, with two ropes in his hand, when he hears the calls tugs one or the other to the right or left. If great care is not taken,
167:
Generally, a rudder is "part of the steering apparatus of a boat or ship that is fastened outside the hull, " denoting all types of oars, paddles, and rudders. More specifically, the steering gear of ancient vessels can be classified into side-rudders and stern-mounted rudders, depending on their
188:
as a true rudder. The steering oar can interfere with the handling of the sails (limiting any potential for long ocean-going voyages) while it was fit more for small vessels on narrow, rapid-water transport; the rudder did not disturb the handling of the sails, took less energy to operate by its
209:
A single sail tends to turn a vessel in an upwind or downwind direction, and rudder action is required to steer a straight course. A steering oar was used at this time because the rudder had not yet been invented. With a single sail, frequent movement of the steering oar was required to steer a
679:
Rudder post and mast placement defines the difference between a ketch and a yawl, as these two-masted vessels are similar. Yawls are defined as having the mizzen mast abaft (i.e. "aft of") the rudder post; ketches are defined as having the mizzen mast forward of the rudder post.
214:
The steering oar or steering board is an oversized oar or board to control the direction of a ship or other watercraft before the invention of the rudder. It is normally attached to the starboard side in larger vessels, though in smaller ones it is rarely if ever, attached.
859:, is to add one or more drag-creating surfaces, such as split ailerons, on the outer wing section. Operating one of these surfaces creates drag on the wing, causing the plane to yaw in that direction. These surfaces are often referred to as drag rudders.
327:, adding to the mobility of the harbour vessel. Further attested Roman uses of stern-mounted steering oars includes barges under tow, transport ships for wine casks, and diverse other ship types. A large river barge found at the mouth of the Rhine near
844:. A rudder alone will turn a conventional fixed-wing aircraft, but much more slowly than if ailerons are also used in conjunction. Sometimes pilots may intentionally operate the rudder and ailerons in opposite directions in a maneuver called a
515:
ships also used a sternpost-mounted rudder. On their ships "the rudder is controlled by two lines, each attached to a crosspiece mounted on the rudder head perpendicular to the plane of the rudder blade." The earliest evidence comes from the
585:
attachment. While steering oars were found in Europe on a wide range of vessels since Roman times, including light war galleys in
Mediterranean, the oldest known depiction of a pintle-and-gudgeon rudder can be found on church carvings of
491:
Paul
Johnstone and Sean McGrail state that the Chinese invented the "median, vertical and axial" sternpost-mounted rudder, and that such a kind of rudder preceded the pintle-and-gudgeon rudder found in the West by roughly a millennium.
443:
system so that they could be raised or lowered into the water. Also, many junks incorporated "fenestrated rudders" (rudders with holes in them, supposedly allowing for better control). Detailed descriptions of
Chinese junks during the
176:
context, side-rudders are more specifically called quarter-rudders as the later term designates more exactly where the rudder was mounted. Stern-mounted rudders are uniformly suspended at the back of the ship in a central position.
435:
in 1958. Within decades, several other Han dynasty ship models featuring rudders were found in archaeological excavations. The first solid written reference to the use of a rudder without a steering oar dates to the 5th century.
1405:
M. D. de Weerd: Ships of the Roman Period at
Zwammerdam / Nigrum Pullum, Germania Inferior, in: Roman Shipping and Trade: Britain and the Rhine Provinces. (The Council for) British Archaeology, Research Report 24, 1978,
366:(25–220 AD) Chinese pottery boat fit for riverine and maritime sea travel, with an anchor at the bow, a steering rudder at the stern, roofed compartments with windows and doors, and miniature sailors
964:
504:(West Bengal) seal dated between the 1st and 3rd centuries AD depicts a steering mechanism on a ship named ''Indra of the Ocean'' (Jaladhisakra), which indicates that it was a sea-bound vessel.
752:
Large ships (over 10,000 ton gross tonnage) have requirements on rudder turnover time. To comply with this, high torque rudder controls are employed. One commonly used system is the
790:
691:, where the ship's screw is enclosed and can be swiveled to steer the vessel. Designers claim that this type of rudder on a smaller vessel will answer the helm faster.
840:
and rudder controls are used together to turn an aircraft, with the ailerons imparting roll and the rudder imparting yaw and also compensating for a phenomenon called
1902:
1081:
2246:
184:
as a rudder, others argue that the steering oar used in ancient Egypt and Rome was not a true rudder and define only the stern-mounted rudder used in ancient
577:. As the size of ships and the height of the freeboards increased, quarter steering oars became unwieldy and were replaced by the more sturdy rudders with
279:, oars mounted on the side of ships for steering are documented from the 3rd millennium BCE in artwork, wooden models, and even remnants of actual boats.
2823:
353:
1415:
M. D. de Weerd: Römerzeitliche
Transportschiffe und EinbÀume aus Nigrum Pullum / Zwammerdam, in: Studien zu den MilitÀrgrenzen Roms II (1977), 187ff.
848:
or sideslip. This may be done to overcome crosswinds and keep the fuselage in line with the runway, or to lose altitude by increasing drag, or both.
476:(1587â1666) and the 17th-century European traveler Louis Lecomte wrote of the junk design and its use of the rudder with enthusiasm and admiration.
398:, predating their appearance in the West by a thousand years. In China, miniature models of ships that feature steering oars have been dated to the
159:, or hydraulics may link rudders to steering wheels. In typical aircraft, the rudder is operated by pedals via mechanical linkages or hydraulics.
699:
Various types of rudders are used in the marine industry, including spade rudders, semi-spade rudders, high-lift rudders, and balanced rudders.
1735:
923:
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Chinese rudders are attached to the hull by means of wooden jaws or sockets, while typically larger ones were suspended from above by a rope
3197:
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1362:
Lawrence V. Mott, The
Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, p.84, 95f.
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Lawrence V. Mott, The
Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, p.1
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151:âessentially, a stick or pole acting as a lever armâmay be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a
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2232:
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Francesco
Tiradritti (ed.): âThe Treasures of the Egyptian Museumâ, The American University in Cairo Press, Cairo 1999,
625:
holds that the stern-mounted rudder was transferred from China to Europe and the
Islamic world during the Middle Ages.
3202:
1823:
424:
3207:
2858:
2813:
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1875:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics
1388:
Tilmann Bechert: Römisches Germanien zwischen Rhein und Maas. Die Provinz Germania inferior, Hirmer, MĂŒnchen 1982,
1147:
Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics
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185:
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386:, by Guo Zhongshu (c. 910â977 AD); notice the large sternpost-mounted rudder on the ship shown in the foreground
296:
and simpleness. Roman quarter steering oar mounting systems survived mostly intact through the medieval period.
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2381:
2311:
35:
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and is not the primary control used to turn the airplane. A rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the
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The world's oldest known depiction of a sternpost-mounted rudder can be seen on a pottery model of a Chinese
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3131:
2893:
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are the small vertical surfaces on the rear end of each float. Their setting is controlled from the cockpit.
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31:
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821:(attached to the wings) that control pitch and roll, respectively. The rudder is usually attached to the
756:. It employs four hydraulic rams to rotate the rudder stock (rotation axis), in turn rotating the rudder.
540:
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in 1866. If a vessel requires extra maneuverability at low speeds, the rudder may be supplemented by a
399:
941:, K.S. Tom, Chung Chee Kit, S.A.M. Adshead, John K. Fairbank, Merle Goldman, Frank Ross, and Leo Block.
228:
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By the first half of the 1st century AD, steering gear mounted on the stern were also quite common in
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Stern-mounted steering oar of an Egyptian riverboat depicted in the Tomb of Menna (c. 1422â1411 BC)
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244:(2686 BC â 2134 BC) as many as five steering oars are found on each side of passenger boats. The
46:
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motion to the craft. In basic form, a rudder is a flat plane or sheet of material attached with
918:
Lawrence Mott in his comprehensive treatment of the history of the rudder, Timothy Runyan, the
618:
onwards, European ships with pintle-and-gudgeon rudders sailed successfully on all seven seas.
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about the vertical axis, i.e., change the horizontal direction in which the nose is pointing.
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Rowing oars set aside for steering appeared on large Egyptian vessels long before the time of
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featured a large steering gear mounted on the stern. According to new research, the advanced
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1973:
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Mohamed Ata: âEgypt from Past to Present. Through the Eyes of an Egyptianâ, Cairo 2007, p.68
892:
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552:
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272:", probably meaning the crotch at the end of the keel (as depicted in the "Tomb of Menna").
194:
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1799:
The Maritime Engineering Reference Book: A Guide to Ship Design, Construction and Operation
597:
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Oars mounted on the side of ships evolved into quarter steering oars, which were used from
41:
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Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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Timothy J. Runyan: âReview of The Development of the Rudder: A Technological Taleâ,
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1059:. Honolulu: The Hawaii Chinese History Center of the University of Hawaii Press.
193:, was better fit for larger vessels on ocean-going travel, and first appeared in
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2028:
2003:
1923:
1495:
Chinese Maritime Activities and Socioeconomic Development, c. 2100 B.C.-1900 A.D
856:
841:
817:(usually attached to the horizontal tail structure, if not a slab elevator) and
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with a long stern-mounted oar for better leverage. The boat already featured a
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1958:
1863:(2006). Cambridge: MA; London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
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1353:, Vol. 55, No. œ, Parts 1 and 2. (1965), pp. 35 (Pl. I); 36, Fn.43 (Pl.II,1)
420:
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717:
30:
This article is about the navigational instrument. For other meanings, see
17:
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2459:
2441:
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2058:
1993:
1753:"Understanding Marine Rudders: Types, Usage, and Design Considerations"
1289:
837:
582:
548:
457:
453:
316:
312:
156:
88:
1425:
Deutschlandfunk: Römische Schiffsversuchsanstalt in den Albaner Bergen
778:
729:
about other types of steering gear, such as rotary type steering gear.
2514:
2421:
2396:
2326:
2193:
2183:
1933:
874:
786:
on the bottom rear of the yoke in this photo of a Boeing 727 cockpit.
578:
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465:
432:
383:
304:
256:
navigation. The first literary reference appears in the works of the
245:
148:
1563:
Guy, John (1999). "A Boat Model and State Ritual in Eastern India".
1539:
Ships and the Development of Maritime Technology on the Indian Ocean
1057:
Echoes from Old China: Life, Legends, and Lore of the Middle Kingdom
520:('The Best Divisions for the Classification of Regions') written by
2937:
2539:
2391:
2213:
2173:
1963:
1953:
1853:
The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale
1647:
The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale
1629:
The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale
1468:
1466:
1464:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1008:
The Development of the Rudder, A.D. 100-1600: A Technological Tale
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769:
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478:
469:
369:
357:
286:
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237:
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132:
128:
92:
52:
40:
291:
Steering oar of a Roman boat, 1st century AD (RG-Museum, Cologne)
2158:
2083:
1202:
To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails
1181:
To Harness the Wind: A Short History of the Development of Sails
959:
957:
512:
276:
269:
253:
76:
72:
2228:
1884:
963:
rudder.EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica. Retrieved August 8, 2008, from
1513:
1511:
822:
711:
1340:, Vol. 55, No. 1/2, Parts 1 and 2 (1965), pp. 31-39 (plate 1)
1123:. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. New York: St. Martin's Press.
1097:. London: MacMillan Press Ltd. New York: St. Martin's Press.
201:(1550–300 BC) use of the steering oar without a rudder
1371:
Lionel Casson: âShips and Seamanship in the Ancient Worldâ,
419:(202 BC – 220 AD). It was discovered in
1220:
1218:
633:
Conventional rudders have been essentially unchanged since
871: â Mechanism used to steer a ship or other watercraft
411:) can be seen on a 2-foot (61 cm) pottery model of a
135:, tail, or afterend. Often rudders are shaped to minimize
27:
Control surface for fluid-dynamic steering in the yaw axis
1307:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
1252:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
1239:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
1226:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
977:
The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures
965:
EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD
883: â Type of directional propulsion system for vessels
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1349:
Lionel Casson, Harbour and River Boats of Ancient Rome,
268:: "They make one rudder, and this is thrust through the
1640:
1638:
1305:
William F. Edgerton: âAncient Egyptian Steering Gearâ,
1250:
William F. Edgerton: "Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear",
1237:
William F. Edgerton: "Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear",
1224:
William F. Edgerton: "Ancient Egyptian Steering Gear",
975:
William F. Edgerton: âAncient Egyptian Steering Gearâ,
614:
and the full-rigged ship in the 14th century. From the
1631:, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, S.2, 92f.
1010:, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, p.2f., 92
561:(1567â1581), the largest ship in the world at its time
45:
Modern ship rudder (the long red rectangle behind the
1319:
1317:
1315:
487:
showing the earliest known representation of a rudder
197:
during the 1st century AD. In regards to the ancient
1649:, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University, S.118f.
448:
are known from various travellers to China, such as
252:
when tomb reliefs suggest them commonly employed in
3104:
3083:
3016:
2912:
2747:
2613:
2450:
2266:
1718:
Osmotech UK on Uses and advantages of bow thrusters
901: â Perpendicular axis marine propulsion system
423:in an archaeological excavation carried out by the
1664:(2nd ed.). London: John Murray. p. 160.
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1043:
1041:
1034:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
339:(37-41 AD), may have featured 14 m long rudders.
851:Another technique for yaw control, used on some
1480:
1478:
1149:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd. Pages 627–628.
1859:Fairbank, John King and Merle Goldman (1992).
1565:Bulletin de l'Ăcole française d'ExtrĂȘme-Orient
1115:
1113:
1111:
1024:, Vol. 74, No. 4, (1999), pp. 1096-1098 (1098)
895: â Low aspect ratio rudder with endplates
264:(484-424 BC), who had spent several months in
2240:
1896:
1861:China: A New History; Second Enlarged Edition
1158:Fairbank, John K. and Merle Goldman. (1998).
601:A ship's rudder carved in oak, 15th century,
406:
71:is a primary control surface used to steer a
8:
1855:, Thesis May 1991, Texas A&M University
1688:A History of Control Engineering, 1800-1930
415:dating from the 1st century AD, during the
2247:
2233:
2225:
1903:
1889:
1881:
1604:
1602:
1536:Barnes, Ruth; Parkin, David (2015-12-22).
1446:Johnstone, Paul and Sean McGrail. (1988).
530:the ship strikes the rocks and is wrecked.
394:dating from the 1st century AD during the
107:, the rudder is used primarily to counter
354:Science and technology of the Han dynasty
1736:"Barrel Type Rudder Makes Quicker Turns"
91:, or other vehicle that moves through a
1334:Harbour and River Boats of Ancient Rome
1162:. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
1080:was invoked but never defined (see the
953:
911:
889: â Thruster assisted ship's rudder
877: â Electric drive azimuth thruster
663:in the bow, or be replaced entirely by
303:river and harbour craft as proved from
1824:"Understanding Steering Gear in Ships"
1778:
1768:
1160:China: A New History, Enlarged Edition
1119:Adshead, Samuel Adrian Miles. (2000).
1093:Adshead, Samuel Adrian Miles. (2000).
924:Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology
2544:
979:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 255-265
829:), which allows the pilot to control
518:Ahsan al-Taqasim fi Marifat al-Aqalim
7:
1204:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
1183:. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press.
774:Movement caused by the use of rudder
168:location on the ship. A third term,
1741:, October 1934, bottom-right pg.495
1472:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 649-650.
1075:
994:The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology
378:(960â1279) painting on silk of two
1796:Molland, Anthony F. (2011-10-13).
609:of Cheyne and Willoughby families.
472:. The later Chinese encyclopedist
25:
1309:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 263
1254:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 260
1241:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 257
1228:, Vol. 43, No. 4. (1927), pp. 255
782:The rudder is controlled through
1076:Cite error: The named reference
716:
319:age shows a harbour tug boat in
34:. For mythological meaning, see
1517:Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 362.
1078:Needham volume 4 part 3 649 650
335:, the palace barges of emperor
3157:In-flight entertainment system
2854:Horizontal situation indicator
172:, can denote both types. In a
123:, thus imparting a turning or
1:
1497:. Westport: Greenwood Press.
155:. In larger vessels, cables,
3137:Environmental control system
1751:Desk, NV Tech (2024-07-22).
1351:The Journal of Roman Studies
1338:The Journal of Roman Studies
3198:Ancient Egyptian technology
1448:The Sea-craft of Prehistory
813:along with the rudder-like
425:Guangdong Provincial Museum
205:, Leo Block (2003) writes:
3239:
2814:Course deviation indicator
2505:Electro-hydraulic actuator
1877:. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
1691:. Peregrinus. p. 98.
1526:Needham, Volume 4, Par634.
1379:, S.XXVIII, 336f.; Fig.193
996:, Vol. 26. (1941), pp. 3-9
794:The water rudders on this
763:
351:
307:and archaeological finds (
29:
3045:Conventional landing gear
1919:
1660:Vaughan, Adrian (1991) .
1145:Needham, Joseph. (1986).
899:Voith Schneider propeller
407:
180:Although some classify a
2829:Flight management system
1873:Needham, Joseph (1986).
1617:Lawrence V. Mott, p.92f.
605:church, Devon. Heraldic
343:Sternpost-mounted rudder
36:Gubernaculum (classical)
3132:Emergency oxygen system
2894:Turn and slip indicator
2689:Leading-edge droop flap
2659:Drag-reducing aerospike
2634:Adaptive compliant wing
2629:Active Aeroelastic Wing
1944:Apparent wind indicator
1662:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
1577:10.3406/befeo.1999.3407
1450:. New York: Routledge.
990:Egyptian Seagoing Ships
920:EncyclopĂŠdia Britannica
635:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
594:dating to around 1180.
32:Rudder (disambiguation)
3172:Passenger service unit
2973:Self-sealing fuel tank
2869:Multi-function display
1723:July 26, 2013, at the
1608:Lawrence V. Mott, p.93
1396:, p.183, 203 (Fig.266)
1121:China in World History
1095:China in World History
802:
787:
775:
754:ram type steering gear
727:is missing information
610:
562:
488:
387:
367:
292:
233:
212:
64:
50:
3218:Watercraft components
3152:Ice protection system
3070:Tricycle landing gear
3060:Landing gear extender
2277:Aft pressure bulkhead
1067:. Page 103–104.
793:
781:
773:
764:Further information:
600:
569:until the end of the
543:
482:
400:Warring States period
373:
361:
352:Further information:
315:7). A tomb plaque of
290:
231:
207:
163:History of the rudder
56:
44:
3117:Auxiliary power unit
2525:Flight control modes
1685:Bennett, S. (1986).
1493:Deng, Gang. (1997).
1200:Block, Leo. (2003).
1179:Block, Leo. (2003).
836:Unlike a ship, both
671:Boat rudders details
661:manoeuvring thruster
203:in the Mediterranean
3213:Egyptian inventions
3096:Escape crew capsule
3003:War emergency power
2874:Pitotâstatic system
2719:Variable-sweep wing
2427:Vertical stabilizer
939:LefÚbre des Noëttes
827:vertical stabilizer
809:is the directional
766:Vertical stabilizer
485:Eastern Han dynasty
380:Chinese cargo ships
3203:Ancient inventions
2804:Attitude indicator
2784:Airspeed indicator
2779:Aircraft periscope
1851:Lawrence V. Mott,
1781:has generic name (
1645:Lawrence V. Mott,
1627:Lawrence V. Mott,
1055:Tom, K.S. (1989).
1006:Lawrence V. Mott,
922:, and The Concise
805:On an aircraft, a
803:
796:Cessna 208 Caravan
788:
776:
689:barrel type rudder
687:There is also the
611:
563:
508:Medieval Near East
489:
483:Pottery boat from
388:
368:
293:
240:(3100 BC). In the
234:
65:
51:
3208:Aircraft controls
3185:
3184:
3112:Aircraft lavatory
2849:Heading indicator
2794:Annunciator panel
2774:Air data computer
2684:Leading-edge cuff
2222:
2221:
1809:978-0-08-056009-0
1739:Popular Mechanics
1549:978-1-317-79342-7
1269:978-977-424-504-6
988:R. O. Faulkner:
853:tailless aircraft
750:
749:
665:azimuth thrusters
382:accompanied by a
219:Steering oar/gear
186:Han dynasty China
16:(Redirected from
3230:
3167:Navigation light
3147:Hydraulic system
3122:Bleed air system
3050:Drogue parachute
2724:Vortex generator
2342:Interplane strut
2249:
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1999:Carpenter's walk
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916:
893:Schilling rudder
760:Aircraft rudders
745:
742:
736:
720:
712:
695:Types of rudders
648:in 1843 and the
616:Age of Discovery
558:Adler von LĂŒbeck
553:Hanseatic league
410:
409:
141:aerodynamic drag
95:medium (usually
63:'s rudder turned
21:
3238:
3237:
3233:
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3227:
3188:
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3181:
3177:Ram air turbine
3142:Flight recorder
3100:
3079:
3012:
2993:Thrust reversal
2917:
2908:
2879:Radar altimeter
2844:Head-up display
2754:
2743:
2639:Anti-shock body
2621:
2609:
2470:Artificial feel
2452:Flight controls
2446:
2312:Fabric covering
2262:
2258:components and
2253:
2223:
2218:
2134:Quarter gallery
1939:Anchor windlass
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650:steering engine
639:balanced rudder
637:introduced the
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536:Medieval Europe
510:
502:Chandraketugarh
498:
429:Academia Sinica
356:
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1484:Fairbank, 192.
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935:Joseph Needham
927:
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887:Pleuger rudder
884:
881:Kitchen rudder
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715:
707:
706:Rudder control
704:
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629:Modern rudders
627:
623:Joseph Needham
551:rudder of the
537:
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1542:. Routledge.
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1503:0-313-29212-4
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1103:0-312-22565-2
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1065:0-8248-1285-9
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785:
784:rudder pedals
780:
772:
767:
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744:
734:
728:
725:This section
723:
719:
714:
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703:
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694:
692:
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685:
681:
677:
670:
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656:Great Eastern
651:
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645:Great Britain
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546:
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531:
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525:
523:
519:
514:
507:
505:
503:
496:Ancient India
495:
493:
486:
481:
477:
475:
474:Song Yingxing
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
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418:
414:
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365:
360:
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348:Ancient China
347:
342:
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289:
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243:
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224:Ancient Egypt
223:
218:
216:
211:
206:
204:
200:
196:
195:ancient China
192:
187:
183:
178:
175:
174:Mediterranean
171:
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62:
61:
55:
48:
43:
37:
33:
19:
3223:Shipbuilding
3127:Deicing boot
3055:Landing gear
2998:Townend ring
2988:Thrust lever
2963:NACA cowling
2928:Autothrottle
2920:fuel systems
2918:devices and
2709:Stall strips
2679:Krueger flap
2649:Channel wing
2595:Wing warping
2585:Stick shaker
2580:Stick pusher
2500:Dual control
2485:Centre stick
2352:Leading edge
2322:Flying wires
2282:Cabane strut
2154:Ship's wheel
2148:
2019:Companionway
1913:sailing ship
1874:
1860:
1852:
1832:. Retrieved
1830:. 2019-02-20
1827:
1818:
1802:. Elsevier.
1798:
1791:
1760:. Retrieved
1756:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1713:
1702:. Retrieved
1687:
1680:
1661:
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1333:
1328:
1306:
1301:
1285:
1276:
1259:
1251:
1246:
1238:
1233:
1225:
1212:. 8–9.
1201:
1196:
1180:
1175:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1120:
1094:
1089:
1072:
1056:
1029:
1021:
1016:
1007:
1001:
993:
989:
984:
976:
971:
930:
914:
869:Ship's wheel
857:flying wings
850:
835:
806:
804:
753:
751:
738:
726:
709:
701:
698:
688:
686:
682:
678:
674:
655:
644:
632:
620:
612:
603:Bere Ferrers
564:
556:
528:
522:al-Muqaddasi
517:
511:
499:
490:
438:
403:
389:
384:smaller boat
376:Song dynasty
298:
294:
283:Ancient Rome
274:
235:
213:
208:
182:steering oar
179:
170:steering oar
166:
143:. On simple
137:hydrodynamic
68:
66:
59:
3075:Tundra tire
2958:Intake ramp
2889:Transponder
2674:Gurney flap
2615:Aerodynamic
2530:Fly-by-wire
2412:Triple tail
2139:Quarterdeck
2029:Daggerboard
2024:Crow's nest
2004:Centreboard
1974:Bow or prow
1924:Aftercastle
1911:Parts of a
1779:|last=
1571:: 105â126.
1458:. Page 191.
1191:. Page 123.
1131:. Page 156.
1105:. Page 156.
842:adverse yaw
571:Middle Ages
450:Ibn Battuta
446:Middle Ages
417:Han dynasty
396:Han dynasty
364:Eastern Han
242:Old Kingdom
109:adverse yaw
18:Rudder post
3192:Categories
3065:Oleo strut
2953:Inlet cone
2948:Gascolator
2914:Propulsion
2904:Yaw string
2899:Variometer
2755:instrument
2734:Wing fence
2669:Gouge flap
2644:Blown flap
2600:Yaw damper
2575:Stabilator
2560:Side-stick
2495:Dive brake
2382:Stabilizer
2357:Lift strut
2347:Jury strut
2109:Orlop deck
2044:Forecastle
2039:Figurehead
1969:Boom brake
1959:Bilgeboard
1845:References
1834:2021-06-03
1762:2024-07-22
1704:2015-01-10
1505:. Page 42.
1170:. Page 93.
799:floatplane
621:Historian
592:Winchester
462:Marco Polo
333:Nemi ships
329:Zwammerdam
309:Zwammerdam
260:historian
199:Phoenician
145:watercraft
85:hovercraft
3040:Autobrake
2968:NACA duct
2943:Fuel tank
2933:Drop tank
2916:controls,
2799:Astrodome
2789:Altimeter
2654:Dog-tooth
2619:high-lift
2570:Spoileron
2555:Servo tab
2535:Gust lock
2490:Deceleron
2475:Autopilot
2432:Wing root
2417:Twin tail
2402:Tailplane
2337:Hardpoint
2307:Empennage
2270:structure
2209:Whipstaff
2179:Sternpost
2169:Starboard
2119:Poop deck
2114:Outrigger
1929:Afterdeck
1585:0336-1519
1294:Histories
1082:help page
949:Footnotes
741:June 2021
733:talk page
567:antiquity
555:flagship
421:Guangzhou
374:An early
325:spritsail
317:Hadrianic
262:Herodotus
103:). On an
81:submarine
58:RMS
47:propeller
3008:Wet wing
2983:Throttle
2729:Vortilon
2590:Trim tab
2520:Flaperon
2510:Elevator
2465:Airbrake
2437:Wing tip
2362:Longeron
2332:Fuselage
2268:Airframe
2256:Aircraft
2189:Taffrail
2129:Porthole
2099:Leeboard
2074:Jackline
1979:Bowsprit
1949:Beakhead
1771:cite web
1721:Archived
1593:43732572
1271:, p.92f.
1022:Speculum
863:See also
819:ailerons
815:elevator
588:Zedelgem
524:in 985:
337:Caligula
191:helmsman
157:pushrods
153:helmsman
121:fuselage
113:p-factor
105:airplane
3018:Landing
2809:Compass
2757:systems
2749:Avionic
2739:Winglet
2622:devices
2565:Spoiler
2460:Aileron
2442:Wingbox
2367:Nacelle
2317:Fairing
2260:systems
2204:Transom
2079:Jibboom
2059:Gunwale
2054:Gangway
2014:Cockpit
1994:Cathead
1989:Capstan
1290:Herodot
838:aileron
652:in the
641:on the
583:gudgeon
549:gudgeon
458:Morocco
454:Tangier
313:Woerden
305:reliefs
89:airship
60:Olympic
2753:flight
2714:Strake
2545:Rudder
2515:Elevon
2480:Canard
2422:V-tail
2397:T-tail
2327:Former
2287:Canopy
2194:Tiller
2184:Strake
2149:Rudder
2094:Kelson
2009:Chains
1934:Anchor
1867:
1806:
1695:
1668:
1591:
1583:
1546:
1501:
1454:
1392:
1375:
1296:, 2.96
1267:
1208:
1187:
1166:
1127:
1101:
1063:
875:Azipod
807:rudder
579:pintle
575:Europe
545:Pintle
466:Venice
441:tackle
433:Taiwan
246:tiller
149:tiller
129:hinges
125:yawing
69:rudder
2938:FADEC
2824:EICAS
2699:Slats
2540:HOTAS
2392:Strut
2214:Winch
2049:Frame
1984:Cable
1964:Bitts
1954:Bilge
1589:JSTOR
1406:15ff.
906:Notes
607:badge
547:-and-
470:Italy
321:Ostia
301:Roman
266:Egypt
258:Greek
238:Menes
133:stern
101:water
93:fluid
3020:and
2884:TCAS
2864:ISIS
2819:EFIS
2764:ACAS
2751:and
2704:Slot
2664:Flap
2617:and
2605:Yoke
2377:Spar
2302:Dope
2164:Stem
2159:Skeg
2124:Port
2104:Mast
2084:Keel
2069:Hull
2064:Head
2034:Deck
1865:ISBN
1804:ISBN
1783:help
1693:ISBN
1666:ISBN
1581:ISSN
1544:ISBN
1499:ISBN
1452:ISBN
1390:ISBN
1373:ISBN
1265:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1185:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1099:ISBN
1061:ISBN
855:and
846:slip
825:(or
590:and
581:and
513:Arab
460:and
427:and
413:junk
392:junk
277:Iran
270:keel
254:Nile
147:, a
117:hull
111:and
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2839:GPS
2694:LEX
2372:Rib
2199:Top
2144:Rib
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643:SS
573:in
464:of
452:of
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