Baseball rules - Knowledge (XXG)

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changed to allow shoulder-high deliveries. Until 1887, batters could call for either a high or low pitch, and the strike zone was either above or below the waist. In 1885, the rules changed, to allow bats to be flat on one side; beginning in 1893, they had to be round. In 1887, the rules changed so that batters could no longer call for a pitch; and the strike zone was defined as from the shoulders to the knees. During this period, the pitcher's mound was much closer to home plate, foul balls were not counted as strikes, batters got four strikes, and the number of "called balls" resulting in a walk—which initially included strikes and foul balls- went from 9 to 8 to 7 to 6 to 5 and, in 1889, to 4. In that same year, the number of strikes went from 4 to 3. In 1887, a rule was adopted for that year counting only walks as hits, which played havoc with statistics. In 1892, the 154 game schedule was adopted. In 1893, the pitching position was changed from behind a line 50 feet from home plate to contact with a rubber slab 60.5 feet away. In 1894, foul bunts were made strikes, and the

1547:) play fewer. Most high school games last seven innings, and Little League has six innings. A single game between two teams during NCAA competition is nine innings. A doubleheader in NCAA competition may be two seven inning games, two nine inning games, or one nine inning game and one seven inning game between the same teams. The team with the most runs at the end of the game wins. If the home team is ahead when the middle of the last inning is reached, it is declared the winner, and the last half-inning is not played. If the home team is trailing or tied in the last scheduled inning (or in an extra inning, see below) and they score to take the lead, the game ends as soon as the winning run touches home plate; however, if the last batter hits a home run to win the game, he and any runners on base are all permitted to score. 1266:(abbreviated HBP) and the batter is awarded first base, unless the umpire determines that the ball was in the strike zone when it hit the batter, or that the batter did not attempt to avoid being hit. In practice, neither exception is ever called unless the batter obviously tries to get hit by the pitch; even standing still in the box will virtually always be overlooked, and the batter awarded first. In addition, if the batter swings at a pitch that hits him, it counts as a strike. If the catcher's mitt, catcher's mask, or any part of the catcher comes in contact with the batter and/or the batter's bat as the batter is attempting to hit a pitch, the batter is awarded first base, ruled "catcher's interference". 1802:(which instituted the Designated Hitter in 1973 to boost offensive output). A designated hitter (or DH) is a player whose sole purpose is to hit when it would normally be the pitcher's turn (or, in some leagues, if the pitcher is a good batter, another weaker batter). This is not considered a substitution, but rather a position, albeit a purely offensive one. A designated hitter does not play in the field on defense and may remain in the game regardless of changes in pitchers. If the designated hitter is moved to a fielding position, the team loses the DH, and the fielder whose position was taken by the former DH is replaced by the pitcher, who assumes that player's position in the hitting lineup. 1104:—whether the ball is hit over the fence does not matter (if the ball is not hit over the fence and the batter touches all bases, it is usually referred to as an "inside-the-park home run"). Once a runner is held to a base, he may attempt to advance at any time, but is not required to do so unless the batter or another runner displaces him (called a force play). A batter always drops his bat when running the bases; otherwise, the bat would slow him down and could give rise to a call of interference if it were to contact the ball or a fielder. However, if a batter hits the ball, and the batter or the dropped bat touches the ball, it is considered a dead ball. 668:. Originally the first, second and third basemen played very near their respective bases, and the shortstop generally played "in" (hence the term), covering the area between second, third, and the pitchers box, or wherever the game situation required. As the game evolved, the fielding positions changed to the now-familiar "umbrella", with the first and third baseman generally positioned a short distance toward second base from their bases, the second baseman to the right side of second base standing farther away from the base than any other infielder, and the shortstop playing to the left of second base, as seen from the batter's perspective. 1332:

appeal in which the defensive team player with the ball touches the base from which that runner departed prematurely. If a runner tagged up and tries to run to the next base in sequence, they are deemed out if tagged by an infielder at any point before reaching the base or the ball arrives at the base ahead of the runner. However, if the runner is not forced to run to the next base in sequence, they are not deemed out until they are tagged. This often leads to a runner being trapped between two or more infielders trying to tag them before reaching any base: a situation known as being "caught in no-man's-land".

1018: 1787:, in which a pitching change is accompanied by the simultaneous replacement of another fielder. If the pitcher is due to bat soon, and the outgoing fielder batted recently, the new pitcher will take the outgoing fielder's place in the batting order, thus delaying his next time at bat. A common variation on this involves the introduction of a player who has just pinch hit (or pinch run for the pinch hitter) into the defensive alignment; unless this player becomes his team's next pitcher, another field player departs the game, and the new pitcher then assumes that player's place in the batting order. 1763:

replaced by another pinch-hitter without having come to the plate, in which case the first pinch-hitter is considered to have entered the game and is ineligible to do so later. However, the defensive manager may not replace a pitcher who has not pitched to at least one batter (three batters in MLB as of 2020), except in case of injury. The reentry of a replaced player into the game is a violation of the permanent substitution rule; if the defense has more than nine players on the field at any time, the umpire must determine who is the tenth player, and that player is ejected from the game.

1558:. As many innings as necessary are played until one team has the lead at the end of an inning. Thus, the home team always has a chance to respond if the visiting team scores in the top half of the inning; this gives the home team a small tactical advantage. In theory, a baseball game could go on forever; in practice, however, they eventually end. In addition to that rule, a game might theoretically end if both the home and away team were to run out of players to substitute (see Substitutions, below). In Major League Baseball, the longest game played was a 26-inning affair between the 839:. If it then becomes necessary to use a "position player" as a pitcher, major league teams generally have certain players designated as emergency relief pitchers, to avoid the embarrassment of using a less skillful player. In baseball's early years, squads were smaller, and relief pitchers were relatively uncommon, with the starter normally remaining for the entire game unless he was either thoroughly ineffective or became injured; today, with a much greater emphasis on pitch count, over the course of a single game each team will frequently use from two to five pitchers. In the 1458: 1525: 409:. The winner is the team with the most runs after nine innings. If the home team is ahead after the top of the ninth, play does not continue into the bottom half. When this happens, an X is put on the scoreboard for the home team's score in the ninth inning. In the case of a tie, additional innings are played until one team comes out ahead at the end of an inning. If the home team takes the lead anytime during the bottom of the ninth or of any inning after that, play stops and the home team is declared the winner; this is known as a walk-off. 449:

delivering the ball. The catcher's job is to receive any pitches that the batter does not hit and to "call" the game by a series of hand movements that signal to the pitcher what pitch to throw and where. The catcher also usually signals the desired location of the ball within the strike zone and "sets up" behind the plate or holds his glove up in the desired location as a target. The catcher's role becomes more crucial depending on how the game is going, and how the pitcher responds to a given situation. Each pitch begins a new

691:. The first baseman fields balls hit near first base. The first baseman also has to receive throws from the pitcher in order to tag runners out who have reached base safely. The position is less physically challenging than the other positions, but there is still a lot of skill involved. Infielders don't always make good throws to first base, so it is the first baseman's job to field any ball thrown toward him cleanly. Older players who can no longer fulfill the demands of their original positions also often become first basemen. 1454:

looking for a good pitch to hit. Two strike hitting, the strategy is changed where the batter will protect the plate by fouling off pitches until the batter is able to find a pitch to hit. This style of hitting allows the hitter to look for a good pitch to hit, and makes the pitcher throw more pitches so that he will tire out faster. This is critical if the batting team is facing a very skilled pitcher who, if allowed to, will take over the game with his ability to get batters to do what he wants them to do.

952: 476:. After the fielding team has put out three players from the opposing team, that half of the inning is over and the team in the field and the team at bat switch places; there is no upper limit to the number that may bat in rotation before three outs are recorded. Going through the entire order in an inning is referred to as "batting around" and it is indicative of a high-scoring inning. A complete inning consists of each opposing side having a turn (three outs) on offense. 1216:—he is charged with an additional strike if there are less than two. Thus, a foul ball with two strikes leaves the count unchanged. (However, a noted exception to this rule is that a ball bunted foul with two strikes is a strikeout.) If a pitch is batted and a member of the defensive team is able to catch it, before the ball strikes the ground, the batter is declared out. In the event that a bat deflects the ball sharply and directly back toward the catcher's box, it is a 1009: 810: 1711: 37: 1516:. The most common occurrence of contact of this nature is at home plate between the runner and the catcher, as the catcher is well padded and locked into position that completely blocks home plate from the runner, and the runner will often try to knock the ball out of the catcher's hand by running him over. Since the catcher is seen (symbolically and literally) as the last line of defense, it seems natural that more physical play happens. 1355: 824:

In previous eras, pitchers would often throw up to four complete games (all nine innings) in a week. With new advances in medical research and thus a better understanding of how the human body functions and tires out, starting pitchers tend more often to throw fractions of a game (typically six or seven innings, depending on their performance) about every five days (though a few complete games do still occur each year).

1000: 3406: 835:(s). Pitchers are substituted for one another like any other player (see above), and the rules do not limit the number of pitchers that can be used in a game; the only limiting factor is the size of the squad, naturally. In general, starting pitchers are not used in relief situations except sometimes during the post-season when every game is vital. If a game runs into many extra innings, a team may well empty its 541: 1235:, an exception to the third strike rule: If the catcher drops the third strike, the batter is permitted to attempt to advance to first base if there are two outs in the inning or if it is unoccupied. In this case, the batter is not out (although the pitcher is awarded a strikeout). The catcher can try to get the batter out by tagging him with the ball or throwing the ball to first base to put him out. (See 3418: 1382:

umpire might make the quick call of safe, but if the runner then slides beyond the base and is tagged before he can retreat to it the umpire has the right to change the call. A runner initially called out can be subsequently ruled safe if the fielder putting the runner out drops the ball (on either a tag or force play), pulls his foot off the base (in the case of a force play), or otherwise illegally

702:. The cut-off provides an intermediary between an outfielder and the infield so that the outfielder does not have to throw the entire distance if they've been forced to field the ball near the outer edge of the outfield. The shortstop fills the critical gap between second and third bases—where right-handed batters generally hit ground balls—and also covers second or third base and the near part of 1586:

no longer replayed; however, though undecided, and not factored in the championship standings and the playoff reckoning, a tie game goes on the record and player and team statistics from it are counted. Inclement weather may also shorten games, but at least five innings must be played for the game to be considered official; four-and-a-half innings are enough if the home team is ahead. Previously,

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easier pitch to hit and can look for a particular pitch in a particular zone or take a riskier or bigger swing. The count is considered to be in the pitcher's favor when there are fewer balls than strikes (e.g., no balls and two strikes). This gives the pitcher more freedom to try enticing the batter to swing at a pitch outside the strike zone or throwing a pitch that is harder to control (e.g. a

687:, he must throw it to the first baseman who must catch the ball and maintain contact with the base before the batter gets to it for the batter to be out. The need to do this quickly often requires the first baseman to stretch one of his legs to touch first base while catching the ball simultaneously. The first baseman must be able to catch the ball very well and usually wears a specially designed 330: 1151: 413: 3430: 966:

outs, the count (balls and strikes) on the batter, the number and speed of runners, the ability of the fielders, the ability of the pitcher, the type of pitch thrown, the tendencies of the hitter, and the inning cause the fielders to move to more strategic locations on the field. Common defensive strategies include: playing for the bunt, trying to prevent a

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of an attempt to reach base, unless that fielder is fielding a batted ball. (Noted exceptions to the dangerous contact rule are found throughout amateur competitions, including youth leagues, high school, and college baseball.) A good slide is often more advantageous than such contact, and "malicious" contact by runners is typically prohibited as offensive

1843: 1180:, a region defined by the area directly above home plate and between the hollow beneath the batter's knee and the midpoint between the top of the shoulders and the top of the uniform pants. In addition to swinging at the ball, a batter who wishes to put the ball in play may hold his bat over home plate and attempt to tap a pitch lightly; this is called a 1370:. He may also, as part of a planned sequence, throw a pitch well outside and high of the strike zone to his catcher who is waiting for it upright there, and is thus better prepared to throw out a runner trying to steal; this sequence is called a "pitchout." If the runner attempts to steal the next base but is tagged out before reaching it safely, he is 1661: 706:. This player is also a cut-off for the outfield. This position is the most demanding defensively, so a good shortstop doesn't need to necessarily be a good batter, though this has changed in modern times. The third baseman's primary requirement is a strong throwing arm, in order to make the long throw across the infield to the first baseman. Quick 1128:, requiring the batter and all runners to return to their respective bases, whether it is caught or not. Additionally, if a ground ball or a bunted ball lands in foul territory and the ball rolls back into bounds before reaching either first or third bases without being touched by either a fielder or a runner, then said ball is considered fair. 1043:) sends its nine players to the batter's box (adjacent to home plate) where they become batters. (Each team sets its batting lineup at the beginning of the game. Changes to the lineup are tightly limited by the rules of baseball and must be communicated to the umpires, who have the substitutions announced for the opposing team and fans. See 904:, who threw one of the fastest fastballs in the history of the game, threw sidearm (though not submarine) rather than a normal overhand. True underhanded pitching is permitted in Major League Baseball. However, it is difficult to generate enough velocity and movement with the underhand motion. Among modern Major League pitchers, 1366:, while the pitcher is preparing to make a pitch, while he is making a pitch, or while waiting for a return throw from the catcher after a pitch. The pitcher, in lieu of delivering the pitch, may try to prevent this by throwing the ball to one of the infielders in order to tag the runner; if successful, it is called a 1316:, when all previous bases are occupied and a batted ball that touches the ground is a fair ball. The runner forced to advance toward the next base is considered "forced out" if a fielder holding the baseball touches the intended base before the baserunner arrives. When a batted ball is hit in the air, i.e., a 1779:

Pitching is a specialized skill, particularly in the collegiate and professional ranks; so most pitchers are relatively poor hitters, or, those who were skilled batsmen are simply unable to adequately hone their hitting skills to be comparable to regular position players. As a result, unless keeping

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and the absence of adequate lighting caused more ties and shortened games—now, games interrupted from ending in such circumstances are, at least initially, suspended. Also, with more modern playing surfaces better able to handle light rains, the process for calling or shortening a game due to weather

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During the course of play many offensive and defensive players run close to each other, and during tag plays, the defensive player must touch the offensive player. Although baseball is considered a non-contact sport, a runner may be allowed to make potentially dangerous contact with a fielder as part

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Another fundamental tenet of the rules of baseball is that a runner who was initially ruled out can subsequently be ruled safe, but once a runner is ruled safe he cannot be called out on the same play, unless he overruns the base. For example, if a baserunner steals second base, beating the throw, an

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Effective pitching is critical to a baseball team, as pitching is the key for the defensive team to retire batters and to prevent runners from getting on base. A full game usually involves over one hundred pitches thrown by each team. However, most pitchers begin to tire before they reach this point.

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on an approaching runner), or backing up throws. The catcher's main role is to receive the pitch if the batter does not hit it. Together with the pitcher and coaches, the catcher plots game strategy by suggesting different pitches and by shifting the starting positions of the other fielders. Catchers

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The squad in the field is the defensive team; they attempt to prevent the baserunners from scoring. There are nine defensive positions, but only two have a mandatory location (pitcher and catcher). The locations of the other seven fielders are not specified by the rules, except that at the moment the

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The pitcher's mound is located in the center of the infield. It is an 18-foot (5.5 m) diameter mound of dirt no higher than 10 inches (25 cm). Near the center of the mound is the pitching rubber, a rubber slab positioned 60 feet 6 inches (18.44 m) from home plate. The pitcher

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Some significant rule changes continued in the first quarter of the 20th century but were much less frequent. In 1903, the American League adopted the foul strike rule. In 1907, the sacrifice fly rule was adopted. In 1910, cork centers were added to balls. In 1925, the minimum distance for a home run

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In the postseason, rosters are fixed at 25 men. Until 2007, teams could not replace players on their playoff rosters in the event of an injury and had to play out the series shorthanded. Starting in 2007, an injured player could be placed on the disabled list and replaced by another player who was

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in the middle of the game, who became a relief pitcher. Later in the game, after Musial had faced one batter, the players switched back, with Haddix relieving the outfielder-turned relief pitcher. This meant that in practical terms, the starting pitcher was relieved by another pitcher, but then came

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is also important for third basemen, as they tend to see more sharply-hit balls than do the other infielders, thus the nickname for third base as the "hot corner". Also, because there are far more right-handed hitters than lefties, there are more ground balls hit to the left side of the infield due

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The nine positions most commonly used (with the number scorekeepers use) are: pitcher (1), catcher (2), first baseman (3), second baseman (4), third baseman (5), shortstop (6), left fielder (7), center fielder (8), and right fielder (9). Note that, in rare cases, teams may use dramatically differing

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Any replacement is a permanent substitution; the replaced player may not return to the game under any circumstances. Thus, a pitcher that has been removed from the game and replaced by a relief pitcher cannot return to pitch later in the game, and any batter who is replaced by a pinch-hitter cannot

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There is a short break between each half-inning during which the new defensive team takes the field and the pitcher warms up. An existing pitcher is permitted five warm-up pitches and a new pitcher is permitted eight warm-up pitches. The starting pitcher is permitted eight warm-up pitches to begin

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In Japan's Nippon Professional Baseball, if the score remains tied after nine innings, up to three extra innings may be played (6 in the playoffs) before the game is called a tie. Since 2011 only regular season games have a 3-hour, 30-minute time limit. Some youth or amateur leagues will end a game

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In Major League Baseball, games end with tie scores only in rare cases when conditions make it impossible to continue play. A tie game does not count as a game in the standings—a 2008 rule change made all tie games suspended unless and until not needed for the sake of determining playoff teams, and

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A major strategy in batting at competitive levels of baseball is patient hitting. An example of patient hitting is when a batter has a zero strike count, the batter will almost always look for his perfect pitch. One strike hitting is very similar to no strike hitting and the batter usually is still

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Once a batter becomes a runner and reaches first base safely, he is said to be "on" that base until he attempts to advance to the next base, until he is put out, or until the half-inning ends. In order to be safe a runner must beat the ball to the bag. When two or more runners are on the basepaths,

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Only the pitcher's and catcher's locations are fixed, and then only at the beginning of each pitch. Thus, the players on the field move around as needed to defend against scoring a run. Many variations of this are possible, as location depends upon the situation. Circumstances such as the number of

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To illustrate pitching strategy, consider the "fastball/change-up" combination: The average major-league pitcher can throw a fastball around 90 miles per hour (140 km/h), and a few pitchers have even exceeded 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) . The change-up is thrown somewhere between 75 and

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formed in 1876. Its rules changed almost yearly for the next quarter century. In 1880, a batter was out if the catcher caught the third strike; otherwise, the batter got four strikes. Before 1883, pitchers were required to deliver pitches with their hand below their hips; in that year, the rule was

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format was adopted, replacing the previous rule that the first team to score 21 runs won. The next year called strikes were recognized, and a batter was out if a ball, fair or foul, was caught on the fly or after one bounce. Called balls and the walk were introduced in 1863. In 1867, the batter had

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The number of players on a major league roster is dictated by the labor agreements worked out between players and management. According to prior rules, a team may have a maximum of 25 men on a roster from Opening Day until August 31. Beginning in the 2012 season, a major league team was allowed to

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Batters also remain keenly aware of the count during their at bat. The count is considered to be in the batter's favor when there are more balls than strikes (e.g., two balls and no strikes). This puts pressure on the pitcher to throw a strike to avoid a walk so the batter is more likely to get an

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When a runner reaches home plate, he scores a run and is no longer a base runner. He must leave the playing area until his spot in the order comes up again. A runner may circle the bases only once per plate appearance and thus can score no more than a single run. In the American, Pacific, and both

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often has the weakest arm, as they generally do not need to throw the ball as far in order to prevent the advance of any baserunners. The left fielder still requires good fielding and catching skills, and tends to receive more balls than the right fielder due to the fact that right-handed hitters,

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uses six-inning games. An inning is broken up into two halves in which the away team bats in the top (first) half, and the home team bats in the bottom (second) half. In baseball, the defense always has the ball—a fact that differentiates it from most other team sports. The teams switch every time

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infield vacated by the fielder covering second base. This is because coverage of second base against a steal is best achieved by whichever fielder is closer to second base, the shortstop or the second baseman; and such positioning is aimed at defending against the natural tendency of the hitter.

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Once the batter and any existing runners have all stopped at a base or been put out, the ball is returned to the pitcher, and the next batter comes to the plate. After the opposing team bats in its own order and three more outs are recorded, the first team's batting order will continue again from

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play) in an attempt to advance runners. On a hit-and-run play the batter will often try to hit to the opposite field (the opposite of the natural tendency for the right-handed hitter to pull the ball to left field and vice versa). Hitting to the opposite field will likely find an opening in the

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If the runner retouches the origin base at any time after the fly ball is first touched by a fielder, he may attempt to advance to the next base or bases at his own risk. The penalty for failing to retouch (if the defensive team notices this) is that the advancing runner can be put out on a live

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and tries to hit the ball with a bat. The pitcher must keep one foot in contact with the top or front of the pitcher's rubber—a 24 by 6 inches (610 mm × 150 mm) plate located atop the pitcher's mound—during the entire pitch, so he can take only one step backward and one forward in

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in terms of difficulty. The most difficult position is the catcher, while the least difficult is first base. Designated hitter, while on the scale, is not part of the defense at all. Pitchers, while part of the active defense, are so specialized in their role that they usually make only routine

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if it hits the ground within the infield before it can be caught, often due to being hit in a downward trajectory. Several different names are used to describe fly balls, depending on their trajectory. A ball hit high in the air and seemingly almost straight up is called a "pop-up". A ball hit

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who are much more common, tend to "pull" the ball into left field. Each outfielder runs to "back up" a nearby outfielder who attempts to field a ball hit near both their positions. Outfielders also run to back up infielders on batted balls and thrown balls, including pick-off attempts from the

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This "permanent substitution" rule is in contrast to some other sports, such as basketball, hockey and American football, that practice "free substitution". In some cases, if the defensive manager responds to the entrance of a pinch-hitter by bringing in a new pitcher, the pinch-hitter may be

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Batters attempt to "read" pitchers through pre-game preparation by studying the tendencies of pitchers and by talking to other batters that previously faced the pitcher. While batting, batters attempt to "read" pitches by looking for clues that the pitcher or catcher reveal. These clues (also

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After August 31, during the regular season teams may call up additional personnel to the active roster, up to a maximum of 40 players. This number is seldom actually approached, however, with most teams' September rosters peaking at around 30 players. In 2020 the number was limited to 28.

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This was not the case during baseball's early days, particularly in the late 19th century, when rules were changed significantly and often yearly. The modern game began to take shape in the late 1880s, with additional significant rule changes made during the rest of that century.

1088:, where the player is allowed to run and reach base safely if able. When the batter hits a fair ball, he must run to first base and may continue or stop at any base unless he is put out. A successful hit occurs when the batter reaches a base: reaching only first base is a 1485:, who try to make contact with the ball to put it in play, and then run fast to reach base. The third batter is generally the best all-around hitter on the team, who tries to help baserunners to score runs, and if possible to reach base himself. The fourth batter is the 245:

was adopted with one out. In 1895, foul tips were made strikes, but not foul balls. In 1898, the first modern balk rule was adopted, as well as the modern rule for recognizing stolen bases. In 1901, the infield fly rule was extended to apply when there were no outs.

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In order for the batting team to score a run, at least one of its players has to succeed as a batter (left). If the batter puts the ball in play, they then generally have to beat a throw to first base (center), and from there, can try to eventually reach home plate

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85 miles per hour (121 and 137 km/h). Since the batter's timing is critical to hitting a pitch, a batter swinging to hit what looks like a fastball, would be terribly fooled (swing and miss, hopefully) when the pitch turns out to be a much slower change-up.

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a given pitcher in the game is a higher priority than the prospect of immediate offense, it is common to substitute for a pitcher when he is due to bat. This pinch hitter is often then replaced by a relief pitcher when the team returns to the field on defense.

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Unlike many other sports, the Official Baseball Rules have remained mainly static during the modern era of the game. Many baseball players, fans and administrators view the rules and traditions of professional baseball as time-tested and nearly sacrosanct.

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has changed; it is more common than in the past to delay a game as much as two hours before a cancellation; also, a delay usually does not occur anymore until the rain is moderate-to-heavy and/or there is standing water on some part of the playing field.

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Depending on the way the ball comes off the bat, the play has different names. A batted ball is called a fly ball if it is hit in the air in an upward arc, such that a fielder might be able to catch it before it hits the ground. A batted ball is called a

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take the field in the following inning (or even bat again if his turn comes up again in the same inning). Note however, that two players can switch defensive positions at any time, and both can still stay in the game—because neither has actually been

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referred to as "tipping pitches") include movements of the pitcher's arms, shoulders, body, etc., or the positioning of the catcher's feet and glove. Batters can attempt to "read" the spin of a ball early in the pitch to anticipate its trajectory.

935:, establishing a 15 second time limit between pitches with the bases empty, and 20 seconds with at least one baserunner, as well as an automatic ball for violations of the clock. The rule does not exist in other top-level leagues, such as Japan's 495:—between the baselines—in such a way that the defending players cannot get them or the baserunners out. In general, the pitcher attempts to prevent this by pitching the ball in such a way that the batter cannot hit it cleanly or, ideally, at all. 1823:

carry a 26th man on its roster when playing the second game of a double-header that was scheduled at least 48 hours in advance. As of 2020, the number has been increased to 26, of whom no more than 14 may be pitchers, with 27 for a doubleheader.

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The use of the designated hitter, which reduces the need for complicated strategy such as the double-switch, is opposed by many baseball traditionalists. Nevertheless, it is used today at most levels of baseball in the United States and abroad.

358:) shaped as 18 inches (46 cm) square in Major League Baseball, or 15 inches (38 cm) in other rulesets (including Little League, Babe Ruth, American Legion, and NFHS) which are raised a short distance above the ground; together with 980:

were restricted by the OBR starting in 2023, which mandated that two infielders must be positioned on either side of second base before each pitch is thrown. South Korea's KBO League is expected to introduce a similar restriction in 2025.

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rule. This was probably the most controversial rule change in baseball's history and is still subject to lively debate. It was not adopted by the National League until 2022. Also controversial when adopted was the later introduction of

1121:. A "shallow" fly ball, hit with just enough force to possibly land between the infielders and the outfielders, is often called a "blooper". A "deep" fly ball is hit with enough force to approach and possibly clear the outfield fence. 873:, which attempts to mimic the delivery of a fastball, but has slight topspin rotation allowing the baseball to sink as it approaches the batter due to the position of the index finger and middle finger being "split" on the baseball; a 2918: 344:, the game is under the authority of several umpires. There are usually four umpires in major league games; up to six (and as few as one) may officiate depending on the league and the importance of the game. There are three 1770:

leagues allow a starting player who was removed to return to the game in the same position in the batting order under a re-entry rule. Youth leagues often allow free and open substitution to encourage player participation.

362:, the fourth "base", they form a square with sides of 90 feet (27.4 m) called the diamond. Home plate is a pentagonal rubber slab 17 inches (43 cm) wide. The playing field is divided into three main sections: 561:. The reason the shortstop seems out of order has to do with the way fielders positioned themselves in the early years of the game; the shortstop was positioned in the shallow outfield. Each position is weighted on the 1542:

consists of each team having one turn in the field and one turn to hit, with the visiting team batting before the home team. A standard game lasts nine innings, although some leagues (such as high school baseball and

1867: 881:, which is held either by the knuckles closest to the nails or by the nails themselves allowing the pitcher to throw a baseball with little or no spin on the ball allowing the baseball to move in any direction; a 288:

In 1961, the 162-game schedule was adopted by MLB. In 1969, the pitcher's mound dropped five inches and the strike zone reduced: from the armpits to the top of the knees. In 1973, the American League adopted the

1734:

may be used as a replacement for a baserunner. Any player who replaces another player between innings, or while the team is in the field, is known as a "defensive replacement". A replacement pitcher is called a

1222:. If a ball ruled as a foul tip is caught, with two strikes in the count, it is considered a counted third strike and an out; if not initially caught by the catcher, it remains a foul ball with two strikes. 377:

must have one foot on the rubber at the start of every pitch to a batter, but the pitcher may leave the mound area once the ball is released. The desired alignment of the field (home plate to second base) is

889:, which is held in the palm of the hand with the index finger curled around the side of the baseball, allowing the pitcher to mimic the delivery of a fastball but arrives at a significantly lower velocity. 340:

Baseball is played between two teams with nine players in the field from the team that is not batting at that point (the batting team would have one batter in play at "home plate" on the field). On a

1347:. Either such occurrence is very rare. Thus, after a play, at most three runners may be on the basepaths, one on each base—first, second, and third. When three runners are on base, this is called 514:, which entitles the batter and all runners to touch all the bases and score. On a field with foul poles, a ball that hits a pole is also a home run. A home run hit with all bases occupied (' 148:, first published its own official rule set in 2023; the WBSC had previously relied on a modified set of the OBR. WBSC rules are largely similar to the OBR, with minor differences including 1991: 1831:

not included on the initial 25-man roster, but the injured player becomes available for the next round of the playoffs should his team advance. This rule applies in most circumstances.

885:, which seeks to mimic the delivery of a fastball but arrives at a significant lower velocity due to the pitcher holding the baseball with the middle and ring fingers slightly apart; a 900:,' a very efficient sidearm or near-underhand motion. Pitchers with a submarine delivery are often very difficult to hit because of the angle and movement of the ball once released. 171: 167: 298:. On the other hand, rule changes banning the use of steroids and other performance-enhancing substances have had widespread support as protecting the integrity of the game. 857:). Most pitchers attempt to master two or three types of pitches; some pitchers throw up to 6 types of pitches with varying degrees of control. Common pitches include a 924: 1759:

back to relieve the relief pitcher. Note that this did not violate baseball's permanent substitution rule in any way, as at no time did either player leave the game.

55:'s history, the rules have frequently changed as the game continues to evolve. A few common rules most professional leagues have in common are that four balls are a 456:

Each half-inning, the goal of the defending team is to get three members of the other team out. A player who is out must leave the field and wait for his next turn

1465:

In general, base running is a tactical part of the game requiring good judgment by runners (and their coaches) to assess the risk in attempting to advance. During

1170:(either right or left). With each pitch, the batter must decide whether to swing the bat at the ball in an attempt to hit it. The pitches arrive quickly, so the 2023: 1873: 2049: 1207:; the count is always given balls first, then strikes (such as 3–2 or "three and two", also known as a "full count", which would be 3 balls and 2 strikes). 908:

had the closest to an underhand delivery, with his knuckles sometimes scraping the ground. However, he is still usually considered a "submarine" pitcher.

262:

was made 250 feet. Until 1929 (AL) and 1931 (NL), a ball that bounced over the outfield fence in fair territory was a home run, not a ground rule double.

254:

Because of the frequent and often radical rule changes during this early period, the "modern era" is generally considered to have begun in 1901, when the

1197:

judges whether the ball passed through the strike zone. If any part of the ball passed through the zone, it is ruled a strike; otherwise, it is called a

549:

pitch is delivered, they must be positioned in fair territory and not in the space between the pitcher and the catcher. These fielders often shift their

483:, touching all the bases in order (via one or more plays), and finally touching home plate. A player may also become a baserunner by being inserted as a 122: 592:, who squats behind home plate. These are the two fielders who always deal directly with the batter on every pitch, hence the term "battery", coined by 225: 1343:. However, if the trail runner reached the base having been forced there, it is the lead runner who will be out when tagged for failing to reach his 636:. Due to the exceptional difficulty of the position, catchers are universally valued for their defensive prowess as opposed to their ability to hit. 840: 218: 160: 1231:

and the batter is automatically out unless the pitch is not caught by the catcher or if the pitch bounces before it is caught. It is then ruled an

853:

While delivering the ball, the pitcher has a great arsenal at his disposal in the variation of location, velocity, movement, and arm location (see

444:

for the fielding team waits (in a crouched stance) to receive it. Behind the catcher stands the home plate umpire. The batter stands in one of the

1983: 163:(NCAA), aside from governing the games of that organization's members, is also used by several other competitions involving college-aged players. 1910: 1461:

Baserunners generally stand a short distance away from their base between pitches, preparing themselves to either go back or steal the next base.

1154:

The strike zone, which determines the outcome of most pitches, varies in vertical length depending on the batter's typical height while swinging.

1033:

The ultimate goal of the team at bat is to score runs. To accomplish this task, the team at bat successively (in a predetermined order called a

265:

After that, the rules remained virtually static for decades. Most top-level international leagues were formed during this period, including the

2507: 2142: 133: 87: 2198: 366:

The infield, containing the four bases, is for general defensive purposes bounded by the foul lines and within the grass line (see figure).

1679: 1671: 1722:

Each team is allowed to substitute for any player at any time the ball is dead. A batter who replaces another batter is referred to as a

1250:, it is called a walk, and the batter becomes a runner, and is entitled to advance to first base without risk of being put out, called a 316:. These rules have been gradually adopted in North America (and in WBSC competition), but generally do not exist elsewhere in the world. 2335: 1628: 843: 1945: 29:

This article is about the rules of baseball. For the tort law rule governing liability for injuries to spectators from foul balls, see

2230: 1579: 2107: 1697: 932: 498:

A baserunner who has successfully touched home plate without being retired (called out) after touching all previous bases scores a

3433: 1508:

far enough in the air that a baserunner can advance after the catch, or simply making contact with the ball on a hit-and-run play.

1814:

was the most prominent league that required pitchers to bat, until allowing the designated hitter beginning with the 2022 season.

1595:

early if one team is ahead by ten or more runs, a practice officially known as the "runs ahead rule" (sometimes referred to as a "

1632: 593: 558: 2434: 137: 1473:

can affect the outcome of the play. Managers will sometimes simultaneously send a runner and require the batter to swing (a

1017: 1308:"—in most situations he may not be put out. Runners may attempt to advance from base to base at any time (except when the 1613: 1189: 936: 270: 214: 126: 2013: 1457: 2325: 1636: 694:

The second baseman covers the area to the first-base side of second base and provides backup for the first baseman in

369:

The outfield is the grassed area beyond the infield grass line between the foul lines and bounded by a wall or fence.

3324: 2260: 2045: 1811: 1618: 1336: 1247: 1199: 237: 118: 45: 1607:

the game. Traditionally, the break between the top half and the bottom half of the seventh inning is known as the

553:

in response to specific batters or game situations, and they may exchange positions with one another at any time.

2933: 2192: 2074: 1928: 500: 1524: 1335:

Only one runner may occupy a base at a time; if two runners are touching a base at once, the trailing runner is

2710: 2650: 2523: 1784: 1563: 1039: 854: 302: 266: 1627:

has often been added to it, especially at games in New York City and Washington, D.C., as well as during the

460:. There are many ways to get batters and baserunners out; some of the most common are catching a batted ball 3456: 3319: 3221: 3101: 2953: 2618: 2300: 1730: 1724: 1635:. In Atlanta and Baltimore it has been a tradition since 1974 to play "Thank God I'm A Country Boy" after " 1513: 1077: 2104:"What is good about Japanese baseball? A Canadian Hanshin fan's wish: "Don't chase all the new MLB rules."" 479:

The goal of the team at bat is to score more runs than the opposition; a player may do so by batting, then

3389: 3354: 3334: 3261: 3166: 3116: 3071: 3056: 2685: 2223: 1608: 1474: 1427: 1383: 1243:

for famous examples of dropped third strikes that dramatically altered the course of post-season series.)

153: 3344: 3268: 3096: 3013: 2906: 2705: 2695: 1807: 1795: 1567: 1447: 1232: 928: 870: 625: 378: 274: 170:(NFHS) hold sway over U.S. high school and high school-age baseball, governing and shaping the sport at 102: 83: 1532:, with the batting team usually gathering at home plate to celebrate the scoring of the winning run(s). 557:

schemes, such as switching an outfielder for an infielder. The numbering convention was established by

1374:. An illegal attempt by the pitcher to deceive a runner, among other pitching violations, is called a 1210:

If the batter swings and makes contact with the ball, but does not put it in play in fair territory—a

3309: 3128: 2330: 1862: 1309: 897: 550: 535: 206: 2103: 1320:, and caught by the defending team, runners must return and "retouch" the base they occupied at the 951: 3359: 3299: 3181: 2797: 2742: 2720: 2598: 2369: 2280: 2254: 1575: 1411: 1073: 202: 196: 79: 71: 3417: 2138: 1963: 205:

played by amateur urban clubs of the 1840s and 1850s. These rules were first published in 1848 by

129:) also use modified versions of the OBR, though these generally have more pronounced differences. 113:. Many amateur and youth leagues use the OBR with only a few modifications for safety, including 36: 3146: 2988: 2943: 2891: 2670: 2625: 2565: 2545: 2340: 2082: 1968: 1600: 1260:(abbreviated BB). If a pitch touches the batter (or the batter's clothes), the umpire declares a 1145: 869:, which seeks to mimic the delivery of a fastball but arrives at significantly lower velocity; a 576: 562: 531: 210: 141: 75: 1174:

must be made in less than a tenth of a second, based on whether the ball is hittable and in the

809: 398:

while the other pitches and defends in the field. High school baseball plays seven innings and

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The fifth and sixth batters often help baserunners to score runs. They often "sacrifice" his

850:

victories were complete games by the starters, a highly noteworthy event in the modern game.

3211: 3176: 3151: 3091: 3086: 2928: 2826: 2822: 2762: 2725: 2593: 2502: 2482: 2345: 2290: 2163: 1470: 1407: 1204: 1159: 1069: 1052: 958:, infielders playing "in" for the expected bunt and the possible play at the plate with the 920: 828: 604: 586:, who stands on the rubber of the mound, which is also known as the pitching plate, and the 434: 351: 334: 295: 242: 1354: 1008: 3421: 3186: 3161: 3156: 3081: 3051: 2923: 2859: 2849: 2665: 2603: 2442: 1848: 1799: 1559: 1305: 1181: 886: 882: 695: 612: 346: 255: 145: 41: 2384: 2379: 1550:

If both teams have scored the same number of runs at the end of a regular-length game, a

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depth", and moving fielders to locations where hitters are most likely to hit the ball.

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Cuban leagues, there is a tenth player, a designated hitter, who bats for the pitcher.

1057: 901: 832: 770: 754: 727: 688: 652: 608: 492: 405: 394: 341: 282: 82:. Most rule sets are generally based on the Official Baseball Rules (OBR) published by 1450:), but that is also harder to hit. Thus the batter will take a more protective swing. 1115:

forcefully in a fast-moving and seemingly almost straight-line trajectory is called a

273:(1950). Already-existing leagues in the Western Hemisphere were integrated into MLB's 3450: 3377: 3364: 3294: 3216: 3018: 2844: 2812: 2802: 2777: 2630: 2533: 2457: 2424: 2078: 1751: 1555: 1544: 1505: 1423: 1399: 1321: 1252: 1171: 1100:; and a hit that allows the batter to touch all bases in order on the same play is a 1061: 977: 905: 750: 742: 733: 707: 672: 664: 646: 491:

to score or to become a baserunner himself. The batter attempts to hit the ball into

399: 313: 114: 106: 56: 30: 1911:"Major milestone in international baseball: WBSC unveils Official Rules of Baseball" 999: 943:

said in 2023 that it would implement a pitch clock "at the earliest possible date."

3329: 3304: 3066: 3046: 3033: 2896: 2871: 2752: 2690: 2555: 2467: 2452: 2447: 2285: 1856: 1490: 1403: 1262: 1236: 1065: 959: 916: 783: 761:, so this player must be quick and agile with a strong arm to throw balls into the 721: 515: 484: 354:, first, second, and third bases are cushions (sometimes informally referred to as 278: 209:, often credited as "the father of baseball", though they were actually written by 540: 2208: 2124: 1566:

on May 1, 1920. The game, called on account of darkness, ended in a 1–1 tie. Two

1184:. Good bunting technique has been described as "catching the ball with the bat." 1076:('FC') are less common; and somewhat rarely a player may reach base by virtue of 17: 3256: 3231: 3171: 3136: 3106: 3008: 2978: 2963: 2938: 2792: 2772: 2732: 2588: 2315: 2305: 1859:, for civil law in the United States pertaining to baseball and its institutions 1755: 1715: 1640: 1363: 1275: 1240: 1187:

On any pitch, if the batter swings at the ball and misses, he is charged with a

1176: 1110: 1081: 971: 967: 912: 878: 778: 676: 633: 480: 309: 305: 149: 1203:. The number of balls and strikes thrown to the current batter is known as the 777:

leader, and left- and right-fielders often cede to his direction when fielding

329: 3278: 3273: 3196: 3191: 3023: 2913: 2876: 2747: 2492: 1838: 1596: 1551: 1439: 1344: 1313: 1117: 940: 758: 746: 703: 629: 620: 469: 359: 3314: 3003: 2983: 2948: 2866: 2787: 2675: 2655: 2613: 2487: 2404: 2399: 2295: 1227: 1212: 1150: 1085: 866: 862: 766: 762: 680: 658: 597: 505: 473: 461: 412: 98:

There are several major codified sets of rules, which differ only slightly.

60: 1611:. During the "stretch", fans in the United States often sing the chorus of 1386:

a runner from reaching a base that he otherwise would have reached safely.

931:

in 2015. The clock was introduced to Major League Baseball starting in the

301:

The most recent significant rule changes to the OBR occurred in 2023, when

233:

the right to call for a high or low pitch, to be determined by the umpire.

1378:, allowing all runners to advance one base without risk of being put out. 970:, moving to a shallow position to throw out a runner at home, playing at " 877:, which is made to curve laterally by rotation imparted by the pitcher; a 632:) or baserunning plays, most commonly when an opposing player attempts to 3061: 2998: 2973: 2881: 2854: 2839: 2700: 2660: 2583: 2419: 2357: 2243: 2239: 1218: 1101: 939:(NPB), where there exists some resistance to its adoption. South Korea's 858: 774: 699: 510: 52: 2203: 86:(MLB), though various minor variations exist from league to league; the 3251: 3246: 3236: 3076: 2958: 2757: 2414: 2409: 2389: 2125:"KBO to bring back full-time manager for nat'l team, adopt pitch clock" 1767: 1466: 1340: 1163: 836: 818: 793: 789: 738: 616: 588: 582: 465: 440: 422: 2075:"Pitch timer, shift restrictions among announced rule changes for '23" 1056:. Batters can advance to first base safely in one of seven methods: a 624:

are also responsible for defense in the area near home plate (such as

152:

timing and extra-innings tiebreakers. These rules do not apply to the

3241: 3111: 2573: 2528: 1587: 1538: 1497: 1326: 1166:

throws the ball towards home plate while a batter is standing in the

457: 385: 229: 110: 64: 1895:

Baseball in the Garden of Eden: the Secret History of the Early Game

1868:

Comparison of Major League Baseball and Nippon Professional Baseball

2139:"Chicago Cubs at St. Louis Cardinals Box Score, September 28, 1952" 2046:"NCAA rules for college baseball are designed to speed up the game" 1934:. Office of the Commissioner of Baseball. 2022 – via MLB.com. 1301:

since ordinary hits, even singles, will often allow them to score.

201:

Many of the modern rules of baseball originated with the so-called

125:. Most professional leagues outside North America (such as Japan's 90:

maintains its own official rule set for international competition.

1709: 1599:" or "slaughter rule"). Rarely, a game can also be won or lost by 1456: 1353: 1149: 950: 808: 539: 411: 328: 78:

in the mid-19th century, and its modern rules are based mainly on

35: 1394:

The goal of each batter is to become a base runner himself (by a

911:

One example of variation in professional leagues is the use of a

3041: 2834: 2018: 1375: 865:, which is made to curve by rotation imparted by the pitcher; a 2212: 683:. When an infielder picks up a ball from the ground hit by the 607:

the ball toward home plate with the goal of getting the batter

1654: 827:

A single game often requires multiple pitchers, including the

769:, teams tend to emphasize defense at this position. Also, the 384:

At the college/professional level, baseball is played in nine

749:

due to the need to make throws on runners attempting to take

453:, which might consist of nothing more than the pitch itself. 40:

Cover of Official Base Ball Rules, 1921 edition, used by the

1964:"Debate Over Baseball's Origins Spills Into Another Century" 1064:('BB' for base-on-balls) are by far the most common; being 1297:. Runners on second or third base are considered to be in 416:

A batter follows through after swinging at a pitched ball.

403:

the defending team gets three players of the batting team

675:'s job consists largely of making plays at first base on 372:

Foul territory is the entire area outside the foul lines.

136:(WBSC), which governs international tournaments like the 1414:) or to help move other base runners along (by another 611:. Pitchers also play defense by fielding batted balls, 1750:

In a notable example from 1952, the starting pitcher,

168:

National Federation of State High School Associations

1984:"Pitch clock for baseball? Experiment begins in SEC" 487:. To that end, the goal of each batter is to enable 3287: 3125: 3032: 2821: 2564: 2516: 2433: 2356: 2268: 1124:When a ball is hit outside the foul lines, it is a 596:and later reinforced by the implied comparison to 156:, which is organized jointly by the WBSC and MLB. 1639:" during the seventh-inning stretch. At Boston's 1358:Pick-off attempt on runner (in red) at first base 915:, which some leagues use to speed up the game's 1946:"RULE DIFFERENCES FROM OFFICIAL BASEBALL RULES" 1193:. If the batter does not swing, the home plate 741:'s perspective looking out onto the field. The 228:(NABBP) Rules which governed until 1870, the 9- 1775:Pitchers as batters, and the designated hitter 1225:When three strikes occur on a batter, it is a 1162:consists of a series of pitches, in which the 508:hit over the fence on the fly is an automatic 2224: 1874:The Official Professional Baseball Rules Book 711:to the natural motion of the batter's swing. 312:, extra-inning base runners, and restricting 8: 1877:, for Major League Baseball's business rules 1481:Typically, the first and second batters are 1312:). A runner that must attempt to advance is 861:, which is the ball thrown at high speed; a 813:The typical motion of a right-handed pitcher 757:has more territory to cover than the corner 745:generally has the strongest arm of all the 2231: 2217: 2209: 2073:Castrovince, Anthony (September 9, 2022). 1714:Pitchers are generally substituted during 1643:, a tradition has brought the singing of " 1324:. The common name for this requirement is 101:The Official Baseball Rules, published by 2119: 2117: 2068: 2066: 1718:(team gatherings at the pitcher's mound). 1698:Learn how and when to remove this message 1050:A batter's turn at the plate is called a 896:Some pitchers choose to throw using the ' 698:situations. He also is a cut-off for the 226:National Association of Base Ball Players 2204:Evolution of 19th Century Baseball Rules 2014:"Pitch clock for Double-A, Triple-A use" 1523: 438:—the ball towards home plate, where the 420:The basic contest is always between the 277:and thus subject to the OBR, namely the 161:National Collegiate Athletic Association 1886: 1362:Baserunners may attempt to advance, or 1905: 1903: 1647:" in the middle of the eighth inning. 105:, govern all professional play in the 1897:. New York: Simon & Schuster 2011 1754:, switched positions with outfielder 1304:A runner legally touching a base is " 1281:the runner farther along is called a 134:World Baseball Softball Confederation 88:World Baseball Softball Confederation 7: 2127:. Yonhap News Agency. July 20, 2023. 2026:from the original on October 2, 2015 1994:from the original on August 24, 2011 919:. The rule was first implemented in 388:in which each team gets one turn to 269:(1936) and its modern-day successor 3429: 2336:Comparison of baseball and softball 1670:tone or style may not reflect the 1528:Baseball games sometimes end in a 1044: 25: 1783:A more complicated tactic is the 1390:Batting and base running strategy 933:2023 Major League Baseball season 927:, and added to certain levels of 3428: 3416: 3405: 3404: 1841: 1680:guide to writing better articles 1659: 1520:Innings and determining a winner 1016: 1007: 998: 488: 2145:from the original on 2017-09-24 2052:from the original on 2016-01-25 1289:; any other runner is called a 1241:Mickey Owen (1941 World Series) 544:The standard fielding positions 2199:2006 NCAA Baseball Rules (pdf) 1962:Thorn, John (March 13, 2011). 1554:is avoided by the addition of 1493:, who tries to hit home runs. 603:The pitcher's main role is to 1: 159:The baseball rulebook of the 80:those first published in 1848 1614:Take Me Out to the Ball Game 937:Nippon Professional Baseball 644:The four infielders are the 426:for the fielding team and a 389: 271:Nippon Professional Baseball 127:Nippon Professional Baseball 63:, and three outs end a half- 1637:Take Me Out To The Ballgame 3473: 1619:September 11, 2001 attacks 1273: 1143: 1092:; reaching second base, a 816: 781:. Of all outfielders, the 529: 504:. In an enclosed field, a 308:introduced rules adding a 194: 28: 3398: 2251: 1929:"Official Baseball Rules" 250:Modern era (1901-present) 2164:"Designated Hitter Rule" 1237:Doug Eddings (2005 ALCS) 737:, are so named from the 267:Japanese Baseball League 2193:Official Baseball Rules 2191:Major League Baseball: 2170:. Major League Baseball 1674:used on Knowledge (XXG) 719:The three outfielders, 219:New York Knickerbockers 3390:Variations of baseball 3355:Seventh-inning stretch 3335:List of baseball films 3167:Defensive indifference 3117:Tie goes to the runner 1719: 1678:See Knowledge (XXG)'s 1617:. However, since the 1609:seventh-inning stretch 1533: 1500:. This can be done by 1462: 1359: 1155: 962: 814: 545: 417: 337: 154:World Baseball Classic 59:, three strikes are a 48: 3269:Uncaught third strike 3014:Striking out the side 2696:Hitting for the cycle 1808:Major League Baseball 1796:Major League Baseball 1713: 1527: 1460: 1357: 1233:uncaught third strike 1153: 1068:('HBP'), reaching by 1060:(abbreviated 'H') or 954: 929:Minor League Baseball 812: 626:dropped third strikes 543: 481:becoming a baserunner 432:. The pitcher throws— 415: 332: 103:Major League Baseball 84:Major League Baseball 39: 3310:Bench-clearing brawl 2599:Batting out of order 1863:Cheating in baseball 1504:the ball, hitting a 871:splitfinger fastball 536:Baseball positioning 207:Alexander Cartwright 191:Early era (pre-1901) 3300:Baseball statistics 2743:Lefty-righty switch 2022:. 15 January 2015. 1790:Many leagues allow 1576:Rochester Red Wings 1339:and will be out if 1132:where it left off. 990:Batters and runners 580:is composed of the 392:and tries to score 224:In 1857, under the 197:Origins of baseball 3147:Blocking the plate 2671:Ground rule double 2626:Charging the mound 2341:fastpitch softball 2083:MLB Advanced Media 1969:The New York Times 1792:designated hitters 1720: 1534: 1463: 1360: 1156: 1146:Batting (baseball) 963: 846:, all four of the 815: 800:Defensive strategy 773:is considered the 563:defensive spectrum 546: 532:Baseball positions 418: 338: 211:William R. Wheaton 142:Baseball World Cup 76:bat-and-ball games 49: 3444: 3443: 3227:Neighborhood play 3202:Hidden ball trick 2969:Pitching position 2919:Immaculate inning 2641:Designated hitter 2276:Rules of baseball 1747:from the game. 1708: 1707: 1700: 1672:encyclopedic tone 1624:God Bless America 1572:Pawtucket Red Sox 1530:walk-off home run 1489:, and is often a 1322:time of the pitch 1172:decision to swing 956:1906 World Series 947:Fielding strategy 848:Chicago White Sox 679:hit to the other 615:(for a potential 325:General structure 291:designated hitter 258:was also formed. 215:William H. Tucker 166:The rules of the 123:Cal Ripken League 18:Rules of baseball 16:(Redirected from 3464: 3432: 3431: 3420: 3408: 3407: 3212:Infield fly rule 3182:Fielder's choice 3087:Scoring position 2934:Intentional walk 2929:Intentional balk 2763:Plate appearance 2483:Pitching machine 2375:Baseball diamond 2346:16-inch softball 2291:Infield fly rule 2233: 2226: 2219: 2210: 2180: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2135: 2129: 2128: 2121: 2112: 2111: 2100: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2070: 2061: 2060: 2058: 2057: 2048:. 7 March 2011. 2042: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2010: 2004: 2003: 2001: 1999: 1990:. May 26, 2010. 1980: 1974: 1973: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1950: 1942: 1936: 1935: 1933: 1925: 1919: 1918: 1907: 1898: 1891: 1851: 1846: 1845: 1844: 1703: 1696: 1692: 1689: 1683: 1682:for suggestions. 1663: 1662: 1655: 1412:fielder's choice 1404:hit by the pitch 1299:scoring position 1295:following runner 1287:preceding runner 1160:plate appearance 1096:; third base, a 1074:fielder's choice 1066:hit-by-the-pitch 1053:plate appearance 1020: 1011: 1002: 921:college baseball 855:types of pitches 829:starting pitcher 352:counterclockwise 335:baseball diamond 303:MLB Commissioner 296:interleague play 243:infield fly rule 21: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3462: 3461: 3447: 3446: 3445: 3440: 3439: 3394: 3283: 3187:Fifth infielder 3162:Covering a base 3157:Caught stealing 3127: 3121: 3052:Caught stealing 3028: 2924:Inside pitching 2860:Vulcan changeup 2850:Brushback pitch 2825: 2817: 2711:Inside-the-park 2666:Golden sombrero 2560: 2512: 2478:Glove (defense) 2429: 2352: 2326:Unwritten rules 2264: 2247: 2237: 2188: 2183: 2173: 2171: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2122: 2115: 2110:. 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system 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2738:Leadoff hitter 2735: 2730: 2729: 2728: 2723: 2718: 2713: 2708: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2673: 2668: 2663: 2658: 2653: 2648: 2643: 2638: 2636:Cleanup hitter 2633: 2628: 2623: 2622: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2609:sacrifice bunt 2601: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2579:Baltimore chop 2576: 2570: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2537: 2536: 2526: 2520: 2518: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2510: 2508:Uniform number 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2488:Protective cup 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2463:Batting helmet 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2439: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2415:On-deck circle 2412: 2407: 2405:Foul territory 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2366: 2364: 2354: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2348: 2343: 2333: 2328: 2323: 2321:Suspended game 2318: 2313: 2311:Protested game 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2283: 2278: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2265: 2252: 2249: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2228: 2221: 2213: 2207: 2206: 2201: 2195: 2187: 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318: 314:infield shifts 283:Mexican League 251: 248: 192: 189: 179: 176: 95: 92: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 3469: 3458: 3455: 3454: 3452: 3436: 3435: 3426: 3424: 3423: 3419: 3414: 3412: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3384: 3381: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3368: 3366: 3365:Sign stealing 3363: 3361: 3358: 3356: 3353: 3351: 3348: 3346: 3343: 3341: 3338: 3336: 3333: 3331: 3328: 3326: 3323: 3321: 3318: 3316: 3313: 3311: 3308: 3306: 3303: 3301: 3298: 3296: 3295:Baseball card 3293: 3292: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3277: 3275: 3272: 3270: 3267: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3258: 3255: 3253: 3250: 3248: 3245: 3243: 3240: 3238: 3235: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3217:Infield shift 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3143: 3140: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3129:(positioning) 3124: 3118: 3115: 3113: 3110: 3108: 3105: 3103: 3100: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 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2697: 2694: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2684: 2682: 2679: 2677: 2674: 2672: 2669: 2667: 2664: 2662: 2659: 2657: 2654: 2652: 2651:Double switch 2649: 2647: 2644: 2642: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2631:Checked swing 2629: 2627: 2624: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2594:Batting count 2592: 2590: 2587: 2585: 2582: 2580: 2577: 2575: 2572: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2535: 2534:extra innings 2532: 2531: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2524:Batting order 2522: 2521: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2458:Batting glove 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2432: 2426: 2425:Warning track 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2406: 2403: 2401: 2398: 2396: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2386: 2383: 2381: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2371: 2368: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2347: 2344: 2342: 2339: 2338: 2337: 2334: 2332: 2329: 2327: 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Numbered 310:pitch clock 306:Rob Manfred 150:pitch clock 119:PONY League 51:Throughout 3279:Wheel play 3274:Wall climb 3262:unassisted 3197:Fourth out 3192:Force play 3097:Small ball 3024:Wild pitch 2914:Full count 2877:Emery ball 2827:(softball) 2798:Sweet spot 2748:Line drive 2706:Grand slam 2493:Shin guard 2149:2018-03-27 2056:2015-10-12 1882:References 1794:, notably 1688:April 2015 1633:postseason 1597:mercy rule 1345:force base 1327:tagging up 1118:line drive 941:KBO League 751:third base 704:left field 681:infielders 530:See also: 520:grand slam 474:strikeouts 470:force outs 462:in the air 360:home plate 195:See also: 172:this level 3315:Dead ball 3004:Strikeout 2984:Screwball 2949:No-hitter 2892:four-seam 2867:Curveball 2788:Strikeout 2676:Hat trick 2656:Foul ball 2614:slap bunt 2546:Positions 2435:Equipment 2400:Foul pole 2296:In flight 2281:Ejections 1582:in 1981. 1384:obstructs 1228:strikeout 1213:foul ball 1126:foul ball 1086:strikeout 1072:('E') or 867:change-up 863:curveball 779:fly balls 767:shortstop 659:shortstop 621:force out 598:artillery 506:fair ball 217:, of the 70:Baseball 61:strikeout 3451:Category 3410:Category 3360:Shagging 3126:Fielding 3062:Lead off 2999:Spitball 2974:Pitchout 2887:two-seam 2882:Fastball 2855:Changeup 2840:Beanball 2823:Pitching 2721:Moonshot 2716:Walk-off 2701:Home run 2661:Foul tip 2584:Bat flip 2498:Stirrups 2473:Doughnut 2420:Outfield 2370:Backstop 2358:Ballpark 2331:Cheating 2261:Glossary 2246:concepts 2244:softball 2240:Baseball 2143:Archived 2079:New York 2050:Archived 2024:Archived 1992:Archived 1915:WBSC.org 1835:See also 1631:and the 1506:fly ball 1448:splitter 1416:base hit 1402:, being 1396:base hit 1368:pick-off 1318:fly ball 1219:foul tip 1102:home run 1058:base-hit 1047:below.) 1027:(right). 859:fastball 805:Pitching 775:outfield 700:outfield 511:home run 466:tag outs 320:Gameplay 285:(1955). 53:baseball 3383:winning 3374:Streak 3288:Related 3252:Tag out 3247:Rundown 3237:Pickoff 3077:Rundown 2989:Shutout 2959:Pickoff 2758:On-deck 2726:Chinese 2566:Batting 2529:Innings 2503:Uniform 2410:Infield 2390:Bullpen 2255:Outline 2168:mlb.com 1951:. WBSC. 1818:Rosters 1768:amateur 1745:removed 1601:forfeit 1588:curfews 1502:bunting 1164:pitcher 1140:Batting 837:bullpen 819:Pitcher 794:catcher 790:pitcher 763:infield 739:catcher 617:tag out 589:catcher 583:pitcher 577:battery 566:plays. 441:catcher 435:pitches 423:pitcher 386:innings 178:History 74:out of 72:evolved 3422:Portal 3378:losing 3350:Series 3340:Pepper 3325:Jargon 3242:Putout 3142:Assist 3112:Tag up 2994:Slider 2944:Maddux 2902:sinker 2897:cutter 2872:Eephus 2808:Triple 2783:Single 2646:Double 2574:At bat 2395:Dugout 2197:NCAA: 1539:inning 1498:at-bat 1444:slider 1341:tagged 1314:forced 1195:umpire 1190:strike 1098:triple 1094:double 1090:single 1035:lineup 875:slider 753:. The 731:, and 685:batter 662:, and 600:fire. 472:, and 458:at bat 429:batter 230:inning 221:club. 144:, and 121:, and 111:Canada 65:inning 3370:Slump 3177:Error 3152:Catch 3092:Slide 2362:field 2269:Rules 1949:(PDF) 1932:(PDF) 1766:Many 1471:slide 1440:curve 1426:, or 1410:, or 1293:or a 1285:or a 1256:or a 1205:count 1158:Each 1070:error 605:pitch 347:bases 94:Rules 3082:Safe 3042:Balk 2835:Balk 2813:Walk 2604:Bunt 2443:Ball 2242:and 2176:2022 2090:2022 2032:2015 2019:ESPN 2000:2015 1574:and 1562:and 1418:, a 1406:, a 1398:, a 1376:balk 1306:safe 1258:walk 1248:ball 1239:and 1200:ball 1182:bunt 1062:walk 925:2010 844:ALCS 841:2005 831:and 696:bunt 689:mitt 671:The 628:and 574:The 534:and 451:play 395:runs 356:bags 236:The 213:and 132:The 109:and 44:and 2681:Hit 2551:Run 2541:Out 2468:Cap 2448:Bat 1810:'s 1798:'s 1552:tie 1536:An 1467:tag 1446:or 1430:). 1037:or 923:in 619:or 609:out 501:run 406:out 390:bat 67:. 3453:: 2258:· 2166:. 2141:. 2116:^ 2081:: 2077:. 2065:^ 2016:. 1986:. 1966:. 1913:. 1902:^ 1739:. 1621:, 1603:. 1442:, 1422:, 1351:. 796:. 725:, 656:, 650:, 522:. 468:, 464:, 381:. 174:. 140:, 117:, 2360:/ 2232:e 2225:t 2218:v 2178:. 2152:. 2092:. 2059:. 2034:. 2002:. 1972:. 1917:. 1701:) 1695:( 1690:) 1686:( 1676:. 1329:. 33:. 20:)

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