Running - Knowledge (XXG)

446:

These forces are attenuated through increased stride length via increased hip flexion and extension through decreased ground contact time and more energy being used in propulsion. With increased propulsion in the horizontal plane, less impact occurs from the decreased force in the vertical plane. Increased hip flexion allows for increased use of the hip extensors through midstance and toe-off, allowing for more force production. The difference even between world-class and national-level 1500-m runners has been associated with more efficient hip joint function. The increase in velocity likely comes from the increased range of motion in hip flexion and extension, allowing for greater acceleration and speed. The hip extensors and extension have been linked to more powerful knee extension during toe-off, contributing to propulsion. Stride length must be appropriately increased with some degree of knee flexion maintained through the terminal swing phases, as excessive knee extension during this phase along with footstrike has been associated with higher impact forces due to braking and an increased prevalence of heel striking. Elite runners tend to exhibit some degree of knee flexion at footstrike and midstance, which first serves to eccentrically absorb impact forces in the quadriceps muscle group. Secondly it allows for the knee joint to contract concentrically and provides significant aid in propulsion during toe-off as the quadriceps group is capable of producing large amounts of force. Recreational runners have been shown to increase stride length through increased knee extension rather than increased hip flexion, as exhibited by elite runners, which provides an intense braking motion with each step and decreases the rate and efficiency of knee extension during toe-off, slowing down speed. Knee extension, however, contributes to additional stride length and propulsion during toe-off and is seen more frequently in elite runners as well.

402:

limb is again directly underneath the trunk, pelvis, and hip with the knee joint flexed and hip flexion continuing. Terminal swing then begins as hip flexion continues to the point of activation of the stretch reflex of the hip extensors. The knee begins to extend slightly as it swings to the anterior portion of the body. The foot then makes contact with the ground with a foot strike, completing the running cycle of one side of the lower extremity. Each limb of the lower extremity works opposite to the other. When one side is in toe-off/propulsion, the other hand is in the swing/recovery phase preparing for footstrike. Following toe-off and the beginning of the initial swing of one side, there is a flight phase where neither extremity is in contact with the ground due to the opposite side finishing terminal swing. As the footstrike of the one hand occurs, the initial swing continues. The opposing limbs meet with one in midstance and midswing, beginning the propulsion and terminal swing phases.

854:(MTSS) which is the accurate name for shin splints. This is caused during running when the muscle is being overused along the front of the lower leg with symptoms that affect 2 to 6 inches of the muscle. Shin Splints have sharp, splinter-like pain, that is typically X-rayed by doctors but is not necessary for shin splints to be diagnosed. To help prevent shin splints it is commonly known to stretch before and after a workout session, and also avoid heavy equipment especially during the first couple of workout sessions. Also to help prevent shin splints do not increase the intensity of a workout more than 10% a week. To treat shin splints it is important to rest with the least amount of impact on your legs and apply ice to the area. A survey showed that shin splints make up 12.7% of the most common injuries in running, with blisters being the top percentage at 30.9%. 4954: 437:

contact forces. Thus a mid/forefoot strike may aid in propulsion. However, even among elite athletes, there are variations in self-selected footstrike types. This is especially true in longer distance events, where there is a prevalence of heel strikers. There does tend however to be a greater percentage of mid/forefoot striking runners in the elite fields, particularly in the faster racers and the winning individuals or groups. While one could attribute the faster speeds of elite runners compared to recreational runners with similar footstrikes to physiological differences, the hip, and joints have been left out of the equation for proper propulsion. This raises the question of how heel-striking elite distance runners can keep up such high paces with a supposedly inefficient and injurious foot strike technique.

1464: 432:

pressures from a heel strike traveling through bones for shock absorption rather than being absorbed by muscles. Since bones cannot disperse forces easily, the forces are transmitted to other parts of the body, including ligaments, joints, and bones in the rest of the lower extremities up to the lower back. This causes the body to use abnormal compensatory motions in an attempt to avoid serious bone injuries. These compensations include internal rotation of the tibia, knee, and hip joints. Excessive compensation over time has been linked to a higher risk of injuries in those joints and the muscles involved in those motions. Conversely, a mid/forefoot strike has been associated with greater efficiency and lower injury risk due to the

702:, even after running; one will continue to burn an increased level of calories for a short time after the run. Different speeds and distances are appropriate for different individual health and fitness levels. For new runners, it takes time to get into shape. The key is consistency and a slow increase in speed and distance. While running, it is best to pay attention to how one's body feels. If a runner is gasping for breath or feels exhausted while running, it may be beneficial to slow down or try a shorter distance for a few weeks. If a runner feels that the pace or distance is no longer challenging, then the runner may want to speed up or run farther. 419:

seen in elite athletes) with the elbow joint at approximately 90 degrees or less, the hands swinging from the hips up to mid-chest level with the opposite leg, the Humerus moving from being parallel with the trunk to approximately 45 degrees shoulder extension (never passing the trunk in flexion) and with as little movement in the transverse plane as possible. The trunk also rotates in conjunction with arm swing. It mainly serves as a balance point from which the limbs are anchored. Thus trunk motion should remain mostly stable with little motion except for slight rotation, as excessive movement would contribute to transverse motion and wasted energy.

177: 842:

syndrome is also known as "runner's knee" or "jogger's knee" because it can be caused by jogging or running. Once pain or swelling is noticeable it is important to put ice on it immediately and it is recommended to rest the knee for better healing. Most knee injuries can be treated by light activity and much rest for the knee. In more serious cases, arthroscopy is the most common to help repair ligaments but severe situations reconstructive surgery would be needed. A survey was taken in 2011 with knee injuries being 22.7% of the most common injuries.

411: 659: 59: 519: 250:, were changes caused by this type of activity (Bramble & Lieberman 2004, et al.). The theory as first proposed used comparative physiological evidence and the natural habits of animals when running, indicating the likelihood of this activity as a successful hunting method. Further evidence from observation of modern-day hunting practices also indicated this likelihood (Carrier et al. 1984). According to Sears (p. 12) scientific investigation (Walker & Leakey 1993) of the 189: 530: 939: 863: 5313: 5693: 1272: 794:. Repetitive stress on the same tissues without enough time for recovery or running with improper form can lead to many of the above. Runners generally attempt to minimize these injuries by warming up before exercise, focusing on proper running form, performing strength training exercises, eating a well balanced diet, allowing time for recovery, and "icing" (applying ice to sore muscles or taking an ice bath). 460: 829:, caused by repetitive rubbing of one piece of skin against another, or against an article of clothing. One common location for chafe to occur is the runner's upper thighs. The skin feels coarse and develops a rash-like look. A variety of deodorants and special anti-chafing creams are available to treat such problems. Chafe is also likely to occur on the 313: 327:: stance and swing. These can be further divided into absorption, propulsion, initial swing, and terminal swing. Due to the continuous nature of running gait, no certain point is assumed to be the beginning. However, for simplicity, it will be assumed that absorption and footstrike mark the beginning of the running cycle in a body already in motion. 681: 818: 735:

exercise can be a treatment for serious depression and anxiety even some physicians prescribe exercise to most of their patients. Running can have a longer-lasting effect than anti-depressants. The non-threatening environment offered by running generates a sense of achievement and belonging which helps with mental illness.

550:

mass. Although maintaining an upright posture is crucial, runners should also keep their frame relaxed and engage their core to keep their posture stable. This helps prevent injury as long as the body is neither rigid nor tense. The most common running mistakes are tilting the chin up and scrunching shoulders.

905:. Over the next two decades, as many as 25 million Americans were doing some form of running or jogging – accounting for roughly one tenth of the population. Today, road racing is a popular sport among non-professional athletes, who included over 7.7 million people in America alone in 2002. 436:

being used as a lever system to absorb forces with the muscles eccentrically rather than through the bone. Landing with a mid/forefoot strike has also been shown to properly attenuate shock and allow the triceps surae to aid in propulsion via reflexive plantarflexion after stretching to absorb ground

362:

In a full stride length model, elements of both the terminal swing and footstrike contribute to propulsion. The setup for propulsion begins at the end of the terminal swing when the hip joint flexes, allowing the hip extensors to generate force as they accelerate through the maximal range of motion.

841:

An iliotibial band is a muscle and tendon that is attached to the hip and runs the length of the thigh to attach to the upper part of the tibia, and the band is what helps the knee to bend. This is an injury that is located at the knee and shows symptoms of swelling outside the knee. Iliotibial band

445:

Biomechanical factors associated with elite runners include increased hip function, use, and stride length over recreational runners. An increase in running speeds causes increased ground reaction forces, and elite distance runners must compensate for this to maintain their pace over long distances.

401:

Initial swing is the response of both stretch reflexes and concentric movements to the propulsion movements of the body. Hip flexion and knee flexion occur, beginning the return of the limb to the starting position and setting up for another foot strike. The initial swing ends at midswing when the

392:

With a forefoot strike, the ankle and knee joints release their stored elastic energy from the footstrike/absorption phase. The quadriceps group/knee extensors fully extend the knee, pushing the body off the ground. Simultaneously, the knee flexors and stretch reflex pull the knee back into flexion,

1518:

before leaning forward and gradually moving into an upright position as the contest progresses and momentum is gained. Athletes remain in the same lane on the running track throughout all sprinting events, with the sole exception of the 400 m indoors. Races up to 100 m are largely focused

619:

and an improved self-esteem and emotional state. Running, like all forms of regular exercise, can effectively slow or reverse the effects of aging. Even people who have already experienced a heart attack are 20% less likely to develop serious heart problems if more engaged in running or any type of

549:

Leaning forward places a runner's center of mass on the front part of the foot, which avoids landing on the heel and facilitates the use of the spring mechanism of the foot. Additionally, it facilitates avoiding the braking effect that occurs when a runner lands their foot in front of the center of

373:

With a heel strike, this phase may be just a continuation of momentum from the stretch reflex, gravity, and light hip extension, offering little force absorption through the ankle joint. On the other hand, a mid/forefoot strike helps in shock absorption, supporting plantar flexion from midstance to

418:

The upper extremity function serves mainly in providing balance in conjunction with the opposing side of the lower extremity. The movement of each leg is paired with the opposite arm, which serves to counterbalance the body, particularly during the stance phase. The arms move most effectively (as

808:

has been promoted as a means of reducing running related injuries, but this remains controversial and a majority of professionals advocate the wearing of appropriate shoes as the best method for avoiding injury. However, a study in 2013 concluded that wearing neutral shoes is not associated with

801:

is that the body adjusts to this flat surface running, and some of the muscles will become weaker, along with the added impact of running on a harder surface. Therefore, it can be beneficial to change terrain occasionally – such as trail, beach, or grass running. This is more unstable ground and

431:

risks and shock absorption capabilities between heel and mid/forefoot footstrikes. It has been shown that heel striking is generally associated with higher rates of injury and impact due to inefficient shock absorption and inefficient biomechanical compensations for these forces. This is due to

349:

Midstance is when the lower extremity limb of focus is in knee flexion directly underneath the trunk, pelvis, and hips. At this point, propulsion begins to occur as the hips undergo hip extension, the knee joint undergoes extension, and the ankle undergoes plantar flexion. Propulsion continues

340:

is undergoing extension from being in maximal flexion from the previous swing phase. For proper force absorption, the knee joint should be flexed upon the footstrike, and the ankle should be slightly in front of the body. Footstrike begins the absorption phase as forces from initial contact are

335:

Footstrike occurs when a plantar portion of the foot makes initial contact with the ground. Common footstrike types include forefoot, midfoot, and heel strike types. These are characterized by initial contact of the ball of the foot, ball and heel of the foot simultaneously and heel of the foot

734:

Running is an effective way to reduce stress, anxiety, depression, and inflammation. It helps people who struggle with seasonal affective disorder by running outside when it is sunny and warm. Running can improve mental alertness and sleep. Both research and clinical experience have shown that

1612:

may also be classified as a middle-distance event. The 880-yard run, or half-mile, was the forebear to the 800 m distance and it has its roots in competitions in the United Kingdom in the 1830s. The 1500 m came about as a result of running three laps of a 500 m track, which was

388:

The final propulsive movements during toe-off involve all three joints: ankle, knee, and hip. The plantar flexors push off from the ground, returning from dorsiflexion in midstance. This can occur either by releasing the elastic load from an earlier mid/forefoot strike or through concentric

377:

Actual propulsion begins as the lower extremity enters midstance. The hip extensors continue contracting, assisted by gravity and the stretch reflex from maximal hip flexion during the terminal swing. Hip extension pulls the ground underneath the body, propelling the runner forward.

285:...I suspect that the sun, moon, earth, stars, and heaven, which are still the gods of many barbarians, were the only gods known to the aboriginal Hellenes. Seeing that they were always moving and running, from their running nature they were called gods or runners (Thus, Theontas)... 350:

until the leg is extended behind the body and toe-off occurs. This involves a maximal hip extension, knee extension, and plantar flexion for the subject, resulting in the body being pushed forward from this motion, and the ankle/foot leaves the ground as the initial swing begins.

358:

Recent research, especially in the footstrike debate, has primarily focused on identifying and preventing injuries during the absorption phases of running. The propulsion phase, which occurs from midstance to toe-off, is crucial for understanding how the body moves forward.

558:

Exercise physiologists have found that the stride rates are extremely consistent across professional runners, between 185 and 200 steps per minute. The main difference between long- and short-distance runners is the length of stride rather than the rate of stride.

802:

allows the legs to strengthen different muscles. Runners should be wary of twisting their ankles on such terrain. Running downhill also increases knee stress and should, therefore, be avoided. Reducing the frequency and duration can also prevent injury.

755: 585:

Different types of stride are necessary for different types of running. When sprinting, runners stay on their toes bringing their legs up, using shorter and faster strides. Long-distance runners tend to have more relaxed strides that vary.

1397:

The majority of popular races do not incorporate a significant change in elevation as a key component of a course. There are several, disparate variations that feature significant inclines or declines. These fall into two main groups.

74: 714:". Running is frequently recommended as therapy for people with clinical depression and people coping with addiction. A possible benefit may be the enjoyment of nature and scenery, which also improves psychological well-being (see 4279:

Rothfeld, G. S., & Romaine, D. S. (2017). jogger's knee. In G. S. Rothfeld, & D. Baker, Facts on File library of health and living: The encyclopedia of men's health (2nd ed.). New, NY: Facts on File. Retrieved from

2101:

David R. Carrier, A. K. Kapoor, Tasuku Kimura, Martin K. Nickels, Satwanti, Eugenie C. Scott, Joseph K. So and Erik Trinkaus (1984). "The Energetic Paradox of Human Running and Hominid Evolution and Comments and Reply".

697:

Running can assist people in losing weight, staying in shape and improving body composition. Research suggests that the person of average weight will burn approximately 100 calories per mile run. Running increases one's

833:. There are a variety of home remedies that runners use to deal with chafing while running such as band-aids and using grease to reduce friction. Prevention is key which is why form fitting clothes are important. 3682:

The science of exercise shows benefits beyond weight loss. (2019). In Harvard Health Publications (Ed.), Harvard Medical School commentaries on health. Boston, MA: Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from

4383: 393:

initiating the initial swing phase. The hip extensors extend to the maximum, contributing to forces pulling and pushing off the ground, as well as initiating knee flexion and the initial swing phase.

1799:

Pedisic, Zeljko; Shrestha, Nipun; Kovalchik, Stephanie; Stamatakis, Emmanuel; Liangruenrom, Nucharapon; Grgic, Jozo; Titze, Sylvia; Biddle, Stuart JH; Bauman, Adrian E; Oja, Pekka (4 November 2019).

341:

attenuated throughout the lower extremity. Absorption of forces continues as the body moves from footstrike to midstance due to vertical propulsion from the toe-off during a previous gait cycle.

916:, or sprint speed, is the maximum speed at which a human can run. It is affected by many factors, varies greatly throughout the population, and is important in athletics and many sports. 894:. Events are usually grouped into several classes, each requiring substantially different athletic strengths and involving different tactics, training methods, and types of competitors. 4292:

Dupler, D., & Ferguson, D. (2016). Knee injuries. In Gale (Ed.), Gale encyclopedia of children's health: Infancy through adolescence (3rd ed.). Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from

932: 4319:

shinsplints. (2017). In G. S. Rothfeld, & D. Baker, Facts on File library of health and living: The encyclopedia of men's health (2nd ed.). New, NY: Facts on File. Retrieved from

890:. Running races are contests to determine which of the competitors is able to run a certain distance in the shortest time. Today, competitive running events make up the core of the 4331:

Shin splints. (2017). In Harvard Medical School (Ed.), Health reference series: Harvard Medical School health topics A-Z. Boston, MA: Harvard Health Publications. Retrieved from

81: 79: 77: 75: 80: 1839: 919:

The fastest human footspeed on record is 44.7 km/h (12.4 m/s; 27.8 mph), seen during a 100-meter sprint (average speed between the 60th and the 80th meter) by

124:

within a stride co-occur, with energy storage accomplished by springy tendons and passive muscle elasticity. The term "running" can refer to a variety of speeds ranging from

1483:, which was a race from one end of the stadium to the other. There are three sprinting events which are currently held at the Olympics and outdoor World Championships: the 381:

During midstance, the knee should be slightly flexed due to elastic loading from the absorption and footstrike phases, preserving forward momentum. The ankle joint is in

2145: 582:

of speed, in mph or km/h). Some coaches advocate training at a combination of specific paces related to one's fitness to stimulate various physiological improvements.

1475:

Sprints are short running events in athletics and track and field. Races over short distances are among the oldest running competitions. The first 13 editions of the

1463: 4380: 3740: 1801:"Is running associated with a lower risk of all-cause, cardiovascular and cancer mortality, and is the more the better? A systematic review and meta-analysis" 78: 1363:, woodlands, hills, flat ground and water. It is a popular participatory sport and is one of the events which, along with track and field, road running, and 648: 599:

While there exists the potential for injury while running (just as there is in any sport), there are many benefits. Some of these benefits include potential

4897: 4649: 4598:"Has the second 'running boom' democratized running? A study on the sociodemographic characteristics of finishers at the world's largest half marathon" 4838: 3684: 171: 4846: 710:

Running can also have psychological benefits, as many participants in the sport report feeling an elated, euphoric state, often referred to as a "

4365: 3854: 142:

It is hypothesized that the ancestors of humankind developed the ability to run for long distances about 2.6 million years ago, probably to

5200: 4526: 3696:

Lavie, Carl J.; Lee, Duck-Chul; Sui, Xuemei; Arena, Ross; O'Keefe, James H.; Church, Timothy S.; Milani, Richard V.; Blair, Steven N. (2015).

5084: 4211:

Nielsen, Rasmus Oestergaard; Buist, Ida; Parner, Erik Thorlund; Nohr, Ellen Aagaard; Sørensen, Henrik; Lind, Martin; Rasmussen, Sten (2013).

3529: 2231: 2204: 1748: 758:

Person with a bad running form. Heel striking and leaning forward are some of the most common mistakes and cause of injuries among beginners.

205: 76: 4990: 4921: 3931:

van Praag H, Kempermann G, Gage FH (March 1999). "Running increases cell proliferation and neurogenesis in the adult mouse dentate gyrus".

470: 366:

As the hip extensors transition from inhibitory to primary muscle movers, the lower extremity moves back towards the ground, aided by the

4213:"Foot pronation is not associated with increased injury risk in novice runners wearing a neutral shoe: a 1-year prospective cohort study" 3880:

Barton, J.; Pretty, J. (2010). "What is the Best Dose of Nature and Green Exercise for Improving Mental Health? A Multi-Study Analysis".

3810:

Boecker, H.; Sprenger, T.; Spilker, M. E.; Henriksen, G.; Koppenhoefer, M.; Wagner, K. J.; Valet, M.; Berthele, A.; Tolle, T. R. (2008).

3443:

Lafortune, M.A. (2006). "Dominant role of interface over knee angle for cushioning impact loading and regulating initial leg stiffness".

4862: 1661: 1418: 725:

within the brain. This finding could have significant implications in aging as well as learning and memory. A recent study published in

901:

as well as the modern Olympics. The activity of running went through a period of widespread popularity in the United States during the

4854: 1883: 1432:

The second variety of vertical running is based on human structures, such as stairs and man-made slopes. The foremost type of this is

1426: 1575: 4682: 4069:

Alic, M. (2012). Mental health and exercise. In J. L. Longe, The Gale encyclopedia of fitness. Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from

2170: 2078: 1922: 1519:

upon acceleration to an athlete's maximum speed. All sprints beyond this distance increasingly incorporate an element of endurance.

1800: 1401:

The naturalistic group is based on outdoor racing over geographical features. Among these are the cross country-related sports of

5243: 1697:"Gait selection in the ostrich: mechanical and metabolic characteristics of walking and running with and without an aerial phase" 882:

components. As a sport, it is split into events divided by distance and sometimes includes permutations such as the obstacles in

762:

Many injuries are associated with running because of its high-impact nature. Change in running volume may lead to development of

5946: 5458: 2665:

Ardigo, L.P. (2008). "Metabolic and mechanical aspects of foot landing type, forefoot, and rearfoot strike, in human running".

410: 3994:"Daily morning running for 3 weeks improved sleep and psychological functioning in healthy adolescents compared with controls" 4929: 4905: 385:

at this point, either elastically loaded from a mid/forefoot strike or preparing for stand-alone concentric plantar flexion.

3624: 1596:

Middle-distance running events are track races longer than sprints up to 3000 metres. The standard middle distances are the

611:

health (reducing the risk of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases), improved cardiovascular fitness, reduced total blood

4913: 4889: 3597: 851: 779: 3766: 5854: 4937: 3645: 3354:

Mercer, J.A. (2002). "Relationship between shock attenuation and stride length during running at different velocities".

763: 4070: 211:

It is thought that human running evolved at least four and a half million years ago out of the ability of the ape-like

176: 5116: 4307:

Newton, D. E. (2012). Running. In J. L. Longe, The Gale encyclopedia of fitness. Farmington, MI: Gale. Retrieved from

2403:

Schache, A.G. (1999). "The coordinated movement of the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex during running: a literature review".

3744: 5443: 5210: 4547: 3685:

https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/hhphoh/the_science_of_exercise_shows_benefits_beyond_weight_loss/0

100:

with an aerial phase in which all feet are above the ground (though there are exceptions). This is in contrast to

5767: 5719: 4958: 4870: 1656: 1628: 1567: 1296: 902: 278: 262: 151: 4212: 1355:

Cross country running takes place over the open or rough terrain. The courses used for these events may include

5941: 5762: 5302: 4983: 4796: 883: 767: 744: 50: 46: 3137:

Larson, P. (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race".

2876: 2745:

Lieberman, D. (2010). "Foot strike patterns and collision forces in habitually barefoot versus shod runners".

226:

of animals, the activity of following and chasing until a prey is too exhausted to flee, succumbing to "chase

4293: 2492:

Larson, P (2011). "Foot strike patterns of recreational and sub-elite runners in a long-distance road race".

1752: 1287:

events with athletes racing over specified distances on an oval running track. The events are categorized as

5915: 5282: 4716: 4168: 3400:

Leskinen, A. (2009). "Comparison of running kinematics between elite and national-standard 1500-m runners".

3102:

Hasegawa, H. (2007). "Foot Strike Patterns of Runners at the 15-km Point During Elite-Level Half Marathon".

1591: 1292: 42: 4542: 4399: 4332: 658: 5150: 5094: 5079: 4999: 4281: 2068: 1938: 628: 579: 257:

Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas such as Greece, Egypt, Asia, and the

93: 1538:

is a common indoor event and it an indoor world championship event. Other less-common events include the

5360: 5287: 5074: 4740: 4724: 4675: 4320: 2900:

Thys, H. (1975). "The role played by elasticity in an exercise involving movements of small amplitude".

2799:

Williams, D.S. (2000). "Lower Extremity Mechanics in Runners with a Converted Forefoot Strike Pattern".

2139: 1622: 1476: 1441: 1342: 1322: 898: 771: 270: 159: 3788: 4576: 4560: 4487: 4471: 4452: 4431: 4415: 4381:

IAAF (International Association of Athletics Federations) Biomechanical Research Project: Berlin 2009.

4362: 4344: 3993: 3858: 3327:

Stergiou, N. (2003). "Subtalara and knee joint interaction during running at various stride lengths".

518: 5828: 5788: 5511: 5236: 4083: 3889: 2754: 1496: 897:

Running competitions have probably existed for most of humanity's history and were a key part of the

871: 433: 251: 38: 4523: 4308: 1899: 797:

Some runners may experience injuries when running on concrete surfaces. The problem with running on

188: 5662: 5597: 5587: 5496: 5069: 5023: 4976: 4258: 3650: 1523:

dictates that a runner's near-top speed cannot be maintained for more than thirty seconds or so as

783: 575: 223: 197: 181: 58: 2537:

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine

104:, where one foot is always in contact with the ground, the legs are kept mostly straight, and the 5677: 5463: 5453: 4240: 4196: 3956: 3913: 3629: 3425: 3379: 3309: 3260: 3208: 3162: 3084: 3035: 2925: 2854: 2778: 2560: 2517: 2474: 2378: 2288: 2127: 2119: 2046: 2038: 1973: 1831: 1671: 1666: 891: 615:, strengthening of bones (and potentially increased bone density), possible strengthening of the 608: 604: 316: 113: 3231:"Faster top running speeds are achieved with greater ground forces not more rapid leg movements" 1436:, which sees athletes compete indoors, running up steps within very tall structures such as the 938: 830: 5312: 2160: 862: 146:. Competitive running grew out of religious festivals in various areas. Records of competitive 5752: 5701: 5692: 5667: 5592: 5473: 5438: 4619: 4232: 4144: 4103: 4052: 4013: 3948: 3905: 3836: 3719: 3525: 3460: 3417: 3371: 3336: 3301: 3252: 3200: 3154: 3119: 3076: 3027: 2992: 2917: 2846: 2770: 2722: 2682: 2644: 2552: 2509: 2466: 2420: 2370: 2330: 2280: 2227: 2221: 2200: 2166: 2074: 1918: 1879: 1823: 1781: 1744: 1726: 1555: 1421:

with races across North America, Europe and East Asia) and the mainly trail- and road-centred

1216: 791: 427:

Recent research into various forms of running has focused on the differences in the potential

258: 109: 105: 66: 1857:"Born To Run – Humans can outrun nearly every other animal on the planet over long distances" 5936: 5885: 5747: 5672: 5579: 5554: 5541: 5478: 5448: 5411: 5406: 5365: 5277: 4782: 4761: 4708: 4668: 4609: 4224: 4134: 4123:"Classifying running-related injuries based upon etiology, with emphasis on volume and pace" 4095: 4044: 4005: 3940: 3897: 3826: 3709: 3452: 3409: 3363: 3291: 3242: 3192: 3146: 3111: 3066: 3019: 2984: 2976: 2909: 2838: 2808: 2762: 2714: 2674: 2634: 2626: 2544: 2501: 2456: 2412: 2362: 2322: 2272: 2194: 2111: 2030: 1815: 1773: 1716: 1708: 1520: 1514:

At the professional level, sprinters begin the race by assuming a crouching position in the

1458: 1422: 1380: 1288: 1280: 805: 711: 669: 624: 370:

and gravity. The footstrike and absorption phases follow, leading to two possible outcomes.

212: 129: 121: 2705:

Bergmann, G. (2000). "Influence of shoes and heel strike on the loading of the hip joint".

1271: 529: 5859: 5793: 5657: 5569: 5269: 5229: 5205: 5043: 4830: 4530: 4387: 4369: 4191: 1515: 1325:). These events normally range from distances of 5 kilometers to longer distances such as 727: 239: 231: 193: 136: 2829:

Kubo, K. (2000). "Elastic properties of muscle-tendon complex in long-distance runners".

4596:

Nilson, Finn; Lundkvist, Erik; Wagnsson, Stefan; Gustafsson, Henrik (19 December 2019).

4506: 3893: 2758: 277:

are shrouded by myth and legend, though the first recorded games took place in 776 BCE.

269:, dates back to 1829 BCE and is one of the earliest records of competitive running. The 162:

took place in 776 BCE. Running has been described as the world's most accessible sport.

5647: 5615: 5531: 5161: 4643: 4139: 4122: 3518: 3296: 3280:"Individual Effects of Stride Length and Frequency on Shock Attenuation during Running" 3279: 2678: 2639: 2614: 1721: 1696: 1695:

Rubenson, Jonas; Heliams, Denham B.; Lloyd, David G.; Fournier, Paul A. (22 May 2004).

1644: 1571: 826: 775: 636: 567: 367: 324: 117: 4163: 4032: 3974: 3456: 2548: 2416: 2366: 1996: 1856: 1317:

Road running takes place on a measured course over an established road (as opposed to

481: 5930: 5864: 5849: 5798: 5607: 5564: 5516: 5506: 5396: 5375: 5339: 5329: 5121: 4775: 4754: 4732: 4638: 4048: 4009: 3811: 3183:

Pink, M. (1994). "Lower Extremity Range of Motion in the Recreational Sport Runner".

3115: 2718: 2276: 2050: 1835: 1632: 1563: 1508: 1500: 1433: 1410: 1406: 1392: 1388: 1350: 1326: 1318: 1266: 1130: 878:

Running is both a competition and a type of training for sports that have running or

867: 787: 715: 616: 247: 4084:"Not just a run in the park: a qualitative exploration of parkrun and mental health" 4071:

https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/mental_health_and_exercise/0

3429: 3383: 3313: 3166: 3039: 2967:

Verdini, F. (2005). "Identification and characterization of heel strike transient".

2929: 2858: 2564: 2521: 2478: 2292: 2131: 2021:

Louis Liebenberg (December 2006). "Persistence Hunting by Modern Hunter-Gatherers".

5823: 5818: 5729: 5709: 5682: 5559: 5549: 5430: 5370: 5321: 5187: 5033: 4747: 4244: 3960: 3917: 3698:"Effects of Running on Chronic Diseases and Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality" 3264: 3212: 2980: 2630: 2382: 1764:

Cavagna, G. A.; Saibene, F. P.; Margaria, R. (1964). "Mechanical Work in Running".

1640: 1480: 1468: 1437: 1402: 1376: 1346: 1312: 1144: 722: 382: 235: 180:

An early 20th Century drawing depicting long-distance runners. It is copied from a

4614: 4597: 4099: 3088: 2782: 4228: 3714: 3697: 3247: 3230: 3150: 3071: 3054: 2505: 2461: 2444: 2313:

Nicola, T. L.; Jewison, D. J. (2012). "The Anatomy and Biomechanics of Running".

1819: 5833: 5739: 5652: 5642: 5634: 5501: 5488: 5401: 5177: 5156: 5141: 5131: 5126: 5089: 5027: 3598:"Pete Pfitzinger – Training Information for Runners – Optimal Marathon Training" 1777: 1609: 1601: 1524: 1364: 1241: 612: 600: 201: 3665: 3601: 3196: 3023: 754: 570:(steps per minute) by the stride length. Running is often measured in terms of 312: 222:

Early humans most likely developed into endurance runners from the practice of

5783: 5724: 5625: 5526: 5380: 5292: 5182: 5146: 4803: 4768: 3478:

Skoff, B. (2004). "Kinematic analysis of Jolanda Ceplak's running technique".

3413: 3367: 2326: 2247: 2042: 1676: 1597: 1579: 1559: 1551: 1547: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1414: 1384: 1284: 920: 699: 665: 243: 216: 4623: 4107: 3497:

Skoff, B (2004). "Kinematic analysis of Jolanda Ceplak's running technique".

5900: 5890: 5757: 5714: 5468: 4968: 4510: 3831: 2029:(6). Current Anthropology & The University of Chicago Press: 1017–1026. 1543: 1539: 1535: 1330: 913: 879: 687: 337: 4236: 4148: 4017: 3952: 3909: 3840: 3723: 3421: 3375: 3340: 3305: 3256: 3158: 3123: 3080: 2996: 2850: 2774: 2648: 2513: 2470: 2424: 2374: 2334: 1827: 1785: 1730: 1712: 4294:

https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galegchita/knee_injuries/0

3464: 3204: 2921: 2842: 2726: 2686: 2556: 2445:"Foot Strike and Injury Rates in Endurance Runners: a retrospective study" 2284: 5895: 5869: 5334: 5297: 5136: 4789: 4056: 3031: 2812: 1636: 1605: 1300: 1202: 1027: 798: 632: 299: 290: 274: 227: 62: 4333:

https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/hhphealth/shin_splints/0

3579: 2766: 5416: 5108: 5053: 5038: 4282:

https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofmens/jogger_s_knee/0

2988: 2913: 2123: 1504: 1356: 887: 266: 155: 143: 125: 101: 3901: 2535:

Smeathers, J.E. (1989). "Transient Vibrations Caused by Heel Strike".

1743:

Biewener, A. A. 2003. Animal Locomotion. Oxford University Press, US.

680: 17: 5520: 5344: 5252: 4810: 4321:

https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofmens/shinsplints/0

1528: 1467:

International-level women athletes competing in 100 m sprint race at

428: 147: 96:

by which humans and other animals move rapidly on foot. Running is a

1499:

which were later altered to metric: the 100 m evolved from the

2115: 2034: 1900:"Running | the Gale Encyclopedia of Fitness - Credo Reference" 817: 721:

In animal models, running has been shown to increase the number of

538:

The runner's posture should be upright and slightly tilted forward.

1462: 937: 861: 816: 753: 731:

has also linked running with improved memory and learning skills.

563: 409: 311: 294: 187: 175: 72: 57: 4309:

https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galefit/running/0

3944: 1915:

What Is Sport: A Controversial Essay About Why Humans Play Sports

1701:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

1333:, and they may involve scores of runners or wheelchair entrants. 5007: 4580: 4564: 4491: 4475: 4456: 4435: 4419: 3545:

Hoffman, K. (1971). "Stature, leg length and stride frequency".

1507:(or 1/8 of a mile), and the 400 m was the successor to the 323:

Running gait can be divided into two phases regarding the lower

97: 31: 27:

Method of terrestrial locomotion allowing rapid movement on foot

5225: 4972: 4664: 2615:"Muscle contributions to propulsion and support during running" 566:

at which the runner moves may be calculated by multiplying the

4642: 4403: 3812:"The Runner's High: Opioidergic Mechanisms in the Human Brain" 1360: 453: 3564:

Rompottie, K. (1972). "A study of stride length in running".

3975:"Memory improved by protein released in response to running" 2581:

Davis, G.J. (1980). "Mechanisms of Selected Knee Injuries".

3010:

Walter, N.E. (1977). "Stress fractures in young athletes".

493: 112:

fashion. A feature of a running body from the viewpoint of

4660: 1963:

Soviet Sport: The Success Story. p. 49, V. Gerlitsyn, 1987

927:

Speed over increasing distance based on world record times

485: 5221: 4467: 4465: 3735: 3733: 2740: 2738: 2736: 135:

Running in humans is associated with improved health and

3224: 3222: 3055:"Effects of Footwear and Strike Type of Running Economy" 2794: 2792: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2263:

Anderson, T (1996). "Biomechanics and Running Economy".

933:

Category:Athletics (track and field) record progressions

489: 3741:"How Many Calories Does Running Burn? | Competitor.com" 2353:

Novacheck, T.F. (1998). "The biomechanics of running".

2348: 2346: 2344: 1974:"The Evolution of Human Running: Training & Racing" 477: 158:

between 632 BCE and 1171 BCE, while the first recorded

2608: 2606: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2598: 2596: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2258: 2256: 627:

such as running might bring benefits related to lower

2576: 2574: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2398: 2396: 2394: 2392: 265:, an Irish sporting festival in honor of the goddess 3625:"Phys Ed: Why Doesn't Exercise Lead to Weight Loss?" 3395: 3393: 3178: 3176: 2895: 2893: 2824: 2822: 2660: 2658: 2583:

Journal of the American Physical Therapy Association

230:" (Sears 2001), and that human features such as the 5878: 5842: 5811: 5776: 5738: 5700: 5633: 5624: 5606: 5578: 5540: 5487: 5429: 5389: 5353: 5320: 5268: 5259: 5170: 5107: 5062: 5016: 5006: 4881: 4822: 4698: 3646:"Exercise Could Slow Aging of Body, Study Suggests" 1527:builds up, and leg muscles begin to be deprived of 3517: 1405:(a tradition associated with Northern Europe) and 578:of minutes per mile or minutes per kilometer (the 254:provided further evidence for the Carrier theory. 4533:. The Science of Sport. Retrieved 26 March 2010. 4303: 4301: 4127:International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 2939: 1613:commonplace in continental Europe in the 1900s. 1413:distances), the running/climbing combination of 635:) might have an opposite effect associated with 3329:Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness 3284:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 3059:Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 2110:(4). The University of Chicago Press: 483–495. 1627:Examples of longer-distance running events are 1275:A man running with a baton during a relay race. 283: 2877:"How to Run: Running with proper biomechanics" 281:can be traced back to these games of 776 BCE. 5237: 4984: 4676: 4363:"Long Distance Running – State of the Sport." 3104:Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 631:and life extension, an excessive dose (e.g., 8: 4653:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3524:(1st ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. 2159:Alan Walker; Richard Leakey (16 July 1996). 2144:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 1566:set a world best in 1983, Olympic champions 1495:. These events have their roots in races of 1367:, makes up the umbrella sport of athletics. 649:Neurobiological effects of physical exercise 4898:World Athletics Cross Country Championships 2449:Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 942:Maximum human speed and pace per distance 5630: 5265: 5244: 5230: 5222: 5013: 4991: 4977: 4969: 4683: 4669: 4661: 4082:Morris, Paul; Scott, Helen (3 July 2019). 2870: 2868: 825:Another common, running-related injury is 4613: 4138: 3830: 3713: 3295: 3246: 3070: 2638: 2460: 1720: 1503:, the 200 m distances came from the 108:vaults over the stance leg or legs in an 4345:"Health Benefits of Jogging and Running" 4192:"Wiggling Their Toes at the Shoe Giants" 3767:"4 Ways Running is Best for Weight Loss" 3666:"Health - Exercise 'can reverse ageing'" 2196:Historical Dictionary of Track and Field 2067:Edward Seldon Sears (22 December 2008). 2062: 2060: 1270: 945: 821:Chafing of skin following a marathon run 172:History of physical training and fitness 4513:(17 May 2009). Retrieved 26 March 2010. 4502: 4500: 4448: 4446: 4444: 3012:The American Journal of Sports Medicine 2956:. Champaign, I.L: Human Kinetics Books. 1687: 1558:competitions in the United States. The 623:Although an optimal amount of vigorous 545:Upright posture and slight forward lean 471:instructions, advice, or how-to content 5201:Animal locomotion on the water surface 3882:Environmental Science & Technology 3356:European Journal of Applied Physiology 2831:European Journal of Applied Physiology 2137: 4398:Instone, Stephen (15 November 2009). 4164:"Health Journal: Is barefoot better?" 4033:"Running as treatment for depression" 3623:Gretchen Reynolds (4 November 2009). 2162:The Nariokotome Homo Erectus Skeleton 1845:from the original on 10 October 2021. 336:respectively. During this time, the 206:Naples National Archaeological Museum 7: 4922:World Mountain Running Championships 4524:Who is the fastest man in the world? 4259:"How to Prevent & Treat Chafing" 441:Stride length, hip and knee function 4699: 4400:The Olympics: Ancient versus Modern 3185:American Journal of Sports Medicine 1662:List of people killed while running 1419:International Skyrunning Federation 782:. Change in running pace may cause 480:so that it is more encyclopedic or 4507:Superb Bolt storms to 150m record 4217:British Journal of Sports Medicine 3297:10.1249/01.mss.0000048837.81430.e7 2679:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1995.tb09943.x 2315:Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine 1808:British Journal of Sports Medicine 1582:improved Mennea's record in 2009. 1427:World Mountain Running Association 716:Ecopsychology § Practical benefits 215:, an early ancestor of humans, to 184:from Ancient Greece, circa 333 BCE 25: 2549:10.1243/PIME_PROC_1989_203_036_01 2246:Plato (translated by B.Jowett) - 5691: 5311: 4952: 4010:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.02.020 3789:"How Fast Should Beginners Run?" 3600:. Pfitzinger.com. Archived from 3116:10.1519/00124278-200708000-00040 2954:Biomechanics of Distance Running 2277:10.2165/00007256-199622020-00003 1554:which are used in some high and 679: 657: 528: 517: 458: 389:contraction from a heel strike. 2801:Journal of Applied Biomechanics 2165:. Springer, 1993. p. 414. 1578:over the distance in 1997, and 4930:Skyrunning World Championships 4906:IAU 100 km World Championships 4361:USA Track & Field (2003). 4162:Parker-Pope, T (6 June 2006). 3743:. 2 March 2015. Archived from 2981:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2005.07.008 2902:European Journal of Physiology 2667:Acta Physiologica Scandinavica 2631:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.06.025 1874:Heinrich, Bernd (7 May 2009). 1479:featured only one event – the 1: 4959:Sport of athletics portal 4914:IAU Trail World Championships 4890:World Athletics Championships 4615:10.1080/17430437.2019.1703687 4522:Tucker, Ross (26 June 2008). 4190:Cortese, A (29 August 2009). 4100:10.1080/18387357.2018.1509011 3644:Rob Stein (29 January 2008). 3566:International Track and Field 3457:10.1016/s0021-9290(96)80003-0 3235:Journal of Applied Physiology 2875:Magness, S. (4 August 2010). 2417:10.1016/s0966-6362(99)00025-9 2367:10.1016/s0966-6362(97)00038-6 1876:Why we run: A natural history 1766:Journal of Applied Physiology 1429:and based mainly in Europe). 852:medial tibial stress syndrome 846:Medial tibial stress syndrome 780:medial tibial stress syndrome 85:Video of human running action 4938:World Snowshoe Championships 4727:(over 3000 m up to marathon) 4229:10.1136/bjsports-2013-092202 4049:10.1016/0010-440X(79)90058-0 3998:Journal of Adolescent Health 3857:. Free Diets. Archived from 3855:"Health benefits of running" 3715:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.08.001 3248:10.1152/jappl.2000.89.5.1991 3151:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347 3072:10.1249/mss.0b013e318247989e 2719:10.1016/0021-9290(94)00129-r 2506:10.1080/02640414.2011.610347 2462:10.1249/mss.0b013e3182465115 1820:10.1136/bjsports-2018-100493 1814:(15): bjsports–2018–100493. 764:patellofemoral pain syndrome 664:A U.S. Army soldier wearing 5789:Radio-controlled car racing 5117:Comparative foot morphology 2226:. Oxford University Press. 1778:10.1152/jappl.1964.19.2.249 5963: 5444:Mountain bike orienteering 4494:. Retrieved 26 March 2010. 4478:. Retrieved 26 March 2010. 4459:. Retrieved 26 March 2010. 4438:. Retrieved 26 March 2010. 4422:. Retrieved 26 March 2010. 4406:. Retrieved 23 March 2010. 3197:10.1177/036354659402200418 3139:Journal of Sports Sciences 3024:10.1177/036354657700500405 2494:Journal of Sports Sciences 1943:Health and Fitness History 1620: 1589: 1456: 1374: 1340: 1310: 1264: 742: 646: 169: 36: 29: 5911: 5768:Offshore powerboat racing 5720:Motorcycle chariot racing 5689: 5309: 5196: 5000:Animal locomotion on land 4948: 4583:. Retrieved 5 April 2010. 4567:. Retrieved 5 April 2010. 4551:. Retrieved 5 April 2010. 4088:Advances in Mental Health 3580:"Revel Sports Pace Chart" 3414:10.1080/14763140802632382 3368:10.1007/s00421-002-0646-9 2327:10.1016/j.csm.2011.10.001 1657:Level and incline running 1629:long-distance track races 1279:Track running events are 903:running boom of the 1970s 866:Competitors in the men's 279:Running in Ancient Greece 5763:Inshore powerboat racing 4037:Comprehensive Psychiatry 3499:New Studies in Athletics 3480:New Studies in Athletics 2193:Matthews, Peter (2012). 2070:Running Through the Ages 1995:Ingfei Chen (May 2006). 837:Iliotibial band syndrome 768:iliotibial band syndrome 745:Running-related injuries 406:Upper extremity function 217:walk upright on two legs 51:Running (disambiguation) 47:Runners (disambiguation) 30:Not to be confused with 5916:List of forms of racing 5283:Middle-distance running 4717:Middle-distance running 4650:Encyclopædia Britannica 4548:Encyclopædia Britannica 4543:Middle-distance running 4169:The Wall Street Journal 3702:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 3516:Michael Yessis (2000). 3445:Journal of Biomechanics 2952:Cavanagh, P.R. (1990). 2707:Journal of Biomechanics 2619:Journal of Biomechanics 1592:Middle-distance running 850:A more known injury is 271:origins of the Olympics 194:Roman bronze sculptures 43:Runner (disambiguation) 5947:Terrestrial locomotion 5758:Jet sprint boat racing 5080:Rectilinear locomotion 4472:100 m – For the Expert 3992:Kalak, Nadeem (2012). 2220:Spivey, Nigel (2006). 1713:10.1098/rspb.2004.2702 1562:, is rarely competed: 1511:or quarter-mile race. 1472: 1276: 943: 875: 822: 759: 629:cardiovascular disease 415: 320: 305: 208: 185: 94:terrestrial locomotion 86: 70: 5361:Cross country running 5288:Long-distance running 5075:Undulatory locomotion 4741:Cross country running 4725:Long-distance running 4577:1500 m – Introduction 4368:11 March 2008 at the 4121:Nielsen, R.O (2013). 4031:Greist, John (1979). 3832:10.1093/cercor/bhn013 3278:Mercer, J.A. (2003). 3229:Weyand, P.G. (2010). 2843:10.1007/s004210050028 2613:Hammer, S.R. (2010). 1623:Long-distance running 1497:imperial measurements 1477:Ancient Olympic Games 1466: 1442:Empire State Building 1343:Cross country running 1323:cross country running 1274: 941: 899:ancient Olympic Games 865: 820: 772:patellar tendinopathy 757: 743:Further information: 723:newly created neurons 686:A woman running in a 668:runs to maintain his 647:Further information: 554:Stride rate and types 413: 315: 191: 179: 114:spring-mass mechanics 84: 61: 5855:Cross-country skiing 5829:Slalom skateboarding 5512:Mountain bike racing 4561:800 m – Introduction 4488:200 m For the Expert 4416:100 m – Introduction 2813:10.1123/jab.16.2.210 2443:Daoud, A.I. (2012). 2223:The Ancient Olympics 2104:Current Anthropology 2023:Current Anthropology 1939:"History of Running" 872:2012 Summer Olympics 809:increased injuries. 562:During running, the 414:Video of man running 252:Nariokotome skeleton 196:of runners from the 39:Run (disambiguation) 37:For other uses, see 5663:Pickup truck racing 5598:Paralympic swimming 5588:Open water swimming 5497:Road bicycle racing 5070:Concertina movement 5024:Arboreal locomotion 4882:World championships 4529:23 May 2012 at the 4386:14 May 2014 at the 3894:2010EnST...44.3947B 3651:The Washington Post 3586:. 25 November 2021. 3402:Sports Biomechanics 2767:10.1038/nature08723 2759:2010Natur.463..531L 2199:. Scarecrow Press. 2073:. McFarland, 2001. 1913:Alpha, Rob (2015). 1707:(1543): 1091–1099. 784:Achilles Tendinitis 478:rewrite the content 224:persistence hunting 198:Villa of the Papyri 182:Panathenaic amphora 116:is that changes in 5879:Multi-sport racing 5678:Touring car racing 5464:Canoe orienteering 5459:Radio orienteering 5454:Trail orienteering 4940:(snowshoe running) 4924:(mountain running) 4873:(snowshoe running) 4857:(mountain running) 4453:400 m Introduction 4432:200 m Introduction 4197:The New York Times 3979:Medical News Today 3630:The New York Times 3604:on 7 February 2016 3053:Perl, D.P (2012). 2969:Gait & Posture 2914:10.1007/bf00584651 2405:Gait & Posture 2355:Gait & Posture 1976:. runtheplanet.com 1945:. 23 November 2018 1878:. Harper Collins. 1863:. 2006. p. 3. 1672:Running energetics 1667:Outline of running 1473: 1417:(organised by the 1277: 944: 892:sport of athletics 876: 823: 760: 620:aerobic activity. 416: 321: 317:Eadweard Muybridge 209: 186: 87: 71: 5924: 5923: 5807: 5806: 5753:Hydroplane racing 5702:Motorcycle racing 5668:Sports car racing 5593:Marathon swimming 5474:Mountain marathon 5439:Foot orienteering 5425: 5424: 5219: 5218: 5103: 5102: 4966: 4965: 3902:10.1021/es903183r 3888:(10): 3947–3955. 3825:(11): 2523–2531. 3708:(11): 1541–1552. 3531:978-0-8092-9899-0 3520:Explosive Running 3451:(12): 1523–1529. 3145:(15): 1665–1673. 2753:(7280): 531–535. 2625:(14): 2709–2716. 2500:(15): 1665–1673. 2233:978-0-19-280604-8 2206:978-0-8108-6781-9 1861:Discover Magazine 1749:978-0-19-850022-3 1425:(governed by the 1253: 1252: 792:plantar fasciitis 511: 510: 423:Footstrike debate 259:East African Rift 150:date back to the 110:inverted pendulum 106:center of gravity 82: 67:Carlsbad Marathon 16:(Redirected from 5954: 5886:Adventure racing 5748:Drag boat racing 5740:Motorboat racing 5695: 5673:Stock car racing 5631: 5555:Greyhound racing 5479:Car orienteering 5449:Ski orienteering 5412:Snowshoe running 5407:Backward running 5366:Mountain running 5354:Off-road running 5315: 5266: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5223: 5014: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4970: 4957: 4956: 4955: 4941: 4933: 4925: 4917: 4909: 4901: 4893: 4874: 4866: 4858: 4850: 4842: 4834: 4813: 4806: 4799: 4792: 4785: 4783:Snowshoe running 4778: 4771: 4764: 4762:Mountain running 4757: 4750: 4743: 4736: 4728: 4720: 4712: 4685: 4678: 4671: 4662: 4654: 4646: 4627: 4617: 4602:Sport in Society 4584: 4574: 4568: 4558: 4552: 4540: 4534: 4520: 4514: 4504: 4495: 4485: 4479: 4469: 4460: 4450: 4439: 4429: 4423: 4413: 4407: 4396: 4390: 4378: 4372: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4341: 4335: 4329: 4323: 4317: 4311: 4305: 4296: 4290: 4284: 4277: 4271: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4255: 4249: 4248: 4208: 4202: 4201: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4159: 4153: 4152: 4142: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4079: 4073: 4067: 4061: 4060: 4028: 4022: 4021: 3989: 3983: 3982: 3971: 3965: 3964: 3928: 3922: 3921: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3851: 3845: 3844: 3834: 3816: 3807: 3801: 3800: 3798: 3796: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3737: 3728: 3727: 3717: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3673: 3662: 3656: 3655: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3620: 3614: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3594: 3588: 3587: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3523: 3513: 3507: 3506: 3494: 3488: 3487: 3475: 3469: 3468: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3397: 3388: 3387: 3362:(4–5): 403–408. 3351: 3345: 3344: 3324: 3318: 3317: 3299: 3275: 3269: 3268: 3250: 3241:(5): 1991–1999. 3226: 3217: 3216: 3180: 3171: 3170: 3134: 3128: 3127: 3099: 3093: 3092: 3074: 3065:(7): 1335–1343. 3050: 3044: 3043: 3007: 3001: 3000: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2949: 2934: 2933: 2897: 2888: 2887: 2885: 2883: 2872: 2863: 2862: 2826: 2817: 2816: 2796: 2787: 2786: 2742: 2731: 2730: 2702: 2691: 2690: 2662: 2653: 2652: 2642: 2610: 2591: 2590: 2578: 2569: 2568: 2532: 2526: 2525: 2489: 2483: 2482: 2464: 2455:(7): 1325–1334. 2440: 2429: 2428: 2400: 2387: 2386: 2350: 2339: 2338: 2310: 2297: 2296: 2260: 2251: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2190: 2184: 2183: 2181: 2179: 2156: 2150: 2149: 2143: 2135: 2098: 2092: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2064: 2055: 2054: 2018: 2012: 2011: 2009: 2007: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1970: 1964: 1961: 1955: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1910: 1904: 1903: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1871: 1865: 1864: 1853: 1847: 1846: 1844: 1805: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1761: 1755: 1753:books.google.com 1741: 1735: 1734: 1724: 1692: 1521:Human physiology 1459:Sprint (running) 1423:mountain running 1381:Mountain running 949:Distance metres 946: 868:10,000-metre run 806:Barefoot running 683: 661: 625:aerobic exercise 532: 521: 506: 503: 497: 462: 461: 454: 354:Propulsion phase 303: 275:Marathon running 240:Achilles tendons 213:Australopithecus 122:potential energy 83: 21: 5962: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5955: 5953: 5952: 5951: 5942:Endurance games 5927: 5926: 5925: 5920: 5907: 5874: 5860:Snowboard cross 5838: 5803: 5794:Slot car racing 5772: 5734: 5696: 5687: 5658:Off-road racing 5620: 5602: 5574: 5570:Sled dog racing 5536: 5483: 5421: 5385: 5349: 5316: 5307: 5255: 5250: 5220: 5215: 5206:Fish locomotion 5192: 5166: 5099: 5058: 5044:Knuckle-walking 5002: 4997: 4967: 4962: 4953: 4951: 4944: 4936: 4928: 4920: 4916:(trail running) 4912: 4908:(ultra running) 4904: 4900:(cross country) 4896: 4888: 4877: 4869: 4861: 4853: 4849:(trail running) 4845: 4841:(ultra running) 4837: 4831:World Athletics 4829: 4818: 4809: 4802: 4795: 4788: 4781: 4774: 4767: 4760: 4753: 4746: 4739: 4735:(over marathon) 4731: 4723: 4715: 4707: 4694: 4689: 4658: 4644:"Running" 4637: 4634: 4595: 4592: 4590:Further reading 4587: 4575: 4571: 4559: 4555: 4541: 4537: 4531:Wayback Machine 4521: 4517: 4505: 4498: 4486: 4482: 4470: 4463: 4451: 4442: 4430: 4426: 4414: 4410: 4397: 4393: 4388:Wayback Machine 4379: 4375: 4370:Wayback Machine 4360: 4356: 4351:. 14 July 2020. 4343: 4342: 4338: 4330: 4326: 4318: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4278: 4274: 4264: 4262: 4257: 4256: 4252: 4210: 4209: 4205: 4189: 4188: 4184: 4174: 4172: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4120: 4119: 4115: 4081: 4080: 4076: 4068: 4064: 4030: 4029: 4025: 3991: 3990: 3986: 3981:. 24 June 2016. 3973: 3972: 3968: 3930: 3929: 3925: 3879: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3861:on 27 July 2009 3853: 3852: 3848: 3819:Cerebral Cortex 3814: 3809: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3792: 3791:. February 2013 3787: 3786: 3782: 3772: 3770: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3750: 3748: 3747:on 22 July 2016 3739: 3738: 3731: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3664: 3663: 3659: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3622: 3621: 3617: 3607: 3605: 3596: 3595: 3591: 3584:revelsports.com 3578: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3562: 3558: 3547:Track Technique 3544: 3543: 3539: 3532: 3515: 3514: 3510: 3496: 3495: 3491: 3477: 3476: 3472: 3442: 3441: 3437: 3399: 3398: 3391: 3353: 3352: 3348: 3326: 3325: 3321: 3277: 3276: 3272: 3228: 3227: 3220: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3009: 3008: 3004: 2966: 2965: 2961: 2951: 2950: 2937: 2899: 2898: 2891: 2881: 2879: 2874: 2873: 2866: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2798: 2797: 2790: 2744: 2743: 2734: 2704: 2703: 2694: 2664: 2663: 2656: 2612: 2611: 2594: 2580: 2579: 2572: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2491: 2490: 2486: 2442: 2441: 2432: 2402: 2401: 2390: 2352: 2351: 2342: 2312: 2311: 2300: 2265:Sports Medicine 2262: 2261: 2254: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2207: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2158: 2157: 2153: 2136: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2020: 2019: 2015: 2005: 2003: 1994: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1972: 1971: 1967: 1962: 1958: 1948: 1946: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1886: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1855: 1854: 1850: 1842: 1803: 1798: 1797: 1793: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1742: 1738: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1653: 1625: 1619: 1608:, although the 1594: 1588: 1586:Middle distance 1568:Michael Johnson 1516:starting blocks 1461: 1455: 1450: 1395: 1375:Main articles: 1353: 1341:Main articles: 1315: 1269: 1258: 929: 911: 909:Limits of speed 860: 848: 839: 815: 752: 747: 741: 728:Cell Metabolism 708: 695: 694: 693: 692: 691: 684: 675: 674: 673: 662: 651: 645: 597: 592: 590:Health benefits 574:, expressed in 556: 547: 542: 541: 540: 539: 535: 534: 533: 524: 523: 522: 507: 501: 498: 475: 463: 459: 452: 443: 425: 408: 399: 356: 347: 333: 310: 304: 289: 263:Tailteann Games 261:in Africa. The 232:nuchal ligament 174: 168: 152:Tailteann Games 137:life expectancy 92:is a method of 73: 54: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5960: 5958: 5950: 5949: 5944: 5939: 5929: 5928: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5912: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5903: 5898: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5876: 5875: 5873: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5846: 5844: 5840: 5839: 5837: 5836: 5831: 5826: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5805: 5804: 5802: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5780: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5771: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5744: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5733: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5697: 5690: 5688: 5686: 5685: 5680: 5675: 5670: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5650: 5648:Formula racing 5645: 5639: 5637: 5628: 5622: 5621: 5619: 5618: 5616:Speed climbing 5612: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5584: 5582: 5576: 5575: 5573: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5546: 5544: 5538: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5532:Cycle speedway 5529: 5524: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5493: 5491: 5489:Bicycle racing 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5476: 5471: 5466: 5461: 5456: 5451: 5446: 5441: 5435: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5409: 5404: 5399: 5393: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5384: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5355: 5351: 5350: 5348: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5318: 5317: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5280: 5274: 5272: 5263: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5249: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5214: 5213: 5211:Volant animals 5208: 5203: 5197: 5194: 5193: 5191: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5113: 5111: 5105: 5104: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5097: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5072: 5066: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5057: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5020: 5018: 5011: 5004: 5003: 4998: 4996: 4995: 4988: 4981: 4973: 4964: 4963: 4949: 4946: 4945: 4943: 4942: 4934: 4926: 4918: 4910: 4902: 4894: 4885: 4883: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4875: 4867: 4859: 4851: 4843: 4835: 4826: 4824: 4820: 4819: 4817: 4816: 4815: 4814: 4800: 4793: 4786: 4779: 4772: 4765: 4758: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4721: 4719:(up to 3000 m) 4713: 4704: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4688: 4687: 4680: 4673: 4665: 4656: 4655: 4641:, ed. (1911). 4639:Chisholm, Hugh 4633: 4632:External links 4630: 4629: 4628: 4608:(4): 659–669. 4591: 4588: 4586: 4585: 4569: 4553: 4535: 4515: 4496: 4480: 4461: 4440: 4424: 4408: 4391: 4373: 4354: 4336: 4324: 4312: 4297: 4285: 4272: 4250: 4223:(6): 440–447. 4203: 4182: 4154: 4133:(2): 172–179. 4113: 4094:(2): 110–123. 4074: 4062: 4023: 4004:(6): 615–622. 3984: 3966: 3939:(3): 266–270. 3923: 3872: 3846: 3802: 3780: 3769:. 18 July 2016 3758: 3729: 3688: 3675: 3657: 3636: 3615: 3589: 3571: 3556: 3537: 3530: 3508: 3489: 3470: 3435: 3389: 3346: 3335:(3): 319–326. 3319: 3290:(2): 307–313. 3270: 3218: 3191:(4): 541–549. 3172: 3129: 3110:(3): 888–893. 3094: 3045: 3018:(4): 165–170. 3002: 2959: 2935: 2908:(3): 281–286. 2889: 2864: 2837:(3): 181–187. 2818: 2807:(2): 210–218. 2788: 2732: 2713:(7): 817–827. 2692: 2654: 2592: 2570: 2543:(4): 181–186. 2527: 2484: 2430: 2388: 2340: 2321:(2): 187–201. 2298: 2252: 2239: 2232: 2212: 2205: 2185: 2171: 2151: 2116:10.1086/203165 2093: 2079: 2056: 2043:10.1086/508695 2035:10.1086/508695 2013: 1987: 1965: 1956: 1930: 1923: 1905: 1891: 1885:978-0060958701 1884: 1866: 1848: 1791: 1772:(2): 249–256. 1756: 1736: 1686: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1649: 1645:multiday races 1641:ultramarathons 1633:half marathons 1621:Main article: 1618: 1615: 1590:Main article: 1587: 1584: 1572:Donovan Bailey 1457:Main article: 1454: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1373: 1372: 1339: 1338: 1327:half marathons 1311:Main article: 1309: 1308: 1265:Main article: 1263: 1262: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1247: 1244: 1237: 1236: 1233: 1230: 1226: 1225: 1222: 1219: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1205: 1198: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1186: 1183: 1180: 1176: 1175: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1154: 1153: 1150: 1147: 1140: 1139: 1136: 1133: 1126: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1108: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1097: 1093: 1092: 1089: 1086: 1082: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1071: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1059: 1056: 1053: 1049: 1048: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1023: 1022: 1019: 1016: 1012: 1011: 1008: 1005: 1001: 1000: 997: 994: 990: 989: 986: 983: 979: 978: 975: 972: 968: 967: 964: 961: 957: 956: 953: 950: 928: 925: 910: 907: 859: 856: 847: 844: 838: 835: 814: 811: 790:injuries, and 776:plica syndrome 751: 748: 740: 737: 707: 704: 685: 678: 677: 676: 663: 656: 655: 654: 653: 652: 644: 641: 637:cardiotoxicity 605:cardiovascular 596: 595:Cardiovascular 593: 591: 588: 555: 552: 546: 543: 537: 536: 527: 526: 525: 516: 515: 514: 513: 512: 509: 508: 466: 464: 457: 451: 450:Good technique 448: 442: 439: 424: 421: 407: 404: 398: 395: 368:stretch reflex 355: 352: 346: 343: 332: 329: 319:photo sequence 309: 306: 287: 167: 164: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5959: 5948: 5945: 5943: 5940: 5938: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5910: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5883: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5865:Speed skating 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5850:Alpine skiing 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843:Winter racing 5841: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5799:Street racing 5797: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5779: 5775: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5745: 5743: 5741: 5737: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5699: 5694: 5684: 5681: 5679: 5676: 5674: 5671: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5661: 5659: 5656: 5654: 5651: 5649: 5646: 5644: 5641: 5640: 5638: 5636: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5623: 5617: 5614: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5577: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5565:Pigeon racing 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5542:Animal racing 5539: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5517:Track cycling 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5507:Gravel racing 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5480: 5477: 5475: 5472: 5470: 5467: 5465: 5462: 5460: 5457: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5434: 5432: 5428: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5400: 5398: 5397:Tower running 5395: 5394: 5392: 5388: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5376:Trail running 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5340:Ultramarathon 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5330:Half marathon 5328: 5327: 5325: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5270:Track running 5267: 5264: 5262: 5258: 5254: 5247: 5242: 5240: 5235: 5233: 5228: 5227: 5224: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5195: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5152: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5122:Arthropod leg 5120: 5118: 5115: 5114: 5112: 5110: 5106: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5071: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5029: 5025: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4994: 4989: 4987: 4982: 4980: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4961: 4960: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4821: 4812: 4808: 4807: 4805: 4801: 4798: 4794: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4776:Tower running 4773: 4770: 4766: 4763: 4759: 4756: 4755:Trail running 4752: 4749: 4745: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4733:Ultra running 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4711:(up to 400 m) 4710: 4706: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4686: 4681: 4679: 4674: 4672: 4667: 4666: 4663: 4659: 4652: 4651: 4645: 4640: 4636: 4635: 4631: 4625: 4621: 4616: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4573: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4554: 4550: 4549: 4544: 4539: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4525: 4519: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4468: 4466: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4428: 4425: 4421: 4417: 4412: 4409: 4405: 4401: 4395: 4392: 4389: 4385: 4382: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4367: 4364: 4358: 4355: 4350: 4346: 4340: 4337: 4334: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4304: 4302: 4298: 4295: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4276: 4273: 4261:. 27 May 2015 4260: 4254: 4251: 4246: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4207: 4204: 4199: 4198: 4193: 4186: 4183: 4171: 4170: 4165: 4158: 4155: 4150: 4146: 4141: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4114: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4027: 4024: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3995: 3988: 3985: 3980: 3976: 3970: 3967: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3933:Nat. Neurosci 3927: 3924: 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3899: 3895: 3891: 3887: 3883: 3876: 3873: 3860: 3856: 3850: 3847: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3813: 3806: 3803: 3790: 3784: 3781: 3768: 3762: 3759: 3746: 3742: 3736: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3679: 3676: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3653: 3652: 3647: 3640: 3637: 3632: 3631: 3626: 3619: 3616: 3603: 3599: 3593: 3590: 3585: 3581: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3560: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3541: 3538: 3533: 3527: 3522: 3521: 3512: 3509: 3504: 3500: 3493: 3490: 3485: 3481: 3474: 3471: 3466: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3439: 3436: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3396: 3394: 3390: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3350: 3347: 3342: 3338: 3334: 3330: 3323: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3303: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3281: 3274: 3271: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3249: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3214: 3210: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3179: 3177: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3140: 3133: 3130: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3098: 3095: 3090: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3013: 3006: 3003: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2963: 2960: 2955: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2940: 2936: 2931: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2896: 2894: 2890: 2878: 2871: 2869: 2865: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2795: 2793: 2789: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2733: 2728: 2724: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2708: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2607: 2605: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2588: 2584: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2485: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2437: 2435: 2431: 2426: 2422: 2418: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2399: 2397: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2336: 2332: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2240: 2235: 2229: 2225: 2224: 2216: 2213: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2197: 2189: 2186: 2174: 2172:9783540563013 2168: 2164: 2163: 2155: 2152: 2147: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2097: 2094: 2082: 2080:9780786450770 2076: 2072: 2071: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2017: 2014: 2002: 1998: 1997:"Born To Run" 1991: 1988: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1957: 1944: 1940: 1934: 1931: 1926: 1924:9781483555232 1920: 1916: 1909: 1906: 1901: 1895: 1892: 1887: 1881: 1877: 1870: 1867: 1862: 1858: 1852: 1849: 1841: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1813: 1809: 1802: 1795: 1792: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1723: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1691: 1688: 1682: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1624: 1617:Long distance 1616: 1614: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1585: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1564:Pietro Mennea 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1509:440-yard dash 1506: 1502: 1501:100-yard dash 1498: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1434:tower running 1430: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1411:ultramarathon 1408: 1407:trail running 1404: 1399: 1394: 1393:Tower running 1390: 1389:Trail running 1386: 1382: 1378: 1370: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1352: 1351:Trail running 1348: 1344: 1337:Cross-country 1336: 1335: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1314: 1306: 1305: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1297:long-distance 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1273: 1268: 1267:Track running 1260: 1259: 1255: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1231: 1228: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1214: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1204: 1200: 1199: 1195: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1179:30,000 track 1178: 1177: 1173: 1170: 1167: 1166: 1162: 1159: 1157:25,000 track 1156: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1141: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1131:Half marathon 1128: 1127: 1123: 1120: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1109: 1107:20,000 track 1106: 1105: 1101: 1098: 1095: 1094: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1083: 1079: 1076: 1074:10,000 track 1073: 1072: 1068: 1065: 1062: 1061: 1057: 1054: 1051: 1050: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1017: 1014: 1013: 1009: 1006: 1003: 1002: 998: 995: 992: 991: 987: 984: 981: 980: 976: 973: 970: 969: 965: 962: 959: 958: 954: 951: 948: 947: 940: 936: 934: 926: 924: 922: 917: 915: 908: 906: 904: 900: 895: 893: 889: 885: 881: 873: 869: 864: 857: 855: 853: 845: 843: 836: 834: 832: 828: 819: 812: 810: 807: 803: 800: 795: 793: 789: 788:gastrocnemius 785: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 756: 749: 746: 738: 736: 732: 730: 729: 724: 719: 717: 713: 712:runner's high 705: 703: 701: 689: 682: 671: 667: 660: 650: 642: 640: 638: 634: 630: 626: 621: 618: 617:immune system 614: 610: 606: 602: 594: 589: 587: 583: 581: 577: 573: 569: 565: 560: 553: 551: 544: 531: 520: 505: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 473: 472: 467:This article 465: 456: 455: 449: 447: 440: 438: 435: 434:triceps surae 430: 422: 420: 412: 405: 403: 396: 394: 390: 386: 384: 379: 375: 371: 369: 364: 360: 353: 351: 344: 342: 339: 330: 328: 326: 318: 314: 307: 302: 301: 296: 292: 286: 282: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 255: 253: 249: 248:glutei maximi 246:and muscular 245: 241: 237: 233: 229: 225: 220: 218: 214: 207: 204:, now in the 203: 199: 195: 190: 183: 178: 173: 165: 163: 161: 160:Olympic Games 157: 153: 149: 145: 140: 138: 133: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 91: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 33: 19: 5824:Sandboarding 5819:Longboarding 5812:Board racing 5730:Track racing 5710:Beach racing 5683:Truck racing 5626:Motor racing 5560:Horse racing 5550:Camel racing 5431:Orienteering 5371:Fell running 5322:Road running 5303:Steeplechase 5260: 5048: 5034:Hand-walking 4950: 4932:(skyrunning) 4865:(skyrunning) 4797:Steeplechase 4748:Fell running 4691: 4657: 4648: 4605: 4601: 4572: 4556: 4546: 4538: 4518: 4483: 4427: 4411: 4394: 4376: 4357: 4349:MotleyHealth 4348: 4339: 4327: 4315: 4288: 4275: 4263:. Retrieved 4253: 4220: 4216: 4206: 4195: 4185: 4173:. Retrieved 4167: 4157: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4065: 4043:(1): 41–54. 4040: 4036: 4026: 4001: 3997: 3987: 3978: 3969: 3945:10.1038/6368 3936: 3932: 3926: 3885: 3881: 3875: 3863:. Retrieved 3859:the original 3849: 3822: 3818: 3805: 3793:. Retrieved 3783: 3771:. Retrieved 3761: 3749:. Retrieved 3745:the original 3705: 3701: 3691: 3678: 3669: 3660: 3649: 3639: 3628: 3618: 3606:. Retrieved 3602:the original 3592: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3559: 3553:: 1463–1469. 3550: 3546: 3540: 3519: 3511: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3448: 3444: 3438: 3405: 3401: 3359: 3355: 3349: 3332: 3328: 3322: 3287: 3283: 3273: 3238: 3234: 3188: 3184: 3142: 3138: 3132: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3062: 3058: 3048: 3015: 3011: 3005: 2975:(1): 77–84. 2972: 2968: 2962: 2953: 2905: 2901: 2880:. Retrieved 2834: 2830: 2804: 2800: 2750: 2746: 2710: 2706: 2673:(1): 17–22. 2670: 2666: 2622: 2618: 2589:: 1590–1595. 2586: 2582: 2540: 2536: 2530: 2497: 2493: 2487: 2452: 2448: 2411:(1): 30–47. 2408: 2404: 2361:(1): 77–95. 2358: 2354: 2318: 2314: 2271:(2): 76–89. 2268: 2264: 2242: 2222: 2215: 2195: 2188: 2176:. Retrieved 2161: 2154: 2140:cite journal 2107: 2103: 2096: 2084:. Retrieved 2069: 2026: 2022: 2016: 2004:. Retrieved 2000: 1990: 1978:. Retrieved 1968: 1959: 1947:. Retrieved 1942: 1933: 1917:. BookBaby. 1914: 1908: 1894: 1875: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1811: 1807: 1794: 1769: 1765: 1759: 1739: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1626: 1595: 1576:head-to-head 1533: 1513: 1481:stadion race 1474: 1469:ISTAF Berlin 1438:Eiffel Tower 1431: 1403:fell running 1400: 1396: 1377:Fell running 1354: 1347:Fell running 1316: 1313:Road running 1278: 1190:30,000 road 1168:25,000 road 1145:One hour run 1118:20,000 road 1096:15,000 road 1085:10,000 road 930: 918: 912: 896: 884:steeplechase 877: 849: 840: 824: 804: 796: 761: 733: 726: 720: 709: 696: 622: 598: 584: 571: 561: 557: 548: 502:October 2022 499: 476:Please help 468: 444: 426: 417: 400: 391: 387: 383:dorsiflexion 380: 376: 372: 365: 361: 357: 348: 334: 322: 298: 284: 256: 236:sweat glands 221: 210: 144:hunt animals 141: 134: 89: 88: 55: 5834:Street luge 5653:Kart racing 5643:Drag racing 5635:Auto racing 5502:Cyclo-cross 5402:Racewalking 5178:Canine gait 5151:Facultative 5137:Unguligrade 5132:Plantigrade 5127:Digitigrade 5095:Other modes 5090:Sidewinding 5028:Brachiation 4892:(athletics) 4833:(athletics) 4823:Federations 4700:Disciplines 3505:(1): 23–31. 3486:(1): 23–31. 2989:11566/25362 1949:23 November 1610:3000 metres 1602:1500 metres 1525:lactic acid 1365:racewalking 1242:24-hour run 750:High impact 613:cholesterol 609:respiratory 603:, improved 601:weight loss 486:Wikiversity 397:Swing phase 308:Description 244:knee joints 234:, abundant 202:Herculaneum 65:runners at 5931:Categories 5784:Air racing 5725:Rally raid 5527:BMX racing 5381:Skyrunning 5293:Relay race 5188:Human gait 5183:Horse gait 4804:Relay race 4769:Skyrunning 4175:6 November 3865:16 October 3568:: 249–256. 3408:(1): 1–9. 1683:References 1677:Skyrunning 1598:800 metres 1580:Usain Bolt 1560:150 metres 1556:collegiate 1552:500 metres 1548:300 metres 1493:400 metres 1489:200 metres 1485:100 metres 1415:skyrunning 1385:Skyrunning 1281:individual 955:Women m/s 921:Usain Bolt 700:metabolism 666:sportswear 494:Wikivoyage 331:Footstrike 170:See also: 69:, US, 2013 5901:Aquathlon 5891:Triathlon 5715:Motocross 5469:Rogaining 5278:Sprinting 5162:Quadruped 4624:1743-0437 4511:BBC Sport 4108:1838-7357 3670:bbc.co.uk 3608:21 August 2882:3 October 2051:224793846 1836:207895264 1637:marathons 1544:55 metres 1540:50 metres 1536:60 metres 1448:Distances 1331:marathons 914:Footspeed 880:endurance 688:speedsuit 643:Metabolic 633:marathons 490:Wikibooks 469:contains 374:toe-off. 345:Midstance 338:hip joint 325:extremity 130:sprinting 5896:Duathlon 5870:Sledding 5608:Climbing 5580:Swimming 5335:Marathon 5298:Hurdling 5171:Specific 4790:Hurdling 4527:Archived 4384:Archived 4366:Archived 4265:2 August 4237:23766439 4149:23593555 4018:23174473 3953:10195220 3910:20337470 3841:18296435 3795:2 August 3773:2 August 3751:2 August 3724:26362561 3430:25422801 3422:19391490 3384:26016865 3376:12172880 3341:14625513 3314:23896334 3306:12569221 3257:11053354 3167:12239202 3159:22092253 3124:17685722 3081:22217565 3040:39643507 2997:16263287 2930:21309186 2859:10044650 2851:10638375 2775:20111000 2649:20691972 2565:36483935 2522:12239202 2514:22092253 2479:14642908 2471:22217561 2425:10469939 2375:10200378 2335:22341011 2293:22159220 2248:Cratylus 2132:15432016 2001:Discover 1840:Archived 1828:31685526 1786:14155290 1731:15293864 1651:See also 1606:mile run 1409:(mainly 1371:Vertical 1301:hurdling 1240:303,506 1229:100,000 1217:Comrades 1203:Marathon 952:Men m/s 799:concrete 739:Injuries 300:Cratylus 291:Socrates 288:— 228:myopathy 192:Ancient 63:Marathon 5937:Running 5417:Parkour 5261:Running 5109:Anatomy 5085:Rolling 5063:Legless 5054:Walking 5049:Running 5039:Jumping 4692:Running 4245:9880090 4140:3625796 3961:7170664 3918:1443095 3890:Bibcode 3465:8945650 3265:2448066 3213:1744981 3205:7943522 2922:1167681 2755:Bibcode 2727:7657680 2687:8553873 2640:2973845 2557:2701953 2383:2057865 2285:8857704 2178:9 April 2124:2742907 2086:9 April 2006:26 June 1980:26 June 1722:1691699 1505:furlong 1453:Sprints 1289:sprints 1215:90,000 1201:42,195 1143:21,285 1129:21,097 1026:1,609 ( 888:hurdles 870:at the 827:chafing 813:Chafing 706:Mental 670:fitness 580:inverse 568:cadence 267:Tailtiu 166:History 156:Ireland 126:jogging 118:kinetic 102:walking 90:Running 5521:Keirin 5345:Ekiden 5253:Racing 5157:Triped 5142:Uniped 5017:Legged 4811:Ekiden 4709:Sprint 4622: 4243: 4235: 4147: 4137: 4106: 4057:759100 4055: 4016: 3959: 3951: 3916: 3908: 3839: 3722: 3528: 3463: 3428: 3420: 3382: 3374: 3339: 3312: 3304: 3263: 3255: 3211: 3203: 3165: 3157: 3122: 3089:449934 3087: 3079: 3038: 3032:883588 3030: 2995: 2928: 2920: 2857: 2849: 2783:216420 2781: 2773: 2747:Nature 2725: 2685: 2647: 2637: 2563: 2555: 2520: 2512: 2477: 2469: 2423: 2381: 2373: 2333: 2291: 2283: 2230: 2203: 2169: 2130: 2122: 2077: 2049: 2041: 1921: 1882: 1834: 1826: 1784: 1747: 1729: 1719: 1643:, and 1529:oxygen 1491:, and 1471:, 2006 1391:, and 1349:, and 1299:, and 1293:middle 1246:3.513 1063:5,000 1052:3,000 1041:2,000 1015:1,500 1004:1,000 974:10.42 963:10.44 858:Events 831:nipple 778:, and 484:it to 429:injury 242:, big 238:, the 148:racing 49:, and 18:Runner 5777:Other 5390:Other 5147:Biped 5010:class 4241:S2CID 3957:S2CID 3914:S2CID 3815:(PDF) 3426:S2CID 3380:S2CID 3310:S2CID 3261:S2CID 3209:S2CID 3163:S2CID 3085:S2CID 3036:S2CID 2926:S2CID 2855:S2CID 2779:S2CID 2561:S2CID 2518:S2CID 2475:S2CID 2379:S2CID 2289:S2CID 2128:S2CID 2120:JSTOR 2047:S2CID 2039:JSTOR 1843:(PDF) 1832:S2CID 1804:(PDF) 1574:went 1357:grass 1319:track 1285:relay 1261:Track 1256:Types 1249:2.82 1235:4.24 1232:4.46 1224:4.23 1221:4.68 1210:5.19 1207:5.69 1196:5.06 1193:5.69 1185:4.72 1182:5.60 1174:5.22 1171:5.80 1163:4.78 1160:5.63 1152:5.14 1149:5.91 1138:5.29 1135:6.02 1124:5.30 1121:6.02 1113:5.09 1110:5.91 1102:5.38 1099:6.02 1091:5.49 1088:6.23 1080:5.64 1077:6.34 1069:5.87 1066:6.60 1058:6.17 1055:6.81 1047:6.15 1044:7.02 1036:6.36 1033:7.22 1021:6.51 1018:7.28 1010:6.71 1007:7.58 999:7.06 996:7.92 988:8.44 985:9.26 977:9.37 966:9.53 931:(see 576:units 564:speed 492:, or 295:Plato 5008:Gait 4871:WSSF 4855:WMRA 4847:ITRA 4620:ISSN 4581:IAAF 4565:IAAF 4492:IAAF 4476:IAAF 4457:IAAF 4436:IAAF 4420:IAAF 4267:2016 4233:PMID 4177:2011 4145:PMID 4104:ISSN 4053:PMID 4014:PMID 3949:PMID 3906:PMID 3867:2008 3837:PMID 3797:2016 3775:2016 3753:2016 3720:PMID 3610:2012 3526:ISBN 3461:PMID 3418:PMID 3372:PMID 3337:PMID 3302:PMID 3253:PMID 3201:PMID 3155:PMID 3120:PMID 3077:PMID 3028:PMID 2993:PMID 2918:PMID 2884:2012 2847:PMID 2771:PMID 2723:PMID 2683:PMID 2645:PMID 2553:PMID 2510:PMID 2467:PMID 2421:PMID 2371:PMID 2331:PMID 2281:PMID 2250:MIT 2228:ISBN 2201:ISBN 2180:2012 2167:ISBN 2146:link 2088:2012 2075:ISBN 2008:2010 1982:2010 1951:2018 1919:ISBN 1880:ISBN 1824:PMID 1782:PMID 1745:ISBN 1727:PMID 1604:and 1570:and 1550:and 1534:The 1329:and 1321:and 1307:Road 1295:and 1028:mile 993:800 982:400 971:200 960:100 886:and 607:and 572:pace 482:move 273:and 120:and 98:gait 32:Gait 4863:ISF 4839:IAU 4610:doi 4404:BBC 4225:doi 4135:PMC 4096:doi 4045:doi 4006:doi 3941:doi 3898:doi 3827:doi 3710:doi 3453:doi 3410:doi 3364:doi 3292:doi 3243:doi 3193:doi 3147:doi 3112:doi 3067:doi 3020:doi 2985:hdl 2977:doi 2910:doi 2906:354 2839:doi 2809:doi 2763:doi 2751:463 2715:doi 2675:doi 2671:155 2635:PMC 2627:doi 2545:doi 2541:203 2502:doi 2457:doi 2413:doi 2363:doi 2323:doi 2273:doi 2112:doi 2031:doi 1816:doi 1774:doi 1717:PMC 1709:doi 1705:271 1440:or 1361:mud 1283:or 718:). 293:in 200:at 154:in 128:to 5933:: 4647:. 4618:. 4606:24 4604:. 4600:. 4579:. 4563:. 4545:. 4509:. 4499:^ 4490:. 4474:. 4464:^ 4455:. 4443:^ 4434:. 4418:. 4402:. 4347:. 4300:^ 4239:. 4231:. 4221:48 4219:. 4215:. 4194:. 4166:. 4143:. 4129:. 4125:. 4102:. 4092:17 4090:. 4086:. 4051:. 4041:20 4039:. 4035:. 4012:. 4002:51 4000:. 3996:. 3977:. 3955:. 3947:. 3935:. 3912:. 3904:. 3896:. 3886:44 3884:. 3835:. 3823:18 3821:. 3817:. 3732:^ 3718:. 3706:90 3704:. 3700:. 3668:. 3648:. 3627:. 3582:. 3551:46 3549:. 3503:19 3501:. 3484:19 3482:. 3459:. 3449:29 3447:. 3424:. 3416:. 3404:. 3392:^ 3378:. 3370:. 3360:87 3358:. 3333:43 3331:. 3308:. 3300:. 3288:35 3286:. 3282:. 3259:. 3251:. 3239:89 3237:. 3233:. 3221:^ 3207:. 3199:. 3189:22 3187:. 3175:^ 3161:. 3153:. 3143:29 3141:. 3118:. 3108:21 3106:. 3083:. 3075:. 3063:44 3061:. 3057:. 3034:. 3026:. 3014:. 2991:. 2983:. 2973:24 2971:. 2938:^ 2924:. 2916:. 2904:. 2892:^ 2867:^ 2853:. 2845:. 2835:81 2833:. 2821:^ 2805:16 2803:. 2791:^ 2777:. 2769:. 2761:. 2749:. 2735:^ 2721:. 2711:28 2709:. 2695:^ 2681:. 2669:. 2657:^ 2643:. 2633:. 2623:43 2621:. 2617:. 2595:^ 2587:60 2585:. 2573:^ 2559:. 2551:. 2539:. 2516:. 2508:. 2498:29 2496:. 2473:. 2465:. 2453:44 2451:. 2447:. 2433:^ 2419:. 2409:10 2407:. 2391:^ 2377:. 2369:. 2357:. 2343:^ 2329:. 2319:31 2317:. 2301:^ 2287:. 2279:. 2269:22 2267:. 2255:^ 2142:}} 2138:{{ 2126:. 2118:. 2108:25 2106:. 2059:^ 2045:. 2037:. 2027:47 2025:. 1999:. 1941:. 1859:. 1838:. 1830:. 1822:. 1812:54 1810:. 1806:. 1780:. 1770:19 1768:. 1751:, 1725:. 1715:. 1703:. 1699:. 1647:. 1639:, 1635:, 1631:, 1600:, 1546:, 1542:, 1531:. 1487:, 1444:. 1387:, 1383:, 1379:, 1359:, 1345:, 1303:. 1291:, 1030:) 935:) 923:. 786:, 774:, 770:, 766:, 639:. 488:, 297:– 219:. 139:. 132:. 45:, 41:, 5523:) 5519:( 5245:e 5238:t 5231:v 5153:) 5149:( 5030:) 5026:( 4992:e 4985:t 4978:v 4684:e 4677:t 4670:v 4626:. 4612:: 4269:. 4247:. 4227:: 4200:. 4179:. 4151:. 4131:8 4110:. 4098:: 4059:. 4047:: 4020:. 4008:: 3963:. 3943:: 3937:2 3920:. 3900:: 3892:: 3869:. 3843:. 3829:: 3799:. 3777:. 3755:. 3726:. 3712:: 3672:. 3654:. 3633:. 3612:. 3534:. 3467:. 3455:: 3432:. 3412:: 3406:8 3386:. 3366:: 3343:. 3316:. 3294:: 3267:. 3245:: 3215:. 3195:: 3169:. 3149:: 3126:. 3114:: 3091:. 3069:: 3042:. 3022:: 3016:5 2999:. 2987:: 2979:: 2932:. 2912:: 2886:. 2861:. 2841:: 2815:. 2811:: 2785:. 2765:: 2757:: 2729:. 2717:: 2689:. 2677:: 2651:. 2629:: 2567:. 2547:: 2524:. 2504:: 2481:. 2459:: 2427:. 2415:: 2385:. 2365:: 2359:7 2337:. 2325:: 2295:. 2275:: 2236:. 2209:. 2182:. 2148:) 2134:. 2114:: 2090:. 2053:. 2033:: 2010:. 1984:. 1953:. 1927:. 1902:. 1888:. 1818:: 1788:. 1776:: 1733:. 1711:: 874:. 690:. 672:. 504:) 500:( 496:. 474:. 53:. 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index