2088:. Didier might have been able to win the GOP nomination from Rossi in a closed primary that rewards candidates for appealing to the hardline of their base, but the more moderate Rossi was easily able to defeat Didier in the Top Two primary. While one might expect more Democrats in the Top Two primary to vote tactically for Didier, the Republican candidate who was doing much worse in polls against Murray, most Democrats seemed content voting for Murray. If any tactical voting occurred, it seemed to be on the Republican side, with the vast majority of the Republican voters choosing Rossi, perceived as a more electable candidate. In this case, the Top Two primary resulted in a more moderate Republican candidate running against the Democratic incumbent, and likely a much more competitive race than if the
1624:
major or minor party. The candidate has up to 16 characters to describe on the ballot the party that they prefer. Some candidates state a preference for an established major party, such as the
Democratic Party or the Republican Party, while others use the ballot to send a message, such as Prefers No New Taxes Party or Prefers Salmon Yoga Party. Since this is a "preference" and not a declaration of party membership, candidates can assert party affiliation without the party's approval or use alternate terms for a given party. Gubernatorial candidate Dino Rossi's
931:
2645:
to a drop in voter participation in the second round. With regards to reducing political polarization, this does not seem to hold true. Due to lack of crossover votes, an extreme candidate from the majority party can still win over a moderate from the other party. Though the intention of the system is to get a moderate from the majority party, this will not happen if there is no moderate, if the moderate lacks name recognition, or if voters are unsure of which candidate is more moderate.
66:
906:
918:
1924:, who within hours "filed suit, alleging multiple campaign-finance violations". Despite the call of several former state senators to hold another election, the election results were upheld, and Berkey was prevented from running in the general election. Harper easily won the subsequent uncompetitive runoff election.
1129:
pass constitutional muster." Each candidate for partisan office can state a political party that they prefer. Ballots must feature disclaimers that a candidate's preference does not imply the candidate is nominated or endorsed by the party or that the party approves of or associates with the candidate.
2628:
In
Washington, major parties originally used an alternate process of party endorsement for partisan legislative and county administrative positions. This would ensure that one official party candidate will be in the primary, theoretically reducing the risk of intra-party vote-splits. However, the law
2785:
The idea was that by opening up primaries to all voters, regardless of party, a flood of new centrist voters would arrive. That would give moderate candidates a route to victory .. Candidates did not represent voters any better after the reforms, taking positions just as polarized as they did before
2644:
Further research on
California's 2012 jungle primaries suggests that a jungle primary does not tend to lead to large amounts of crossover votes. Most voters who crossed over did so for strategic reasons. Furthermore, there is evidence that having the top two candidates from the same party could lead
1623:
Washington state implemented this Top 2 primary, starting in the 2008 election which applies to federal, state, and local elections, but not to presidential elections. There is no voter party registration in
Washington, and candidates are not restricted to stating an affiliation with an established
1619:
was constitutionally permissible. Unlike the earlier blanket primary, it officially disregards party affiliation while allowing candidates to state their party preference. However, the court wanted to wait for more evidence before addressing the chief items in the complaint and remanded the decision
1128:
concurred in the 2008 decision, stating: "If the ballot is designed in such a manner that no reasonable voter would believe that the candidates listed there are nominees or members of, or otherwise associated with, the parties the candidates claimed to 'prefer', the I–872 primary system would likely
2753:
The theory was that candidates would be forced to moderate their appeals to win a broader section of the electorate. ... leading to a
November ballot between two candidates from the same party. That would happen if multiple candidates from the same party crowded the ballot, canceling each other out
2624:
court challenge of Top-Two. His academic paper states, "The partisan structure of
Washington's legislature appears unaltered by the new primary system." Donovan concluded, "The aggregate of all this did not add up to a legislature that looked different or functioned differently from the legislature
1770:
In this race a three-way primary led to a two-way race between two members of the same party (Republicans) in the general election. With over 20% of the population voting for the
Democrat and neither Republican winning close to a majority in the primary, both of the Republican candidates had to
2640:
opens the door for candidates to misrepresent their leanings or otherwise confuse voters. In 2008, a
Washington gubernatorial candidate indicated party preference as "G.O.P." instead of Republican. A public poll found that 25% of the public did not know that the two terms mean the same thing.
1292:
Under
Proposition 14, statewide and congressional candidates in California, regardless of party preference, participate in the nonpartisan blanket primary. However, a candidate must prefer the major party on the ballot that they are registered in. After the June primary election, the top two
1293:
candidates advance to the
November general election. That does not affect the presidential primary, local offices, or non-partisan offices such as judges and the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The California Secretary of State now calls the system a "Top-Two Primary".
1097:. They are similar in that voters can vote in the first round for a candidate from any political party. The partisan blanket primary was used in Washington for nearly 65 years and briefly in California. However, the blanket primary was ruled unconstitutional in 2000 by the
2819:
This approach aims to soften how partisan the winners are. ... support for the middle is divided among three candidates (we call this vote-splitting). Plurality's winners are largely determined not by the merit of the candidates, but rather by who else is
2509:. Under the nonpartisan blanket primary, a party with two candidates and only 41% popular support would beat a party with three candidates and 59% popular support if voters split their votes evenly among candidates for their own party. For example, in
1598:
The Washington State Legislature passed a new primary system in 2004, which would have created a top-two nonpartisan blanket primary system. It provided an open primary as a backup, giving the Governor the option to choose. Although Secretary of State
988:
in which all candidates for the same elected office run against each other at once, regardless of political party. This distinguishes them from partisan elections, which are segregated by political party. Nonpartisan primaries differ from the
2504:
Though the intention is to allow multiple candidates from the majority party to advance to the second round, critics note that this can also happen to a minority party when that party runs fewer candidates than another and thus faces less
3041:
If too many candidates from one edge of the political spectrum enter the same race without a clear frontrunner, they risk splitting their side of the vote, canceling each other out, and handing the top two spots to the opposition
1771:
appeal to Democrats and other voters who did not support them in the first round. For example, incumbent Norm Johnson came out in favor of same-sex civil unions, moving to the left of challenger Michele Strobel, who opposed them.
1915:
bankrolled ads for the Republican candidate to "Squeeze the Middle" and prevent the moderate incumbent Berkey from running in the general election. When Berkey placed third in the primary by a margin of 122 votes, the
1611:, which proposed to create a nonpartisan blanket primary in that state. The measure passed with 59.8% of the vote (1,632,225 yes votes and 1,095,190 no votes) in 2004. On March 18, 2008, the US Supreme Court ruled, in
1336:
1325:
1188:
rejected it in May 2007, and it failed in a November 2008 referendum as Measure 65. Oregon voters defeated it again in November 2014 as Measure 90, despite a $ 2.1 million donation from former New York City Mayor
4323:
4118:
McGhee, E., Masket, S., Shor, B., Rogers, S. and McCarty, N., 2014. A primary cause of partisanship? Nomination systems and legislator ideology. American Journal of Political Science, 58(2), pp.337-351. doi:
3577:
3551:
3512:
3491:
1078:
4266:
2629:
does not allow nominations or endorsements by interest groups, political action committees, political parties, labor unions, editorial boards, or other private organizations to be printed on the ballot.
3712:
2872:
neither the Citizens Redistricting Commission nor the top-two primary immediately halted the continuing partisan polarization of California's elected lawmakers or their drift away from the average voter
3794:
2060:
In this race, the three leading candidates' competition resulted in a more moderate and popular Republican facing off against the incumbent Democrat, with a relatively close general election.
1107:, as it forced political parties to associate with candidates they did not endorse. The nonpartisan blanket primary disregards party preference in determining the candidates to advance to the
1608:
4316:
4669:
3606:
4643:
959:
3026:
3689:
1328:
featured general elections with two candidates of the same party: the 17th, 19th, 34th, 35th, 40th, and 44th with two Democrats, and the 4th and 25th with two Republicans.
4309:
1204:
Maryland has explored a top-two primary, erroneously naming it an open primary, such as in 2019 House Bill 26. Testimony was provided by several organizations, including
1332:
4207:
3573:
3547:
4244:
1339:
with two Democrats running against each other: the 17th, 29th, 32nd, 34th, 37th, 44th, and 46th. There were no races with two Republicans running against each other.
3509:
3488:
2072:. Rossi had much greater name recognition, had narrowly lost two races for governor, and was favored by the party establishment. Didier, a former tight end for the
3885:
3438:
1603:
advocated the blanket, non-partisan system, on April 1, 2004, the Governor used the line-item veto to activate the Open primary instead. In response, Washington's
1223:
In Florida, an amendment to adopt the top-two primary was unsuccessful in 2020. 57% of votes were in favor but this failed to reach the threshold of 60% to pass.
1589:
system that allowed every voter to choose a candidate of any party for each position. That kind of system was ruled unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court in
1004:
expressing similar views. However, empirical research on the system has found it to have no effect on candidate moderation or turnout among independent voters.
4121:
McGhee, Eric; Masket, Seth; Shor, Boris; Rogers, Steven; McCarty, Nolan (2014). "A primary cause of partisanship? Nomination systems and legislator ideology".
3798:
3709:
4708:
4664:
3241:
650:
4255:
3196:
1371:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1177:, resigned his seat as a Democrat on January 5, ran as a Republican for his own vacancy in a special election held on February 12, and won rather handily.
3657:
3630:
3300:
3139:
3265:
4674:
4229:
4786:
4391:
682:
544:
539:
3882:"Donovan, T., 2012. The Top Two Primary: What Can California Learn from Washington? The California Journal of Politics & Policy, 4(1), pp.1-22"
4781:
1625:
952:
645:
3329:
3115:
4576:
327:
3865:
3468:
2922:
Two groups that were predicted by advocates to increase their participation in response to this reform—those registered with third parties or
4771:
4332:
4189:
2926:
registrants (independents) who were not guaranteed a vote in any party's primary before the move to the top-two—also show declines in turnout
2770:
3769:
851:
4607:
4198:
1591:
1273:
1103:
102:
3412:
3217:
1911:
In this heavily Democratic district, Berkey was officially endorsed by the 38th District Democratic Party. However, Democratic challenger
4216:
3439:"It's called the "Salmon Yoga Party." Get it straight. - Chris Mulick's Olympia Dispatch | Tri-City Herald : Mid-Columbia news"
4728:
3949:
1301:
The 2012 general election was the first non-special election in California to use the nonpartisan blanket primary system established by
4633:
4623:
4506:
3939:
NO. CV05-0927-JCC DECLARATION OF JEFFREY T. EVEN IN SUPPORT OF STATE'S REPLY IN SUPPORT OF MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT (Sep. 17, 2010)
3742:
3599:
1098:
1015:, and in particular for its tendency to eliminate candidates who are "too popular" or receive "too many votes", a particularly severe
945:
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p. 12, Line 5 (Sep 17, 2010) PLAINTIFF INTERVENORS' OPPOSITION TO STATE OF WASHINGTON'S MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT -1CV05-0927 JCC
1348:
1147:
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4290:
846:
3972:
4713:
4679:
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4536:
4531:
4511:
3685:
3055:
2488:
2455:
2430:
2375:
2357:
2339:
2303:
2267:
2249:
2231:
2213:
2188:
2162:
1551:
1511:
1484:
1425:
1400:
1302:
1286:
1278:
836:
586:
557:
497:
4638:
3841:
1637:
1568:
568:
93:
3390:
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4491:
4366:
631:
2116:, who represented the 4th district since 1995, retired. The two winners of the top two primary were the Tea Party candidate
4766:
4456:
3272:
2685:
1363:, who represented the 13th district from 1993 to 2013 and its predecessors since 1973, lost reelection to fellow Democrat
273:
258:
243:
4287:
Free and Equal Elections Foundation, a coalition of independent and minority party activists opposing the Top Two primary
3881:
4571:
4541:
4501:
4476:
4451:
4441:
4426:
4406:
4371:
3995:
3442:
2712:
1139:
889:
509:
432:
353:
4581:
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4591:
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4411:
4386:
4346:
3728:
2738:
321:
303:
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4376:
874:
4776:
4718:
4586:
4551:
4526:
4431:
4396:
4351:
3773:
3001:
1305:. As a result, eight congressional districts featured general elections with two candidates of the same party: the
1028:
1016:
1012:
765:
748:
715:
695:
479:
467:
437:
238:
196:
129:
4521:
4466:
4381:
4361:
3308:
1920:
ensued: the state's election watchdog committee unanimously voted to refer the case to the state Attorney General
573:
4556:
4471:
4436:
4356:
2510:
1220:, and concerns that a top-two rather than top-three or more primary would not supply adequate choice for voters.
621:
614:
98:
4481:
4421:
3528:
3350:
4516:
4401:
3653:
3153:
2664:
2321:
2285:
2073:
1912:
1807:
1217:
675:
603:
592:
455:
442:
425:
402:
380:
343:
333:
4628:
4561:
4416:
2977:
3465:"Politics | Republican Dino Rossi can stay "GOP' on gubernatorial ballot | Seattle Times Newspaper"
3276:
1262:
801:
655:
338:
4272:
2105:
830:
710:
640:
447:
993:
in that the second round is never skipped, even if one candidate receives a majority in the first round.
4284:
3365:
3070:
The two Republicans might get 25 percent of the vote apiece, while the Democrats each receive 5 percent.
2654:
1356:
1250:
1242:
1238:
1138:
were struck down by lower courts. On October 1, 2012, the US Supreme Court refused to hear appeals from
1074:
1036:
738:
578:
462:
268:
247:
179:
157:
930:
796:
2939:
1277:
in 2000. It forced political parties to associate with candidates they did not endorse. Then in 2004,
3108:
1158:
Both Washington and California implement a two-winner nonpartisan blanket primary by plurality vote.
1134:
1058:: the more candidates from the same party run in the primary, the more likely that party is to lose.
1008:
869:
856:
824:
88:
3305:
California Statewide Direct Primary Election, Tuesday, June 8, 2010 Official Voter Information Guide
3242:"Alaska Ballot Measure 2, Top-Four Ranked-Choice Voting and Campaign Finance Laws Initiative (2020)"
4238:
3862:
3464:
2077:
1917:
1445:
1352:
1285:
to bring the nonpartisan blanket primary to California, failed with only 46% of the vote. However,
1232:
775:
609:
262:
1289:, a nearly identical piece of legislation, passed on the June 2010 ballot with 53.7% of the vote.
4248:
2913:
2129:
2109:
2101:
2089:
1582:
1282:
1062:
997:
935:
806:
417:
201:
884:
3819:
3795:"Yakima Herald Republic | Former State AG Director Newhouse Officially Joins 4th District Race"
3416:
3027:"Democratic dread: Party tries to keep California's odd election rules from denying them House"
4277:
4259:
3624:
3133:
2959:
2905:
2867:
2863:
2855:
2616:
called "The Top Two Primary: What Can California Learn from Washington?" Donovan was the only
1190:
1166:
1020:
1001:
841:
811:
733:
670:
504:
231:
206:
189:
57:
31:
3953:
3462:
Republican Dino Rossi can stay "GOP' on gubernatorial ballot: Seattle Times (Sept. 27, 2008)
4738:
4698:
4601:
4161:
4130:
4099:
4066:
4033:
3920:
2951:
2940:"Interacting double monotonicity failure with direction of impact under five voting methods"
2897:
2845:
2659:
1246:
1213:
1113:
1108:
1032:
990:
985:
922:
879:
770:
758:
472:
348:
174:
168:
150:
139:
134:
122:
83:
45:
4743:
4659:
4296:
3869:
3716:
3516:
3495:
2803:
2720:
2716:
1586:
1268:
1174:
1094:
1044:
1040:
910:
743:
598:
563:
484:
395:
298:
221:
163:
41:
3651:
November 2, 2010, "Time for a do-over in the 38th Legislative District's Senate primary"
4301:
65:
17:
4055:"Why Voters May Have Failed to Reward Proximate Candidates in the 2012 Top Two Primary"
2617:
2506:
1616:
1604:
1198:
1055:
1048:
1024:
1000:
candidates, since winning could require appealing to voters of both parties, with some
780:
720:
705:
516:
385:
360:
211:
4088:"The Top-Two, Take Two: Did Changing the Rules Change the Game in Statewide Contests?"
2513:, Democrats won a majority of the vote but failed to move on to the general election:
905:
4760:
4703:
3969:"Top 2 Primary: FAQs for Candidates - Elections & Voting - WA Secretary of State"
3968:
3529:"Seattle Times Editorial: Washington's top-two primary gets voters the better choice"
2955:
1595:(2000) because it forced political parties to endorse candidates against their will.
1491:
1430:
1364:
1185:
789:
489:
277:
115:
78:
53:
2917:
2068:
were the two main Republicans vying to run against the incumbent Democratic Senator
3386:
2125:
2117:
2113:
2069:
2061:
1245:, which will replace party primaries with a single non-partisan blanket primary, a
1209:
1125:
529:
293:
286:
216:
3082:
2136:
and former State Representative. In a close general election, Newhouse prevailed.
3683:
August 22, 2010, "State Sen. Jean Berkey asks PDC to set aside election results"
3218:"Florida Amendment 3, Top-Two Open Primaries for State Offices Initiative (2020)"
4233:
2085:
1921:
1837:
1253:. It will be used for all state and federal elections except for the president.
407:
365:
308:
253:
2901:
2834:"Reform and Representation: A New Method Applied to Recent Electoral Changes*"
2612:
Political science professor Todd Donovan published an article in 2012 for the
2133:
2128:, the former Director of the Washington State Department of Agriculture under
2065:
1574:
1516:
1405:
1360:
1170:
1066:
2963:
2909:
2859:
2709:
2885:
2771:"California's jungle primary sets up polarized governor's race for November"
1520:
1409:
375:
370:
2080:, had never run for elected office and was endorsed by Tea Party favorites
4166:
4149:
4104:
4087:
4071:
4054:
4038:
4021:
3002:"The Unified Primary: A New Way to Conduct Nonpartisan Elections - IVN.us"
917:
3175:
2850:
2833:
2121:
2081:
1600:
1205:
626:
2886:"Turning Out Unlikely Voters? A Field Experiment in the Top-Two Primary"
4134:
412:
3654:"Time for a do-over in the 38th Legislative District's Senate primary"
1173:, who in 1983 (while a member of the House of Representatives), after
1031:, and favored other voting systems to alleviate this problem, such as
4263:
editorial praising Top Two primary in Washington state 2010 elections
1578:
1181:
1070:
3729:"Tri-City Herald: Didier, Rossi primary captures national attention"
1249:. The top 4 candidates will advance to a general election that uses
3925:
3908:
3436:
It's Called The Salmon Yoga Party: Tri City Herald (June 20, 2008)
1932:
First Ballot, August 17, 2010 (only top three vote-getters listed)
4150:"Some General Consequences of California's Top-Two Primary System"
1194:
1162:
3909:"The Top Two Primary: What Can California Learn from Washington?"
1335:
race featured two Democrats running against each other and seven
3176:"Baltimore City: Ranked Choice Voting and Open Primaries (HB26)"
2786:
the top two. We detected no shift toward the ideological middle.
2100:
The 4th district is a large and predominantly rural district in
1628:
was for the "GOP Party", although he is a prominent Republican.
1607:
was filed on January 8, 2004, by Terry Hunt from the Washington
1169:
but not primaries. A notable example involved former US Senator
30:"Jungle primary" redirects here. The term may also refer to the
4305:
3992:
The Elway press release to news organizations was reprinted in
3686:"State Sen. Jean Berkey asks PDC to set aside election results"
1775:
Washington state legislature, 38th district, State Senate, 2010
1212:, and independent constituents, and included statements about
4292:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
3644:
3642:
3640:
1613:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
1119:
Washington State Grange v. Washington State Republican Party
64:
3056:"California's Jungle Primary Might Screw Over Both Parties"
2104:
that encompasses numerous counties and is dominated by the
4256:
Washington's top-two primary gets voters the better choice
4148:
Highton, Benjamin; Huckfeldt, Robert; Hale, Isaac (2016).
1117:
constitutional by the Supreme Court in the 2008 decision
1047:
for its first round (which does not suffer from the same
4053:
Ahler, Douglas; Citrin, Jack; Lenz, Gabriel S. (2015).
3770:"Clint Didier, Tea Party ally, is running for Congress"
3330:"California's Top-Two Primary: What Voters Should Know"
2739:"Here's How California's 'Jungle Primary' System Works"
2832:
Kousser, Thad; Phillips, Justin; Shor, Boris (2016).
1367:
in the general election after Stark won the primary.
1175:
switching from the Democratic to the Republican Party
3301:"Proposition 14 Analysis by the Legislative Analyst"
3197:"Maryland Ways and Means Committee Hearing #1, 2019"
2938:
Felsenthal, Dan S.; Tideman, Nicolaus (2014-01-01).
4688:
4652:
4614:
4600:
4339:
3863:
Primary election results for Washington state, 2016
3710:
Primary election results for Washington state, 2010
3510:
General election results for Washington state, 2010
3489:
Primary election results for Washington state, 2010
3154:"Oregon Open Primary Initiative, Measure 90 (2014)"
2686:"A Top-Four Primary Would Give Voters More Choices"
3266:"June 8, 2010, Primary Election Statement of Vote"
1638:Washington state 2010 elections § District 14
1073:has used a highly-similar top-four primary with a
3103:
3101:
3099:
1632:Washington state legislature, 14th district, 2010
996:Advocates claim that the system would elect more
4022:"Voter Behavior in California's Top Two Primary"
1085:Candidate party preference and ballot disclaimer
1061:The top-two system is used for all primaries in
3307:. California Secretary of State. Archived from
1317:, and 44th with two Democrats, and the 8th and
1150:had earlier dropped out of the appeal process.
1027:effect in the system, identical to the one for
3505:
3503:
4317:
3676:
3674:
2511:Washington's 2016 primary for state treasurer
953:
8:
4252:provides six views on new California primary
1343:California 15th Congressional District, 2012
3332:. California Secretary of State. 2012-05-02
2884:Hill, Seth J.; Kousser, Thad (2015-10-17).
2614:California Journal of Politics & Policy
2096:Washington 4th Congressional District, 2014
4324:
4310:
4302:
3410:Washington Secretary of State Top-Two FAQ
2406:
2138:
1193:and a $ 2.75 million donation from former
960:
946:
36:
4281:presents two views on the Top Two primary
4245:Will California's 'Top Two' Primary Work?
4165:
4154:California Journal of Politics and Policy
4103:
4092:California Journal of Politics and Policy
4070:
4059:California Journal of Politics and Policy
4037:
4026:California Journal of Politics and Policy
3924:
3913:California Journal of Politics and Policy
2849:
2724:. 15 May 2014. Retrieved 5 November 2014.
2710:"California’s New Jungle Primary System".
1216:systems, proportional representation and
3574:"November 2, 2010 General - Legislative"
2754:as they divided a finite group of voters
2515:
2005:
1934:
1856:
1781:
1715:
1644:
1372:California's 15th congressional district
1369:
3743:"Rep. Doc Hastings (R-Wash.) to retire"
3548:"August 17, 2010 Primary - Legislative"
3366:"Elections & Voting: Top 2 Primary"
2676:
1054:Such primaries are also susceptible to
52:
4269:advocating Top Two primary for Arizona
3996:"Washington's current governor's race"
3629:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3622:
3138:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3131:
2978:"Different Types of Primary Elections"
2838:Political Science Research and Methods
2620:in favor of the top-two idea, for the
1093:blanket primary is different from the
4333:Electoral reform in the United States
4208:SB18 - 2006 Regular Session (Act 560)
4123:American Journal of Political Science
2798:
2796:
2794:
2764:
2762:
2732:
2730:
2412:
2408:General Election - November 4, 2014
2144:
1928:Washington state US Senate race, 2010
1271:system was ruled unconstitutional in
7:
1592:California Democratic Party v. Jones
1324:In the 2014 general election, eight
1274:California Democratic Party v. Jones
1184:to pass a similar law. However, the
1111:, and for that reason, it was ruled
1104:California Democratic Party v. Jones
3966:Top 2 Primary: FAQs for Candidates
3950:"Washington State Democratic Party"
3768:Joel Connelly (February 17, 2014).
2804:"The Primary: What Is It Good For?"
2625:elected under a partisan primary."
1011:have criticized the system for its
4273:Pros and cons of a top-two primary
3842:"November 4, 2014 Primary Results"
2092:candidate had run against Murray.
1347:The 15th district is based in the
1331:In the 2016 general election, the
1099:Supreme Court of the United States
25:
4267:Top Two primary worth considering
3545:Official Washington Results 2010
1148:Washington State Republican Party
1144:Washington State Democratic Party
1069:(except presidential primaries).
4714:Rotating Regional Primary System
3820:"August 5, 2014 Primary Results"
3387:"Washington State Top 2 Primary"
3054:Rakich, Nathaniel (2018-06-05).
2956:10.1016/j.mathsocsci.2013.08.001
2451:
2425:
2371:
2353:
2335:
2317:
2299:
2281:
2263:
2245:
2227:
2209:
2183:
2157:
1507:
1479:
1441:
1421:
1396:
1180:There have also been efforts in
929:
916:
904:
852:McKelvey–Schofield chaos theorem
498:Semi-proportional representation
130:First preference plurality (FPP)
4787:Single-winner electoral systems
4217:Myths vs. Facts: Proposition 62
3975:from the original on 2016-11-04
3888:from the original on 2015-03-04
3844:. Washington Secretary of State
3822:. Washington Secretary of State
3692:from the original on 2010-10-08
3660:from the original on 2011-01-10
3612:from the original on 2016-03-04
3580:from the original on 2011-01-11
3554:from the original on 2010-11-15
3471:from the original on 2014-03-24
3393:from the original on 2010-11-03
3364:Washington Secretary of State.
3121:from the original on 2010-01-07
3085:. Washington Secretary of State
2808:The Center for Election Science
2737:Nagourney, Adam (24 May 2018).
2605:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2563:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:Second Ballot November 2, 2010
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:Second Ballot November 2, 2010
1847:
1844:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1828:
1825:
1822:
1817:
1814:
1811:
1806:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1763:
1760:
1757:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1740:
1733:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:Second Ballot November 2, 2010
1706:
1703:
1700:
1697:
1692:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1678:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1569:Elections in Washington (state)
1023:. Research also shown a strong
4782:Elections in the United States
1642:First Ballot, August 17, 2010
1450:Christopher "Chris" J. Pareja
890:Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
847:Moulin's impossibility theorem
812:Conflicting majorities paradox
1:
4230:Land of a Thousand Liebermans
3273:California Secretary of State
1779:First Ballot August 17, 2010
716:Frustrated majorities paradox
4772:Washington (state) elections
3571:Official Washington Results
3275:. 2010-07-16. Archived from
3083:"History of Blanket Primary"
2944:Mathematical Social Sciences
2684:Francis, Mary (2020-12-28).
1140:Washington Libertarian Party
885:Condorcet dominance theorems
825:Social and collective choice
4734:Nonpartisan blanket primary
3868:September 21, 2016, at the
3199:. Maryland General Assembly
1079:2022 House special election
551:By mechanism of combination
322:Proportional representation
4803:
4719:Interregional Primary Plan
3994:Mapes, Jeff (2008-08-14).
3774:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
3494:November 15, 2010, at the
1635:
1566:
1260:
1230:
749:Multiple districts paradox
480:Fractional approval voting
468:Interactive representation
29:
4653:Commonly proposed reforms
4020:Nagler, Jonathan (2015).
3515:January 11, 2011, at the
2982:Independent Voter Project
2902:10.1007/s11109-015-9319-3
2487:
2470:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2390:
2153:
2150:
2147:
1550:
1533:
1475:
1460:
1383:
1378:
696:Paradoxes and pathologies
545:Mixed-member proportional
540:Mixed-member majoritarian
535:By results of combination
426:Approval-based committees
4725:Primary process reforms
4670:Electoral College reform
4634:Northern Mariana Islands
4199:Oregon Senate Bill Votes
3715:August 21, 2010, at the
2665:Two-party-preferred vote
2632:The indication of party
2140:Top two primary results
2074:National Football League
1218:single transferable vote
875:Condorcet's jury theorem
676:Double simultaneous vote
651:Rural–urban proportional
646:Dual-member proportional
608:
597:
564:Parallel (superposition)
456:Fractional social choice
443:Expanding approvals rule
272:
257:
242:
173:
162:
138:
27:Type of primary election
18:Run-off primary election
4665:Campaign Finance Reform
2236:Janéa Holmquist Newbry
1337:congressional districts
1326:congressional districts
1263:Elections in California
1009:social choice theorists
802:Tyranny of the majority
579:Fusion (majority bonus)
396:Quota-remainder methods
4086:Kousser, Thad (2015).
3907:Donovan, Todd (2012).
1626:2008 stated preference
1321:with two Republicans.
936:Mathematics portal
842:Majority impossibility
831:Impossibility theorems
627:Negative vote transfer
448:Method of equal shares
69:
4695:Primary date reforms
4167:10.5070/P2cjpp8230564
4105:10.5070/P2cjpp7125438
4072:10.5070/P2cjpp7125448
4039:10.5070/P2cjpp7125524
2715:May 29, 2016, at the
2655:Instant-runoff voting
1620:to the lower courts.
1239:2020 Alaska elections
1135:as applied challenges
1037:median voter property
739:Best-is-worst paradox
728:Pathological response
463:Direct representation
116:Single-winner methods
68:
4767:California elections
4675:Ranked-Choice voting
3956:on October 23, 2010.
2851:10.1017/psrm.2016.43
2636:as opposed to party
2583:John Paul Comerford
1615:, that Washington's
1251:ranked-choice voting
1165:and other states in
1161:The plan is used in
1075:ranked-choice runoff
1013:paradoxical behavior
1002:political scientists
923:Economics portal
870:Median voter theorem
89:Comparative politics
4644:U.S. Virgin Islands
4239:FiveThirtyEight.com
3749:. February 13, 2014
3747:The Washington Post
3413:"Top 2 Primary FAQ"
3311:on November 3, 2010
3031:Ventura County Star
2924:no-party-preference
2690:Sightline Institute
2409:
2362:Gordon Allen Pross
2141:
2078:Washington Redskins
2051:1,196,164 (47.64%)
2037:1,314,930 (52.36%)
1918:Moxie Media scandal
1446:No party preference
1375:
1233:Elections in Alaska
1035:(which satisfy the
1029:first-past-the-post
974:nonpartisan primary
911:Politics portal
622:Vote linkage system
593:Seat linkage system
180:Ranked-choice (RCV)
4249:The New York Times
4190:Senate Bill No. 18
4135:10.1111/ajps.12070
2890:Political Behavior
2743:The New York Times
2407:
2344:Glen R. Stockwell
2139:
2130:Christine Gregoire
2112:areas. Republican
2102:Central Washington
1563:Washington (state)
1370:
1241:, voters approved
807:Discursive dilemma
766:Lesser evil voting
641:Supermixed systems
344:Largest remainders
202:Round-robin voting
70:
4777:Primary elections
4754:
4753:
4278:Los Angeles Times
4260:The Seattle Times
4000:Mapes on Politics
3681:The Seattle Times
3649:The Seattle Times
3533:The Seattle Times
2610:
2609:
2603:170,117 (13.24%)
2589:230,904 (17.97%)
2575:261,633 (20.36%)
2561:299,766 (23.33%)
2547:322,374 (25.09%)
2497:
2496:
2405:
2404:
2058:
2057:
2001:
2000:
1994:185,034 (12.76%)
1980:483,305 (33.33%)
1966:670,284 (46.22%)
1909:
1908:
1852:
1851:
1768:
1767:
1711:
1710:
1560:
1559:
1476:General election
1379:Primary election
1297:Federal elections
1191:Michael Bloomberg
1167:special elections
1033:Condorcet methods
1021:perverse response
970:
969:
857:Gibbard's theorem
797:Dominance paradox
734:Perverse response
438:Phragmen's method
304:Majority judgment
232:Positional voting
190:Condorcet methods
58:electoral systems
32:Louisiana primary
16:(Redirected from
4794:
4739:Top-four primary
4699:National Primary
4608:Washington, D.C.
4602:Federal district
4326:
4319:
4312:
4303:
4215:
4206:
4197:
4188:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4145:
4139:
4138:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4107:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4050:
4044:
4043:
4041:
4017:
4011:
4010:
4008:
4007:
3990:
3984:
3983:
3981:
3980:
3964:
3958:
3957:
3952:. Archived from
3946:
3940:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3904:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3893:
3878:
3872:
3860:
3854:
3853:
3851:
3849:
3838:
3832:
3831:
3829:
3827:
3816:
3810:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3797:. Archived from
3791:
3785:
3784:
3782:
3780:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3733:
3732:
3725:
3719:
3707:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3678:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3665:
3646:
3635:
3634:
3628:
3620:
3618:
3617:
3611:
3604:
3595:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3585:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3525:
3519:
3507:
3498:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3451:
3450:
3441:. Archived from
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3415:. Archived from
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3374:
3372:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3347:
3341:
3340:
3338:
3337:
3326:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3287:
3282:on July 22, 2010
3281:
3270:
3262:
3256:
3255:
3253:
3252:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3229:
3228:
3214:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3204:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3172:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3161:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3137:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3066:
3051:
3045:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3023:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3013:
2998:
2992:
2991:
2989:
2988:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2881:
2875:
2874:
2853:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2800:
2789:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2775:The Conversation
2766:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2749:
2734:
2725:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2681:
2660:Two-round system
2525:Party Preference
2516:
2410:
2218:Estakio Beltran
2142:
2015:Party Preference
2006:
1944:Party Preference
1935:
1902:14,892 (40.27%)
1888:22,089 (59.73%)
1866:Party Preference
1857:
1791:Party Preference
1782:
1755:Michele Strobel
1725:Party Preference
1716:
1684:Michele Strobel
1676:10,129 (44.26%)
1654:Party Preference
1645:
1376:
1247:top-four primary
1109:general election
991:two-round system
986:primary election
962:
955:
948:
934:
933:
921:
920:
909:
908:
864:Positive results
759:Strategic voting
656:Majority jackpot
613:
602:
473:Liquid democracy
349:National remnant
339:Highest averages
276:
261:
246:
178:
169:Alternative vote
167:
151:Partisan primary
143:
84:Mechanism design
37:
21:
4802:
4801:
4797:
4796:
4795:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4757:
4756:
4755:
4750:
4744:Unified primary
4709:California Plan
4689:Primary reforms
4684:
4660:Approval voting
4648:
4610:
4596:
4335:
4330:
4297:top-two primary
4226:
4221:
4212:
4203:
4194:
4185:
4181:
4176:
4175:
4147:
4146:
4142:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4085:
4084:
4080:
4052:
4051:
4047:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4005:
4003:
4002:. The Oregonian
3993:
3991:
3987:
3978:
3976:
3967:
3965:
3961:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3906:
3905:
3901:
3891:
3889:
3880:
3879:
3875:
3870:Wayback Machine
3861:
3857:
3847:
3845:
3840:
3839:
3835:
3825:
3823:
3818:
3817:
3813:
3804:
3802:
3793:
3792:
3788:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3766:
3762:
3752:
3750:
3741:
3740:
3736:
3727:
3726:
3722:
3717:Wayback Machine
3708:
3704:
3695:
3693:
3684:
3679:
3672:
3663:
3661:
3652:
3647:
3638:
3621:
3615:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3600:"Archived copy"
3598:
3596:
3592:
3583:
3581:
3572:
3570:
3566:
3557:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3517:Wayback Machine
3508:
3501:
3496:Wayback Machine
3487:
3483:
3474:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3457:
3448:
3446:
3437:
3435:
3431:
3422:
3420:
3411:
3409:
3405:
3396:
3394:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3370:
3368:
3363:
3362:
3358:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3335:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3323:
3314:
3312:
3299:
3298:
3294:
3285:
3283:
3279:
3268:
3264:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3248:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3226:
3224:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3202:
3200:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3181:
3179:
3174:
3173:
3169:
3159:
3157:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3130:
3124:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3109:"Archived copy"
3107:
3106:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3081:
3080:
3076:
3064:
3062:
3060:FiveThirtyEight
3053:
3052:
3048:
3035:
3033:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3011:
3009:
3000:
2999:
2995:
2986:
2984:
2976:
2975:
2971:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2883:
2882:
2878:
2831:
2830:
2826:
2813:
2811:
2802:
2801:
2792:
2779:
2777:
2769:Kousser, Thad.
2768:
2767:
2760:
2747:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2728:
2717:Wayback Machine
2707:
2703:
2694:
2692:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2673:
2651:
2541:Duane Davidson
2502:
2290:Richard Wright
2254:George Cicotte
2098:
1930:
1845:6,591 (32.16%)
1829:6,713 (32.75%)
1815:7,193 (35.09%)
1777:
1761:17,229 (47.5%)
1747:19,044 (52.5%)
1704:4,702 (20.55%)
1698:Scott Brumback
1690:8,053 (35.19%)
1640:
1634:
1587:blanket primary
1571:
1565:
1374:election, 2012
1345:
1299:
1269:blanket primary
1265:
1259:
1235:
1229:
1201:to support it.
1156:
1095:blanket primary
1087:
1045:approval voting
1041:unified primary
978:top-two primary
966:
928:
927:
915:
903:
895:
894:
861:
837:Arrow's theorem
827:
817:
816:
785:
755:
744:No-show paradox
725:
711:Cloning paradox
701:Spoiler effects
698:
688:
687:
662:
549:
532:
522:
521:
494:
485:Maximal lottery
452:
433:Thiele's method
422:
392:
324:
314:
313:
299:Approval voting
287:Cardinal voting
283:
228:
222:Maximal lottery
186:
118:
108:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4800:
4798:
4790:
4789:
4784:
4779:
4774:
4769:
4759:
4758:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4729:Open primaries
4723:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4692:
4690:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4656:
4654:
4650:
4649:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4624:American Samoa
4620:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4606:
4604:
4598:
4597:
4595:
4594:
4589:
4584:
4579:
4574:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4549:
4544:
4542:South Carolina
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4507:North Carolina
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4469:
4464:
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4343:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4329:
4328:
4321:
4314:
4306:
4300:
4299:
4288:
4282:
4270:
4264:
4253:
4242:
4225:
4224:External links
4222:
4220:
4219:
4210:
4201:
4192:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4174:
4173:
4140:
4111:
4078:
4045:
4012:
3985:
3959:
3941:
3932:
3926:10.5070/P2959Z
3899:
3873:
3855:
3833:
3811:
3786:
3760:
3734:
3720:
3702:
3670:
3636:
3590:
3564:
3538:
3520:
3499:
3481:
3455:
3429:
3403:
3378:
3356:
3342:
3321:
3292:
3257:
3233:
3209:
3188:
3167:
3145:
3095:
3074:
3046:
3018:
2993:
2969:
2930:
2896:(2): 413–432.
2876:
2844:(4): 809–827.
2824:
2790:
2758:
2726:
2701:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2647:
2618:expert witness
2608:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2566:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2555:Michael Waite
2552:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2507:vote-splitting
2501:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2424:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2403:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2380:Kevin Midbust
2378:
2373:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2288:
2283:
2280:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2272:Tony Sandoval
2270:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2216:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2156:
2155:
2152:
2149:
2146:
2097:
2094:
2056:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2046:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2027:
2022:
2017:
2012:
1999:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1929:
1926:
1907:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1893:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1873:
1868:
1863:
1850:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1830:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1776:
1773:
1766:
1765:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1752:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1685:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1674:
1671:
1667:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1633:
1630:
1617:Initiative 872
1605:Initiative 872
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1549:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1514:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1488:
1481:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1458:
1457:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1428:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1403:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1344:
1341:
1309:, 30th, 35th,
1303:Proposition 14
1298:
1295:
1287:Proposition 14
1279:Proposition 62
1258:
1255:
1228:
1225:
1199:John D. Arnold
1155:
1152:
1124:Chief Justice
1086:
1083:
1056:vote-splitting
1049:center squeeze
1025:center squeeze
982:jungle primary
968:
967:
965:
964:
957:
950:
942:
939:
938:
926:
925:
913:
900:
897:
896:
893:
892:
887:
882:
877:
872:
860:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
828:
823:
822:
819:
818:
815:
814:
809:
804:
799:
784:
783:
781:Turkey-raising
778:
773:
768:
754:
753:
752:
751:
741:
736:
724:
723:
721:Center squeeze
718:
713:
708:
706:Spoiler effect
699:
694:
693:
690:
689:
686:
685:
680:
679:
678:
665:By ballot type
661:
660:
659:
658:
653:
648:
638:
637:
636:
635:
634:
629:
619:
618:
617:
606:
583:
582:
581:
576:
571:
566:
548:
547:
542:
533:
528:
527:
524:
523:
520:
519:
517:Limited voting
514:
513:
512:
493:
492:
487:
482:
477:
476:
475:
470:
451:
450:
445:
440:
435:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
391:
390:
389:
388:
386:Localized list
383:
378:
373:
368:
358:
357:
356:
354:Biproportional
351:
346:
341:
325:
320:
319:
316:
315:
312:
311:
306:
301:
296:
282:
281:
266:
251:
227:
226:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
199:
185:
184:
183:
182:
171:
158:Instant-runoff
155:
154:
153:
145:Jungle primary
132:
121:Single vote -
119:
114:
113:
110:
109:
107:
106:
96:
91:
86:
81:
75:
72:
71:
61:
60:
50:
49:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4799:
4788:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4768:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4704:Delaware Plan
4702:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4657:
4655:
4651:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4599:
4593:
4590:
4588:
4585:
4583:
4582:West Virginia
4580:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4553:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4540:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4500:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:New Hampshire
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4447:Massachusetts
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4344:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4327:
4322:
4320:
4315:
4313:
4308:
4307:
4304:
4298:
4294:
4293:
4289:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4279:
4274:
4271:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4257:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4178:
4168:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4141:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4124:
4115:
4112:
4106:
4101:
4097:
4093:
4089:
4082:
4079:
4073:
4068:
4064:
4060:
4056:
4049:
4046:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4001:
3997:
3989:
3986:
3974:
3970:
3963:
3960:
3955:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3936:
3933:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3887:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3867:
3864:
3859:
3856:
3843:
3837:
3834:
3821:
3815:
3812:
3801:on 2014-02-21
3800:
3796:
3790:
3787:
3775:
3771:
3764:
3761:
3748:
3744:
3738:
3735:
3730:
3724:
3721:
3718:
3714:
3711:
3706:
3703:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3675:
3671:
3659:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3643:
3641:
3637:
3632:
3626:
3608:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3579:
3575:
3568:
3565:
3553:
3549:
3542:
3539:
3534:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3514:
3511:
3506:
3504:
3500:
3497:
3493:
3490:
3485:
3482:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3456:
3445:on 2012-01-19
3444:
3440:
3433:
3430:
3419:on 2011-04-25
3418:
3414:
3407:
3404:
3392:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3367:
3360:
3357:
3352:
3351:"Ballotpedia"
3346:
3343:
3331:
3325:
3322:
3310:
3306:
3302:
3296:
3293:
3278:
3274:
3267:
3261:
3258:
3247:
3243:
3237:
3234:
3223:
3219:
3213:
3210:
3198:
3192:
3189:
3177:
3171:
3168:
3156:. Ballotpedia
3155:
3149:
3146:
3141:
3135:
3117:
3110:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3084:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3061:
3057:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3019:
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2934:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2891:
2887:
2880:
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2861:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2744:
2740:
2733:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2595:
2581:
2567:
2553:
2539:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2499:
2493:
2490:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:Clint Didier
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Dan Newhouse
2435:
2433:
2432:
2428:
2426:
2411:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2389:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2328:
2326:Josh Ramirez
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2241:
2238:
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2195:Dan Newhouse
2193:
2191:
2190:
2186:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2169:Clint Didier
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2137:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2120:(endorsed by
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2095:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2043:
2031:Patty Murray
2029:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2004:
1988:Clint Didier
1986:
1972:
1960:Patty Murray
1958:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1914:
1899:Conservative
1894:
1880:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1839:
1835:
1826:Conservative
1821:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1774:
1772:
1753:
1741:Norm Johnson
1739:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1696:
1682:
1670:Norm Johnson
1668:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1621:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1596:
1594:
1593:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1553:
1548:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1525:
1522:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1493:
1492:Eric Swalwell
1489:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1480:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1431:Eric Swalwell
1429:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1365:Eric Swalwell
1362:
1358:
1354:
1351:and includes
1350:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1327:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1275:
1270:
1267:California's
1264:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1234:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:Oregon Senate
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1159:
1154:United States
1153:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1130:
1127:
1122:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1007:By contrast,
1005:
1003:
999:
994:
992:
987:
983:
979:
975:
963:
958:
956:
951:
949:
944:
943:
941:
940:
937:
932:
924:
919:
914:
912:
907:
902:
901:
899:
898:
891:
888:
886:
883:
881:
880:May's theorem
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
867:
866:
865:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
834:
833:
832:
826:
821:
820:
813:
810:
808:
805:
803:
800:
798:
795:
794:
793:
792:
791:
790:majority rule
788:Paradoxes of
782:
779:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
763:
762:
761:
760:
750:
747:
746:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
731:
730:
729:
722:
719:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
702:
697:
692:
691:
684:
681:
677:
674:
673:
672:
669:
668:
667:
666:
657:
654:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
642:
639:
633:
630:
628:
625:
624:
623:
620:
616:
611:
607:
605:
600:
596:
595:
594:
591:
590:
589:
588:
584:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
565:
562:
561:
560:
559:
554:
553:
552:
546:
543:
541:
538:
537:
536:
531:
530:Mixed systems
526:
525:
518:
515:
511:
508:
507:
506:
503:
502:
501:
500:
499:
491:
490:Random ballot
488:
486:
483:
481:
478:
474:
471:
469:
466:
465:
464:
461:
460:
459:
458:
457:
449:
446:
444:
441:
439:
436:
434:
431:
430:
429:
428:
427:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
400:
399:
398:
397:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
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334:Apportionment
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269:Antiplurality
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197:Condorcet-IRV
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79:Social choice
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63:
62:
59:
55:
54:Social choice
51:
47:
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38:
33:
19:
4733:
4639:Puerto Rico
4547:South Dakota
4537:Rhode Island
4532:Pennsylvania
4512:North Dakota
4291:
4285:Stop Top Two
4276:
4258:
4247:
4237:
4232:analysis by
4213:
4204:
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3999:
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3962:
3954:the original
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3814:
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3799:the original
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3779:February 19,
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3324:
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3309:the original
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3277:the original
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3191:
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3170:
3160:December 10,
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3148:
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3008:. 2014-01-03
3005:
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2810:. 2014-08-21
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2689:
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2597:Alec Fisken
2569:Marko Liias
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2503:
2491:
2479:
2474:
2471:Total votes
2446:
2441:
2436:
2429:
2399:
2394:
2391:Total votes
2204:
2199:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2126:Dan Newhouse
2118:Clint Didier
2114:Doc Hastings
2099:
2070:Patty Murray
2062:Clint Didier
2059:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2002:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1910:
1882:Nick Harper
1875:
1870:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1800:
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1534:Total votes
1502:
1497:
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1469:
1464:
1461:Total votes
1346:
1330:
1323:
1300:
1291:
1272:
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1236:
1222:
1210:Common Cause
1203:
1179:
1160:
1157:
1133:
1131:
1126:John Roberts
1123:
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1006:
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863:
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829:
787:
786:
771:Exaggeration
757:
756:
727:
726:
700:
664:
663:
632:Mixed ballot
587:Compensatory
585:
558:compensatory
555:
550:
534:
496:
495:
454:
453:
424:
423:
394:
393:
381:List-free PR
326:
294:Score voting
285:
284:
230:
229:
217:Ranked pairs
188:
187:
144:
120:
4680:Term limits
4616:Territories
4462:Mississippi
4377:Connecticut
4234:Nate Silver
3919:(1): 1–22.
3246:Ballotpedia
3222:Ballotpedia
2708:Joe Klein.
2638:affiliation
2600:Democratic
2586:Democratic
2572:Democratic
2558:Republican
2544:Republican
2322:Independent
2308:Gavin Seim
2286:Independent
2086:Sarah Palin
2048:Republican
2045:Dino Rossi
2034:Democratic
1991:Republican
1977:Republican
1974:Dino Rossi
1963:Democratic
1922:Rob McKenna
1913:Nick Harper
1896:Rod Rieger
1885:Democratic
1842:Democratic
1838:Jean Berkey
1823:Rod Rieger
1812:Democratic
1808:Nick Harper
1758:Republican
1744:Republican
1701:Democratic
1687:Republican
1673:Republican
1573:Along with
1359:. Democrat
1333:U.S. Senate
1132:Subsequent
1091:nonpartisan
671:Single vote
574:Conditional
569:Coexistence
418:Quota Borda
408:Schulze STV
366:Closed list
309:STAR voting
254:Borda count
4761:Categories
4577:Washington
4497:New Mexico
4492:New Jersey
4367:California
4295:upholding
4129:(2): 337.
4006:2008-08-20
3979:2012-03-20
3805:2018-05-17
3696:2011-11-24
3664:2011-11-24
3616:2012-10-09
3584:2011-11-24
3558:2011-11-24
3475:2012-11-12
3449:2011-11-22
3423:2011-07-02
3397:2010-03-24
3336:2018-05-17
3315:2011-06-09
3286:2010-08-21
3251:2020-11-17
3227:2020-11-17
3203:2019-01-26
3182:2019-01-26
3178:. Legiscan
3125:2008-03-21
3089:2012-11-09
3065:2018-06-23
3036:2018-06-23
3012:2018-06-23
2987:2018-06-23
2814:2018-06-23
2780:2018-06-23
2748:2018-06-23
2695:2021-03-31
2671:References
2634:preference
2622:as applied
2489:Republican
2456:Republican
2431:Republican
2416:Candidate
2376:Republican
2358:Republican
2340:Republican
2304:Republican
2268:Democratic
2250:Republican
2232:Republican
2214:Democratic
2189:Republican
2163:Republican
2148:Candidate
2134:Jay Inslee
2106:Tri-Cities
2066:Dino Rossi
1636:See also:
1583:Washington
1575:California
1567:See also:
1552:Democratic
1517:Pete Stark
1512:Democratic
1485:Democratic
1426:Democratic
1406:Pete Stark
1401:Democratic
1387:Candidate
1361:Pete Stark
1283:initiative
1261:See also:
1257:California
1231:See also:
1197:executive
1171:Phil Gramm
1077:since the
1067:California
1063:Washington
776:Truncation
505:Cumulative
328:Party-list
103:By country
94:Comparison
4587:Wisconsin
4552:Tennessee
4457:Minnesota
4432:Louisiana
2964:0165-4896
2950:: 57–66.
2910:0190-9320
2860:2049-8470
2606:Defeated
2592:Defeated
2578:Defeated
2520:Candidate
2090:Tea Party
2054:Defeated
2010:Candidate
1997:Defeated
1939:Candidate
1905:Defeated
1861:Candidate
1848:Defeated
1786:Candidate
1764:Defeated
1720:Candidate
1707:Defeated
1649:Candidate
1521:incumbent
1410:incumbent
1357:Livermore
1243:Measure 2
1214:Condorcet
1051:effect).
1043:based on
1019:known as
1017:pathology
683:Dual-vote
376:Panachage
371:Open list
361:List type
239:Plurality
135:Two-round
123:plurality
46:Economics
4572:Virginia
4522:Oklahoma
4502:New York
4477:Nebraska
4467:Missouri
4452:Michigan
4442:Maryland
4427:Kentucky
4407:Illinois
4382:Delaware
4372:Colorado
4362:Arkansas
3973:Archived
3892:23 March
3886:Archived
3866:Archived
3848:March 5,
3826:March 5,
3713:Archived
3690:Archived
3658:Archived
3625:cite web
3607:Archived
3578:Archived
3552:Archived
3513:Archived
3492:Archived
3469:Archived
3391:Archived
3134:cite web
3116:Archived
2918:54541384
2820:running.
2713:Archived
2649:See also
2500:Analysis
2475:153,079
2395:106,780
2122:Ron Paul
2082:Ron Paul
2040:Elected
1891:Elected
1750:Elected
1601:Sam Reed
1538:231,034
1526:110,646
1498:120,388
1349:East Bay
1206:FairVote
1114:facially
998:moderate
403:Hare STV
42:Politics
40:A joint
4592:Wyoming
4567:Vermont
4472:Montana
4412:Indiana
4392:Georgia
4387:Florida
4357:Arizona
4347:Alabama
2868:2260083
2564:Runoff
2550:Runoff
2535:Outcome
2530:Support
2463:75,307
2442:77,772
2239:11,061
2221:13,062
2200:27,326
2174:33,965
2025:Outcome
2020:Support
1983:Runoff
1969:Runoff
1954:Outcome
1949:Support
1876:Outcome
1871:Support
1832:Runoff
1818:Runoff
1801:Outcome
1796:Support
1735:Outcome
1730:Support
1693:Runoff
1679:Runoff
1664:Outcome
1659:Support
1465:94,908
1453:20,618
1435:34,347
1415:39,943
1353:Hayward
1237:In the
1039:) or a
413:CPO-STV
263:Baldwin
212:Schulze
207:Minimax
125:methods
4527:Oregon
4482:Nevada
4422:Kansas
4397:Hawaii
4352:Alaska
4340:States
3371:17 May
3042:party.
3006:IVN.us
2962:
2916:
2908:
2866:
2858:
2480:100.0
2466:49.19
2447:50.81
2419:Votes
2413:Party
2400:100.0
2329:1,496
2311:2,107
2293:3,270
2275:6,744
2257:6,863
2242:10.36
2224:12.23
2205:25.59
2179:31.81
2151:Votes
2145:Party
2124:) and
2110:Yakima
1609:Grange
1585:had a
1579:Alaska
1543:100.0
1470:100.0
1390:Votes
1384:Party
1227:Alaska
1182:Oregon
1146:. The
1071:Alaska
278:Coombs
48:series
4557:Texas
4437:Maine
4402:Idaho
4179:Notes
4160:(2).
4098:(1).
3610:(PDF)
3603:(PDF)
3280:(PDF)
3269:(PDF)
3119:(PDF)
3112:(PDF)
2914:S2CID
2386:0.15
2368:0.17
2350:0.51
2332:1.40
2314:1.97
2296:3.06
2278:6.32
2260:6.43
1529:47.9
1503:52.1
1456:21.7
1438:36.0
1418:42.1
1281:, an
1195:Enron
1163:Texas
984:is a
980:, or
615:'MMP'
604:'AMS'
4629:Guam
4562:Utah
4517:Ohio
4417:Iowa
4275:The
3894:2017
3850:2019
3828:2019
3781:2014
3755:2014
3631:link
3373:2018
3162:2014
3140:link
2960:ISSN
2906:ISSN
2864:SSRN
2856:ISSN
2721:Time
2492:hold
2383:161
2365:178
2347:547
2132:and
2108:and
2084:and
2064:and
1577:and
1555:hold
1355:and
1319:31st
1315:43rd
1311:40th
1307:15th
1208:and
1142:and
1089:The
1065:and
556:Non-
510:SNTV
99:List
56:and
44:and
4236:of
4162:doi
4131:doi
4100:doi
4067:doi
4034:doi
3921:doi
2952:doi
2898:doi
2846:doi
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1101:in
274:el.
259:el.
248:IRV
244:el.
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