234:
cavities to be constantly coated with liquid mucus. In cold weather the mucus lining nasal passages tends to dry out, so that mucous membranes must work harder, producing more mucus to keep the cavity lined. As a result, the nasal cavity can fill up with mucus. At the same time, when air is exhaled, water vapor in breath condenses as the warm air meets the colder outside temperature near the nostrils. This causes excess water to build up inside nasal cavities, spilling out through the nostrils.
168:
53:
255:. During these infections, the nasal mucous membranes produce excess mucus, filling the nasal cavities. This is to prevent infection from spreading to the lungs and respiratory tract, where it could cause far worse damage. It has also been suggested that viral rhinorrhea is a result of viral evolution whereby virus variants that increase nasal secretion and are thus more resistant to the body's immune defenses are
225:, hormonal changes, influenza (flu), lodged object, medicines (such as those used to treat high blood pressure, erectile dysfunction, depression, seizures and other conditions), nasal polyps, non-allergic rhinitis (chronic congestion or sneezing not related to allergies), occupational asthma, pregnancy, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), spinal fluid leak, and tobacco smoke.
276:
233:
Rhinorrhea is especially common in cold weather. Cold-induced rhinorrhea occurs due to a combination of thermodynamics and the body's natural reactions to cold weather stimuli. One of the purposes of nasal mucus is to warm inhaled air to body temperature as it enters the body; this requires the nasal
216:
A runny nose can be caused by anything that irritates or inflames the nasal tissues, including infections such as the common cold and influenza, and allergies and various irritants. Some people have a chronically runny nose for no apparent reason (non-allergic rhinitis or vasomotor rhinitis). Less
306:. In the nasal cavities, these inflammatory mediators cause inflammation and swelling of the tissue, as well as increased mucus production. Particulate matter in polluted air and chemicals such as chlorine and detergents, which can normally be tolerated, can make the condition considerably worse.
217:
common causes include polyps, a foreign body, a tumor or migraine-like headaches. Some causes of rhinorrhea include: acute sinusitis (nasal and sinus infection), allergies, chronic sinusitis, common cold, coronaviruses (COVID-19), decongestant nasal spray overuse, deviated septum, dry air,
179:
that line the nasal cavities. The membranes create mucus faster than it can be processed, causing a backup of mucus in the nasal cavities. As the cavity fills up, it blocks off the air passageway, causing difficulty breathing through the nose. Air caught in nasal cavities – namely the
326:, and into the nasal cavities. As more tears are shed, more liquid flows into the nasal cavities, both stimulating mucus production and hydrating any dry mucus already present in the nasal cavity. The buildup of fluid is usually resolved via mucus expulsion through the nostrils.
145:. Treatment for rhinorrhea may be aimed at reducing symptoms or treating underlying causes. Rhinorrhea usually resolves without intervention, but may require treatment by a doctor if symptoms last more than 10 days or if symptoms are the result of foreign bodies in the nose.
267:(the inflammation of the nasal tissue) may occur, causing the mucous membranes to release more mucus. Acute sinusitis consists of the nasal passages swelling during a viral infection. Chronic sinusitis occurs when sinusitis continues for longer than three months.
1118:
1103:
401:
can get rid of the mucus buildup. Though blowing may be a quick-fix solution, it increases mucosal production in the sinuses, leading to frequent and higher mucus buildups in the nose in the medium term. Alternatively,
287:, dust, latex, soy, shellfish, or animal dander, are exposed to these allergens. In people with sensitized immune systems, the inhalation of one of these substances triggers the production of the
1803:
2505:
1422:
2267:
218:
397:
In most cases, treatment for rhinorrhea is not necessary since it will clear up on its own, especially if it is the symptom of an infection. For general cases
603:
2022:
2046:
1818:
184:, cannot be released and the resulting pressure may cause a headache or facial pain. If the sinus passage remains blocked, there is a chance that
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2017:
1415:
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can be obtained relatively cheaply to treat cases caused by allergies; antibiotics may help in cases of bacterial sinus infections.
570:
314:
Rhinorrhea is also associated with shedding tears (lacrimation), whether from emotional events or from eye irritation. When excess
222:
2213:
358:
340:
420:
In some cases, such as those due to allergies or sinus infections, there are medicinal treatments available. Several types of
361:, CSF rhinorrhea), a condition that can lead to a number of serious complications, including death if not addressed properly.
2484:
1408:
1950:
2058:
607:
2257:
2208:
2041:
1979:
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302:. IgE bound to mast cells are stimulated by pollen and dust, causing the release of inflammatory mediators such as
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770:"Twenty-four Hour Pattern in Symptom Intensity of Viral and Allergic Rhinitis: Treatment Implications"
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Wu, Jin-Zhun; Ge, Dan-Dan; Zhou, Lin-Fu; Hou, Ling-Yun; Zhou, Ying; Li, Qi-Yuan (1 June 2018).
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Rhinorrhea can also occur when individuals with allergies to certain substances, such as
933:
389:, as well as common irritants such as spicy foods, nail polish remover, or paint fumes.
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854:(7th ed.). New York, NY: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. pp. 1565–1575.
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may be used, but may become counterproductive after several days of use, causing
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385:. Rhinorrhea can also be the side effect of several genetic disorders, such as
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Pollen grains from a variety of common plants can cause an allergic reaction.
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can result in a rupture of the barrier between the sinonasal cavity and the
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196:. Excess mucus accumulating in the throat or back of the nose may cause a
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721:"The airway epithelium: soldier in the fight against respiratory viruses"
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Rhinorrhea is characterized by an excess amount of mucus produced by the
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Rhinorrhea can occur as a symptom of opioid withdrawal accompanied by
200:, resulting in a sore throat or coughing. Additional symptoms include
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201:
193:
142:
126:
989:"Rhinorrhea – Definition, Symptoms, Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment"
357:. This can cause the nasal cavity to fill with cerebrospinal fluid (
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1348:
1275:
1265:
1224:
512:
Eileen
Trigoboff; Kneisl, Carol Ren; Wilson, Holly Skodol (2004).
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Rhinorrhea can be caused by a head injury, a serious condition. A
315:
274:
166:
102:
883:. Special Issue: Air Pollution and Chronic Respiratory Diseases.
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877:"Effects of particulate matter on allergic respiratory diseases"
1404:
1189:
719:
Vareille M, Kieninger E, Edwards MR, Regamey N (January 2011).
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fluid from the nose; it is a common condition. It is a common
247:
Rhinorrhea can be a symptom of other diseases, such as the
520:. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall. p.
477:
Myon L, Delforge A, Raoul G, Ferri J (February 2010). "".
259:. Rhinorrhea caused by these infections usually occur on
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768:Smolensky MH, Reinberg A, Labrecque G (May 1995).
513:
148:The term rhinorrhea was coined in 1866 from the
963:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
850:Dipiro, J.T.; Talbert, R.L.; Yee, G.C. (2008).
825:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
774:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
516:Contemporary psychiatric-mental health nursing
188:may result. If the mucus backs up through the
1416:
1201:
219:eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
8:
852:Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach
318:are produced, the liquid drains through the
27:Filling of the nasal cavity with fluid mucus
881:Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine
456:. Elsevier. 10 November 2013. p. 660.
117:) or certain viral infections, such as the
60:Labeled cross section of the nasal cavities
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1892:
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1455:
1423:
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1401:
1208:
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1186:
1086:
669:"Why Does Cold Weather Cause Runny Noses?"
604:United States National Library of Medicine
51:
34:
2023:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
908:
817:Kwon, Edward; O'Rourke, Maria C. (2023),
793:
744:
955:Shah, Mansi; Huecker, Martin R. (2023),
263:. Over the course of a viral infection,
2047:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
692:
690:
445:
2506:Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system
1010:Ramey JT, Bailen E, Lockey RF (2006).
991:. Prime Health Channel. 30 August 2011
381:, nasal tumors, hormonal changes, and
590:
588:
7:
2480:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
932:Welch; et al. (22 July 2011).
454:Dorland's pocket medical dictionary
2069:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
1432:Diseases of the respiratory system
192:, it may result in ear pain or an
25:
129:, exposure to cold temperatures,
223:granulomatosis with polyangiitis
101:is the free discharge of a thin
359:cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea
341:Cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhoea
2485:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
1:
2059:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
786:10.1016/s0091-6749(95)70212-1
608:National Institutes of Health
573:. Online Etymology Dictionary
125:. It can be a side effect of
2042:Respiratory hypersensitivity
1980:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
491:10.1016/j.stomax.2009.01.009
479:Rev Stomatol Chir Maxillofac
1951:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
320:inner corner of the eyelids
46:Rhinorrhoea (or rhinorrhœa)
2527:
1804:Acute exacerbation of COPD
893:10.1016/j.cdtm.2018.04.001
387:primary ciliary dyskinesia
338:
1080:Coping with colds and flu
1052:"Rhinorrhea (Runny Nose)"
546:"Rhinorrhea (Runny Nose)"
159:("discharge" or "flow").
59:
50:
1867:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
1860:Bronchiolitis obliterans
1726:Laryngotracheal stenosis
1673:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1651:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1609:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
1537:Nasal septum perforation
1012:"Rhinitis medicamentosa"
1615:Retropharyngeal abscess
698:"Why Does My Nose Run?"
373:. Other causes include
351:anterior cranial fossae
208:, and nasal discharge.
2308:Pulmonary hypertension
2037:Eosinophilic pneumonia
1689:Vocal cord dysfunction
1532:Nasal septum deviation
415:rhinitis medicamentosa
347:basilar skull fracture
294:(IgE), which binds to
280:
172:
2435:Mediastinal emphysema
2214:Healthcare-associated
2144:Legionnaires' disease
1570:Peritonsillar abscess
1542:Nasal septal hematoma
629:"Rhinorrhea Overview"
355:middle cranial fossae
278:
170:
2182:Mendelson's syndrome
2054:Hamman–Rich syndrome
737:10.1128/CMR.00014-10
725:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
651:"Runny nose: causes"
155:("of the nose") and
2455:Respiratory failure
2422:Mediastinal disease
1990:Bird fancier's lung
1565:Adenoid hypertrophy
957:"Opioid Withdrawal"
819:"Chronic Sinusitis"
780:(5 Pt 2): 1084–96.
71:Otorhinolaryngology
2360:Pleuritis/pleurisy
2313:Pulmonary embolism
2209:Community-acquired
2134:Atypical bacterial
2033:Löffler's syndrome
1814:Status asthmaticus
1799:Chronic bronchitis
1684:Vocal fold paresis
1498:Vasomotor rhinitis
1160:External resources
281:
173:
163:Signs and symptoms
2493:
2492:
2443:
2442:
2400:Empyema/pyothorax
2332:
2331:
2328:
2327:
2286:
2285:
2219:Hospital-acquired
2077:
2076:
1941:Caplan's syndrome
1734:
1733:
1679:Vocal fold nodule
1503:Atrophic rhinitis
1398:
1397:
1183:
1182:
861:978-0-07-147899-1
596:"Nasal discharge"
531:978-0-13-041582-0
463:978-81-312-3501-0
383:cluster headaches
324:nasolacrimal duct
261:circadian rhythms
229:Cold temperatures
97:), or informally
76:
75:
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
2518:
2378:Pleural effusion
2371:Hemopneumothorax
2348:
2102:
2088:
1931:Bauxite fibrosis
1896:External agents/
1893:
1824:Exercise-induced
1780:Acute bronchitis
1756:
1456:
1425:
1418:
1411:
1402:
1339:Acute bronchitis
1301:Nasal congestion
1286:Loss of appetite
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1187:
1087:
1067:
1066:
1064:
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1056:Cleveland Clinic
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1016:
1007:
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996:
985:
979:
978:
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952:
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934:"CSF Rhinorrhea"
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657:. 16 March 2021.
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550:Cleveland Clinic
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330:Non-inflammatory
292:immunoglobulin E
177:mucous membranes
85:), also spelled
83:American English
55:
35:
21:
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2521:
2520:
2519:
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2496:
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2352:Pleural disease
2341:
2324:
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2244:
2228:By distribution
2223:
2202:By vector/route
2197:
2095:
2083:
2073:
2028:Pulmonary edema
2006:
1901:
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1836:Cystic fibrosis
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1390:Antiviral drugs
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408:vasoconstrictor
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375:cystic fibrosis
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273:
245:
240:
231:
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198:post-nasal drip
190:Eustachian tube
165:
137:, such as from
135:drug withdrawal
95:British English
33:
28:
23:
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12:
11:
5:
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2511:Nose disorders
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2338:Pleural cavity
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2000:Lycoperdonosis
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1911:Pneumoconiosis
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1831:Bronchiectasis
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1641:Laryngeal cyst
1638:
1636:Laryngomalacia
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1115:
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1093:
1091:
1090:Classification
1084:
1083:
1075:
1074:External links
1072:
1069:
1068:
1043:
1025:(3): 148–155.
1002:
980:
947:
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867:
860:
842:
809:
760:
711:
686:
660:
642:
620:
584:
562:
537:
530:
504:
469:
462:
444:
443:
441:
438:
437:
436:
429:
426:
422:antihistamines
394:
391:
379:whooping cough
366:
363:
339:Main article:
336:
333:
331:
328:
322:, through the
311:
308:
272:
269:
244:
241:
239:
236:
230:
227:
213:
210:
182:sinus cavities
164:
161:
74:
73:
68:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2523:
2512:
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2503:
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2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2448:Other/general
2446:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2430:Mediastinitis
2428:
2427:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2413:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
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2233:
2232:
2230:
2226:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:noninfectious
2171:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2159:
2158:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2093:
2089:
2086:
2082:Obstructive /
2080:
2070:
2067:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2055:
2052:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1995:Farmer's lung
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1982:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
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1914:
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1912:
1909:
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1906:
1904:
1900:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1878:
1874:
1868:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1857:
1856:
1855:Bronchiolitis
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1822:
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1800:
1797:
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1471:
1470:
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1457:
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1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1419:
1414:
1412:
1407:
1406:
1403:
1391:
1388:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1344:Bronchiolitis
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1331:Complications
1328:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
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1279:
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1264:
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1255:
1249:
1246:
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1241:
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1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1211:
1206:
1204:
1199:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1188:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1166:
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1162:
1158:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1142:
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1136:
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1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1092:
1088:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1057:
1053:
1047:
1044:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1006:
1003:
990:
984:
981:
970:
966:
962:
958:
951:
948:
935:
928:
925:
920:
916:
911:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
887:(2): 95–102.
886:
882:
878:
871:
868:
863:
857:
853:
846:
843:
832:
828:
824:
820:
813:
810:
805:
801:
796:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
764:
761:
756:
752:
747:
742:
738:
734:
731:(1): 210–29.
730:
726:
722:
715:
712:
700:. Kids Health
699:
693:
691:
687:
674:
670:
664:
661:
656:
652:
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643:
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624:
621:
609:
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589:
585:
572:
566:
563:
551:
547:
541:
538:
533:
527:
523:
518:
517:
508:
505:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
481:(in French).
480:
473:
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459:
455:
449:
446:
439:
435:
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431:
427:
425:
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254:
250:
242:
237:
235:
228:
226:
224:
220:
211:
209:
207:
203:
199:
195:
194:ear infection
191:
187:
183:
178:
169:
162:
160:
158:
154:
151:
146:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
72:
69:
67:
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2367:Pneumothorax
2320:Lung abscess
2302:
2172:
2161:Pneumocystis
2122:Pneumococcal
1903:lung disease
1899:occupational
1877:Interstitial
1842:
1786:
1772:
1745:lung disease
1711:
1705:Epiglottitis
1695:
1663:
1657:Laryngospasm
1621:
1602:Strep throat
1587:
1550:
1526:nasal septum
1524:
1519:
1483:
1467:
1374:Strep throat
1354:Otitis media
1305:
1296:Muscle aches
1167:
1143:
1132:
1117:
1102:
1082:(NHS Direct)
1059:. Retrieved
1055:
1046:
1034:. Retrieved
1022:
1018:
1005:
995:24 September
993:. Retrieved
983:
972:, retrieved
960:
950:
940:22 September
938:. Retrieved
927:
884:
880:
870:
851:
845:
834:, retrieved
822:
812:
777:
773:
763:
728:
724:
714:
704:22 September
702:. Retrieved
679:22 September
677:. Retrieved
672:
663:
654:
645:
635:21 September
633:. Retrieved
623:
611:. Retrieved
600:Medline Plus
599:
577:21 September
575:. Retrieved
571:"Rhinorrhea"
565:
553:. Retrieved
549:
540:
515:
507:
482:
478:
472:
453:
448:
419:
411:nasal sprays
399:nose-blowing
396:
368:
365:Other causes
344:
313:
282:
257:selected for
246:
238:Inflammatory
232:
215:
174:
156:
152:
147:
98:
90:
86:
78:
77:
29:
18:Running nose
2465:Common cold
2412:Fibrothorax
2395:Chylothorax
2390:Hydrothorax
2343:mediastinum
2303:circulatory
2298:Atelectasis
2105:By pathogen
2097:pneumonitis
2084:Restrictive
2064:Sarcoidosis
1936:Berylliosis
1882:restrictive
1843:unspecified
1765:obstructive
1748:(including
1665:vocal cords
1597:Pharyngitis
1560:Tonsillitis
1515:Nasal polyp
1450:common cold
1443:(including
1359:Pharyngitis
1316:Sore throat
1243:Enterovirus
1238:Coronavirus
1217:Common cold
1169:MedlinePlus
655:Mayo Clinic
485:(1): 32–5.
371:lacrimation
335:Head trauma
249:common cold
119:common cold
87:rhinorrhoea
43:Other names
2500:Categories
2385:Hemothorax
2187:Aspiration
2149:Chlamydiae
2139:Mycoplasma
2127:Klebsiella
1985:Bagassosis
1971:Byssinosis
1946:Chalicosis
1921:Asbestosis
1916:Aluminosis
1850:Bronchitis
1721:Tracheitis
1697:epiglottis
1646:Laryngitis
1520:Rhinorrhea
1306:Rhinorrhea
1248:Rhinovirus
1233:Adenovirus
1145:DiseasesDB
1139:D000086722
1061:10 October
974:10 October
961:StatPearls
936:. Medscape
836:10 October
823:StatPearls
613:1 November
555:10 October
440:References
296:mast cells
206:nosebleeds
171:Rhinorrhea
133:abuse, or
99:runny nose
91:rhinorrhœa
79:Rhinorrhea
38:Rhinorrhea
2460:Influenza
2405:Malignant
2168:Parasitic
2117:Bacterial
2092:Pneumonia
1961:Silicosis
1956:Siderosis
1926:Baritosis
1760:Bronchial
1508:Hay fever
1477:Sinusitis
1369:Sinusitis
1364:Pneumonia
901:2095-882X
393:Treatment
304:histamine
300:basophils
271:Allergies
265:sinusitis
253:influenza
243:Infection
186:sinusitis
141:or other
139:methadone
115:hay fever
111:allergies
66:Specialty
2475:COVID-19
2268:BOOP-COP
2235:Broncho-
2178:Chemical
1966:Talcosis
1887:fibrosis
1740:Lower RT
1493:Rhinitis
1440:Upper RT
1321:Weakness
1311:Sneezing
1281:Headache
1258:Symptoms
1036:29 April
1031:16784007
969:30252268
919:29988900
831:28722963
755:21233513
631:. FreeMd
499:20060991
428:See also
289:antibody
202:sneezing
123:COVID-19
1787:chronic
1713:trachea
1589:pharynx
1469:sinuses
1291:Malaise
1271:Fatigue
1225:Viruses
910:6034084
804:7751526
795:7126948
746:3021210
673:NPR.org
434:Sniffle
353:or the
143:opioids
131:cocaine
107:symptom
2156:Fungal
1810:Asthma
1623:larynx
1552:tonsil
1174:003051
1128:478.19
1029:
967:
917:
907:
899:
858:
829:
802:
792:
753:
743:
528:
497:
460:
404:saline
310:Crying
285:pollen
212:Causes
157:-rhoia
153:rhino-
127:crying
2291:Other
2240:Lobar
2191:Lipid
2112:Viral
2011:Other
1773:acute
1750:LRTIs
1675:(LPR)
1653:(LPR)
1631:Croup
1611:(LPR)
1445:URTIs
1383:Drugs
1349:Croup
1276:Fever
1266:Cough
1150:26380
1113:J34.8
1015:(PDF)
675:. NPR
316:tears
150:Greek
103:mucus
2470:SARS
2273:NSIP
2018:ARDS
1819:AERD
1794:COPD
1580:Neck
1485:nose
1460:Head
1134:MeSH
1123:9-CM
1063:2023
1038:2015
1027:PMID
997:2011
976:2023
965:PMID
942:2011
915:PMID
897:ISSN
856:ISBN
838:2023
827:PMID
800:PMID
751:PMID
706:2011
681:2011
637:2011
615:2007
579:2011
557:2023
526:ISBN
495:PMID
458:ISBN
298:and
2263:DIP
2258:UIP
2250:IIP
1119:ICD
1104:ICD
905:PMC
889:doi
790:PMC
782:doi
741:PMC
733:doi
522:274
487:doi
483:111
406:or
251:or
121:or
109:of
89:or
2502::
2278:RB
1172::
1148::
1137::
1126::
1111::
1108:10
1054:.
1023:16
1021:.
1017:.
959:,
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903:.
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879:.
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798:.
788:.
778:95
776:.
772:.
749:.
739:.
729:24
727:.
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689:^
671:.
653:.
606:,
602:.
598:.
587:^
548:.
524:.
493:.
417:.
377:,
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2369:/
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2180:/
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1812:(
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1762:/
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1742:/
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559:.
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113:(
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
