2875:
2800:
2905:
2756:
2667:
2638:
2995:
2980:
1334:
47:
3040:
2623:
3115:
2682:
2950:
2785:
3235:
2815:
1321:, which unites the families of the Baltic-German enrolled nobility of the former Russian Empire, recognize Maria Vladimirovna or anyone else as holder of the throne with the power of ennoblement. However, the fact that influential “would-be nobles” make up a significant proportion of the members of the new Russian aristocratic associations leads to major conflicts within and between the Russian aristocratic associations. Since membership in the nobility is neither legally recognized nor protected, a large market for fake titles and coats of arms has developed since 1991. Supposedly original
2920:
2965:
2935:
2653:
2222:
353:
features of western fashion, education, and language onto the nobility would hasten Russia's rise to international prestige. In 1697, he began to send nobles on compulsory trips abroad to
England, Holland, and Italy. While the Tsar primarily designed these expeditions for naval training, he also encouraged the noblemen to learn about the arts of the west. Furthermore, Peter prioritized sending Russian natives as opposed to foreign expatriates; he was intent on “breeding” a new nobility that conformed to western customs but represented the
492:, entertaining the nobility with performances of western theatre and music. She encouraged the understanding of French, German, and English languages so that nobles could read classic, historical, and philosophical literature from the west. For the first time in the history of the Russian court, “intellectual pursuits became fashionable”. When foreigners visited the court, Catherine expected the noblemen and their ladies to flaunt not only their western appearance but also their ability to discuss current events in western languages.
2261:
3025:
2845:
2830:
3070:
3250:
3310:
3220:
3145:
3160:
2697:
31:
3010:
3130:
3265:
2860:
2890:
3205:
3280:
1939:
398:, which was the foremost political and intellectual language of Europe at the time. For the nobility, these changes felt even more forced than fashion regulations. As with clothing, there was uniform acceptance of Western mannerisms at court but general disregard for them outside of St. Petersburg. Furthermore, when Westerners visited Peter's court they found the image and personality of the courtiers to appear forced and awkward.
3295:
3085:
2180:
2138:
2078:
3190:
1350:
3100:
3055:
2033:
2299:
2712:
2608:
2874:
2770:
3175:
2741:
824:. According to the 1897 census, 71% of the top 4 ranks of the civil service were nobles. But in the civil service as a whole, noble membership declined from 49.8% in 1755 to 43.7% in the 1850s and to 30.7% in 1897. There were 1.2 million nobles, about 1% of the population (8% in Poland; compare with 4% in Hungary and 1 to 1.5% in France). Their military influence waned: in the
4220:
6045:
2726:
696:. In 1858, three million serfs were held by 1,400 landlords (1.4%) while 2 million by 79,000 (78%). In 1820 a fifth of the serfs were mortgaged, half by 1842. By 1859, a third of nobles' estates and two-thirds of their serfs were mortgaged to noble banks or to the state. The nobility was also weakened by the scattering of their estates, lack of
382:
Hungarian, French and
British styles, fining any noblemen who failed to obey. Peter himself, who usually wore German dress and had a trimmed mustache, acted as a prime example. While the nobility universally followed Peter's fashion preferences at court, they greatly resented these styles, which they saw as blasphemous. Away from
2799:
295:
Catherine exposed Russia's autocracy to them as archaic and illiberal. While the nobility was conservative as a whole, a liberal and radical minority remained constant throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, resorting to violence on multiple occasions in order to challenge Russia's traditional political system (see
775:
These changes occurred despite the nobles keeping nearly all the meadows and forests and having their debts paid by the state, while the ex-serfs paid 34% over the market price for the shrunken plots they kept. This figure was 90% in the northern regions, 20% in the black-earth region but zero in the
459:
freed the nobility from obligatory civil and military service in 1762, allowing them to pursue personal interests. While some used this liberty as an excuse to lead lavish lives of leisure, a select group became increasingly educated in
Western ideas through schooling, reading, and travel. As before,
410:
While none of the rulers in power from 1725 to 1762 focused as strongly on cultural westernization, Peter sparked a transformation that was now unstoppable. Through their education and travels, some members of the nobility began to understand the extent to which Russia lagged behind
Western Europe in
162:
Russia shared with other countries the concept that nobility connotes a status or social category rather than a title. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the title of the nobleman in Russia gradually became a formal status, rather than a reference to a member of the aristocracy, due to a massive
500:
and eventually become nobles themselves. Catherine also established the
Society for the Translation of Foreign Books, “to bring enlightenment to those Russians who could not read either French or German.” It is clear that, like Peter I, Catherine the Great desired to construct a new nobility, a “new
1031:
was particularly prominent. According to the 1897 |census, 0.87% of
Russians were classified as hereditary nobles versus 5.29% of Georgians and 4.41% of Poles, followed by Lithuanians, Tatars, Azerbaijanis, and Germans. After the abolition of serfdom, the non-Russian nobility, with the exception of
815:
The influx of New World grain caused a slump in grain prices, forcing the peasants to farm more land. At the same time, despite their efficiency, large peasant households split up (from 9.5 to 6.8 persons per household in central Russia, 1861–1884). The resulting land hunger increased prices 7-fold
495:
Catherine also made specific reforms in institutional education that pushed the nobility's culture further westward. She based
Russian education on that of Austria, importing German textbooks and adopting in 1786 a standardized curriculum to be taught in her newly created public schools. While many
442:
law introduced by Peter the Great allowing the sub-division of estates. In 1736 the age at which nobles had to start service was raised from 15 to 20 and length of service was changed to 25 years instead of life and families with more than one son could keep one to manage the family estate. In 1726
223:
and the majority of landowners were nobles. The nobles were granted estates out of State lands in return for their service to the Tsar, either for as long as they performed service or for their lifetime. By the 18th century, these estates had become private property. They made up the Landed army
1248:
The number of descendants of noble families still living in Russia today is difficult to estimate after more than 70 years of communism, but with around 100 million inhabitants in 1917 it could be at least 50-60,000. While most of the descendants of the princely and comital houses have lived in
501:
race,” which would both resemble western noblemen and prove knowledgeable in discussions of modern issues. And, according to accounts from foreign visitors, the noblemen did, in fact, resemble those of
Western Europe in their dress, topics of discussion, and taste in literature and performance.
352:
Peter the Great was, first and foremost, eager to do away with Russia's reputation as an
Asiatic land and to propel his new empire onto the political stage of Western Europe. One of the many ways he hoped to achieve this was by changing the upper-class culture; he believed that forcing selected
281:
was mostly superficial and restricted to court, it coincided with the efforts of
Russian autocrats to link Russia to Western Europe in more fundamental ways – socially, economically and politically. However, Russia's existing economic system, which lacked a sizable middle class and which relied
1256:
in 1991, aristocratic associations and organizations that maintained noble traditions were permitted again in Russia, but the Russian nobility no longer exists as a social class. The historical noble families are known from the sources. However, in Russia, as everywhere in Europe, according to
294:
As different rulers ascended the throne in the 19th century, each figure brought a different attitude and approach to ruling the nobility. Yet, the cultural impact of Peter I and Catherine II was set in stone. Ironically, by introducing the nobility to political literature from Western Europe,
2564:; 3) by being awarded the orders of the Russian Empire unless those gave hereditary nobility; except merchants (unless those were awarded between 1826 and 1832), who acquired honorary citizenship instead. Personal nobility was not inherited by children but was shared by the recipient's wife.
381:
populace considered an essential aspect of their duty to convey the image of God. He also reformed the clothing of the nobility, replacing the long-sleeved traditional Muscovite robes with European clothing. Beginning in 1699 the tsar decreed strict dress requirements borrowing from German,
290:
economy. Furthermore, the lower classes (an overwhelming majority of the Russian population) lived virtually isolated from the upper classes and the imperial court. Thus, most of the nobility's “western” tendencies were largely aesthetic and confined to a tiny proportion of the populace.
776:
Polish provinces. In 1857, 6.79% of serfs were domestic, landless servants who stayed landless after 1861. Only Polish and Romanian domestic serfs got land. Ninety percent of the serfs who got larger plots lived in the eight ex-Polish provinces where the Tsar wanted to weaken the
1304:
and are often influential. Some of these associations have taken this line and recognize such “nobility” as legitimate. Most, however, reject it, because Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna is neither the undisputed pretender to the throne nor does she - who is not a reigning
1145:. However, a significant number of the (mostly untitled) small nobility, who had inconspicuous names, had previously served as civil servants and mostly owned little land, came to terms with the circumstances. Some of them even took part in building the new state - such as
2099:
annually from the state budget and enjoyed other high privileges). The male-line great-grandchildren of the Romanov emperors and their male-line descendants were titled Prince of the Blood Imperial to distinguish them from those of the noble Russian families titled simply
357:
as a whole. When the travelers returned to Moscow, Peter tested them on their training, insisting on further education for those whose accumulated knowledge was unsatisfactory. By 1724, he had established – for the purpose of scientific study and discovery – the
572:, partly through extravagance and due to poor estate-management. Young noblemen served in the military but did not thereby acquire new landed estates. Tolstoy reported later improvements: some nobles paid more attention to estate management, and some, like
513:. The uniform prescribed colors that depended on the territory. The uniform was required at the places of service, at the Court, and at other important public places. The privileges of the nobility were fixed and were legally codified in 1785 in the
1295:
The aristocratic associations are therefore faced with the question of how to deal with such “new aristocrats”, who usually have no biographical or cultural connection to the traditional nobility, but are often historically connected to the
1292:, who is considered one of Vladimir Putin's closest confidants (and one of his possible successor candidates). Patrushev himself described the FSB employees in an interview as “our new nobility” because of their sense of dedicated service.
484:. The point she emphasized first and foremost was that Russia was a truly European state, and her reforms of the court and education reflect this belief. While Catherine was primarily preoccupied with impressing westerners (especially the
1481:); however, the Russian name suffix -skij which means “of” and is equal to “von” and “de” was used in many noble surnames especially topographic surnames as nobiliary particle. Russian noblemen were accorded an official salutation, or
678:(1825–1855) the latter brought three times the income of cash rent (though this needed less administration). In 1798 Ukrainian landlords were banned from selling serfs separately from land. In 1841 landless nobles were banned also.
335:
invited and sponsored European visitors – mostly military, medical, and building specialists – who came to Moscow in foreign dress, speaking foreign languages. When the boyars began to imitate the westerners in dress and hairstyle,
504:
She also gave away 66,000 serfs in 1762–72, 202,000 in 1773–93, and 100,000 in one day: 18 August 1795. Thus she was able to bind the nobility to herself. From 1782, a kind of uniform was introduced for civilian nobles called
389:
Peter also demanded changes in mannerisms and language among nobles. To supply Russians with a basic set of “proper” morals and habits, he ordered publication of manuals on Western etiquette. The most popular of these was
2507:
Hereditary nobility could be achieved in the following ways: 1) by Imperial grant to individuals or families; 2) by attaining a certain military or civil officer's rank while in active service; 3) by being awarded an
2904:
2402:
The dukes, princes, counts, and barons of Courlandish, Livonian, Estonian and Oesel extraction were gradually absorbed into the Russian nobility due to their services to the realm. The Russian medieval equivalent of
4182:
4770:
488:, with whom she corresponded in writing), in doing so she also made significant efforts to educate the nobility and expose them to western philosophy and art. She designed an imperial court in the style of
1268:
as the legitimate heir to the throne, but she is not recognized by the other remaining branches of the Romanov family. In particular, she has come to terms with the new Russian elite around President
1264:
The various aristocratic associations have different opinions not only with regard to aristocratic law, but also with regard to the succession of the pretenders to the Russian tsar's crown. Some see
828:
90% of officers were noble, by 1913 the proportion had sunk to 50%. They lived increasingly away from their estates: in 1858 only 15 to 20% of Russian nobles lived in cities, by 1897 it was 47.2%.
2688:
2637:
1284:(founded in 2010) to their members. She even goes so far as to raise such people “to the nobility.” In 2007, she is said to have ennobled the former head of the Russian domestic secret service
2227:
Used by marquises residing in Russia and/or in Russian service, which were bestowed with marquisal dignity by other monarchs and therefore technically did not belong to the Russian nobility.
1137:
and murdered there. Thousands of dissidents, devout Christians, members of non-Russian peoples, communist officials and many nobles who remained in the Soviet Union later fell victim to the “
2755:
784:
and in the barren north. In the whole Empire, peasant land declined 4.1% - 13.3% outside the ex-Polish zone and 23.3% in the 16 black-earth provinces. Georgia's serfs suffered the loss of
3959:
From 1919 to 1939, with nearly 45,000 Russians living in the capital and its immediate suburbs, Paris became the center of attraction for the entire Russian diaspora: Hélène Menegaldo:
2994:
820:
and by 1900 two thirds of the nobles' arable land was rented to the peasantry). Between 1900–1914, over 20% of remaining noble land was sold but only 3% of the 155 estates over 50,000
1261:. The acceptance of descendants through the female line, which is contrary to tradition and is now practiced by some of the more recent associations, is therefore very controversial.
2666:
394:, a compilation of rules of conduct from numerous European sources, initially published in St. Petersburg in 1717. He also encouraged the learning of foreign languages especially
5294:
311:
Although Peter the Great is considered to be the first westernized ruler of Russia, there were, in fact, contacts between the Muscovite nobility and Western Europe before his
4987:
455:
were founded with curricula that included foreign languages, philosophy, medicine and law; the material was chiefly based on imported texts from the west. Most significantly
2530:
Between 1845 and 1856 hereditary nobility was given to military officers who achieved the 8th rank of major/captain 3rd rank, to civil servants who achieved the 5th rank of
1036:, lost their special status. Later, many of the impoverished or déclassé Polish and Georgian nobles became leaders of nationalist and radical political movements, including
4604:
3435:
Dukes, Paul. 1967. Catherine the Great and the Russian nobility: a study based on the materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767. London: Cambridge U.P. pp. 27, 38–44
2979:
2545:
From 1856 to 1917 hereditary nobility was given to military officers who achieved the 6th rank of colonel/captain 1st rank, to civil servants who achieved the 4th rank of
1173:. Occasionally, members of prominent aristocratic families also adapted to the circumstances, either becoming Bolsheviks themselves, like the diplomat Leonid Leonidovich
3408:
Dukes, Paul. 1967. Catherine the Great and the Russian nobility: a study based on the materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767. London: Cambridge U.P. pp. 32–34.
768:, which repealed their right of electing law officer. The reform of the police in 1862 limited the landowners' authority locally, and the establishment of all-estate
402:, a representative of Britain, commented in 1716 that the nobles “wear the German Dress; but it is easy to observe on many, that they have not been long used to it”.
3492:
Dukes, Paul. 1967. Catherine the Great and the Russian nobility: a study based on the materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767. London: Cambridge U.P. p. 241.
816:
and made it easier for nobles to sell or rent land rather than farm it themselves. From 1861 to 1900 40% of noble land was sold to peasants (70% of this went to the
3039:
5603:
3626:
2622:
2187:
Also used by dukes in Russian service, which were bestowed with ducal dignity by other monarchs and therefore did not officially belong to the Russian nobility.
5948:
4392:
3211:
3114:
2466:, while the female-line heirs continued to refer to themselves simply as the House of Romanov. As there were some nobles with titles and estates in both the
5676:
4484:
2560:
Personal nobility could be acquired in the following ways: 1) by Imperial grant; 2) by attaining the 14th military rank of ensign or the 9th civil rank of
4444:
1265:
3381:
Meehan-Waters, Brenda. 1982. Autocracy & aristocracy, the Russian service elite of 1730. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. 39-43.
2949:
2784:
2681:
1663:
1216:, and in other parts of the world. In the 1920s and 1930s, several Russian nobility associations were established outside Russia, including groups in
1123:
496:
members of the lower classes were allowed into these schools, Catherine hoped that they could become educated enough to rise through the meritocratic
4050:, Paris (French): “Absolute condition: Belonging to the hereditary nobility of the former Russian Empire through legitimate and direct male descent.”
2814:
480:
of 1767, a lengthy document which she prepared for the nobility, drawing largely from and even plagiarizing ideas from the west, especially those of
5369:
2919:
1333:
3234:
3001:
2042:. After the introduction of the title Prince of Blood Imperial, the title of Grand Prince was reserved for sons and grandsons of Romanov emperors.
373:
on all men of rank in Moscow and ordered certain officers to seek out noble beards and shave them on sight. He only allowed peasants, priests, and
6001:
4906:
4811:
4726:
4253:
2934:
1237:
4103:
geroldia.ru LIST OF THE HEROLDY E.I.V. APPROVED PERSONS IN HEREDITARY NOBILITY AND INCLUDED INTO THE ALL-RUSSIAN NOBILITY GENEALOGY BOOK IN 2005
4073:
geroldia.ru LIST OF THE HEROLDY E.I.V. APPROVED PERSONS IN HEREDITARY NOBILITY AND INCLUDED INTO THE ALL-RUSSIAN NOBILITY GENEALOGY BOOK IN 2005
2964:
6714:
5988:
5610:
5027:
3542:
5831:
5506:
5122:
4785:
4464:
3602:
761:
4421:
3024:
1047:, Andrei Znamenski describes the Baltic Germans as a "mobilized diaspora" who acted as the Russian Empire's cultural and diplomatic envoys.
344:
in 1680 restricted foreign fashions to distinguish between Russians and outsiders, but these were not effectively enforced until the 1690s.
6023:
5456:
5168:
46:
4343:
4060:
2844:
1820:
Freedom from compulsory military service (1762–1874; later compulsory military service was introduced which did not exempt the nobility).
6373:
5799:
5399:
468:
has suggested this was not a noble victory but a sign the state didn't need them as much now that they had plenty of trained officials.
4901:
4520:
4027:. Noel Packard. Sociology of Memory: Papers from the Spectrum, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, S. 63–99, 2009, ISBN 978-1-4438-0199-7.
3868:
3843:
3069:
1114:
became the center of Russian emigrants (the “princely taxi drivers” were a stereotype there in the 1920s) and from there often to the
2829:
5334:
5223:
5158:
4459:
4206:
4128:"Историк С.В. Волков — Российская империя. Краткая история — Глава 12. Российское общество во второй половине XIX — начале XX веков"
3459:
3249:
2143:
1189:. Some married into the proletariat and the next, Soviet-influenced generation was accepted into the Soviet academic elite, such as
369:. Upon arriving Peter summoned the nobility to his court and personally shaved almost every beard in the room. In 1705 he decreed a
4318:
434:
The period between Peter I and Catherine II represents gradual yet significant developments in western culture among the nobility.
427:, of which they had experienced little. While even the most educated of the nobility still supported the autocracy that upheld the
3372:
Pushkarev, S. G. “Russia and the West: Ideological and Personal Contacts before 1917”. Russian Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1965): 142.
3204:
2652:
1986:
211:
The nobility arose in the 12th and 13th centuries as the lowest part of the feudal military class, which comprised the court of a
6562:
5941:
5888:
5082:
5065:
4731:
3354:
Pushkarev, S.G. “Russia and the West: Ideological and Personal Contacts before 1917.” Russian Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1965): 141.
3309:
1828:
3159:
3144:
451:
further regulated noble dress in a Western direction. In 1755 also during Elizabeth's reign, advanced secondary schools and the
5774:
5669:
4876:
4414:
3196:
3076:
2881:
2335:(the court of a ruler or a high nobleman). Originally these were free commoners in the service of noblemen who also had serfs.
1878:. Peter and his successors also streamlined the stratification of the Russian nobility, adopting European-style titles such as
1338:
1253:
765:
2859:
5481:
5107:
4540:
3936:
3219:
2614:
365:
Peter's westernizing efforts became more radical after 1698 when he returned from his expedition through Europe known as the
3129:
2400:. The territories continued to have semi-autonomous status from 16th to early 20th century under Swedish and Russian rule.
6618:
6585:
6537:
6432:
5913:
5806:
5277:
4992:
4816:
4776:
4530:
4454:
4449:
4353:
2696:
1743:
3480:
Madariaga, Isabel de. 1981. Russia in the age of Catherine the Great. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 27–34, 91–96.
1071:
with a decree of November 10/November 23, 1917. All classes of nobility ceased to exist as a class defined by state law.
5995:
5563:
5543:
5446:
5097:
5047:
4911:
4756:
4721:
4404:
3009:
2578:
1182:
534:
6066:
6011:
5934:
5461:
5198:
5070:
4977:
4931:
4921:
4886:
4766:
4641:
4626:
4280:
4246:
3226:
3151:
2889:
2866:
693:
460:
these changes applied to few and represented a gradual shift in noble identity rather than a sudden or universal one.
359:
4084:
1204:
Many members of the Russian nobility who fled Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution played a significant role in the
1194:
4102:
4072:
3294:
1435:
Unlike the ancient nobility, which was exclusively hereditary, the remaining classes of nobility could be acquired.
79:
of 1917, the Russian noble estates staffed most of the Russian government and possessed a self-governing body, the
6415:
5662:
5521:
5354:
5136:
5117:
5017:
5007:
5002:
4594:
4474:
3181:
2776:
174:
Many descendants of the former ancient Russian aristocracy, including royalty, saw their formal standing change to
75:. In 1914, it consisted of approximately 1,900,000 members, out of a total population of 138,200,000. Up until the
4127:
3501:
Madariaga, Isabel de. 1981. Russia in the age of Catherine the Great. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 31, 95.
6709:
6221:
6135:
5573:
5553:
5526:
5282:
5042:
4801:
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4609:
4489:
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of any class (since 1900 - of the third class or higher), or any order of the Russian Empire of the first class.
2531:
1769:
1482:
1325:“from the Tsarist era” or confirmation diplomas from dubious associations can even be purchased on the Internet.
399:
3399:
Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. 281–290
1090:
units there were entire regiments that consisted exclusively of noble officers. Others emigrated, especially to
6500:
6407:
5087:
4926:
4896:
4761:
4675:
4584:
4547:
3996:
3510:
Madariaga, Isabel de. 1981. Russia in the age of Catherine the Great. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 102.
3241:
3091:
3084:
3016:
2821:
2644:
2607:
2593:
2459:
2419:. The ethnically German knights of Baltic extraction retained their social prominence and equalled the Russian
1342:
1285:
1044:
411:
the complexity of their political and educational systems, their technology and economy. By 1750, the ideas of
80:
3189:
3099:
2260:
476:
When Catherine II ascended the throne, she quickly made her political and philosophical opinions clear in the
4165:
3885:
3581:
Geroid Tanquary Robinson, Rural Russia under the old régime: a history of the landlord-peasant world, page 37
6270:
6264:
6257:
5593:
5568:
5404:
5253:
5213:
4916:
4861:
4746:
4614:
4068:
3992:
3988:
3426:
Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. p. 286.
3390:
Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. p. 306.
3363:
Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. p. 280.
2851:
2554:
2546:
2539:
2221:
2084:
1556:
1529:
1502:
1365:
955:
378:
234:
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and to any person who was awarded any order of the Russian Empire (since 1831 – except the Polish order of
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on which they depended, some considered how to make it more representative and to improve the bureaucracy.
6514:
5784:
5531:
5389:
5359:
5314:
5265:
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5193:
5077:
5037:
4997:
4831:
4741:
4736:
4557:
4469:
4336:
4239:
2629:
1170:
1033:
1028:
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2740:
764:
the economic position of the nobility weakened. The influence of the nobility was further reduced by the
6336:
5716:
5558:
5299:
5272:
5233:
5173:
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4941:
4851:
4599:
4535:
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3166:
3031:
2941:
2561:
2550:
2535:
1917:
1871:
1870:
he implemented reforms aimed at westernization of his realm, including officially adopting the title of
1859:
1824:
1249:
western countries since the revolution, many members of lower-ranking families have remained in Russia.
1158:
514:
481:
444:
120:. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the system of hierarchy was a system of seniority known as
3337:
2711:
2515:
Between 1722 and 1845 hereditary nobility was given to military officers who achieved the 14th rank of
1317:
based in Paris, which largely consists of descendants of the “White Emigrants”, nor the Association of
423:
had reached sects of the elite class, providing some with a new worldview and giving Russia a taste of
4114:
2725:
689:. The status of the odnodvortsy changed gradually from singleholding farmers to taxed state peasants.
6552:
6006:
5873:
5588:
5496:
5491:
5243:
5178:
4936:
4871:
4866:
4856:
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4821:
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538:
530:
452:
424:
341:
35:
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6520:
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6331:
6293:
5883:
5863:
5848:
5583:
5339:
5289:
5208:
5112:
4946:
4891:
4846:
4841:
4836:
4791:
4751:
4716:
4658:
4503:
4365:
3136:
3121:
2926:
2732:
2520:
2453:
2449:
1839:
1691:
1322:
1056:
1016:
456:
448:
274:
76:
39:
1642:) line. In exceptional cases, the emperor could transfer nobility along indirect or female lines,
6580:
6547:
6425:
6420:
6397:
6242:
6156:
6103:
5908:
5843:
5746:
5511:
5486:
5476:
5466:
5451:
5436:
5394:
5324:
5309:
5248:
5228:
5218:
5188:
5163:
5148:
5092:
5032:
5022:
4881:
4704:
4690:
4685:
4631:
4567:
4377:
3620:
3301:
2761:
2658:
2358:
1473:
1454:
1318:
1064:
1012:
219:. From the 14th century land ownership by nobles increased, and by the 17th century, the bulk of
5983:
1372:, and was typically ranked as per below, with those of the highest noble prestige ranked first.
1086:
by the Bolsheviks. Countless nobles died in the civil war after the October Revolution - in the
1075:
685:
were between peasants and nobles. They emerged as frontier settlers recruited from the class of
30:
4069:Тронулись! Источник: https://versia.ru/rossijskaya-yelita-oderzhima-ideej-restavracii-monarxii
6527:
6505:
6495:
6490:
6461:
6456:
6130:
6028:
5858:
5779:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5685:
5629:
5381:
5349:
5344:
5329:
5304:
5153:
5102:
5052:
4982:
4960:
4805:
4589:
4525:
4515:
4479:
4382:
4348:
4326:
4271:
4202:
3942:
3932:
3905:
3864:
3839:
3608:
3598:
3455:
3256:
2986:
2971:
2896:
2836:
2509:
2471:
1289:
1162:
1154:
1079:
374:
328:
296:
4063:(The Patrushev family and Russia's monarchists), 16 February 2024; Russian-language sources:
772:
local government did away with the exclusive influence of nobility in local self-government.
6572:
6471:
6391:
6359:
6342:
6326:
6151:
6080:
5898:
5868:
5789:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5701:
5578:
5471:
5414:
5319:
5238:
5203:
5012:
4663:
4562:
4370:
3897:
2956:
2911:
2806:
2791:
2703:
2524:
2463:
2389:
2088:
2039:
1810:
1795:
1780:
1731:
1695:
1675:
1655:
1631:
1575:
1547:
1520:
1493:
1186:
1178:
1150:
1119:
1059:
of 1917 and still occupied many positions in politics and state administration (e.g. Prince
573:
337:
332:
225:
87:
50:
1129:
Under Bolshevik rule, many nobles were persecuted, imprisoned, tortured, and shot. Emperor
6542:
6368:
6320:
6188:
5811:
5794:
5706:
5638:
5598:
5501:
5441:
5431:
5419:
5364:
5183:
4577:
4552:
4331:
4089:
3106:
2747:
2717:
2416:
1863:
1790:
1638:) was transferred to wife, children, and further direct legal descendants along the male (
1595:
1515:
1478:
1468:
1443:
1389:
1361:
1353:
1190:
1008:
557:
395:
300:
270:
245:
179:
3968:
392:
The Honourable Mirror of Youth or A Guide to Social Conduct Gathered from Various Authors
6532:
6450:
6386:
6380:
6282:
6276:
6216:
6087:
5903:
5853:
5769:
5736:
5711:
5536:
5409:
4670:
4636:
4360:
4313:
4025:
Collective Memory and Reconversion of Elite: Former Nobles in Soviet Society after 1917
3316:
3046:
2673:
2467:
2377:
2179:
1992:
1945:
1938:
1895:
1611:
1450:) were automatically granted nobility, not necessarily associated with land ownership.
1447:
1369:
1273:
1269:
1258:
1198:
1024:
497:
435:
383:
354:
278:
266:
191:
168:
4042:
1349:
6703:
6678:
6287:
5643:
5548:
5057:
4796:
4387:
4225:
3991:, which gave him a privilege of hereditary nobility, accompanied by the award of the
3972:
3286:
3061:
2516:
2340:
1429:
1233:
1213:
1134:
697:
569:
551:
439:
377:
to retain the ingrained and religious Russian tradition of wearing beards, which the
366:
195:
122:
2137:
2077:
1422:
Hereditary nobility: inherited by all legitimate male-line descendants of a nobleman
1118:, where a large part of the surviving members of the Imperial Family of Russia, the
5424:
4409:
4399:
4028:
3984:
3925:
The Officer Corps of the Volunteer Army: Social Composition, Worldview of 1917–1920
2573:
2092:
2010:
1846:
1205:
1161:, both of whom came from Polish noble families; also Stalin's secret service chief
686:
674:
or labor rent was found mainly in the southern Black Earth Region. In the reign of
541:
restricted the assembly votes to those with over 100 serfs, leaving 21,916 voters.
485:
324:
283:
159:
139:
6673:
2452:, the male Romanov line was extinguished, and the Russian throne was inherited by
2298:
2032:
3592:
3449:
1766:(until 1861), including virtual ownership of the serfs who worked on the estates.
269:
by the Russian nobility was a gradual process rooted in the strict guidelines of
6655:
6610:
6247:
4619:
4426:
4303:
4177:
3696:
3271:
2583:
1964:
1805:
1775:
1542:
1488:
1402:
1138:
1130:
1091:
1060:
1007:
The Russian imperial nobility was multi-ethnic. Native non-Russians such as the
825:
682:
362:, which he modeled after “the ones in Paris, London, Berlin, and other places”.
287:
99:
72:
17:
549:
By 1805 the various ranks of the nobility had become confused, as reflected in
6647:
5836:
5824:
4648:
4308:
4298:
4215:
3964:
3901:
3445:
2320:
1867:
1832:
1747:
1087:
1083:
1068:
1037:
670:
461:
416:
412:
117:
3969:«La petite Russie» ou la saga des réfugiés devenus chauffeurs de taxi à Paris
3909:
3612:
812:
province. These redemption payments were not abolished till January 1, 1907.
6629:
6033:
4293:
4085:
Russia’s New Nobility − The Rise of the Security Services in Putin’s Kremlin
3946:
3886:"Joseph Grigulevich: A Tale of Identity, Soviet Espionage, and Storytelling"
2588:
1739:
1707:
1439:
1309:- have any constitutional authority to ennoble herself. Neither the Russian
1174:
817:
781:
519:
489:
428:
370:
6172:
568:
and noble families whose wealth had been dissipated partly through lack of
6044:
4064:
1931:Его Императорское Величество Государь Император и Самодержец Всероссийский
1823:
The right to enter specially designated educational institutions, such as
517:. The Charter introduced an organization of the nobility: every province (
6684:
6557:
6075:
6018:
5968:
5957:
5878:
5693:
2369:
1978:Его Императорское Высочество Государь Наследник Цесаревич и Великий Князь
1862:
by the incorporation of various political entities surrounding it. After
1735:
1727:
777:
581:
420:
386:, very few noblemen followed Peter's guidelines and enforcement was lax.
316:
212:
175:
164:
3788:
Seymour Becker, Nobility, and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 28
3757:
Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 109
3554:
Seymour Becker, Nobility and Privilege in late Imperial Russia, page 182
6601:
6252:
6194:
5819:
4653:
4151:
The Russian Nobility Association in Europe (Union de la Noblesse Russe)
3797:
Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 32
3726:
Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 36
3669:
Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 29
2462:. With that event, the ruling dynasty of the Russian Empire became the
2404:
2397:
2385:
2373:
2204:
1985:
1723:
1682:) was nobility acquired by state service, but without a grant of land.
1639:
1458:
1442:. A loss of land did not automatically mean loss of nobility. In later
1306:
1229:
1103:
809:
769:
220:
183:
4037:
4035:
3454:. Original harbinger book. Vol. 50. Harcourt, Brace & World.
3451:
Origins of the Russian intelligentsia: the eighteenth-century nobility
6178:
5926:
5654:
4262:
2542:
of any class, or any order of the Russian Empire of the first class.
2476:
2393:
2101:
1583:
1415:
1310:
1225:
1217:
1209:
1142:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1074:
The vast majority of wealthy and high-ranking nobles left Russia as „
1020:
795:
565:
131:
2185:
Applied to some French and German relatives of the Romanov dynasty.
2087:
on January 24, 1885 in order to reduce the number of members of the
1257:
historical aristocratic law, the nobility was only passed on in the
4183:
Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century
6665:
4231:
4007:
3928:
2442:
2381:
2281:
2243:
2119:
2096:
1890:. The Russian system of noble titles evolved into its final form:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1715:
1711:
1703:
1591:
1587:
1412:
1399:
1384:
1348:
1146:
1111:
664:
561:
525:
477:
320:
312:
249:
216:
104:
45:
29:
4771:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
4160:
4150:
1276:
of the Tsars and sometimes even newly created orders such as the
681:
Descended from the gentry, the landholding, but not serf-owning,
6637:
6165:
4189:
Jenkins, Michael. "The Golden Years of the Russian Aristocracy"
3597:(1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom. pp. 297, 328, 360.
2490:
2445:, usually translated as "prince" in Western European traditions.
2388:
formed by German nobles in the 13th century in vassalage to the
2161:
1971:
His Imperial Highness The Lord Heir Tsesarevich and Grand Prince
1924:
His Imperial Majesty The Lord Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia
1875:
1763:
1297:
1055:
The nobility, members of which had played an active role in the
584:
from the nine western gubernii in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897.
577:
187:
109:
5930:
5658:
4235:
3824:
Geroid Robinson, Rural Russia under the old regime, pp 63, 131.
438:
gave many privileges to the nobility. In 1730 she repealed the
1463:
1301:
1115:
4193:(Feb1970), Vol. 20 Issue 2, pp. 79–85 online, 1900–1917.
3806:
Geroid Robinson, Rural Russia under the old regime, page 131.
2304:
There were landed and landless barons in the Russian Empire.
1425:
Personal nobility: granted for the life of the recipient only
1360:
Nobility was transferred by inheritance or was bestowed by a
3687:
Geroid Robinson, Rural Russia under the old regime, page 88.
286:, proved an insurmountable obstacle to the development of a
138:, "Moscow dwellers"), or were candidates to it, as for many
4156:
Official site of the Principal Russian Nobility Association
248:
finalized the status of the nobility, while abolishing the
954:
of noble land was mortgaged to the noble bank. During the
700:
and the high turnover and mobility from estate to estate.
4155:
1582:) was the highest category: those who had titles such as
3708:
Ronald Suny, The making of the Georgian nation, page 107
533:. The chair of an assembly was called Province/District
265:
The adoption of the fashions, mannerisms, and ideals of
134:, who performed duties at the royal court, lived in it (
4199:
Former People: the Last Days of the Russian Aristocracy
3338:"Soviet Union Information Bureau - Area and Population"
2441:* The Russian Empire used the traditional Slavic title
194:'s father) or clergy (like in the ancestry of actress
3648:
Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire, page 164
1758:
Russian nobility possessed the following privileges:
1561:
1534:
1507:
1428:
Estateless nobility: obtained without the grant of a
1027:
formed an important segment of the noble estate. The
239:
3639:
Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 175
3563:
Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 178
3528:
Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 179
3417:
Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 133
1762:
The right to own estates populated with estate-tied
116:
originally referred to servants at the estate of an
6664:
6646:
6628:
6609:
6600:
6481:
6443:
6352:
6313:
6306:
6232:
6206:
6144:
6123:
6116:
6096:
6059:
6052:
5976:
5745:
5692:
5380:
5135:
4959:
4703:
4502:
4437:
4279:
4270:
3779:
Dominic Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe, page 182
3572:
Dominic Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe, page 39.
1662:) could, for instance, be acquired by admission to
3519:Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, p. 119
1051:Russian Revolution, Soviet Union and White émigrés
4061:Die Patruschew Familie und Russlands Monarchisten
2519:, to civil servants who achieved the 8th rank of
1438:A newly designated noble was usually entitled to
1181:, or supporting the new system, like the writer
668:or cash rent was most common in the north while
1858:The Russian Tsardom came into being around the
1376:Ancient nobility (descendants from Middle Ages)
580:did so in 1861. Of Russia's nobles, 62.8% were
3699:, The end of the old order in Europe, page 395
5942:
5670:
4247:
4166:Official site of the Imperial House of Russia
4046:, on www.noblesse-russie.org, website of the
3965:Les russes blancs,chauffeurs de Taxis à Paris
3488:
3486:
2415:) was ultimately abolished by the reforms of
8:
3656:
3654:
1874:, preceding the traditional Slavic title of
1849:, introduced by the end of the 17th century.
958:3,000 manors were burnt (15% of the total).
319:, starting in 1472, sent numerous agents to
4161:The Russian Nobility Association in America
3815:Orlando Figes, A People's tragedy, page 181
1594:. The latter two titles were introduced by
564:who were wealthier and more important than
6606:
6310:
6120:
6056:
5949:
5935:
5927:
5677:
5663:
5655:
5141:
4965:
4709:
4508:
4276:
4254:
4240:
4232:
3861:The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History
3838:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45.
3748:Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, page 36
3717:Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, page 92
3660:Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, page 48
3625:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2025:Его Императорское Высочество Великий Князь
1664:orders of knighthood of the Russian Empire
1356:(1672–1725) reformed the Russian nobility.
1266:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia
588:Serfs owned by European Russian landlords
256:Early modern era in Russia: westernization
27:Upper class in Russian society before 1917
2327:The lowest ranks of hereditary nobility.
1124:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia
837:% 1861 noble land still in their control
3678:Donald Wallace, Russia vol. II, page 145
2070:Его Высочество Князь Крови Императорской
1892:
1886:and discontinuing the archaic titles of
1666:. It was transferable only to the wife.
1332:
1122:, and their descendants live today. The
1067:by the new Soviet government run by the
960:
830:
702:
692:The nobility was too weak to oppose the
586:
4907:Collective Security Treaty Organization
4092:(foreignaffairs.com), 1. September 2010
3329:
2603:
2095:(as each Grand Prince received 200,000
1238:Russian Nobility Association in America
1063:), was suppressed and abolished in the
3618:
3543:Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky
2549:and to any person who was awarded the
2534:and to any person who was awarded the
2018:His Imperial Highness The Grand Prince
244:)—the basic military force of Russia.
4465:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
3836:The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire
1446:, higher ranks of state service (see
466:Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia
7:
5604:Unified Sports Classification System
1453:Russian did not in general employ a
576:, freed their serfs even before the
4186:. Princeton University Press, 1951.
3961:Les Russes à Paris : 1919-1939
3931:: Alexander Vorobyov. p. 204.
1646:to preserve a notable family name.
1622:only endowed with a rank or title.
1598:. A baron or count could be either
4902:Commonwealth of Independent States
1854:Noble titles of the Russian Empire
1606:) (владетельный (действительный))—
25:
3890:The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review
2474:, Russia adopted the German form
2464:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov
2144:List of Russian princely families
1702:) was recognised, descendants of
1177:(1873−1930), father of the actor
6043:
4218:
3973:Russes Blancs chauffeurs de taxi
3884:Znamenski, Andrei (2017-09-07).
3591:Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017).
3308:
3293:
3278:
3263:
3248:
3233:
3218:
3212:Konstantin Beloselsky-Belozersky
3203:
3188:
3173:
3158:
3143:
3128:
3113:
3098:
3083:
3068:
3053:
3038:
3023:
3008:
2993:
2978:
2963:
2948:
2933:
2918:
2903:
2888:
2873:
2858:
2843:
2828:
2813:
2798:
2783:
2768:
2754:
2739:
2724:
2710:
2695:
2680:
2665:
2651:
2636:
2621:
2606:
2297:
2259:
2220:
2178:
2136:
2076:
2031:
1984:
1937:
1829:Imperial School of Jurisprudence
1282:Ladies' Order of Saint Anastasia
1222:Union de la Noblesse Russe (UNR)
1133:and his family were banished to
4043:Comment devenir membre de l'UNR
3768:The Cambridge History of Russia
3737:The Cambridge History of Russia
2455:Karl Peter Ulrich von Oldenburg
2423:due to their wealth and lands.
1339:Princess Leonilla Bariatinskaya
1254:Dissolution of the Soviet Union
1195:Vladimir Vladimirovich Golitsyn
709:% nobles in landowner families
273:and the educational reforms of
1948:and its constituent entities.
1278:Order of the Archangel Michael
1153:as well as intelligence chief
186:, while people descended from
130:described the highest rank of
1:
6715:Society of the Russian Empire
4812:Political abuse of psychiatry
2049:Ваше Императорское Высочество
2002:Ваше Императорское Высочество
1955:Ваше Императорское Величество
1208:communities which settled in
5457:Traditions and superstitions
4117:(Webseite noble-society.net)
3987:was promoted to the rank of
3594:The Russian Empire 1450-1801
2058:Prince of the Blood Imperial
1845:The right to bear and use a
1224:is a member organization of
1183:Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy
5123:Water supply and sanitation
2867:Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky
2458:, the heir apparent of the
1562:
1535:
1508:
1272:and awards some historical
1244:Russian nobility since 1991
694:Emancipation reform of 1861
507:uniform of civilian service
329:Michael Romanov (1613–1645)
240:
6731:
4115:Russian titles of nobility
4048:Union de la Noblesse Russe
4010:Union de la Noblesse Russe
3863:. Routledge. p. 319.
3859:Kappeler, Andreas (2014).
1315:Union de la Noblesse Russe
1149:himself, Foreign Minister
198:) gained formal nobility.
150:). A nobleman is called a
53:'s comital charter of 1742
6041:
5965:
5623:
5144:
4968:
4712:
4511:
3902:10.1163/18763324-20171267
2568:Other ranks and positions
2484:), instead of the French
2460:Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp
2438:
2366:Baltic Noble Corporations
2209:His Serenity The Marquis
1814:
1799:
1784:
1699:
1679:
1659:
1635:
1579:
1551:
1524:
1497:
1280:(founded in 1988) or the
995:
937:
780:. The other 10% lived in
753:
656:
400:Friedrich Christian Weber
229:
68:
4897:Prime Minister of Russia
3998:(in Russian), Uniros.ru.
3983:In 1882, Lenin's father
3923:Roman Abinyakin (2005).
2645:Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin
2125:His Serenity The Prince
2061:His Highness the Prince
1636:потомственное дворянство
1485:, that varied by rank:
1343:Franz Xaver Winterhalter
1313:member association, the
1286:Federal Security Service
1078:“ or fell victim to the
967:Noble land (desiatinas)
766:new law statutes of 1864
81:Assembly of the Nobility
5967:(*) : state where
5335:Social entrepreneurship
5224:Forced public apologies
5159:Anti-American sentiment
4197:Smith, Douglas (2012).
3993:Order of Saint Vladimir
3989:Active State Councillor
3002:Yakov Lobanov-Rostovsky
2852:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin
2555:Order of Saint Vladimir
2547:Active State Councillor
2540:Order of Saint Vladimir
2512:of the Russian Empire.
2248:His Serenity the Count
2045:Your Imperial Highness
1998:Your Imperial Highness
1772:, that varied by rank:
1744:Belosselsky-Belozerskys
1680:беспоместное дворянство
1580:титулованное дворянство
1240:, was founded in 1933.
956:1905 Russian Revolution
148:vybornye deti boyarskie
144:dvorovye deti boyarskie
5083:Social security system
5066:Science and technology
4732:Classified information
4558:Central Russian Upland
4065:Хотят ли русские царя?
3963:, éditions Autrement;
3927:(Monograph ed.).
3834:Riga, Liliana (2012).
2630:Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky
2214:Его Сиятельство Маркиз
2166:His Highness the Duke
2065:of the Blood Imperial
1951:Your Imperial Majesty
1610:who owned land in the
1536:vashe vysokoblagorodie
1357:
1346:
1171:Konstantin Rokossovsky
1029:Baltic German nobility
762:peasant reform of 1861
307:Before Peter the Great
94:derives from Slavonic
54:
43:
5544:Russian tsars regalia
4877:Intelligence agencies
4600:Great Russian Regions
4344:Expansion (1500-1800)
4201:. London: Macmillan.
3971:; Guichet du Savoir:
3167:Alexander Baryatinsky
3032:Alexander Shakhovskoy
2942:Aleksei Musin-Pushkin
2551:Order of Saint George
2536:Order of Saint George
2448:** Upon the death of
2392:or Denmark in modern
2384:(Ösel) were medieval
2130:Его Сиятельство Князь
1991:Heir apparent of the
1918:Emperor of All Russia
1872:Emperor of All Russia
1860:Grand Duchy of Moscow
1825:Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
1800:ваше высокоблагородие
1674:Estateless nobility (
1630:Hereditary nobility (
1525:ваше высокоблагородие
1352:
1336:
1159:Vyacheslav Menzhinsky
515:Charter to the Gentry
482:Jean-Jacques Rousseau
348:Under Peter the Great
108:), and later, of the
102:of a prince or duke (
49:
42:(reigned 1762 – 1796)
33:
5844:Hungary and Slovakia
5765:Austria and Slovenia
5611:World Heritage sites
4988:Droughts and famines
4541:Environmental issues
4289:Proto-Indo-Europeans
2553:of any class or the
2488:or its English form
2291:Его Благородие Барон
2286:The Well Born Baron
2253:Его Сиятельство Граф
2171:Его Светлость Герцог
2063:Firstname Patronymic
1894:Noble titles of the
1167:Mikhail Tukhachevsky
1003:Non-Russian nobility
531:Assembly of Nobility
453:University of Moscow
98:(двор), meaning the
36:assembly of nobility
6029:South Africa (Zulu)
5462:Forms of addressing
5071:Academy of Sciences
5028:Financial districts
4892:President of Russia
4817:Political divisions
4777:Freedom of assembly
4659:West Siberian Plain
4405:Great Patriotic War
4366:February Revolution
3770:, vol. II, page 230
3739:, vol. II, page 232
3137:Alexander Gorchakov
3122:Zinaida Volkonskaya
3077:Alexander Menshikov
2927:Yekaterina Dashkova
2882:Alexander Stroganov
2733:Fyodor Romodanovsky
2579:Marshal of Nobility
2521:Collegiate Assessor
2450:Elizabeth of Russia
2038:Descendants of the
1898:
1840:corporal punishment
1670:Estateless nobility
1654:Personal nobility (
1626:Hereditary nobility
1323:letters of nobility
1236:. In New York, the
1126:quickly developed.
1057:February Revolution
589:
535:Marshal of Nobility
472:Catherine the Great
360:Academy of Sciences
275:Catherine the Great
90:word for nobility,
77:February Revolution
40:Catherine the Great
5785:Estonia and Latvia
5694:Present monarchies
5686:Nobility of Europe
5512:Russian given name
5098:Telecommunications
5048:Petroleum industry
4912:State of emergency
4757:Far-right politics
4722:Capital punishment
4568:Meshchera Lowlands
4422:Russian Federation
4378:October Revolution
4067:, on svoboda.org;
4023:Sofia Tchouikina:
3302:Nikolai Trubetzkoy
2762:Natalya Naryshkina
2659:Eudoxia Streshneva
2562:Titular Councillor
2472:Holy Roman Empires
1893:
1866:returned from his
1791:High and Well Born
1700:Древнее дворянство
1455:nobiliary particle
1358:
1347:
1319:Baltic knighthoods
1157:and his successor
1065:October Revolution
1043:Quoting historian
587:
556:In the era of the
406:Between the Greats
333:Alexis (1645–1676)
136:Moskovskie zhiltsy
112:or emperor. Here,
55:
44:
6697:
6696:
6693:
6692:
6596:
6595:
6510:Baltic countries
6302:
6301:
6112:
6111:
5924:
5923:
5747:Former monarchies
5652:
5651:
5619:
5618:
5199:Domestic violence
5131:
5130:
5053:Russian oligarchs
4978:Aircraft industry
4955:
4954:
4932:Mass surveillance
4922:Search and rescue
4887:Political parties
4767:Foreign relations
4699:
4698:
4498:
4497:
4490:Historical cities
4349:Tsardom of Russia
4113:See for example:
3604:978-0-19-928051-3
3257:Boris Vasilchikov
2987:Andrey Razumovsky
2972:Alexander Kurakin
2897:Zakhar Chernyshev
2837:Alexey Cherkassky
2822:Vasily Dolgorukov
2615:Maria Staritskaya
2510:order of chivalry
2500:
2499:
1944:The ruler of the
1911:Style of Address
1690:In addition, the
1660:личное дворянство
1650:Personal nobility
1574:Titled nobility (
1560:
1533:
1509:vashe vysokorodie
1506:
1379:Titled nobility:
1290:Nikolai Patrushev
1163:Vsevolod Merkulov
1155:Felix Dzerzhinsky
1080:Russian Civil War
1000:
999:
942:
941:
794:of their land in
758:
757:
661:
660:
449:Empress Elizabeth
425:the Enlightenment
340:in 1675 and then
297:Decembrist Revolt
277:. While cultural
238:
16:(Redirected from
6722:
6710:Russian nobility
6656:Marshall Islands
6607:
6482:Central, Eastern
6311:
6121:
6057:
6047:
5951:
5944:
5937:
5928:
5679:
5672:
5665:
5656:
5632:
5579:Russian language
5522:National symbols
5142:
5061:
5018:Fishing industry
5008:Economic regions
5003:Defence industry
4966:
4710:
4664:Russian Far East
4563:Northwest Russia
4521:Cities and towns
4509:
4371:Russian Republic
4277:
4256:
4249:
4242:
4233:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4212:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4138:
4124:
4118:
4111:
4105:
4099:
4093:
4081:
4075:
4059:German article:
4057:
4051:
4039:
4030:
4021:
4015:
4005:
3999:
3981:
3975:
3957:
3951:
3950:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3881:
3875:
3874:
3856:
3850:
3849:
3831:
3825:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3804:
3798:
3795:
3789:
3786:
3780:
3777:
3771:
3766:Dominic Lieven,
3764:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3740:
3735:Dominic Lieven,
3733:
3727:
3724:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3706:
3700:
3694:
3688:
3685:
3679:
3676:
3670:
3667:
3661:
3658:
3649:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3624:
3616:
3588:
3582:
3579:
3573:
3570:
3564:
3561:
3555:
3552:
3546:
3535:
3529:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3502:
3499:
3493:
3490:
3481:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3442:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3379:
3373:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3355:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3334:
3312:
3297:
3282:
3267:
3252:
3237:
3222:
3207:
3192:
3177:
3162:
3152:Yuliya Samoylova
3147:
3132:
3117:
3102:
3087:
3072:
3057:
3042:
3027:
3012:
2997:
2982:
2967:
2957:Semyon Vorontsov
2952:
2937:
2922:
2912:Nikolay Saltykov
2907:
2892:
2877:
2862:
2847:
2832:
2817:
2807:Gavriil Golovkin
2802:
2792:Boris Sheremetev
2787:
2772:
2758:
2743:
2728:
2714:
2704:Artamon Matveyev
2699:
2684:
2669:
2655:
2640:
2625:
2610:
2532:State Councillor
2525:Virtuti Militari
2427:Your Well Birth
2390:Teutonic Knights
2346:Your Well Birth
2301:
2272:Ваше Сиятельство
2263:
2234:Ваше Сиятельство
2224:
2182:
2152:Ваше Сиятельство
2140:
2089:House of Romanov
2080:
2040:House of Romanov
2035:
1988:
1941:
1899:
1816:
1801:
1786:
1785:ваше высокородие
1701:
1692:ancient nobility
1686:Ancient nobility
1681:
1661:
1637:
1581:
1565:
1563:vashe blagorodie
1555:
1553:
1538:
1528:
1526:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1498:ваше высокородие
1187:Mikheil Gelovani
1179:Leonid Obolensky
1151:Georgy Chicherin
1120:House of Romanov
1094:, preferably to
961:
953:
952:
948:
831:
807:
806:
802:
793:
792:
788:
703:
590:
574:Andrey Bolkonsky
523:) and district (
511:civilian uniform
243:
241:pomestnoe voisko
233:
231:
230:поместное войско
215:or an important
70:
59:Russian nobility
51:Maria Gendrikova
21:
18:Russian Nobility
6730:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6720:
6719:
6700:
6699:
6698:
6689:
6660:
6642:
6624:
6592:
6483:
6477:
6439:
6381:The Netherlands
6348:
6298:
6228:
6202:
6140:
6108:
6092:
6048:
6039:
5972:
5961:
5955:
5925:
5920:
5741:
5688:
5683:
5653:
5648:
5635:
5628:
5615:
5574:Public holidays
5569:Political jokes
5554:Personification
5507:Names of Russia
5376:
5295:Life expectancy
5127:
5059:
4951:
4802:Law enforcement
4695:
4681:Protected areas
4578:Smolensk Upland
4573:Oka–Don Lowland
4553:European Russia
4494:
4433:
4319:Mongol invasion
4266:
4260:
4224:
4219:
4217:
4209:
4196:
4174:
4172:Further reading
4147:
4146:
4136:
4134:
4126:
4125:
4121:
4112:
4108:
4100:
4096:
4090:Foreign Affairs
4082:
4078:
4058:
4054:
4040:
4033:
4022:
4018:
4006:
4002:
3982:
3978:
3958:
3954:
3939:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3883:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3853:
3846:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3819:
3814:
3810:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3792:
3787:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3765:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3747:
3743:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3703:
3695:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3677:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3652:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3634:
3617:
3605:
3590:
3589:
3585:
3580:
3576:
3571:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3553:
3549:
3541:(Translated by
3536:
3532:
3527:
3523:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3505:
3500:
3496:
3491:
3484:
3479:
3475:
3466:
3464:
3462:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3336:
3335:
3331:
3326:
3319:
3313:
3304:
3298:
3289:
3283:
3274:
3268:
3259:
3253:
3244:
3242:Maria Tenisheva
3238:
3229:
3223:
3214:
3208:
3199:
3197:Aleksey Tolstoy
3193:
3184:
3178:
3169:
3163:
3154:
3148:
3139:
3133:
3124:
3118:
3109:
3107:Pyotr Vyazemsky
3103:
3094:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3064:
3058:
3049:
3043:
3034:
3028:
3019:
3017:Nikolai Demidov
3013:
3004:
2998:
2989:
2983:
2974:
2968:
2959:
2953:
2944:
2938:
2929:
2923:
2914:
2908:
2899:
2893:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2863:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2809:
2803:
2794:
2788:
2779:
2773:
2764:
2759:
2750:
2748:Vasily Golitsyn
2744:
2735:
2729:
2720:
2718:Marfa Apraksina
2715:
2706:
2700:
2691:
2685:
2676:
2670:
2661:
2656:
2647:
2641:
2632:
2626:
2617:
2611:
2602:
2570:
2505:
2431:Ваше Благородие
2417:Peter the Great
2350:Ваше Благородие
2311:Ваше Благородие
2174:
2111:Ваше Высочество
1864:Peter the Great
1856:
1815:ваше благородие
1756:
1710:and historical
1688:
1672:
1652:
1628:
1596:Peter the Great
1572:
1570:Titled nobility
1552:ваше благородие
1444:Imperial Russia
1390:Prince Potemkin
1362:fount of honour
1354:Peter the Great
1331:
1274:dynastic orders
1246:
1191:Georgy Golitsyn
1053:
1005:
950:
946:
945:
804:
800:
799:
790:
786:
785:
558:Napoleonic Wars
547:
545:Late modern era
474:
408:
350:
309:
301:Narodnaya Volya
271:Peter the Great
263:
258:
246:Peter the Great
209:
204:
71:) arose in the
38:at the time of
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6728:
6726:
6718:
6717:
6712:
6702:
6701:
6695:
6694:
6691:
6690:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6676:
6674:Samoan Islands
6670:
6668:
6662:
6661:
6659:
6658:
6652:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6640:
6634:
6632:
6626:
6625:
6623:
6622:
6615:
6613:
6604:
6598:
6597:
6594:
6593:
6591:
6590:
6589:
6588:
6583:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6524:
6523:
6518:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6487:
6485:
6479:
6478:
6476:
6475:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6447:
6445:
6441:
6440:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6435:
6433:United Kingdom
6430:
6429:
6428:
6423:
6418:
6410:
6405:
6400:
6392:United Kingdom
6389:
6384:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6363:
6356:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6317:
6315:
6308:
6304:
6303:
6300:
6299:
6297:
6296:
6291:
6285:
6280:
6274:
6268:
6262:
6261:
6260:
6255:
6250:
6245:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6229:
6227:
6226:
6225:
6224:
6219:
6210:
6208:
6204:
6203:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6183:
6182:
6181:
6176:
6169:
6159:
6154:
6148:
6146:
6142:
6141:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6127:
6125:
6118:
6114:
6113:
6110:
6109:
6107:
6106:
6100:
6098:
6094:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6081:post-Columbian
6078:
6070:
6063:
6061:
6054:
6050:
6049:
6042:
6040:
6038:
6037:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6016:
6015:
6014:
6004:
5999:
5993:
5992:
5991:
5980:
5978:
5974:
5973:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5956:
5954:
5953:
5946:
5939:
5931:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5916:
5906:
5901:
5896:
5891:
5886:
5881:
5876:
5871:
5866:
5861:
5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5840:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5828:
5827:
5814:
5809:
5804:
5803:
5802:
5792:
5787:
5782:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5751:
5749:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5734:
5732:United Kingdom
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5698:
5696:
5690:
5689:
5684:
5682:
5681:
5674:
5667:
5659:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5646:
5641:
5634:
5633:
5625:
5624:
5621:
5620:
5617:
5616:
5614:
5613:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5529:
5519:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5499:
5494:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5474:
5469:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5444:
5439:
5434:
5429:
5428:
5427:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5386:
5384:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5362:
5357:
5352:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5332:
5327:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5280:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5156:
5151:
5145:
5139:
5133:
5132:
5129:
5128:
5126:
5125:
5120:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5088:Space industry
5085:
5080:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5063:
5055:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4990:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4969:
4963:
4957:
4956:
4953:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4929:
4927:Urban planning
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4814:
4809:
4799:
4794:
4789:
4779:
4774:
4764:
4762:Federal budget
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4693:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4671:North Caucasus
4668:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4639:
4634:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4612:
4607:
4605:Highest points
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4581:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4550:
4548:Extreme points
4545:
4544:
4543:
4533:
4528:
4523:
4518:
4512:
4506:
4500:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4493:
4492:
4487:
4482:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4380:
4375:
4374:
4373:
4363:
4361:Russian Empire
4358:
4357:
4356:
4346:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4283:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4265: articles
4261:
4259:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4236:
4230:
4229:
4214:
4213:
4207:
4194:
4187:
4173:
4170:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4145:
4144:
4119:
4106:
4094:
4076:
4071:on versia.ru;
4052:
4031:
4016:
4000:
3976:
3952:
3937:
3915:
3896:(3): 314–341.
3876:
3870:978-1317568100
3869:
3851:
3845:978-1107014220
3844:
3826:
3817:
3808:
3799:
3790:
3781:
3772:
3759:
3750:
3741:
3728:
3719:
3710:
3701:
3689:
3680:
3671:
3662:
3650:
3641:
3632:
3603:
3583:
3574:
3565:
3556:
3547:
3539:War and Peace.
3537:Tolstoy, Leo.
3530:
3521:
3512:
3503:
3494:
3482:
3473:
3460:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3401:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3365:
3356:
3347:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3321:
3320:
3317:Andrey Gagarin
3314:
3307:
3305:
3299:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3275:
3269:
3262:
3260:
3254:
3247:
3245:
3239:
3232:
3230:
3227:Ivan Obolensky
3224:
3217:
3215:
3209:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3187:
3185:
3182:Pyotr Shuvalov
3179:
3172:
3170:
3164:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3142:
3140:
3134:
3127:
3125:
3119:
3112:
3110:
3104:
3097:
3095:
3089:
3082:
3080:
3074:
3067:
3065:
3059:
3052:
3050:
3047:Anna Lopukhina
3044:
3037:
3035:
3029:
3022:
3020:
3014:
3007:
3005:
2999:
2992:
2990:
2984:
2977:
2975:
2969:
2962:
2960:
2954:
2947:
2945:
2939:
2932:
2930:
2924:
2917:
2915:
2909:
2902:
2900:
2894:
2887:
2885:
2879:
2872:
2870:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2849:
2842:
2840:
2834:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2812:
2810:
2804:
2797:
2795:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2777:Fyodor Golovin
2774:
2767:
2765:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2738:
2736:
2730:
2723:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2707:
2701:
2694:
2692:
2686:
2679:
2677:
2674:Pyotr Potemkin
2671:
2664:
2662:
2657:
2650:
2648:
2642:
2635:
2633:
2627:
2620:
2618:
2612:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2569:
2566:
2504:
2501:
2498:
2497:
2496:
2495:
2480:or "Gertsog" (
2446:
2436:
2435:
2425:
2409:armored boyars
2363:
2361:
2359:Baltic knights
2355:
2354:
2344:
2325:
2323:
2316:
2315:
2307:The Well Born
2305:
2302:
2295:
2277:
2276:
2268:Your Serenity
2266:
2264:
2257:
2239:
2238:
2230:Your Serenity
2228:
2225:
2218:
2200:
2199:
2195:Ваша Светлость
2189:
2183:
2176:
2157:
2156:
2148:Your Serenity
2146:
2141:
2134:
2116:
2115:
2107:Your Highness
2105:
2083:Introduced by
2081:
2074:
2054:
2053:
2043:
2036:
2029:
2007:
2006:
1996:
1993:Russian Empire
1989:
1982:
1960:
1959:
1949:
1946:Russian Empire
1942:
1935:
1913:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1896:Russian Empire
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1836:
1821:
1818:
1767:
1755:
1752:
1687:
1684:
1671:
1668:
1651:
1648:
1627:
1624:
1618:(титулярный),
1612:Russian Empire
1571:
1568:
1516:high well born
1448:Table of Ranks
1433:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1377:
1370:Russian Empire
1330:
1327:
1270:Vladimir Putin
1245:
1242:
1199:Andrey Gagarin
1052:
1049:
1045:John Armstrong
1004:
1001:
998:
997:
993:
992:
989:
985:
984:
981:
977:
976:
973:
969:
968:
965:
940:
939:
935:
934:
931:
927:
926:
923:
919:
918:
915:
911:
910:
907:
903:
902:
899:
895:
894:
891:
887:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:
871:
870:
867:
863:
862:
859:
855:
854:
851:
847:
846:
843:
839:
838:
835:
756:
755:
751:
750:
747:
743:
742:
739:
735:
734:
731:
727:
726:
723:
719:
718:
715:
711:
710:
707:
659:
658:
654:
653:
650:
647:
643:
642:
639:
636:
632:
631:
628:
625:
621:
620:
617:
615:
611:
610:
607:
605:
601:
600:
597:
594:
546:
543:
498:Table of Ranks
473:
470:
407:
404:
384:St. Petersburg
349:
346:
308:
305:
279:westernization
267:Western Europe
262:
259:
257:
254:
208:
205:
203:
200:
192:Vladimir Lenin
169:Table of ranks
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6727:
6716:
6713:
6711:
6708:
6707:
6705:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6654:
6653:
6651:
6649:
6645:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6633:
6631:
6627:
6620:
6617:
6616:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6605:
6603:
6599:
6587:
6584:
6582:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6571:
6569:
6566:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6556:
6554:
6551:
6549:
6546:
6544:
6541:
6539:
6536:
6534:
6531:
6529:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6516:
6512:
6511:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6488:
6486:
6480:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6452:
6449:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6434:
6431:
6427:
6424:
6422:
6419:
6417:
6414:
6413:
6411:
6409:
6408:Great Britain
6406:
6404:
6401:
6399:
6396:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6358:
6357:
6355:
6351:
6344:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6318:
6316:
6312:
6309:
6305:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6259:
6256:
6254:
6251:
6249:
6246:
6244:
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6235:
6231:
6223:
6222:Indo-European
6220:
6218:
6215:
6214:
6212:
6211:
6209:
6205:
6197:
6196:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6186:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6174:
6170:
6168:
6167:
6163:
6162:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6149:
6147:
6143:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6128:
6126:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6105:
6102:
6101:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6077:
6076:pre-Columbian
6074:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6065:
6064:
6062:
6058:
6055:
6051:
6046:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6025:
6022:
6020:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6008:
6005:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5987:
5986:
5985:
5982:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5970:
5964:
5959:
5952:
5947:
5945:
5940:
5938:
5933:
5932:
5929:
5915:
5912:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5902:
5900:
5897:
5895:
5892:
5890:
5887:
5885:
5882:
5880:
5877:
5875:
5872:
5870:
5867:
5865:
5862:
5860:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5847:
5845:
5842:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5826:
5823:
5822:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5813:
5810:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5798:
5797:
5796:
5793:
5791:
5788:
5786:
5783:
5781:
5778:
5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5752:
5750:
5748:
5744:
5738:
5735:
5733:
5730:
5728:
5725:
5723:
5720:
5718:
5715:
5713:
5710:
5708:
5705:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5680:
5675:
5673:
5668:
5666:
5661:
5660:
5657:
5645:
5642:
5640:
5637:
5636:
5631:
5627:
5626:
5622:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5595:
5594:Seven Wonders
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5572:
5570:
5567:
5565:
5562:
5560:
5559:Playing cards
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5538:
5535:
5533:
5530:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5523:
5520:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5508:
5505:
5503:
5500:
5498:
5495:
5493:
5490:
5488:
5485:
5483:
5480:
5478:
5475:
5473:
5470:
5468:
5465:
5463:
5460:
5458:
5455:
5453:
5450:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5371:
5368:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5361:
5358:
5356:
5353:
5351:
5348:
5346:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5336:
5333:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5321:
5318:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5267:
5264:
5263:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5254:Mental health
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5217:
5215:
5214:Ethnic groups
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5195:
5192:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5134:
5124:
5121:
5119:
5116:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5106:
5104:
5101:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5084:
5081:
5079:
5076:
5072:
5069:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4989:
4986:
4984:
4981:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4962:
4958:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4928:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4918:
4917:Civil defense
4915:
4913:
4910:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4862:Media freedom
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4825:
4823:
4820:
4818:
4815:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4798:
4795:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:Criminal code
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4727:Civil Service
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4702:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
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4651:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4640:
4638:
4635:
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4630:
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4608:
4606:
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4529:
4527:
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4507:
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4458:
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4428:
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4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4401:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4388:Russian state
4386:
4385:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
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4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
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4324:
4322:
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4317:
4315:
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4310:
4307:
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4300:
4297:
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4290:
4287:
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4282:
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4269:
4264:
4257:
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4250:
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4243:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4227:
4226:Russia portal
4216:
4210:
4208:9780374157616
4204:
4200:
4195:
4192:
4191:History Today
4188:
4185:
4184:
4179:
4176:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
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4129:
4123:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4107:
4104:
4098:
4095:
4091:
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4080:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4044:
4038:
4036:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4011:
4004:
4001:
3997:
3995:, 3rd Class.
3994:
3990:
3986:
3980:
3977:
3974:
3970:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3953:
3948:
3944:
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3847:
3841:
3837:
3830:
3827:
3821:
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3461:9780156701501
3457:
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3296:
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3287:Felix Yusupov
3281:
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3062:Sergey Uvarov
3056:
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2357:
2356:
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2351:
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2341:landed gentry
2338:
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2177:
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2167:
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2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2126:
2123:
2122:
2118:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2093:Grand Princes
2090:
2086:
2085:Alexander III
2082:
2079:
2075:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2059:
2056:
2055:
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2050:
2044:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2020:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2005:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1987:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1974:
1973:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1943:
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1936:
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1932:
1927:
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1915:
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1897:
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1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1841:
1838:Freedom from
1837:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1812:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1793:
1792:
1782:
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1466:
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1460:
1456:
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1449:
1445:
1441:
1440:landownership
1436:
1431:
1430:landed estate
1427:
1424:
1421:
1417:
1414:
1411:Барон): e.g.
1410:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1391:
1388:Князь): e.g.
1387:
1386:
1381:
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1367:
1363:
1355:
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1260:
1255:
1250:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1234:United States
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:North America
1211:
1207:
1202:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:or the actor
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1135:Yekaterinburg
1132:
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:White émigrés
1072:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1050:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
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994:
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987:
986:
982:
979:
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974:
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966:
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962:
959:
957:
936:
932:
929:
928:
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921:
920:
916:
913:
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908:
905:
904:
900:
897:
896:
892:
889:
888:
884:
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880:
876:
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872:
868:
865:
864:
860:
857:
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852:
849:
848:
844:
841:
840:
836:
833:
832:
829:
827:
823:
819:
813:
811:
797:
783:
779:
773:
771:
767:
763:
752:
748:
745:
744:
740:
737:
736:
732:
729:
728:
724:
721:
720:
716:
713:
712:
708:
705:
704:
701:
699:
698:primogeniture
695:
690:
688:
684:
679:
677:
673:
672:
667:
666:
655:
651:
648:
645:
644:
640:
637:
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633:
629:
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623:
622:
618:
616:
613:
612:
608:
606:
603:
602:
598:
595:
592:
591:
585:
583:
579:
575:
571:
570:primogeniture
567:
563:
560:, there were
559:
555:
553:
552:War and Peace
544:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
527:
522:
521:
516:
512:
508:
502:
499:
493:
491:
487:
483:
479:
478:“Instruction”
471:
469:
467:
463:
458:
454:
450:
446:
441:
440:primogeniture
437:
432:
430:
429:feudal system
426:
422:
418:
414:
405:
403:
401:
397:
393:
387:
385:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:Grand Embassy
363:
361:
356:
355:Slavic people
347:
345:
343:
339:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
306:
304:
302:
298:
292:
289:
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268:
260:
255:
253:
251:
247:
242:
236:
227:
222:
218:
214:
206:
201:
199:
197:
196:Lyubov Orlova
193:
189:
185:
181:
177:
172:
170:
166:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
124:
123:mestnichestvo
119:
115:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
82:
78:
74:
66:
65:
60:
52:
48:
41:
37:
32:
19:
6567:
6515:Ritterschaft
6513:
6484:and Caucasus
6193:
6171:
6164:
5971:still exists
5893:
5837:Early Modern
5737:Vatican City
5532:Coat of arms
5516:
5492:Martial arts
5400:Army culture
5390:Architecture
5360:Witch trials
5315:Prostitution
5261:Human rights
5194:Demographics
5108:Trade unions
5078:Shipbuilding
5038:Homelessness
4998:Central Bank
4993:Car industry
4832:Conservatism
4742:Constitution
4737:Conscription
4410:Eastern Bloc
4400:Soviet Union
4393:Russian SFSR
4323:Feudal Rus'
4198:
4190:
4181:
4178:Blum, Jerome
4135:. Retrieved
4131:
4122:
4109:
4097:
4083:
4079:
4055:
4047:
4041:
4024:
4019:
4009:
4003:
3985:Ilya Ulyanov
3979:
3960:
3955:
3924:
3918:
3893:
3889:
3879:
3860:
3854:
3835:
3829:
3820:
3811:
3802:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3767:
3762:
3753:
3744:
3736:
3731:
3722:
3713:
3704:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3665:
3644:
3635:
3593:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3559:
3550:
3538:
3533:
3524:
3515:
3506:
3497:
3476:
3465:. Retrieved
3450:
3440:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3404:
3395:
3386:
3377:
3368:
3359:
3350:
3342:marxists.org
3341:
3332:
3092:Alexey Orlov
2574:Boyar scions
2559:
2544:
2529:
2514:
2506:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2475:
2454:
2430:
2428:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2401:
2365:
2349:
2347:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2319:Dvoryanin /
2310:
2308:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2280:
2271:
2269:
2252:
2250:
2247:
2242:
2233:
2231:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2160:
2151:
2149:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2120:
2110:
2108:
2069:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2048:
2046:
2024:
2022:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2012:Grand Prince
2011:
2001:
1999:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1969:
1968:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1930:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1921:
1916:
1908:Application
1857:
1847:coat of arms
1803:
1788:
1773:
1757:
1719:
1689:
1673:
1653:
1643:
1629:
1619:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1573:
1540:
1513:
1486:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1437:
1434:
1408:
1398:Граф): e.g.
1395:
1383:
1359:
1337:Portrait of
1329:Organization
1314:
1294:
1281:
1277:
1263:
1251:
1247:
1221:
1206:White Emigre
1203:
1128:
1073:
1054:
1042:
1006:
975:105,000,000
943:
821:
814:
774:
759:
691:
687:boyar scions
680:
669:
663:
662:
593:No. of serfs
550:
548:
524:
518:
510:
506:
503:
494:
486:philosophers
475:
465:
447:and in 1743
436:Empress Anna
433:
409:
391:
388:
364:
351:
331:and his son
325:architecture
310:
293:
284:forced labor
264:
221:feudal lords
210:
173:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:boyar scions
135:
127:
121:
113:
103:
95:
91:
85:
63:
62:
58:
56:
6611:Australasia
6387:Switzerland
6283:Philippines
6239:Indonesia*
5904:Switzerland
5712:Netherlands
5584:tea culture
5437:Fairy tales
5300:Open access
5273:Immigration
5234:Gun control
4973:Agriculture
4942:Term limits
4852:Martial law
4847:Nationalism
4842:Irredentism
4837:Imperialism
4620:Caspian Sea
4536:Environment
4531:Earthquakes
4427:Union State
4415:Dissolution
4314:Kievan Rus'
4304:Early Slavs
4132:genrogge.ru
4008:Website of
3697:Jerome Blum
3446:Raeff, Marc
3272:Georgy Lvov
2689:Ivan Repnin
2584:Odnodvortsy
2503:Acquisition
2421:Pomeshchiks
2337:Pomeshchiks
2331:comes from
2191:Your Grace
1965:Tsesarevich
1748:Chelyadnins
1600:proprietary
1364:, i.e. the
1165:, Marshals
1131:Nicholas II
1092:Switzerland
1061:Georgy Lvov
1017:Lithuanians
991:52,104,000
983:73,077,000
826:Crimean War
683:odnodvortsy
445:Catherine I
342:Tsar Feodor
338:Tsar Alexis
288:free market
282:heavily on
207:Middle Ages
126:. The word
92:dvoryanstvo
73:Middle Ages
64:dvoryanstvo
6704:Categories
6648:Micronesia
6553:Montenegro
6501:Azerbaijan
6019:Madagascar
5874:Montenegro
5589:Television
5564:Philosophy
5497:Mass media
5487:Literature
5482:Inventions
5244:Healthcare
5179:Corruption
5169:Censorship
5060:(currency)
4937:Separatism
4882:Opposition
4867:Neo-Nazism
4857:Monarchism
4827:Liberalism
4822:Propaganda
4782:Government
4649:North Asia
4450:Journalism
4309:East Slavs
4299:Sarmatians
3938:5900901572
3467:2015-02-28
3324:References
2321:Pomeshchik
1868:grand tour
1833:Page Corps
1754:Privileges
1740:Gorchakovs
1732:Naryshkins
1566:), etc.
1252:After the
1232:, and the
1088:White Army
1084:Red Terror
1069:Bolsheviks
1038:Bolshevism
798:province,
760:After the
676:Nicholas I
671:barshchina
539:Nicholas I
537:. In 1831
509:or simply
462:Marc Raeff
417:skepticism
413:secularism
182:, or even
163:influx of
118:aristocrat
69:дворянство
67:(Russian:
6666:Polynesia
6630:Melanesia
6619:Australia
6581:Ruthenian
6521:Lithuania
6233:Southeast
5960:by nation
5864:Lithuania
5447:Festivals
5340:Sociology
5290:Languages
5209:Education
5113:Transport
4947:Terrorism
4792:Judiciary
4786:Apparatus
4752:Elections
4717:Anarchism
4691:Far North
4642:Volcanoes
4627:Mountains
4504:Geography
4383:Civil war
4294:Scythians
3910:1876-3324
3621:cite book
3613:969962873
3240:Princess
3150:Countess
3120:Princess
3045:Countess
2925:Princess
2613:Princess
2589:Okolnichy
2339:were the
2329:Dvoryanin
1806:Well Born
1776:High Born
1736:Khilkoffs
1728:Galitzins
1724:Shuyskies
1708:Gediminas
1557:romanized
1543:well born
1530:romanized
1503:romanized
1489:high born
1457:before a
1366:sovereign
1259:male line
1175:Obolensky
1013:Georgians
782:Astrakhan
627:16 (101+)
599:1859 (%)
529:) had an
520:guberniia
490:Louis XIV
457:Peter III
371:beard tax
323:to study
235:romanized
176:merchants
165:commoners
154:(plural:
152:dvoryanin
6577:Ukraine
6467:Portugal
6451:Holy See
6412:Ireland
6403:Scotland
6288:Thailand
6277:Cambodia
6265:Malaysia
6253:Javanese
6243:Balinese
6189:Nobility
6157:Mongolia
6053:Americas
6002:Ethiopia
5996:Eswatini
5969:monarchy
5958:Nobility
5884:Portugal
5832:Medieval
5639:Category
5517:Nobility
5477:Internet
5472:Heraldry
5467:Graffiti
5452:Folklore
5395:Armorial
5325:Religion
5310:Polygamy
5249:HIV/AIDS
5229:Funerals
5219:Feminism
5189:Deafness
5174:Citizens
5164:Cannabis
5149:Abortion
5093:Taxation
5033:Gambling
5023:Forestry
4872:Military
4705:Politics
4686:Wildlife
4632:Caucasus
4595:Glaciers
4475:Military
4460:Internet
4438:By topic
4332:Vladimir
4327:Novgorod
4281:Timeline
4137:21 March
3947:60540889
3448:(1966).
2413:vityazes
2386:fiefdoms
2370:Courland
1817:), etc.
1382:Prince (
1141:” under
1110:, where
996:Source:
944:By 1904
938:Source:
778:Szlachta
754:Source:
657:Source:
614:501–1000
596:1777 (%)
582:szlachta
421:humanism
379:Orthodox
317:Ivan III
261:Overview
184:peasants
180:burghers
167:via the
156:dvoryane
128:dvoryane
6685:Hawai‘i
6602:Oceania
6586:Galicia
6563:Romania
6548:Hungary
6543:Germany
6538:Georgia
6533:Bohemia
6528:Croatia
6506:Austria
6496:Armenia
6491:Albania
6421:Ireland
6398:England
6369:Kingdom
6365:France
6360:Belgium
6332:Iceland
6327:Finland
6321:Denmark
6294:Vietnam
6248:Chinese
6217:Princes
6195:Yangban
6161:Japan*
6131:Lebanon
6072:Mexico
6034:Morocco
6024:Somalia
6007:Nigeria
5989:Mamluks
5914:Galicia
5909:Ukraine
5889:Romania
5854:Ireland
5849:Iceland
5820:Ancient
5816:Greece
5812:Germany
5807:Georgia
5790:Finland
5780:Croatia
5770:Bohemia
5760:Armenia
5755:Albania
5707:Denmark
5702:Belgium
5630:Outline
5442:Fashion
5432:Fashion
5420:Cuisine
5382:Culture
5370:in army
5355:Wedding
5350:Suicide
5345:Smoking
5330:Slavery
5305:Orphans
5278:Illegal
5154:Alcohol
5137:Society
5103:Tourism
4983:Banking
4961:Economy
4806:Prisons
4654:Siberia
4610:Islands
4590:Geology
4526:Climate
4516:Borders
4480:Outline
4455:Judaism
4445:Economy
4272:History
4101:Refer:
4014:, Paris
3545:, 2007)
3315:Prince
3300:Prince
3285:Prince
3270:Prince
3255:Prince
3225:Prince
3210:Prince
3165:Prince
3135:Prince
3105:Prince
3090:Prince
3075:Prince
3030:Prince
3000:Prince
2985:Prince
2970:Prince
2910:Prince
2835:Prince
2820:Prince
2775:Prince
2746:Prince
2731:Prince
2628:Prince
2600:Gallery
2594:Stolnik
2538:or the
2468:Russian
2405:knights
2398:Estonia
2378:Estonia
2374:Livonia
2205:Marquis
2091:titled
1811:Russian
1796:Russian
1781:Russian
1716:knyazes
1696:Russian
1676:Russian
1656:Russian
1640:agnatic
1632:Russian
1616:titular
1576:Russian
1559::
1548:Russian
1532::
1521:Russian
1505::
1494:Russian
1459:surname
1407:Baron (
1403:Tolstoy
1394:Count (
1368:of the
1307:monarch
1300:or the
1288:(FSB),
1230:Belgium
1104:Germany
1082:or the
1034:Finland
1025:Germans
949:⁄
822:destiny
818:Commune
810:Kutaisi
803:⁄
789:⁄
770:Zemstvo
624:101–500
566:princes
327:. Both
252:title.
237::
226:Russian
202:History
158:). Pre-
88:Russian
6573:Serbia
6568:Russia
6558:Poland
6426:Norman
6416:Gaelic
6374:Empire
6343:Sweden
6337:Norway
6307:Europe
6271:Brunei
6213:India
6185:Korea
6173:Daimyō
6136:Turkey
6104:Brazil
6067:Canada
6012:Rulers
5977:Africa
5899:Serbia
5894:Russia
5879:Poland
5825:Attica
5800:Empire
5795:France
5775:Bosnia
5727:Sweden
5717:Norway
5644:Portal
5599:Sports
5527:Anthem
5415:Cinema
5410:Ballet
5320:Racism
5283:Labour
5239:Health
5204:Doping
5058:Ruble
5043:Mining
5013:Energy
4676:Rivers
4585:Fjords
4485:Postal
4337:Moscow
4263:Russia
4205:
4088:, in:
3945:
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3195:Count
3180:Count
3060:Count
3015:Count
2955:Count
2940:Count
2895:Count
2880:Count
2865:Count
2850:Count
2805:Count
2790:Count
2702:Boyar
2687:Boyar
2672:Boyar
2643:Boyar
2517:ensign
2482:Герцог
2477:Herzog
2411:, the
2394:Latvia
2380:, and
2121:Prince
2102:Prince
2097:rubles
1905:Crown
1902:Title
1888:Boyars
1712:boyars
1604:actual
1584:prince
1479:French
1469:German
1416:Pahlen
1311:CILANE
1226:CILANE
1218:France
1210:Europe
1143:Stalin
1139:purges
1108:France
1100:Poland
1096:Geneva
1023:, and
1021:Tatars
796:Tiflis
646:<20
635:21–100
562:counts
396:French
213:prince
190:(like
160:Soviet
132:gentry
6679:Tonga
6472:Spain
6462:Malta
6457:Italy
6444:South
6314:North
6258:Malay
6207:South
6179:Meiji
6152:China
6097:South
6060:North
5984:Egypt
5869:Malta
5859:Italy
5722:Spain
5549:Opera
5502:Music
5365:Women
5266:LGBTQ
5184:Crime
5118:Waste
4637:Urals
4615:Lakes
4012:(UNR)
3929:Oryol
2443:Knyaz
2407:(the
2382:Oesel
2282:Baron
2244:Count
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1884:Baron
1880:Count
1770:Style
1764:serfs
1720:e.g.,
1704:Rurik
1644:e.g.,
1620:i.e.,
1608:i.e.,
1592:baron
1588:count
1541:your
1514:your
1487:your
1483:style
1413:Baron
1409:baron
1400:Count
1385:knyaz
1341:, by
1220:(the
1212:, in
1147:Lenin
1112:Paris
1098:, to
1009:Poles
933:47.1
925:47.6
917:52.3
909:58.8
893:67.1
885:72.4
877:76.7
869:81.7
861:88.4
853:92.6
845:96.3
665:Obrok
652:43.8
641:35.1
604:+1000
375:serfs
321:Italy
313:reign
250:boyar
217:boyar
188:serfs
105:knyaz
100:court
6638:Fiji
6353:West
6166:Kuge
6145:East
6124:West
6117:Asia
6088:Cuba
5537:Flag
5425:Wine
5405:Arts
4470:LGBT
4354:Army
4203:ISBN
4139:2018
3943:OCLC
3933:ISBN
3906:ISSN
3865:ISBN
3840:ISBN
3627:link
3609:OCLC
3599:ISBN
3456:ISBN
2491:Duke
2470:and
2396:and
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