796:
1125:
1025:
rainforest regions or sheltered, humid gullies with an abundance of dense cover such as trees, saplings, shrubs and vines. The nest, will usually be built at the fork between two nearly horizontal tree branches in proximity to a water source, such as a stream. The structure of the nest is often compared to a wine glass with a broken bottom stand. The nest is built, usually in
November, December and January, using thin strips of tree bark, grass, moss rootlets and decayed wood.
1058:
91:
1013:
66:
42:
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The
Australian rufous fantail is mostly an aerial forager, rarely perching during feeding. Prey are found during almost continuous movement in and between vegetation. They stop (perch) for very short periods of time, during which they fan their tails. Much more rarely, they perch for longer than five
842:
These have been not well characterised in the
Australian rufous fantail. Nevertheless, it has been observed to create several different types of sounds such as chips, buzzes, and scolds. Their "chip call" is often what first attracts an observer's attention. This call is high pitched, with two chip
323:
The
Australian rufous fantail is also known by numerous other English names as well as several names in different languages. Some common English names include: rufous-fronted fantail, wood fantail, rufous-fronted flycatcher, wood flycatcher, red fantail, allied flycatcher, rufous flycatcher, rufous
1020:
When they are spotted, they are usually either on their own or in pairs. Although their social bonding is not well known, they nest in pairs and are thought to be monogamous. Males will produce vocal songs to both defend and advertise their territory. Sometimes this can result in intense, rapid and
811:
It has black ear-coverts (feathers over the ears, just below and behind the eyes). The throat is white (in most subspecies), and there is a black bar across the upper breast. Below this, the lower breast is off-white with black scale-like spots which transitions into an off-white colour towards the
803:
Adults are medium-sized birds, generally ranging from 14.5 cm – 18.5 cm in length, averaging at around 15 cm; their wingspan is between 18 cm – 22.5 cm, averaging at around 21 cm. They weigh roughly 10 grams. The male and female of the species look identical. However,
807:
The forehead is a richly reddish-brown colour across the eyes. The eyes have a white arc just below them. The top of the head, back of the neck and the upper back, transition from an olive to reddish-brown colour, which then blends into a blackish-brown, long, fan-shaped tail. This blackish-brown
260:
The
Australian rufous fantail has complex evolutionary relationships and sometimes this results in conflicting taxonomy. This is not uncommon since taxonomies are merely hypotheses of a species' evolutionary status. Debate is still currently ongoing about the taxonomic treatment of the Australian
1048:
Some subspecies have slightly differing migration patterns. However, the vast majority exhibit strong migratory behavior – they use the same route year after year and have regular departure and arrival times. They migrate to south-eastern
Australia in the spring to breed, beginning in September,
1024:
After pairing, both will search for a suitable breeding site. The female has the final say on nest location. Some males have been known to feed their paired females for up to 2–3 weeks before and during the selection of the nest site and building of the nest. Their breeding sites are mainly in
999:
Studies on
Australian rufous fantail's social behaviour are sparse. Some observers have anecdotally described them as curious and trustful, whilst others depict them as shy creatures. However, there is consensus in that they are almost always portrayed as hyperactive, constantly on the move,
815:
The aforementioned colours do not change during different seasons. However, compared to the adults, the juveniles have generally duller coloured backs and marginally browner tails and underparts. On the other hand, the base of the bill and their legs are a paler brown relative to an adult's.
1136:
of forests has been shown to influence foraging preference, changing from the forest floor to the lower canopy. However, they prefer undisturbed forests. Logging decreases breeding habitat and increases the risk of fragmentation, particularly if these forests are in migration routes.
1028:
The eggs themselves are round or oval in shape and occasionally have a point at one end. Their colour is generally described as somewhere between a pale cream to yellowish white. These have light brown and purplish markings or spots. There are normally 3 or 4 eggs produced in a nest.
229:
Characteristic of species that have a large range, the
Australian rufous fantail has many subspecies. However the taxonomic treatment of its subspecies and other relatives is still debated. The Australian rufous fantail is easily distinguished by their orange-reddish-brown back,
963:
Australian rufous fantails will generally occupy the lower levels of their habitat, the understorey or the subcanopy, straying no further than 6 m from the ground. Different subspecies may tend to prefer slightly different habitats which can be sometimes discrete or overlapping.
605:. The ancestral form may have had a white chin, white throat, and a light grey breast as well as a greyish-brown head and back. Indirect evidence suggests that ancestral species undertook two periods of aggressive range expansions (dispersal) separated by a period of inactivity.
986:
973:
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They are usually observed flitting about in the lower layers of their habitat, in close association with the shade, making short, frequent flights separated by brief moments of perching and sometimes hopping between foliage or onto the ground.
1881:
843:
noises given in quick succession. It is produced during food searching, territory defence and can be used as an alarm call when a predator is identified. They sing after sunset from perches, one reason is to attract the opposite sex.
1095:
However, they are versatile foragers, also capable of different foraging methods, occasionally hovering to glean prey from leaves and (very rarely) from the ground and other fallen debris. They have longer legs relative to other
240:
The
Australian rufous fantail tends to feed on small insects in the lower parts of the canopy. They are very active birds making short, frequent flights. They may also hop between foliage or on the ground, during foraging.
1032:
Both the males and the females give (frequently alternating) parental care, which includes: feeding their nestlings and removing their faecal sacs from the nest. Whilst only females have actually been observed to incubate
866:
and base of tail – easily differentiate it from other fantails. Moreover, it can be further distinguished from similar fantails as it tends to forage in shady and moist regions of habitats that are close to the ground.
959:
forests. Apart from open grasslands and open arid areas, there are not many major types of landscape in the
Australo-Papuan region that cannot be inhabited by at least one subspecies of the Australian rufous fantail.
1149:(<20,000 km). Although the population size has not been properly characterised, it is thought to be declining, but not rapidly enough to be placed into vulnerable status. Therefore, the species is of
1906:
990:
988:
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The Australian rufous fantail inhabits moist and moderately dense habitats. Within these areas, it has astonishingly large variations in habitat requirements. They can be found in
989:
976:
1040:
Four to five weeks after hatching, the young will leave the nest. However, they will remain near their nest (natal area) until they undertake their first migration.
2275:
1092:
Once a prey is located, they will pursue it by exhibiting extremely agile and maneuverable flight within the canopy (by salling, flush-pursuit or flutter-chase).
2314:
2435:
1499:
Nyári, Árpád S; Benz, Brett W.; Jønsson, Knud A.; Fjeldså, Jon; Moyle, Robert G. (2009). "Phylogenetic relationships of fantails (Aves: Rhipiduridae)".
987:
974:
2407:
2249:
2288:
2470:
1286:
222:) is a small passerine bird, most commonly known also as the black-breasted rufous-fantail or rufous-fronted fantail, which can be found in
2450:
830:
in the immature birds is similar to those of the adults and in both sexes. Adults moult annually prior to the breeding season, and this
795:
2475:
2455:
2038:
2019:
1857:
1399:
2460:
1235:
Craig, Robert J.; Beal, Kathleen G. (2001). "Microhabitat partitioning among small passerines in a Pacific island bird community".
1145:
The range of the Australian rufous fantail is very extensive. On this basis it does not have a range small enough to be considered
665:
group underwent "explosive sub-speciation". This is in stark contrast to the other members whose evolution was stagnant. The true
2480:
831:
2293:
1065:
They eat mostly small insects and will often join mixed species feeding flocks to do so. These usually comprise other small
909:
2062:
2465:
2445:
244:
Although their population is thought to be declining, their relatively large range and abundance make them a species of
2200:
2148:
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270:
202:
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They are migratory, travelling to south-eastern Australia in the spring to breed, and then north in the autumn.
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and base of tail. They have a black and white breast that grades into a white colour on the chin and throat.
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779:
380:, and all three are often considered conspecific. All are part of a larger species group that also includes
1049:
peaking in October, and then north in the autumn during March and April. This has been well characterised.
2174:
2153:
2088:
1124:
1078:
338:, commonly known as the fantails. Within the genus it belongs to a group of five closely related species:
2205:
819:
A physical description that may help distinguishing between the different subspecies can be found in the
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1202:
185:
1650:
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2054:
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The current spatial distribution suggests an ancestry originating in the Papuan region, most likely
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2015:
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tail, contrasts with the base of the tail, which is tipped with a paler colour, often white.
2179:
2140:
1989:
1898:
1751:
1740:
Ramsey (1987). "Covariate Adjustments to Effective Area in Variable-Area Wildlife Surveys".
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1458:
1367:
1246:
1197:
917:
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359:
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by Vigors and Horsfield. The Australian rufous fantail's scientific name is consequently
1109:
1012:
901:
739:
1553:
Mayr, Erynst; Moynihan, Martin (1946). "Evolution in the Rhipidura ruffifrons group".
2429:
2371:
2301:
2192:
1980:
1658:
1514:
1358:
1188:
1150:
863:
245:
231:
75:
70:
1804:
1522:
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centre of the abdomen. The eyes, bill and feet of the bird are all a brown colour.
592:
369:
152:
2215:
1452:
2398:
2262:
2120:
956:
948:
859:, it has a slightly larger fantail and creates higher pitched and softer songs.
722:
1971:
2366:
2031:
Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds: Boatbill to Starlings
1589:
940:
905:
889:
700:
696:
678:
653:
Dispersal to Southeastern New Guinea and nearby islands evolved into the true
602:
17:
2111:
924:. In Australia, they are found in the northern and eastern coastal regions.
1066:
944:
893:
881:
334:
283:
223:
142:
102:
41:
955:(usually near a river or swamp). Rarely, they have even been found in dry
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913:
122:
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885:
827:
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Adult on forest floor, Royal National Park, New South Wales, Australia.
162:
1993:
1846:
Thomas, Richard; Thomas, Sarah; Andrew, David; McBride, Alan (1996).
1671:
1564:
1371:
1100:
species, enabling them to have agile movement on the ground as well.
112:
2267:
2241:
2082:
1755:
2236:
2012:
Birds of Melanesia: Bismarcks, Solomons, Vanuatu and New Caledonia
1123:
1056:
1011:
984:
971:
794:
927:
Certain subspecies tend to be restricted to some ranges. See the
1428:
Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae
1154:
249:
132:
2086:
1882:"Bird assemblage in a dune-mangrove mosaic, Cairns, Queensland"
607:
During the former dispersal period, it is hypothesised by Mayr
2033:. Vol. 7. Melbourne, Australia: Oxford University Press.
1173:
1171:
1169:
921:
862:
Its diagnostic physical features: orange-reddish-brown back,
1108:
Many eggs and young are lost to the suspected predator, the
721:
The Australian rufous fantail was formerly considered to be
1251:
10.1676/0043-5643(2001)113[0317:MPASPI]2.0.CO;2
632:
Dispersal to Tenimber Islands in the Banda Sea formed the
1356:
Hindwood (1948). "The Rufous Fantail in City Buildings".
880:
The Australian rufous fantail can be found in parts of
1037:) laid eggs, it is assumed males can do this as well.
2060:
1852:(2nd ed.). Frogmouth Publications. p. 368.
269:
The Australian rufous fantail was first described by
261:
rufous fantail's subspecies and its related species.
1849:
The Complete Guide to Finding the Birds of Australia
2382:
2095:
1431:(in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. l.
1203:
10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103710458A112343271.en
1016:
Adult on nest in Iluka, New South Wales, Australia.
1061:Perched adult in Saipan, Northern Mariana Islands.
332:It is one of over 40 member species of the genus
2029:Higgins, P.J; Peter, J.M; Cowling, S.J (2006).
931:of this article for more detailed information.
591:Consensus phylogeny tree of a clade within the
1972:"The Foraging Behaviour of the Willie Wagtail
1805:"TBird species distribution maps of the world"
804:females are generally smaller than the males.
1270:
1268:
661:During the latter dispersal period, the true
646:Dispersal to Bismarck Archipelago formed the
8:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1942:
1940:
1825:
1823:
1821:
1803:BirdLife International; Natureserve (2009).
1789:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1781:
1779:
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1775:
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1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1700:
1698:
1696:
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1692:
1690:
1688:
1494:
1492:
1454:Handbook to The birds of Australia, Volume 1
1333:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1278:Systematics and Taxonomy of Australian Birds
1230:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1222:
1220:
639:Dispersal to Northern New Guinea formed the
1478:
1476:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1128:Aftermath of logging in Tasmania, Australia
299:(pronounced rhipido), meaning fan-like and
281:. It was later reclassified into the genus
2083:
1841:
1839:
1644:
1642:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1622:
1620:
851:Whilst it is similar in size and shape to
358:. A molecular phylogeny study showed the
64:
40:
31:
1651:"The Rufous Fantail in the National Park"
1388:Campbell, Bruce; Lack, Elizabeth (1985).
1383:
1381:
1201:
669:further evolved into eighteen subgroups.
617:Dispersal north and westwards formed the
1000:fidgeting and waving a fanned-out tail.
2067:
1626:Dutson, Guy (Birds of Melanesia) p. 202
1614:Dutson, Guy (Birds of Melanesia) p. 381
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1275:Christidis, Les; Boles, Walter (2008).
1165:
1576:
1574:
1596:. International Ornithologists' Union
7:
1970:Jackson, Janey; Elgar, Mark (1993).
713:, 1801) – southeast SA to northeast
2436:IUCN Red List least concern species
1189:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
703:(northeast, central east Australia)
516:
494:
472:
450:
428:
303:(pronounced oura), meaning tail.
25:
1281:. Csiro Publishing. p. 197.
896:.> They are residents of the
595:according to Nyári et al. (2009)
2070:
1594:IOC World Bird List Version 14.1
1515:10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00397.x
1089:seconds to survey surroundings.
908:and its associated islands, the
725:with the following six species:
89:
1178:BirdLife International (2017).
928:
820:
2154:Rhipidura_(Howeavis)_rufifrons
1394:. Harrell Books. p. 206.
1:
2014:. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
1960:Higgins et al. (HANZAB) p.166
1946:Higgins et al. (HANZAB) p.165
1793:Higgins et al. (HANZAB) p.167
1457:. London; J. Gould. pp.
884:, southeast Asia, and in the
2471:Birds of the Solomon Islands
1976:: Why Does it Wag its Tail?"
1590:"Orioles, drongos, fantails"
365:to be its closest relative.
307:comes from two Latin words:
2451:Birds of the Maluku Islands
1081:and less occasionally, the
1021:prolonged vocal "battles".
2497:
2057:– Internet Bird Collection
1196:: e.T103710458A112343271.
770:Micronesian rufous fantail
324:fan, red fan or redstart.
35:Australian rufous fantail
2476:Birds of Victoria (state)
2456:Birds of Papua New Guinea
2055:Photos, videos and sounds
1556:American Museum Novitates
994:Flitting between branches
981:Flitting between branches
536:
521:
514:
499:
492:
477:
470:
455:
448:
433:
214:Australian rufous fantail
191:
184:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
2461:Birds of New South Wales
1588:, eds. (December 2023).
871:Distribution and habitat
2481:Birds described in 1801
1083:green-backed honeyeater
904:of Indonesia, southern
780:Solomons rufous fantail
754:Rhipidura louisiadensis
593:fantails (Rhipiduridae)
295:is derived from Greek:
1129:
1120:Relationship to humans
1079:large-billed scrubwren
1062:
1017:
995:
982:
800:
734:Rhipidura semicollaris
648:dahli-antonii-matthiae
315:meaning the forehead.
2354:Paleobiology Database
1391:A Dictionary of Birds
1153:as classified by the
1127:
1060:
1015:
993:
980:
968:Behaviour and ecology
798:
764:Rhipidura melanolaema
717:(southeast Australia)
2010:Dutson, Guy (2011).
1974:Rhipidura leucophrys
1890:Australian Zoologist
1649:Chaffer, N. (1929).
1451:Gould, John (1865).
898:Lesser Sunda Islands
784:Rhipidura rufofronta
774:Rhipidura versicolor
275:Index Ornithologicus
2466:Birds of Queensland
2446:Birds of Micronesia
2384:Muscicapa rufifrons
2372:Rhipidura-rufifrons
2141:Rhipidura_rufifrons
2127:Rhipidura rufifrons
2097:Rhipidura rufifrons
1903:10.7882/az.2007.013
1238:The Wilson Bulletin
1182:Rhipidura rufifrons
1075:little shrikethrush
1069:birds such as: the
855:Rhipidura albiscapa
693:Cape York Peninsula
289:Rhipidura rufifrons
279:Muscicapa rufifrons
219:Rhipidura rufifrons
195:Rhipidura rufifrons
56:Conservation status
2188:BirdLife-Australia
1880:Kutt A.S. (2007).
1584:; Donsker, David;
1130:
1112:Strepera graculina
1071:spectacled monarch
1063:
1018:
996:
983:
929:subspecies section
821:subspecies section
801:
760:Santa Cruz fantail
730:Supertramp fantail
273:in his 1801 work,
2423:
2422:
2341:Open Tree of Life
2089:Taxon identifiers
1994:10.1071/MU9930284
1586:Rasmussen, Pamela
1502:Zoologica Scripta
1288:978-0-643-06511-6
991:
978:
823:of this article.
750:Louisiade fantail
744:Rhipidura torrida
599:
598:
585:
584:
576:
575:
567:
566:
558:
557:
549:
548:
362:(Rhipidura dryas)
265:History of naming
248:according to the
210:
209:
177:R. rufifrons
79:
16:(Redirected from
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2167:731A6E5CCAACA855
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1998:
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1912:on 21 March 2012
1911:
1905:. Archived from
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1205:
1175:
1110:pied currawong (
1104:Threats/survival
1053:Food and feeding
992:
979:
686:R. r. intermedia
681:are recognised:
625:on Celebes, and
517:
495:
473:
458:R. brachyrhyncha
451:
429:
424:
423:
394:R. opistherythra
360:Arafura fantail
344:R. brachyrhyncha
311:meaning red and
197:
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68:
67:
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21:
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1756:10.2307/2531943
1739:
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910:Solomon Islands
878:
873:
853:grey fantails (
849:
847:Similar species
840:
834:does not vary.
793:
715:New South Wales
707:R. r. rufifrons
675:
612:
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559:
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330:
328:Related species
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319:Alternate names
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28:
27:Species of bird
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11:
5:
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2311:
2298:
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2272:
2259:
2246:
2233:
2220:
2210:
2197:
2193:rufous-fantail
2184:
2171:
2158:
2145:
2132:
2117:
2101:
2099:
2093:
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2049:External links
2047:
2046:
2045:
2040:978-0195539967
2039:
2026:
2021:978-0713665406
2020:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1999:
1962:
1948:
1936:
1934:(HANZAB) p.164
1923:
1897:(2): 158–164.
1872:
1859:978-0952806509
1858:
1835:
1833:(HANZAB) p.163
1817:
1795:
1769:
1732:
1730:(HANZAB) p.168
1710:
1708:(HANZAB) p.169
1684:
1628:
1616:
1607:
1570:
1559:(1321): 1–21.
1528:
1509:(6): 553–561.
1488:
1486:(HANZAB) p.160
1472:
1434:
1414:
1401:978-0931130120
1400:
1377:
1343:
1341:(HANZAB) p.161
1301:
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1245:(3): 317–326.
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18:Rufous fantail
14:
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1151:least concern
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699:to southeast
698:
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634:opistherythra
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277:initially as
276:
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246:least concern
242:
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187:
186:Binomial name
183:
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161:
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148:
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143:Passeriformes
141:
138:
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128:
127:
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121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
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92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
2383:
2096:
2030:
2011:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1965:
1931:
1926:
1914:. Retrieved
1907:the original
1894:
1888:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1848:
1830:
1808:. Retrieved
1798:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1727:
1705:
1675:. Retrieved
1663:
1657:
1610:
1598:. Retrieved
1593:
1554:
1506:
1500:
1483:
1463:. Retrieved
1453:
1427:
1423:Latham, John
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1390:
1363:
1357:
1338:
1292:. Retrieved
1277:
1242:
1236:
1207:. Retrieved
1193:
1187:
1181:
1144:
1131:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1064:
1047:
1039:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1002:
997:
962:
938:
926:
879:
876:Distribution
861:
854:
850:
841:
825:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
783:
773:
763:
753:
743:
733:
720:
706:
695:, northeast
685:
676:
666:
662:
660:
654:
647:
640:
633:
626:
622:
618:
608:
600:
538:
537:
523:
522:
502:R. teysmanni
501:
500:
479:
478:
457:
456:
436:R. rufidorsa
435:
434:
413:
409:
405:
402:R. rufidorsa
401:
397:
393:
389:
386:R. superflua
385:
382:R. teysmanni
381:
378:R. semirubra
377:
373:
370:superspecies
367:
361:
355:
352:R. teysmanni
351:
347:
343:
340:R. rufidorsa
339:
333:
331:
322:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
282:
278:
274:
268:
259:
243:
239:
236:
228:
218:
217:
213:
211:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
153:Rhipiduridae
29:
2263:iNaturalist
2121:Wikispecies
2004:Cited texts
1750:(1): 1–11.
1582:Gill, Frank
1209:11 November
957:sclerophyll
949:rainforests
888:regions of
791:Description
723:conspecific
657:subspecies.
539:R.rufifrons
414:R. malaitae
410:R. matthiae
368:It forms a
2430:Categories
2367:Xeno-canto
1988:(4): 286.
1743:Biometrics
1600:20 January
1161:References
1147:vulnerable
941:eucalyptus
920:island of
918:Carolinian
906:New Guinea
890:Micronesia
701:Queensland
697:Queensland
679:subspecies
673:Subspecies
623:teijsmanni
603:New Guinea
2441:Rhipidura
2399:Q41006841
2307:103710458
2180:103710458
1666:: 48–49.
1565:2246/4445
1366:: 31–32.
1098:Rhipidura
1067:Passerine
1044:Migration
953:woodlands
945:mangroves
943:forests,
894:Melanesia
882:Australia
691:, 1902 –
667:rufifrons
663:rufifrons
655:rufifrons
641:rufidorsa
629:on Palau.
621:on Buru,
619:superflua
420:Evolution
398:R. lepida
390:R. dedemi
335:Rhipidura
305:Rufifrons
293:Rhipidura
284:Rhipidura
224:Australia
171:Species:
164:Rhipidura
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
2393:Wikidata
2281:10589422
2175:BirdLife
2106:Wikidata
1930:Higgins
1916:16 March
1865:17 March
1829:Higgins
1810:21 March
1726:Higgins
1704:Higgins
1677:18 March
1523:84865515
1482:Higgins
1465:17 March
1425:(1801).
1407:17 March
1337:Higgins
1294:20 March
1259:73538758
1008:Breeding
916:and the
914:Marianas
900:and the
524:R. dryas
480:R. dahli
406:R. dahli
374:R. dryas
356:R. dryas
348:R. dahli
256:Taxonomy
149:Family:
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
2413:8897256
2255:5231742
2242:ruffan1
2216:ruffan1
2162:Avibase
2112:Q941590
1764:2531943
1134:logging
1077:, the
935:Habitat
886:Oceanic
828:plumage
650:series.
205:, 1801)
159:Genus:
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
2359:372617
2320:135976
2294:178692
2206:117919
2063:Portal
2037:
2018:
1932:et al.
1856:
1831:et al.
1762:
1728:et al.
1706:et al.
1521:
1484:et al.
1398:
1339:et al.
1285:
1257:
1141:Status
1073:, the
912:, the
711:Latham
627:lepida
613:that:
611:(1946)
609:et al.
271:Latham
203:Latham
49:Adult
2346:26185
2333:75675
2276:IRMNG
2237:eBird
2229:6X4ZL
2213:BOW:
2077:Birds
1910:(PDF)
1885:(PDF)
1760:JSTOR
1654:(PDF)
1519:S2CID
1255:S2CID
1035:brood
689:North
372:with
313:frons
309:rufus
297:ρϊπός
2408:GBIF
2315:NCBI
2302:IUCN
2289:ITIS
2268:8144
2250:GBIF
2201:BOLD
2035:ISBN
2016:ISBN
1918:2012
1867:2012
1854:ISBN
1812:2012
1679:2012
1602:2024
1467:2012
1461:–242
1409:2012
1396:ISBN
1296:2012
1283:ISBN
1211:2021
1194:2017
1155:IUCN
1132:The
951:and
892:and
864:rump
826:The
677:Two
412:and
376:and
354:and
301:οὐρά
250:IUCN
232:rump
212:The
133:Aves
2224:CoL
2149:AFD
2136:ADW
1990:doi
1981:Emu
1899:doi
1752:doi
1668:doi
1659:Emu
1561:hdl
1511:doi
1459:240
1368:doi
1359:Emu
1247:doi
1243:113
1198:doi
922:Yap
2432::
2410::
2395::
2369::
2356::
2343::
2330::
2317::
2304::
2291::
2278::
2265::
2252::
2239::
2226::
2203::
2190::
2177::
2164::
2151::
2138::
2123::
2108::
1986:93
1984:.
1978:.
1951:^
1939:^
1895:34
1893:.
1887:.
1838:^
1820:^
1772:^
1758:.
1748:43
1746:.
1713:^
1687:^
1664:29
1662:.
1656:.
1631:^
1619:^
1592:.
1573:^
1531:^
1517:.
1507:38
1505:.
1491:^
1475:^
1437:^
1380:^
1364:48
1362:.
1346:^
1304:^
1267:^
1253:.
1241:.
1219:^
1192:.
1186:.
1168:^
1157:.
1116:.
1085:.
947:,
416:.
408:,
404:,
400:,
396:,
392:,
388:,
384:,
350:,
346:,
342:,
291:.
252:.
226:.
2065::
2043:.
2024:.
1996:.
1992::
1920:.
1901::
1869:.
1814:.
1766:.
1754::
1681:.
1670::
1604:.
1567:.
1563::
1525:.
1513::
1469:.
1411:.
1374:.
1370::
1298:.
1261:.
1249::
1213:.
1200::
1184:"
1180:"
1114:)
1033:(
857:)
786:)
782:(
776:)
772:(
766:)
762:(
756:)
752:(
746:)
742:(
736:)
732:(
709:(
643:.
636:.
216:(
201:(
78:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
