981:
398:
on hearing the noise and confusion in his village, he arose and came from his bedchamber. Then beholding the pillage and seizure of his vassals, he grasped a battle-ax and began to descend the stairs with the greatest fury, in the meantime vowing loudly and fiercely to slay anyone who came into his land without permission……But the memory of valiant deeds and triumphs of his bellicose youth, and the fact that he held sway over a province so large and good as his, gave him strength to utter those fierce threats and even fiercer ones.
2305:
872:
751:. Over 200 colonists, mostly French men, were killed and more than 300 women, children, and slaves were taken captive. War continued until January 1731, when the French captured a Natchez fort on the west side of the Mississippi River. Between 75 and 250 Natchez warriors escaped and found refuge among the Chickasaw. The young Great Sun and about 100 of his followers were captured, subsequently enslaved, and shipped to work French plantations in the
785:
41:
776:(Buffalo Tamer), with a dozen of his warriors, repulsed the attack and retook the Head Chief's cabin. He rallied his remaining warriors and, after fighting for five days and nights without interruption, regained control of the village. Twenty Tunica were killed and as many wounded in the fighting. They had killed 33 Natchez warriors and took three prisoners. Later they burned them in ritual punishment for the attack.
444:
152:
1231:
486:. Europeans also called the settlement Tanico, which is another name later applied to the Tunica, also making its identification as a Tunican group secure. The Tanico were salt-makers and salt-traders, procuring the salt from the sands of a stream that fed into the River of the Cayas (later identified as the
1195:
of their people to house the
Treasure. The earthen structure took the symbolic place of the original burial underground. That building was later closed and the collection was moved to a new building that houses a museum exhibit hall, conservation and restoration laboratory, facilities for the tribal
902:
The Tunica began to rely more on hunting for their sustenance than farming, and often worked for
Europeans as hunters or guides. During the late 18th century, numerous Anglo-American settlers entered the region from the American Southeast. The Tunica had become acculturated to European ways, although
653:
Several characteristics linked the Tunica to groups encountered by de Soto: their emphasis on agriculture; cultivation by men rather than women (as de Soto noted when describing
Quizquiz); trade; and manufacture and distribution of salt, a valuable item to both native and Europeans. The trade in salt
1044:
attempted to pull up fence posts fraudulently erected on Tunica land by an
American trying to steal tribal land. The man, a local leader of the "Indian Patrol", shot Chief Melancon in the head in full view of other Tunica. He was not prosecuted by local authorities and succeeded in stealing the land
808:
The chief received us very politely; he was dressed in the French fashion, and seemed to be not at all uneasy in that habit. Of all the savages of Canada (New France) there is none so depended on by our commandants as this chief. He loves our nation, and has no cause to repent of the services he has
577:
We arrived at the
Tonicas about sixty leagues below the Ankanseas (Quapaw ). The first village is four leagues from the Mississippi inland on the bank of a quite pretty river; they are dispersed in little villages; they cover in all four leagues of country; they are about 260 cabins…. They are very
539:
It was another 150 years before another
European group recorded the Tunica. In 1699 when encountered by the LaSource expedition (coming downriver from Canada), the Tunica were a modest-sized tribe numbering only a few hundred warriors, with about 900 people in total. While the Spanish had been
426:
This town was a very good one, thoroughly well stockaded; and the walls were furnished with towers and a ditch round about, for the most part full of water which flows in by a canal from the river; and this ditch was full of excellent fish of divers kinds. The chief of Casqui came to the
Christians
397:
Off to one side of the town was the dwelling place of the Curaca (chief). It was situated on a high mound which now served as a fortress. Only by means of two stairways could one ascend to this house…… The lord of the province, who like his land was called
Quizquiz, was now old and sick in bed; but
851:
Proof of the tribe's prosperity during these years was revealed in the 1960s when the
Trudeau site was discovered and excavated. Large amounts of European trade goods, including beads, porcelain, muskets, kettles and other items, as well as locally produced pottery in the Tunica tribal style, were
1064:
As the 20th century dawned, the Tunica continued. They had managed to retain possession of the majority of their land, because it was held and worked in common by the whole tribe. Some still spoke the Tunica language, and their reinvigorated tribal ceremonies were practiced. Gradually, the Tunica
1179:
With help from the State of
Louisiana, the tribe filed a lawsuit for the title to the artifacts, which has become known as the "Tunica Treasure". It took a decade to be worked through the courts, but the ruling became a landmark in American Indian history. It helped to lay the groundwork for new
767:
informed them that he could not receive them unless they gave up their arms. They replied that this was their intention, but asked if they could keep them awhile longer so their women did not get the impression that their unarmed men were prisoners. He consented to their request and proceeded to
768:
distribute food to his new guests. A celebratory dance was held till after midnight, when the Tunica retired to their cabins, thinking that the Natchez would do the same. The Natchez, Chicasaw and Koroa, attacked their hosts in their cabins, and killed all they managed to surprise while asleep.
352:
210:
755:. The Natchez Rebellion expanded into a larger regional conflict with many repercussions. The Yazoo and Koroa Indians had allied with the Natchez and suffered their fate. The Tunica were initially reluctant to fight on either side. In June 1730 the Head Chief of the Tunica,
747:. They also sent messages to the African slaves of nearby French plantations, inviting them to join the Natchez in rising up against the French. In November 1729, the Natchez attacked. Before the day was over, they destroyed the entire French colony at Natchez, including
422:, described by its participants as having lasted for generations. The Spaniards were impressed with the peoples of this region, its many towns, abundant agriculture and fine quality of the people. The settlements of this area are described thus by the admiring Spaniards:
337:
bend of the Mississippi River. Scholars believe that because of pottery and mortuary similarities, the Belle Mead and Walls phase peoples were allies or vassals of the Nodena polity. The Parkin polity, defined by different mortuary practices and pottery, was competing.
360:
One mid-day we came upon a town called Quizquiz, and so suddenly to inhabitants, that they were without any notice of us, the men being away at work in the maize-fields. We took more than three hundred women, and the few skins and shawls they had in their
1048:
After the Chief's death, the tribe kept the identity of the next chief a close secret for many years to avoid notice by unscrupulous neighbors. The Tunica became subsistence farmers, with some hunting and fishing to support themselves. Others turned to
804:. The Tunica continued to prosper, practicing their vocation as traders and middlemen. They expanded on a relatively new business as horse traders. For at least a decade, the French had become dependent on the Tunica for supplying the valuable animals.
502:
believe the following can be identified as equivalent sites: they are paired by archaeological phase and Soto references: Menard phase = Anilco, Walls phase = Quizquiz, Belle Meade phase = Aquixo, Parkin phase = Casqui, and Nodena phase = Pacaha.
1212:. A succession of chiefs, including Chief Horace Pierite Sr, worked at the task. The Tunica Treasure was considered part of the proof of the historical continuity of the tribe. They were recognized by the United States government in 1981 as the
1138:, opened in Marksville in June 1994. The tribe operates the casino to generate revenues to members, as well as to use some of their earnings for other economic development. It has also used these funds to fight for Native American rights. The
427:
when they were entering the village and they entertained him bravely. In Aquixo, and Casqui, and Pacaha, they saw the best villages seen up to that time, better stockaded and fortified, and the people were of finer quality, excepting those of
999:
surpassed the rivers as the main means of transportation, and the Marksville area became a quiet backwater. Many small and peaceful tribes such as the Tunica were forgotten. The more bellicose tribes in the west took the attention of the
506:
The description of the ongoing war between the Casqui and Pacaha matches interpretations of the archaeological record, as do distances and topography mentioned in the narratives. Words recorded by the narratives at Pacaha, such as
1004:
as it expanded into their territories. The only U.S. Government mention of the Tunica from 1803 to 1938 was made in 1806 by an Indian Commissioner for Louisiana, who remarked that the Tunica numbered only about 25 men, lived in
1145:
Tribal government consists of an elected tribal council and tribal chairman. They maintain their own police force, health services, education department, housing authority, and court system. The tribal chairman since 1978 was
1172:. The Tunica, who felt he had stolen tribal heirlooms and desecrated the graves of their ancestors, were outraged. In the 1970s the site was excavated by archaeologists, who uncovered pottery, European trade goods and other
1032:, forced all of the major tribes east of the Mississippi River to be removed from their lands and relocated to reservations west of the river, or leave their tribes and accept US citizenship. This resulted in the infamous
170:
Over the next centuries, under pressure from hostile neighbors, the Tunica migrated south from the Central Mississippi Valley to the Lower Mississippi Valley. Eventually they moved westward and settled around present-day
762:
A few days later, the last chief of the Natchez arrived at the Tunica village with a hundred men, and an unknown number of women and children. They also concealed Chickasaw and Koroa in the canebrake around the village.
240:(SECC). At this time the settlement patterns were a mix of dispersed settlements, farmsteads and villages. Over the next centuries, settlement patterns changed to a pattern of more centralized towns, with defensive
4093:
1303:
715:
During the 1710s and 1720s, war broke out four times between the French and the Natchez. The French called these the First Natchez War (1716), the Second Natchez War (1722), the Third Natchez War (1723), and the
654:
was an ancient profession among the Tunica, as evidenced by de Soto's noting salt production when visiting the village of Tanico. Salt was extremely important in the trade between the French and the various
497:
Scholars have evaluated the three surviving Soto narratives for topography, linguistics and cultural traits, combined with the results of archaeological excavations and analysis. Most archaeologists and
759:, agreed to let a small party of Natchez refugees settle near his village, with the provision that they should do so unarmed. He received thirty Natchez warriors into his village, after disarming them.
724:
as allies, eventually defeating the Natchez people. Of those who survived, thousands were sold into slavery and sent to the Caribbean, where the French had plantations on Saint-Domingue and Guadeloupe.
2393:
937:
By sometime in the late 1780s or 1790s, the Tunica had decided to move again, probably because of the large influx of Anglo-Americans. They moved west to a site on the Red River occupied by the
809:
rendered it. He trades with the French, whom he supplies with horses and fowls, and he understands his trade very well. He has learned of us to hoard up money, and he reckoned very rich.
1184:, passed in 1990. Because the artifacts had already been separated from the original burials, the tribe decided to build a museum to house them. Members of the tribe were trained as
5100:
1181:
1949:"Archaeological Examination of Electromagnetic Features: An Example from the French Dwelling Site, a Late Eighteenth Century Plantation Site in Natchez, Adams County, Mississippi"
5171:
4126:
863:
The tribe's warriors and their allies attacked a British flotilla that came up the Mississippi River from New Orleans on March 15, 1764 at a bend in the river at Davion's Bluff.
559:-speaking people hostile to the Tunica. In the intervening century and a half since the de Soto Expedition, the Tunica and Koroa had relocated further south to the mouth of the
1069:, and Biloxi). The Tunica-Biloxi finally achieved federal recognition in 1981. They have maintained their tribal government, and the chieftainship existed up to the mid-1970s.
578:
peaceable people, well disposed, much attached to the French, living entirely on Indian corn, they are employed solely on their fields; they do not hunt like the other Indians.
980:
927:
821:
Because of the expense of shipping horses from France, the French found it cheaper to buy them in La Louisiane from the Tunica. They acquired the horses through a native
314:
rivers. The large village was likely located at the confluence of the two rivers because the site enabled residents to control transportation and trade on the waterways.
2546:
708:. In 1967, a corrections officer at the Louisiana State Penitentiary discovered the remains of a small hamlet at this site. The archeological site is now known as the
3289:
2386:
1948:
1871:
5212:
5222:
4148:
2425:
1009:
and made their livings by occasionally hiring out as boatmen. Documents from the early 19th century record a second Tunica village with its own chief, located on
2344:
883:. (Due to shifting of the Mississippi River, this area has eroded and the settlement was lost.) Other Native tribes had also settled in the area, including the
5207:
4669:
3279:
658:
in northwestern Louisiana and southwestern Arkansas. Scholars believe the Tunica were middlemen in the movement of salt from the Caddoan areas to the French.
5217:
693:, the next major river junction. This location enabled them to keep control of their salt trade, as the Red River also connected to their salt source in the
671:
5227:
5145:
3322:
2379:
4774:
895:. The latter came to have a long-term relationship with the Tunica. (After years of intermarriage, in 1981 the tribes gained federal recognition as the
720:. The last was the most widespread war; the Natchez attacked and killed many of the French in Natchez territory; in retaliation, the French gained the
4844:
4634:
4119:
3332:
385:
of the Tunican language. At that time, these related groups covered a large region extending along both sides of the Mississippi River in present-day
4739:
2092:
728:
In November 1729 the French commander Sieur de Chépart ordered the Natchez to vacate one of their villages so that he could use its land for a new
190:
and shared land. Remnant peoples from other small tribes also merged with them. In 1981 they were federally recognized and now call themselves the
4534:
2953:
2949:
1673:
Michael P. Hoffman (1994). "Ethnic Identities and Cultural Change in the Protohistoric Period of Eastern Arkansas". In Patricia B. Kwachka (ed.).
248:
had developed between local competing polities. Material culture, such as pottery styles and mortuary practices, began to diverge at this point.
4609:
4544:
4524:
2405:
5202:
4749:
2594:
2516:
1386:
129:
1053:
on their white neighbors' lands. No longer prosperous, they managed to eke out a living through the 19th century. In the 1870s their chief,
4112:
2793:
5130:
5105:
5085:
4519:
3967:
2971:
2783:
2758:
2690:
2536:
919:, was the spokesman for his tribe. By this time, his people had largely assimilated into the Tunica. With the British in charge of the
4879:
4659:
4484:
3091:
2720:
2695:
2599:
1820:
1707:
1596:
2120:
1992:
1931:
1797:
1686:
1570:
1554:
1496:
1453:
1209:
732:
995:
When the Tunica settled at what became Marksville, the Red River was still an important avenue of trade. By the late 19th century,
1755:
1204:
The tribe began formal efforts to be recognized by the federal government in the 1940s under Chief Eli Barbry, who led a group to
4624:
3536:
2773:
1169:
801:
879:
In 1764, the Tunica moved fifteen miles (24 km) south of the Trudeau Landing site to just outside the French settlement at
5125:
5090:
5055:
4894:
4764:
4614:
4569:
4043:
2881:
2614:
1040:. Although the Tunica were not removed to Indian Territory, all Native Americans were under pressure. In 1841 the Tunica chief
299:
237:
5035:
4829:
4804:
4724:
4416:
4160:
3556:
3121:
2506:
2496:
1419:
903:
they still tattooed themselves and practiced some of their native religious customs. Their Head Chief during these years was
837:
2265:
1955:
1571:"Relation of the Conquest of Florida Presented by Luys Hernandez de Biedma in the Year 1544 to the King of Spain in Council"
618:, and Couspe (or Houspe) tribes. Unlike the northern tribes with which the French were familiar, the Tunica (and the nearby
1643:
540:
in their territory only for a short time, their encounter had devastating effects. The accidental introduction of Eurasian
3873:
3625:
3501:
3264:
3076:
2624:
2561:
2541:
1024:
Although the Tunica were prosperous at this time, eventually problems with their white neighbors would take its toll. The
655:
233:
1258:
worked with Youchigant in the 1930s to describe what he remembered of the language, and the description was published in
923:
east of the Mississippi River, and the Spanish in control of Louisiana, it was a volatile time politically for the area.
5040:
4589:
3904:
3883:
3442:
3402:
3186:
2808:
2763:
2670:
2639:
1923:
705:
330:
5135:
4904:
4489:
4474:
4348:
3836:
3810:
3635:
3571:
3521:
2846:
2813:
2420:
1678:
1546:
1488:
1120:
1006:
523:
in the 1940s. It is now theorized that the peoples of the Central Mississippi Valley, from Pacaha in the north to the
483:
295:: Parkin and Nodena. The other phases were possible vassal states or allies in their competition for local supremacy.
198:
2213:
1735:
772:
killed four Natchez during the fighting, but was eventually killed along with twelve of his warriors. His war-chief
4744:
4499:
3432:
3317:
3299:
3151:
3086:
2188:
1476:
1139:
1025:
896:
675:
448:
192:
225:
peoples in the Central Mississippi Valley had developed or adopted a full Mississippian lifestyle, with intensive
4914:
3191:
2521:
1621:
1538:
2700:
678:. They took an estimated 1,000 to 2,000 captives from the Tunica, Taensa, and Quapaw tribes during this period.
4849:
4704:
4674:
4233:
3595:
3367:
3337:
3071:
1294:
as a first language. Tunica is taught in weekly language classes, immersion programs, and a youth summer camp.
1185:
941:, where they were subsequently granted land by the Spanish. Other tribes also settled in the area, such as the
830:
463:. The chief of Palisema sent the expedition on to the land of the Cayas, where they found the town of Tanico.
796:
After the attack and plundering of their village at Angola, in 1731 the Tunica moved a few miles away to the
5140:
4874:
4864:
4824:
4699:
4431:
4366:
4053:
3863:
3743:
3690:
3640:
3551:
3226:
3221:
3181:
2016:
2876:
1135:
268:
4809:
4529:
4376:
4319:
4253:
4238:
4036:
3718:
3284:
3016:
2768:
2753:
2680:
2304:
2030:
1188:
to repair damage by the centuries underground, and storage and handling during the ten-year court battle.
1173:
834:
690:
479:
1147:
5003:
4937:
4884:
4779:
4446:
4411:
4401:
4342:
3269:
3011:
2976:
2619:
2409:
2363:
2096:
1789:
1333:
1124:
1037:
965:
871:
841:
218:
172:
4679:
2831:
494:. The brine was strained and left to dry in shallow bowls, where the dried salt was later scraped off.
144:(Akoroa, Courouais); and possibly the Tioux. They first encountered Europeans in 1541 – members of the
1368:
857:
378:
4574:
4426:
4298:
4083:
4006:
3201:
3036:
2566:
2511:
1251:
920:
541:
264:
263:, all belonging to the same overall culture. The groups in the area are defined by archaeologists as
2675:
860:" was the greatest amount of European trade goods found at any Native American site of this period.
697:
areas. They established a loose collection of hamlets and villages at their new home in present-day
646:
characteristics, such as a complex religion and, in the case of the Natchez, use and maintenance of
602:. Archaeological evidence suggests that the Tunica had recently migrated to the region from eastern
5065:
4361:
4288:
4263:
4228:
4208:
4011:
3972:
3919:
3670:
3620:
3605:
3541:
3526:
3479:
3241:
3131:
2961:
2861:
2748:
1058:
968:. It was noted on Louisiana maps as of 1809, after the United States acquired the territory by the
845:
478:
Archaeologists believe the location for the Province of Coligua may be the Greenbriar phase on the
464:
311:
292:
187:
3846:
351:
318:
209:
5150:
4962:
4694:
4689:
4549:
4396:
4332:
4313:
4248:
4243:
4175:
4058:
3700:
3615:
3516:
3469:
3372:
3352:
3259:
3176:
3111:
3046:
2454:
2054:
Ellis, Elizabeth. “Petite Nation with Powerful Networks: The Tunicas in the Eighteenth Century.”
1128:
1010:
969:
789:
545:
288:
4268:
1885:
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to their immediate south, they decided to move further, across the Mississippi and south to its
2165:
1057:
helped reunite the tribe. He also encouraged revival of ancient tribal ceremonies, such as the
884:
548:. In addition, the expedition had played off local political rivalries, causing more conflict.
5176:
4977:
4684:
4441:
4421:
4203:
4135:
3909:
3899:
3805:
3660:
3546:
3511:
3459:
3427:
3392:
3387:
3327:
3309:
3274:
3216:
3166:
3126:
3041:
2836:
2798:
2743:
2526:
2489:
1988:
1927:
1865:
1793:
1682:
1550:
1520:
1492:
1449:
1415:
1411:
1382:
698:
595:
528:
460:
307:
133:
2371:
926:
Both groups vied for the allegiance of the Tunica, with the Spanish usually winning. In 1779
735:. The chiefs of the village sent emissaries to potential allies, including the Yazoo, Koroa,
456:
5120:
4957:
4909:
4859:
4799:
4714:
4639:
4629:
4604:
4559:
4406:
4356:
4337:
4327:
4278:
4273:
3941:
3936:
3924:
3868:
3858:
3685:
3489:
3407:
3342:
3051:
2898:
2871:
2841:
2644:
2634:
1287:
1247:
1208:
Federal recognition would have entitled the tribe to benefit from social programs under the
1205:
946:
875:
Choctaw village in Louisiana similar to Tunica villages of the time (François Bernard, 1869)
784:
551:
By the time the French arrived, the Central Mississippi Valley was sparsely occupied by the
411:
374:
326:
164:
151:
145:
2166:"Census 2000 PHC-T-18. American Indian and Alaska Native Tribes in the United States: 2000"
1979:
Lorenz, Karl G. (2000). "The Natchez of Southwest Mississippi". In Bonnie G. McEwan (ed.).
1824:
1164:
In the 1960s a treasure hunter named Leonard Charrier began searching for artifacts at the
40:
5197:
5013:
4967:
4719:
4664:
4654:
4514:
4436:
4293:
4223:
4218:
4198:
4165:
4048:
3989:
3946:
3929:
3914:
3675:
3645:
3377:
3141:
3106:
3096:
3056:
2778:
2725:
2685:
2609:
2571:
2444:
2404:
2072:
1711:
1313:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1225:
1192:
1165:
1159:
988:
797:
709:
256:
245:
222:
160:
88:
2357:
2124:
1574:
1483:
Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando De Soto and the South's Ancient Chiefdoms
1378:
1372:
45:
Tunica chief, Brides les Boefs (translated as Buffalo Tamer), holding a staff with three
610:
was assigned as the missionary for the Tunica, as well as for the smaller tribes of the
5095:
5080:
5070:
4972:
4709:
4539:
4494:
4391:
4303:
4258:
4088:
4021:
4016:
3951:
3733:
3600:
3447:
3171:
3021:
2996:
2986:
2501:
2035:
1981:
1759:
1445:
1439:
1406:
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South, 1670-1717
1176:
deposited as grave goods by the Tunica from 1731 to 1764, when they occupied the site.
1108:
1033:
1029:
826:
717:
682:
647:
623:
607:
499:
487:
252:
46:
2013:
Indian Tribes of the Lower Mississippi Valley and Adjacent Coast of the Gulf of Mexico
1784:
The Indian Slave Trade: The Rise of the English Empire in the American South 1670-1717
5191:
4952:
4947:
4839:
4789:
4784:
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4193:
4170:
4031:
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3780:
3738:
3695:
3655:
3630:
3484:
3417:
3412:
3382:
3231:
3206:
3116:
3066:
2981:
2851:
2604:
2551:
2459:
2039:
1782:
1512:
1404:
1216:. The formally recognized name of the tribe is the Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana.
1078:
1050:
1001:
670:
raided the Indian tribes along the lower Mississippi River to capture people for the
63:
443:
5155:
5110:
5060:
5050:
5030:
4998:
4899:
4854:
4834:
4619:
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4479:
4464:
4283:
4155:
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3710:
3610:
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3422:
3196:
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3026:
3001:
2928:
2913:
2903:
2891:
2803:
2788:
2705:
2660:
2008:
1517:
Parkin: the 1978-1979 archeological investigations of a Cross County, Arkansas site
1308:
1092:
961:
930:
led a force that included Tunica and other tribes to take the British-held town of
892:
748:
468:
428:
377:
and his army approached the eastern bank of the Mississippi River, coming upon the
284:
272:
260:
179:
136:
Valley, which include the Tunica (also spelled Tonica, Tonnica, and Thonnica); the
1920:
Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast, Revised and Expanded Edition
1013:, during the Tunicas' early years in Avoyelles Parish. Some Tunica moved west to
490:). The people would scoop the sand in baskets, and run water through it, making a
2269:
2145:
1481:
5008:
4889:
4869:
4734:
4594:
4584:
4469:
4213:
3979:
3831:
3775:
3723:
3437:
3294:
3081:
2991:
2935:
2886:
2665:
2556:
2531:
2484:
2469:
1647:
1191:
From 1991 to 199 the Tunica had the museum designed in the shape of the ancient
1084:
934:. It is the last recorded military campaign in which the Tunica are documented.
931:
853:
822:
615:
599:
591:
560:
386:
322:
280:
276:
137:
111:
67:
1912:
1278:, but communication between the three was only possible through the use of the
1131:
has a land area of 1.682 square kilometres (0.649 sq mi; 416 acres).
1115:(formerly Muskogean speaking), European and African ancestry. Many live on the
590:
The French established a mission among the Tunica around the year 1700, on the
5045:
4942:
4814:
4729:
4644:
4554:
4104:
3728:
3680:
3650:
3590:
3397:
3156:
2966:
2908:
2866:
2856:
2710:
2589:
2297:
1846:
888:
686:
635:
303:
2292:
960:, named Marco Litche (the French recorded him as Marc Eliche), established a
17:
4819:
4649:
3800:
3790:
3770:
3665:
3474:
3362:
3254:
3031:
2715:
2629:
2317:
2239:
1271:
1255:
1100:
1088:
996:
949:
942:
912:
752:
740:
736:
667:
520:
255:
evidence suggests that the Mississippi valley was home to several competing
75:
2215:
Tunica Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana-Tribal Museum and Cultural Resource Center
1524:
321:(3 Ct 7) and its nearby cluster of towns and villages. It is named for the
52:, their enemies and the son and wife of the slain chief Cahura-Joligo, 1732
2219:
1644:"A narrative of de Soto's Expedition based on the diary of Rodrigo Ranjel"
5018:
4982:
4932:
4794:
4579:
4026:
3994:
3211:
3136:
2479:
2474:
2192:
1983:
Indians of the Greater Southeast: Historical Archaeology and Ethnohistory
1018:
643:
627:
603:
556:
390:
241:
155:
Tunica Trail from the central Mississippi Valley to Marksville, Louisiana
71:
49:
1230:
544:, such as smallpox, ravaged the native populations, who had no acquired
267:, based on differentiation in these material cultures. They include the
5025:
4509:
4386:
4308:
4001:
3984:
3815:
3795:
3249:
3146:
2464:
2059:
1675:
Perspectives on the Southeast-Linguistics, Archaeology and Ethnohistory
1112:
744:
729:
721:
382:
334:
2056:
Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association
1541:(1990). "The Nodena Phase". In Dye, David H.; Cox, Cheryl Ann (eds.).
4371:
3582:
3452:
3101:
3006:
2356:
2041:
England in the Seven Years' War: A Study in Combined Strategy Vol. II
1629:
1275:
1104:
1096:
1066:
953:
938:
639:
631:
619:
552:
524:
419:
415:
230:
183:
1304:
List of sites and peoples visited by the Hernando de Soto Expedition
704:
In the early 20th century, Angola was developed as the site of the
5115:
3785:
3531:
3061:
2923:
1014:
979:
957:
870:
783:
694:
611:
491:
472:
442:
226:
208:
150:
141:
115:
815:
Father Charlevoix describing a meeting with Cahura-Joligo in 1721
681:
By 1706 the Tunica decided to move again. With their enemies the
5075:
2349:
1150:
The current Chairman of the Tribal Council is Marshall Pierite.
4108:
2375:
833:. The Tunica stayed at this location into the 1760s, when the
178:
Since the early 19th century, they have intermarried with the
317:
The Nodena phase is believed to have been centered on the
2331:
2115:
2113:
1334:"TUNİKA (TUNİCA) PİRAMİTLERİ , Kuzey Amerika- Asya bağı"
1127:. A part of the city extends onto reservation land. The
287:
phases. In the immediate vicinity of the future city of
1756:"The Role of Salt in Eastern North American Prehistory"
964:
in the area. The settlement he founded became known as
519:, match Tunica linguistic characteristics evaluated by
1913:"Interconnectedness and Diversity in French Louisiana"
1182:
Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act
1065:
merged with and absorbed other local groups (the Ofo,
531:
in the south on the Arkansas River, were all Tunican.
410:
Upon crossing the river, the expedition came upon the
404:
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega describing the Quizquiz 1605
302:
site, a 17 acres (7 ha) palisaded village at the
367:
Luys Hernandez de Biedma describing the Quizquiz 1544
213:
The Parkin site, circa 1539. Illustration by Herb Roe
128:
are a group of linguistically and culturally related
447:
Proposed route for the de Soto Expedition, based on
4991:
4923:
4455:
4184:
3960:
3892:
3824:
3763:
3756:
3709:
3581:
3570:
3500:
3351:
3308:
3240:
2948:
2822:
2734:
2653:
2580:
2443:
2434:
2146:"Paragon Casino and Resort-the Tunica Biloxi Tribe"
1021:, where they were absorbed by other Native groups.
105:
95:
82:
57:
1980:
1781:
1519:. Arkansas Archaeological Survey Research Series.
1480:
1403:
1142:notes that 648 persons self-identified as Tunica.
1134:They operate Louisiana's first land-based casino,
844:following the French defeat by the English in the
471:and in the 1980s by Robert L. Rankin point to the
2044:(Second ed.). London: Longman, Green and Co.
1036:for many of the Southeast natives, including the
418:. The province had a long-standing feud with the
1702:
1700:
1698:
1083:The modern "Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe" live in
642:class. The Tunica, Taensa, and Natchez retained
229:agriculture, hierarchical political structures,
1471:
1469:
1467:
1465:
806:
575:
424:
395:
381:(pronounced "keys-keys"). These people spoke a
358:
1730:
1728:
1441:Encyclopedia of Native Tribes of North America
1363:
792:(1753). Shows the 1736 location of the Tunica.
4120:
2387:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1270:in 1953. The Tunica tribe lived close to the
8:
1870:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
437:Rodrigo Ranjel describing the Casqui 1547–49
33:
1250:. The last known native speaker of Tunica,
4127:
4113:
4105:
3760:
3578:
2440:
2394:
2380:
2372:
2323:. New York: J.J. Augustin Publisher, 1940.
1668:
1666:
1664:
1196:community, and tribal government offices.
1091:. The modern tribe is composed of Tunica,
475:tribe as likely to have been the Coligua.
39:
32:
27:Native American tribes, Mississippi valley
4635:Hopewell Culture National Historical Park
1708:"On the Tunica Trail-Tunica Biloxi Today"
1906:
1904:
1229:
650:, after they had disappeared elsewhere.
350:
1543:Towns and Temples Along the Mississippi
1325:
985:Louisiana Indians Walking Along a Bayou
856:at the site. What has been called the "
5213:Native American history of Mississippi
2288:
2286:
1863:
1099:speaking people from the Gulf coast),
186:-speaking people from the vicinity of
5223:Native American tribes in Mississippi
867:Pointe Coupee 1764 to the early 1790s
7:
5208:Native American history of Louisiana
2367:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
2350:The Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana
2332:Tunica-Biloxi Reservation, Louisiana
2244:The Tunica-Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana
2058:, vol. 58, no. 2, 2017, pp. 133–78.
1886:"The Bloodhound Archaeological Site"
1377:. Chelsea House Publishers. p.
1290:, with a few older members speaking
584:La Source describing the Tunica 1699
298:The Parkin phase is centered on the
58:Regions with significant populations
5218:Native American tribes in Louisiana
5106:Norse colonization of North America
606:, in the late 17th century. Father
244:and ditches, indicating a state of
5228:Native American tribes in Arkansas
2410:Mississippian and related cultures
2189:"Tunica Biloxi Tribe of Louisiana"
1214:Tunica-Biloxi Indians of Louisiana
25:
2355:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913).
1410:. Yale University Press. p.
1210:Indian Reorganization Act of 1934
911:continuing as the War Chief. The
897:Tunica-Biloxi Nation of Louisiana
455:The expedition later visited the
2403:
2303:
2121:"On the Tunica Trail-Marksville"
1918:. In Gregory A. Waselkov (ed.).
1260:A Grammar of the Tunica Language
1170:West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana
1117:Tunica-Biloxi Indian Reservation
5126:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
4044:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
1987:. University Press of Florida.
1601:The Indians of Arkansas website
355:Illustration of the Nodena site
291:, two phases seem to have been
238:Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
2426:Timeline of Mississippi valley
1736:"ON THE TUNICA TRAIL-Quizquiz"
459:, the Province of Coligua and
1:
3626:Grand Village of the Illinois
2073:"Marksville, Louisiana Facts"
563:in west central Mississippi.
5203:Middle Mississippian culture
5091:Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing
5041:Eastern Agricultural Complex
3403:Grand Village of the Natchez
1924:University of Nebraska Press
1123:, just south of the city of
825:which had its origin in the
706:Louisiana State Penitentiary
598:in the present-day state of
572:Mouth of the Yazoo 1682–1706
4475:Bandelier National Monument
4349:List of Mississippian sites
4136:Pre-Columbian North America
2421:List of Mississippian sites
2334:United States Census Bureau
1679:University of Georgia Press
1547:University of Alabama Press
1489:University of Georgia Press
1402:Gallay, Alan (2002-01-01).
1286:. Most modern Tunica speak
788:"Carte de la Louisiane" of
666:By the early 18th century,
414:, and from there on to the
219:Middle Mississippian period
199:Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana
197:they have a reservation in
5244:
4895:West Oak Forest Earthlodge
4500:The Bluff Point Stoneworks
4209:Ancestral Pueblo (Anasazi)
1597:"Tunica and Koroa Indians"
1223:
1157:
1076:
1026:Indian Removal Act of 1830
193:Tunica-Biloxi Indian Tribe
5164:
5136:Three Sisters agriculture
4142:
4071:
2416:
2246:. The Tunica-Biloxi Tribe
1622:Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
1254:, died in 1948. Linguist
1180:federal legislation, the
976:Marksville to the present
780:Trudeau Landing 1731–1764
718:Natchez Rebellion of 1729
236:and participation in the
110:
100:
87:
62:
38:
4675:Lehner Mammoth-Kill Site
4234:Buttermilk Creek complex
3338:Naval Live Oaks Cemetery
1911:DuVal, Kathleen (2006).
1603:. University of Arkansas
1438:Michael Johnson (2000).
1103:(also a Siouan people),
945:, and Biloxi. In 1794 a
891:and the Siouan-speaking
4875:Town Creek Indian Mound
4845:Sierra de San Francisco
4700:Meadowcroft Rockshelter
3968:Ballgame (Southeastern)
3864:Long-nosed god maskette
3744:SunWatch Indian Village
3691:Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs
3552:Ka-Do-Ha Indian Village
2017:Smithsonian Institution
1595:George E. Sabo (2008).
1527:. Unknown ID 0882-4591.
4530:Coso Rock Art District
4417:Santa Rosa-Swift Creek
4320:List of Hopewell sites
3719:Alligator Effigy Mound
3333:Hickory Ridge Cemetery
3285:Leon-Jefferson culture
2681:Caborn-Welborn culture
2358:"Tonica Indians"
2062:Retrieved 6 Aug. 2022.
1242:, or less common form
1235:
1028:, signed by President
992:
921:Western Florida colony
876:
819:
793:
588:
452:
441:
408:
373:In the spring of 1541
371:
356:
234:shell-tempered pottery
214:
156:
101:Native tribal religion
4938:Arlington Springs Man
4780:Portsmouth Earthworks
2448:and Upper Mississippi
2364:Catholic Encyclopedia
2345:Tunica-Biloxi History
1821:"ON THE TUNICA TRAIL"
1790:Yale University Press
1780:Gallay, Alan (2002).
1262:in 1941, followed by
1233:
1136:Paragon Casino Resort
1125:Marksville, Louisiana
1111:people), Mississippi
1038:Five Civilized Tribes
983:
874:
802:West Feliciana Parish
787:
446:
354:
265:archaeological phases
212:
173:Marksville, Louisiana
154:
106:Related ethnic groups
5146:Transoceanic contact
5036:Container Revolution
4610:Gila Cliff Dwellings
4575:Etowah Indian Mounds
4007:Earth/fertility cult
3711:Fort Ancient culture
2595:Dogtooth Bend Mounds
2581:Lower Ohio River and
2567:Steed-Kisker culture
1252:Sesostrie Youchigant
379:Province of Quizquiz
342:Protohistoric period
5066:Green Corn Ceremony
4880:Turkey River Mounds
4670:Lake Jackson Mounds
4490:Blue Spring Shelter
4012:Green Corn Ceremony
3572:Upper Mississippian
3522:Blue Spring Shelter
3242:Fort Walton culture
2696:Hovey Lake District
2015:. Washington D.C.:
1947:Charles F. Lawson.
1626:La Florida del Inca
1200:Federal recognition
1148:Earl J. Barbry, Sr.
542:infectious diseases
525:Provinces of Anilco
482:at the edge of the
465:Linguistic analysis
457:Province of Quigate
293:paramount chiefdoms
257:paramount chiefdoms
188:Biloxi, Mississippi
35:
5151:Underwater panther
4825:Rosenstock Village
4695:Marmes Rockshelter
4680:L'Anse aux Meadows
4094:de Soto Expedition
4059:Underwater panther
3905:Central Algonquian
3616:Fisher Mound Group
3260:Apalachee Province
3227:Waddells Mill Pond
2266:"Language names:T"
2093:"About Marksville"
1847:"Charrier v. Bell"
1845:Ponder, Elven, J.
1477:Hudson, Charles M.
1236:
993:
970:Louisiana Purchase
877:
794:
790:Dumont de Montigny
672:Indian slave trade
453:
420:Province of Pacaha
416:Province of Casqui
412:Province of Aquixo
357:
331:Mississippi County
325:, located east of
289:Memphis, Tennessee
259:, with supporting
215:
157:
5185:
5184:
5177:Pre-Columbian era
4978:Spirit Cave mummy
4775:Plum Bayou Mounds
4685:Lynch Quarry Site
4204:Ancient Beringian
4102:
4101:
4067:
4066:
3752:
3751:
3368:Atchafalaya Basin
3310:Pensacola culture
3275:Fort Walton Mound
3167:Punk Rock Shelter
3127:Mouse Creek phase
2950:South Appalachian
2944:
2943:
2823:Central and Lower
2764:Castalian Springs
2754:Brentwood Library
2654:Middle Ohio River
2507:Emerald Acropolis
2301:(25th ed., 2022)
1513:Morse, Phyllis A.
1388:978-1-55546-731-9
1374:The Tunica-Biloxi
1268:Tunica Dictionary
1087:and east central
1045:from the Tunica.
907:, with the elder
774:Brides les Boeufs
699:Angola, Louisiana
630:. They had built
596:Mississippi River
449:Charles M. Hudson
277:Belle Meade-Walls
134:Mississippi River
122:
121:
16:(Redirected from
5235:
5121:Projectile point
4958:Leanderthal Lady
4885:Upward Sun River
4860:Stallings Island
4850:Shell ring sites
4800:Recapture Canyon
4715:Moorehead Circle
4560:El Fin del Mundo
4545:Cueva de la Olla
4351:
4338:Maritime Archaic
4322:
4152:
4129:
4122:
4115:
4106:
3869:Mill Creek chert
3859:Duck River cache
3761:
3579:
3343:Pensacola people
3137:Muscogee (Creek)
2977:Bell Field Mound
2691:Hovey Lake-Klein
2645:Wickliffe Mounds
2620:Rowlandton Mound
2537:Lunsford-Pulcher
2441:
2408:
2407:
2396:
2389:
2382:
2373:
2368:
2360:
2324:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2307:
2290:
2281:
2280:
2278:
2277:
2268:. Archived from
2262:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2251:
2236:
2230:
2229:
2228:
2227:
2218:, archived from
2210:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2191:. Archived from
2185:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2162:
2156:
2155:
2153:
2152:
2142:
2136:
2135:
2133:
2132:
2123:. Archived from
2117:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2095:. Archived from
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2063:
2052:
2046:
2045:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1998:
1986:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1966:
1960:
1954:. Archived from
1953:
1944:
1938:
1937:
1917:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1890:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1869:
1861:
1859:
1857:
1842:
1836:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1823:. Archived from
1817:
1804:
1803:
1787:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1758:. Archived from
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1732:
1723:
1722:
1720:
1719:
1710:. Archived from
1704:
1693:
1692:
1670:
1659:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1646:. Archived from
1640:
1634:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1573:. Archived from
1567:
1561:
1560:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1486:
1473:
1460:
1459:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1409:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1369:Jeffrey P. Brain
1365:
1338:
1337:
1330:
1248:language isolate
1246:) language is a
1206:Washington, D.C.
1121:Avoyelles Parish
1007:Avoyelles Parish
947:Sephardic Jewish
909:Brides les Boefs
858:Trudeau Treasure
846:Seven Years' War
817:
662:Angola 1706–1731
626:) had a complex
586:
467:in the 1930s by
439:
406:
375:Hernando de Soto
369:
327:Wilson, Arkansas
146:Hernando de Soto
43:
36:
21:
5243:
5242:
5238:
5237:
5236:
5234:
5233:
5232:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5172:Genetic history
5160:
5014:Ceremonial pipe
4987:
4968:Minnesota Woman
4925:
4919:
4740:Ocmulgee Mounds
4720:Morrison Mounds
4665:Kolomoki Mounds
4655:Kimball Village
4515:Candelaria Cave
4457:
4451:
4432:Suwannee Valley
4367:Old Cordilleran
4347:
4318:
4186:
4180:
4146:
4138:
4133:
4103:
4098:
4084:Clarksdale bell
4063:
4049:Stone box grave
3990:Ceremonial pipe
3956:
3915:Mobilian Jargon
3888:
3820:
3748:
3705:
3573:
3566:
3503:
3496:
3354:
3347:
3304:
3236:
3182:Rucker's Bottom
2972:Beaverdam Creek
2952:
2940:
2824:
2818:
2779:Hiwassee Island
2736:
2730:
2721:Welborn Village
2649:
2610:Millstone Bluff
2583:Confluence area
2582:
2576:
2572:Sugarloaf Mound
2512:Emmons Cemetery
2447:
2445:American Bottom
2436:
2430:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2354:
2341:
2328:
2327:
2316:
2312:
2302:
2291:
2284:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2263:
2259:
2249:
2247:
2238:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2223:
2212:
2211:
2207:
2198:
2196:
2187:
2186:
2182:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2163:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2139:
2130:
2128:
2119:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2066:
2053:
2049:
2036:Corbett, Julian
2034:
2031:Treaty of Paris
2028:
2024:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1995:
1978:
1977:
1973:
1964:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1946:
1945:
1941:
1934:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1902:
1893:
1891:
1888:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1862:
1855:
1853:
1844:
1843:
1839:
1830:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1800:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1726:
1717:
1715:
1706:
1705:
1696:
1689:
1672:
1671:
1662:
1653:
1651:
1642:
1641:
1637:
1620:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1589:
1580:
1578:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1557:
1537:
1536:
1532:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1499:
1475:
1474:
1463:
1456:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1422:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1367:
1366:
1341:
1332:
1331:
1327:
1322:
1314:Biloxi language
1300:
1280:Mobilian Jargon
1276:Avoyeles tribes
1238:The Tunica (or
1234:Tunica language
1228:
1226:Tunica language
1222:
1220:Tunica language
1202:
1193:platform mounds
1166:Trudeau Landing
1162:
1160:Tunica treasure
1156:
1154:Tunica Treasure
1081:
1075:
989:Alfred Boisseau
978:
928:Governor Galvez
869:
840:control to the
818:
813:
782:
710:Bloodhound Site
664:
648:platform mounds
587:
582:
574:
569:
567:Historic period
537:
500:ethnohistorians
484:Ozark Highlands
440:
435:
407:
402:
370:
365:
349:
347:Spanish contact
344:
246:endemic warfare
207:
182:, an unrelated
161:Tunica language
130:Native American
89:Tunica language
53:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5241:
5239:
5231:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5190:
5189:
5183:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5096:Mound Builders
5093:
5088:
5083:
5081:Medicine wheel
5078:
5073:
5071:Horned Serpent
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5022:
5021:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4989:
4988:
4986:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4929:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4918:
4917:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4867:
4862:
4857:
4852:
4847:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4827:
4822:
4817:
4812:
4810:Roberts Island
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4745:Old Stone Fort
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4710:Moaning Cavern
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4660:Kincaid Mounds
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4540:Cuarenta Casas
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4495:Bluefish Caves
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4461:
4459:
4456:Archaeological
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4384:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4364:
4359:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4254:Caloosahatchee
4251:
4246:
4241:
4239:Caborn-Welborn
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4190:
4188:
4185:Archaeological
4182:
4181:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4132:
4131:
4124:
4117:
4109:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4089:Mound Builders
4086:
4081:
4076:
4075:Related topics
4072:
4069:
4068:
4065:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4051:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4037:Village bundle
4029:
4024:
4022:Platform mound
4019:
4017:Horned Serpent
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3998:
3997:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3976:
3975:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3933:
3932:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3902:
3896:
3894:
3890:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3884:Stone statuary
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3856:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3834:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3821:
3819:
3818:
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3765:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3741:
3736:
3734:Leo Petroglyph
3731:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3671:Moccasin Bluff
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3621:Gentleman Farm
3618:
3613:
3608:
3606:Carcajou Point
3603:
3598:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3537:Caddoan Mounds
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3498:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3457:
3456:
3455:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3375:
3370:
3365:
3359:
3357:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3323:Dauphin Island
3320:
3314:
3312:
3306:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3238:
3237:
3235:
3234:
3229:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3069:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2997:Bussell Island
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2956:
2946:
2945:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2895:
2894:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2749:Beasley Mounds
2746:
2740:
2738:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2600:Kincaid Mounds
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2517:Horseshoe Lake
2514:
2509:
2504:
2502:Dickson Mounds
2499:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2449:
2438:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2417:
2414:
2413:
2401:
2399:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2352:
2347:
2340:
2339:External links
2337:
2336:
2335:
2326:
2325:
2310:
2282:
2257:
2231:
2205:
2180:
2157:
2137:
2109:
2084:
2064:
2047:
2022:
2000:
1993:
1971:
1939:
1932:
1900:
1877:
1837:
1805:
1798:
1772:
1747:
1724:
1694:
1687:
1660:
1635:
1613:
1587:
1562:
1555:
1530:
1504:
1497:
1461:
1454:
1446:Gramercy Books
1430:
1420:
1394:
1387:
1339:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1224:Main article:
1221:
1218:
1201:
1198:
1158:Main article:
1155:
1152:
1077:Main article:
1074:
1071:
1034:Trail of Tears
1030:Andrew Jackson
977:
974:
868:
865:
811:
781:
778:
676:South Carolina
663:
660:
656:Caddoan groups
608:Antoine Davion
580:
573:
570:
568:
565:
557:Dhegiha Siouan
536:
535:French contact
533:
488:Arkansas River
433:
400:
363:
348:
345:
343:
340:
253:archaeological
206:
203:
132:tribes in the
120:
119:
108:
107:
103:
102:
98:
97:
93:
92:
85:
84:
80:
79:
60:
59:
55:
54:
44:
29:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5240:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
5196:
5195:
5193:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5167:
5166:
5163:
5157:
5154:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:Falcon dancer
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5020:
5017:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4992:Miscellaneous
4990:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4963:Melbourne Man
4961:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4953:La Brea Woman
4951:
4949:
4948:Kennewick Man
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4928:
4922:
4916:
4913:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4886:
4883:
4881:
4878:
4876:
4873:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4858:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4846:
4843:
4841:
4840:Serpent Mound
4838:
4836:
4833:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4790:Pueblo Bonito
4788:
4786:
4785:Poverty Point
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4770:Pinson Mounds
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4760:Painted Bluff
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4640:Horr's Island
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4570:Effigy Mounds
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4535:Crystal River
4533:
4531:
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4491:
4488:
4486:
4483:
4481:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4447:Weeden Island
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4412:Safety Harbor
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4402:Poverty Point
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4388:
4385:
4383:
4382:Paleo-Indians
4380:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4363:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4350:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4343:Mississippian
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4183:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4169:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4130:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4111:
4110:
4107:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4050:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4034:
4033:
4032:Sacred bundle
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3996:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3959:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3931:
3928:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3918:
3916:
3913:
3911:
3908:
3906:
3903:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3852:Wulfing cache
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3837:Copper plates
3835:
3833:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3823:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3811:Three Sisters
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3781:Little barley
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3766:
3762:
3759:
3755:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3739:Serpent Mound
3737:
3735:
3732:
3730:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3720:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3702:
3701:Summer Island
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3588:
3586:
3584:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3569:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3504:Mississippian
3499:
3493:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3481:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3461:
3458:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3355:Mississippian
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3270:Corbin–Tucker
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3243:
3239:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3225:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:Roods Landing
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3130:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3117:Moccasin Bend
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3075:
3073:
3070:
3068:
3065:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3047:Hoojah Branch
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2954:Mississippian
2951:
2947:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2877:Menard-Hodges
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2821:
2815:
2814:Swallow Bluff
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
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2780:
2777:
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2770:
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2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2735:Tennessee and
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
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2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2605:Marshall Site
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
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2555:
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2530:
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2503:
2500:
2498:
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2481:
2478:
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2468:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:Mississippian
2433:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2415:
2411:
2406:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2374:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2329:
2322:
2319:
2318:Haas, Mary R.
2314:
2311:
2306:
2300:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2287:
2283:
2272:on 2010-01-13
2271:
2267:
2261:
2258:
2245:
2241:
2235:
2232:
2222:on 2011-10-08
2221:
2217:
2216:
2209:
2206:
2195:on 2010-06-08
2194:
2190:
2184:
2181:
2167:
2161:
2158:
2147:
2141:
2138:
2127:on 2007-08-31
2126:
2122:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2099:on 2010-01-14
2098:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2060:JSTOR website
2057:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2026:
2023:
2018:
2014:
2010:
2004:
2001:
1996:
1994:0-8130-1778-5
1990:
1985:
1984:
1975:
1972:
1961:on 2007-11-26
1957:
1950:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1933:0-8032-9861-7
1929:
1925:
1921:
1914:
1907:
1905:
1901:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1873:
1867:
1852:
1848:
1841:
1838:
1827:on 2010-02-09
1826:
1822:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1801:
1799:9780300087543
1795:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1776:
1773:
1762:on 2010-04-13
1761:
1757:
1751:
1748:
1737:
1731:
1729:
1725:
1714:on 2007-09-19
1713:
1709:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1695:
1690:
1688:0-8203-1593-1
1684:
1680:
1676:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1650:on 2009-03-17
1649:
1645:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1588:
1577:on 2009-07-12
1576:
1572:
1566:
1563:
1558:
1556:0-8173-0455-X
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1498:0-8203-1888-4
1494:
1490:
1485:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:0-517-16342-X
1451:
1447:
1443:
1442:
1434:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1407:
1398:
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1273:
1269:
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1257:
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1249:
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1241:
1232:
1227:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1189:
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1177:
1175:
1171:
1167:
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1153:
1151:
1149:
1143:
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1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1080:
1079:Tunica-Biloxi
1072:
1070:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1055:Volsin Chiki,
1052:
1051:sharecropping
1046:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1002:United States
998:
990:
986:
982:
975:
973:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:
944:
940:
935:
933:
929:
924:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:Pointe Coupée
873:
866:
864:
861:
859:
855:
849:
847:
843:
839:
836:
832:
828:
824:
823:trade network
816:
810:
805:
803:
799:
791:
786:
779:
777:
775:
771:
770:Cahura-Joligo
766:
765:Cahura-Joligo
760:
758:
757:Cahura-Joligo
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
731:
726:
723:
719:
713:
711:
707:
702:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
669:
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637:
633:
629:
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621:
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593:
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579:
571:
566:
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562:
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530:
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522:
518:
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510:
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501:
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432:
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405:
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394:
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388:
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380:
376:
368:
362:
353:
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328:
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315:
313:
309:
305:
301:
296:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
261:vassal states
258:
254:
249:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
224:
223:Late Woodland
220:
211:
204:
202:
200:
196:
194:
189:
185:
181:
176:
174:
168:
166:
162:
153:
149:
148:expedition.
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
126:Tunica people
117:
113:
109:
104:
99:
94:
90:
86:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:United States
61:
56:
51:
48:
42:
37:
19:
18:Russell Phase
5156:Water glyphs
5111:Oasisamerica
5101:N.A.G.P.R.A.
5061:Folsom point
5051:Effigy mound
5031:Clovis point
4999:Aridoamerica
4900:Wickiup Hill
4855:Spiro Mounds
4835:Salmon Ruins
4830:Russell Cave
4625:Helen Blazes
4620:Grimes Point
4600:Fort Juelson
4590:Fort Ancient
4565:El Vallecito
4525:Chaco Canyon
4465:Angel Mounds
4427:Steed-Kisker
4377:Paleo-Arctic
4299:Glacial Kame
4284:Fort Ancient
4176:Post-Classic
4147:
4079:Chevron bead
3985:Burial mound
3879:Shell gorget
3847:Spiro plates
3842:Rogan plates
3661:Knoll Spring
3636:Hartley Fort
3596:Beattie Park
3480:Transylvania
3318:Bottle Creek
3280:Lake Jackson
3162:Pisgah phase
3092:Little Egypt
3042:Garden Creek
3027:Dallas phase
2918:
2914:Tipton phase
2892:Nodena phase
2789:Mound Bottom
2774:Fewkes Group
2759:Brick Church
2661:Angel Mounds
2527:Kuhn Station
2522:John Chapman
2362:
2320:
2313:
2296:
2274:. Retrieved
2270:the original
2260:
2248:. Retrieved
2243:
2234:
2224:, retrieved
2220:the original
2214:
2208:
2197:. Retrieved
2193:the original
2183:
2172:. Retrieved
2160:
2149:. Retrieved
2140:
2129:. Retrieved
2125:the original
2101:. Retrieved
2097:the original
2087:
2076:. Retrieved
2067:
2055:
2050:
2040:
2025:
2012:
2009:John Swanton
2003:
1982:
1974:
1963:. Retrieved
1956:the original
1942:
1919:
1892:. Retrieved
1880:
1854:. Retrieved
1850:
1840:
1829:. Retrieved
1825:the original
1788:. New York:
1783:
1775:
1764:. Retrieved
1760:the original
1750:
1739:. Retrieved
1716:. Retrieved
1712:the original
1674:
1652:. Retrieved
1648:the original
1638:
1625:
1616:
1605:. Retrieved
1600:
1590:
1579:. Retrieved
1575:the original
1565:
1542:
1533:
1516:
1507:
1482:
1440:
1433:
1425:
1405:
1397:
1373:
1328:
1309:Biloxi tribe
1267:
1266:in 1950 and
1264:Tunica Texts
1263:
1259:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1213:
1203:
1190:
1186:conservators
1178:
1163:
1144:
1133:
1116:
1082:
1073:Modern tribe
1063:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1023:
994:
984:
962:trading post
936:
925:
916:
908:
904:
901:
880:
878:
862:
850:
820:
814:
807:
795:
773:
769:
764:
761:
756:
749:Fort Rosalie
727:
714:
703:
680:
665:
652:
638:, and had a
589:
583:
576:
550:
538:
516:
512:
508:
505:
496:
477:
469:John Swanton
454:
451:map of 1997.
436:
429:Cofitachequi
425:
409:
403:
396:
372:
366:
359:
319:Bradley Site
316:
297:
250:
216:
191:
180:Biloxi tribe
177:
169:
158:
125:
123:
30:Ethnic group
5141:Thunderbird
5009:Black drink
4973:Peñon woman
4910:Winterville
4890:Velda Mound
4870:Taos Pueblo
4765:Parkin Park
4750:Orwell site
4735:Nodena site
4630:Holly Bluff
4605:Four Mounds
4595:Fort Center
4520:Casa Grande
4470:Anzick site
4362:Monongahela
4289:Fort Walton
4264:Coles Creek
4229:Belle Glade
4214:Anishinaabe
4054:Thunderbird
3980:Black drink
3832:Emmons mask
3776:Chenopodium
3764:Agriculture
3686:Plum Island
3641:Hotel Plaza
3490:Winterville
3470:Scott Place
3408:Holly Bluff
3328:Fort Walton
3082:Lamar phase
2936:Walls phase
2832:Belle Meade
2825:Mississippi
2769:Dunbar Cave
2671:Annis Mound
2666:Angel phase
2640:Ware Mounds
2635:Twin Mounds
2485:Ramey state
2470:Monks Mound
1140:2000 census
1129:reservation
1119:in central
1085:Mississippi
1011:Bayou Rouge
932:Baton Rouge
854:grave goods
636:cult images
600:Mississippi
592:Yazoo River
561:Yazoo River
480:White River
387:Mississippi
323:Nodena site
308:St. Francis
68:Mississippi
5192:Categories
5086:Metallurgy
5046:Eden point
4943:Buhl Woman
4815:Rock Eagle
4805:River Styx
4730:Mummy Cave
4725:Moundville
4705:Mesa Verde
4690:Marksville
4437:Tchefuncte
4397:Plaquemine
4333:Las Palmas
4249:Calf Creek
4244:Cades Pond
3791:Marshelder
3676:Oak Forest
3646:Hoxie Farm
3460:Pocahontas
3353:Plaquemine
3290:Letchworth
3222:Town Creek
3157:Park Mound
3122:Moundville
3107:Mandeville
3097:Long Swamp
3057:Jere Shine
2909:Quigualtam
2857:Chucalissa
2744:Backusburg
2737:Cumberland
2726:Yankeetown
2711:Slack Farm
2686:Ellerbusch
2590:Adams site
2497:Cloverdale
2298:Ethnologue
2276:2010-02-15
2250:2 February
2226:2018-02-02
2199:2010-02-13
2174:2010-02-11
2151:2010-02-13
2131:2010-02-15
2103:2011-02-15
2078:2010-02-15
1965:2007-08-21
1894:2010-02-13
1856:19 January
1831:2010-02-14
1766:2010-02-13
1741:2018-01-30
1718:2010-02-10
1654:2008-09-30
1607:2010-02-10
1581:2010-02-10
1539:Morse, Dan
1426:courouais.
1421:0300101937
1320:References
1059:Corn Feast
966:Marksville
917:Perruquier
889:Pascagoula
852:buried as
829:colony of
733:plantation
687:confluence
634:, created
304:confluence
205:Prehistory
5131:Stickball
4820:Rock Hawk
4650:Key Marco
4442:Troyville
4422:St. Johns
4407:Red Ocher
4166:Formative
3920:Muskogean
3893:Languages
3806:Sunflower
3666:Mero site
3601:Blood Run
3255:Apalachee
3202:Summerour
3142:Nacoochee
2899:Owl Creek
2794:Riverview
2784:Link Farm
2676:Bone Bank
2630:Turk Site
2625:Towosahgy
2490:Woodhenge
1256:Mary Haas
1174:artifacts
1109:Natchezan
1089:Louisiana
997:railroads
950:immigrant
905:Lattanash
885:Offagoula
753:Caribbean
741:Chickasaw
691:Red River
689:with the
668:Chickasaw
594:near the
521:Mary Haas
513:macanoche
242:palisades
91:(isolate)
83:Languages
76:Louisiana
5019:Chanunpa
5004:Ballgame
4983:Vero man
4933:Anzick-1
4905:Windover
4865:SunWatch
4795:Rassawek
4615:Glenwood
4505:Brewster
4357:Mogollon
4328:La Jolla
4314:Hopewell
4274:Deptford
4187:cultures
4027:Red Horn
3995:Chanunpa
3973:Northern
3961:Religion
3942:Timucuan
3910:Cherokee
3696:Schwerdt
3656:Juntunen
3631:Griesmer
3574:cultures
3527:Bluffton
3413:Jaketown
3378:Fitzhugh
3232:Wilbanks
3212:Tomotley
3187:Savannah
3152:Ocmulgee
3132:Mulberry
3067:Joe Bell
2987:Biltmore
2982:Bessemer
2847:Campbell
2809:Old Town
2615:Orr-Herl
2552:Orendorf
2547:Mitchell
2480:Mound 72
2475:Mound 34
2460:Big Eddy
2240:"Museum"
2038:(1918).
2011:(1911).
1866:cite web
1851:Casetext
1624:(1605).
1515:(1981).
1479:(1997).
1371:(1990).
1298:See also
1168:site in
1042:Melancon
1019:Oklahoma
812:—
800:site in
737:Illinois
644:chiefdom
628:religion
604:Arkansas
581:—
546:immunity
529:UtiangĂĽe
461:Palisema
434:—
401:—
391:Arkansas
364:—
221:, local
118:, Tioux
96:Religion
72:Arkansas
5168:Related
5026:Chunkey
4926:remains
4915:Wupatki
4755:Paquime
4645:Huápoca
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4309:Hohokam
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4269:ComondĂş
4224:Baytown
4219:Avonlea
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3757:Culture
3611:Fifield
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3388:Fosters
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3112:McMahan
3087:Liddell
2962:Adamson
2872:Janet's
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2837:Boone's
2799:Sellars
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2465:Cahokia
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