45:
458:
persons living in Russia or a Union
Republic that had remained part of the Soviet Union on 1 September 1991 could register as Russian citizens by 6 February 1993. Spouses, children, and other lineal descendants of Russian citizens were eligible for citizenship by registration without time limit. Children of former Russian citizens who were born after their parents' loss of citizenship had a right to register as Russian citizens within five years of reaching age 18.
1365:
2780:
421:
332:. No specific procedures were required to become a Soviet citizen during this time other than obtaining local authority approval. While this model of citizenship acquisition was quite simple and expeditious, contemporary regulations also allowed for citizenship deprivation at any time at the sole discretion of the central government as a deterrence against "the enemies of Soviet power".
627:, married to a Russian citizen for at least three years, a disabled person with an adult child who is a Russian citizen, a person with a Russian citizen child but a Russian spouse who is deceased or has been declared missing or otherwise unable to hold parental rights, or a person with a Russian citizen child over the age of 18 who has been declared mentally unfit by court order.
443:. Under this law, citizenship could no longer be deprived at the sole discretion of the government and holding multiple citizenships ceased to be strictly prohibited, though this was only explicitly allowed in cases where the RSFSR had a bilateral agreement on dual citizenship. This law was adopted on 28 November 1991 but did not come into force until 6 February 1992, after the
1377:
508:
ancestors had previously lived in Russia, although this had no practical effect on existing citizenship legislation. However, the
Russian government had no wider initiative to resettle overseas Russians during this time and the agreement on CIS-wide free movement expired by 2000. Although there were several attempts at negotiating a dual citizenship arrangement with
623:
resident in a post-Soviet state but have not acquired citizenship in that country, and citizens of a former Soviet state who have been educated in
Russian secondary schools or universities since 1 July 2002. Foreign and stateless individuals already resident in Russia may also be eligible for this simplified process if they are: former Soviet citizens born in the
533:
citizen could obtain
Russian citizenship by simple registration under the 1991 law, the 2002 changes required such individuals to fulfill a language requirement, prove a legal income, and renounce their previous citizenship. They also became required to establish permanent residence in Russia before they could naturalize, even if they previously held
278:. The residence requirement could be reduced for individuals who performed an extraordinary service for the Russian state, were especially talented or highly skilled in a scientific field, or made significant investments in the empire. The term "citizenship" became introduced in this reform as a different name for the concept of subjecthood.
544:. Regulations were again relaxed for citizens of some post-Soviet countries beginning in the late 2010s as a way for the Russian state to exert greater influence on neighboring states. Ukrainian citizens seeking to acquire Russian citizenship have not been required to prove renunciation of Ukrainian citizenship since 2017 and residents of
360:
Soviet citizens as anybody who had been a
Russian subject at the time of the founding of the RSFSR in 1917 and had not subsequently lost Soviet citizenship, as well as those who had lawfully obtained citizenship. All other people resident in the USSR who neither held Soviet citizenship nor could prove foreign citizenship were treated as
356:
international norm and allowed Soviet women who married foreign men to retain their Soviet citizenship after marriage. Any imperial
Russian subjects who had permanently departed Russia before 7 November 1917 and had acquired foreign citizenship or applied for such status were deprived of Russian/Soviet citizenship by decree in 1933.
630:
Russian citizenship can be relinquished by making a declaration of renunciation. Parents of
Russian citizen children may apply for renunciation on their behalf. In circumstances where the Russian Federation cedes territory to a foreign country, Russians living in affected territory are given a choice
507:
were granted
Russian citizenship under provisions of the 1991 law accommodating former Soviet citizens. Overseas Russians gained official status as "compatriots" in 1999 in Russian law, which defined them as any persons who lived outside the territory of the Russian Federation who themselves or their
466:
As a result of the Soviet Union's collapse, large numbers of ethnic
Russians became resident outside the boundaries of the Russian state. In order to give this population and other former Soviet citizens an opportunity to choose the country of their new affiliation, visa-free movement was established
411:
and greatly limited the circumstances in which this power would be exercised. Soviet citizenship could now only be deprived from individuals who enlisted in foreign militaries or other governmental bodies, permanently lived abroad and failed to register at a Soviet consulate for at least five years,
359:
The first piece of legislation governing solely on the issue of citizenship was the 1938 Soviet
Citizenship Law, which provided a redefinition for who held Soviet citizenship. Unlike previous regulations which automatically granted citizenship to virtually all residents of the USSR, this law defined
593:
Any person born in Russia automatically receives Russian citizenship by birth if at least one parent is a Russian citizen. Individuals born in the country to two foreign parents only receive Russian citizenship by birth if they cannot acquire the citizenship of either parent. Children born overseas
281:
Russian women who married foreign men automatically lost Russian subject status. A formerly Russian widow or divorcée who had lost her Russian subject status through marriage could petition a provincial authority for restoration of that status. Other Russian subjects could separately apply for the
580:
in 1999. Citizens of both countries automatically hold Union State citizenship, which grants eligibility to vote in Union State elections and stand for office in Union State institutions. Russian and Belarusian citizens may reside and work in either country under a freedom of movement for workers
355:
in which they were permanently resident, although republican citizenship was symbolic and held no substantive meaning. Standard regulations in other countries required wives and children to hold the same citizenship as the male head of the family. Soviet legislation deviated from the contemporary
457:
system. Any other former Soviet citizen could obtain Russian citizenship by registration if they migrated to Russia between 6 February 1992 and 31 December 2000, or before 6 February 1995 if they were resident in a former Union Republic and had not become citizens of that new country. Stateless
601:
Foreigners may become Russian citizens by admission after residing in the country for more than five years while possessing a residence permit. Individuals without permits who permanently settled in Russia before 1 July 2002 are treated as if they have had a permit since the date on which they
532:
in Russia on 6 February 1992. When the law "On Citizenship of the Russian Federation" was enacted in 2002, eligibility for simplified naturalization was limited only to those who had been born on Russian territory and requirements were raised for that process. While virtually any former Soviet
622:
Certain groups of foreign citizens and stateless persons qualify for a facilitated acquisition of Russian citizenship without needing to fulfill a minimum residence requirement. These include: persons with at least one Russian parent who lives within Russia, former Soviet citizens permanently
160:
Any person born in Russia to at least one Russian parent, or born overseas to two Russian parents receives Russian citizenship at birth. Foreign nationals may become citizens by admission after meeting a minimum residence requirement (usually five years), proving a legal source of income, and
523:
The dual citizenship agreements had been intended to ease the post-Soviet transition for ethnic Russians who found themselves living in foreign countries. However, most of the people utilizing this were not ethnically Russian at all and originated from areas of the CIS that were economically
515:
Part of Russia's objectives in pursuing dual citizenship agreements with CIS member states in the 1990s was to provide Russians residing in the former Soviet Union with some sense of security from the Russian state so that they would be less likely to resettle in Russia during that period of
273:
Provincial governments held wide discretion in determining who could be naturalized as Russian subjects until 10 February 1864, when the imperial government introduced a five-year residence requirement and shifted authority over naturalization from provincial authorities to the
606:
and have a legal source of income. The residence requirement is reduced to one year for individuals who have been granted asylum or refugee status, or who have made extraordinary scientific, technological, or cultural contributions. It may also be waived for citizens of other
450:
Former Soviet citizens who were permanently resident in Russia on 6 February 1992 automatically became Russian citizens unless they explicitly applied to refuse citizenship by 6 February 1993. Residence was based on a person's officially listed place of domicile in the
516:
prolonged economic crisis and restructuring. The other post-Soviet states were wary of Russia's intentions with extending citizenship to people within their borders and did not want to expose themselves to further Russian influence. Despite some support within the
432:
204:
is not always clear in the English language and differs by country. Generally, nationality refers a person's legal belonging to a country and is the common term used in international treaties when referring to members of a
270:. The oath used during this time required the subject to pledge themself as an "obedient slave and eternal subject with my family" of the sovereign and remained unchanged until 1796, when the word "slave" was removed.
392:. Citizenship was held to be a unique relationship between a citizen and country, and any deviation from that was considered a violation of loyalty to the state, which led to a potential deprivation of citizenship.
1215:
Pirker, Benedikt; Entin, Kirill (2020). "The Free Movement of Persons in the Eurasian Economic Union – between Civis Eurasiaticus and Homo Oeconomicus". In Cambien, Nathan; Kochenov, Dimitry; Muir, Elise (eds.).
216:
provides differing definitions for both terms; citizenship is the status given to an individual indicating the state which exercises jurisdiction over that particular person and nationality refers to a person's
435:, which reemphasized the role of republican citizenship within Soviet citizenship. This declaration restated that every citizen of the RSFSR also held citizenship of the USSR. As part of its preparations for a
1081:
336:
383:
established the principle that all Soviet citizens would enjoy protection abroad by the Soviet government. Following its adoption, a new citizenship law was enacted on 1 December 1978 which prohibited the
664:
1136:
Bravi, Alessandra; Jureav, Alisher; Janjic, Aleksandra (2012). "The dynamics of labour mobility in Eastern Europe and Central Asia". In Werner, Jan; Sucky, Eric; Biethahn, Niels; Grube, Gerd (eds.).
479:
in 1996. Simplified naturalization procedures through which applicants of a treaty CIS country could acquire Russian citizenship after three months of their application were separately signed with
585:(EAEU) founded in 2015. These movement rights are tied to a worker's contract of employment in another member state and do not grant automatic permanent residence rights anywhere in the EAEU.
188:
are no longer Soviet, they continue to be eligible for a facilitated acquisition of Russian citizenship in which they can be exempted from some requirements for admission as Russian citizens.
407:, Soviet citizenship law was revised for a final time in 1990. The modified legislation transferred responsibility for citizenship deprivation from the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet to the
1863:
266:
as having acquired subjecthood. Foreigners who wished to become Russian subjects were required to swear an oath of personal fealty to the Russian monarch beginning with the reign of
1003:
552:
became eligible for expedited acquisition of Russian citizenship in 2019. The five-year residence period for naturalization was later removed for citizens of Belarus, Kazakhstan,
594:
to two Russian parents are Russian citizens by descent, while those who are born to one Russian parent only receive Russian citizenship if they would otherwise be stateless.
351:. Every person living within the borders of the USSR was a Soviet citizen unless they declared themselves as foreign citizens. Soviet citizens also held citizenship of the
275:
1499:
229:
since the 1990s have omitted this information completely. In the Russian context, the two terms are not interchangeable and cannot be used as a synonym for the other.
1073:
1805:
541:
537:. The cumulative effect of these added conditions extended the time in which a former Soviet citizen could acquire Russian citizenship to as long as eight years.
520:
for automatically extending Russian citizenship to all former Soviet citizens, the legislature ultimately rejected this to prevent causing unnecessary friction.
2549:
624:
309:
2545:
1850:
1409:
316:
theory at the time considered communism to be an international movement, which became reflected in citizenship regulations in the new state. Under the
258:. There were no general requirements for becoming a Russian subject until the 16th century, when it became customary to treat any person who had been
1859:
369:
1190:
Molodikova, Irina (2017). "The Transformation of Russian Citizenship Policy in the Context of European or Eurasian Choice: Regional Prospects".
2391:
1835:
1737:
1664:
645:
286:. Any person who became a foreign subject or citizen without prior government approval could be punished by the deprivation of their rights or
2553:
1277:
1268:
1237:
1180:
1149:
525:
440:
380:
348:
556:, and Ukraine and the requirement to renounce foreign citizenships to naturalize as Russian was completely abolished in 2020. Following the
993:
1704:
222:
2421:
2090:
1777:
468:
317:
2597:
2516:
2187:
1348:
524:
dependent on Russia. Beginning in 2000, facilitated naturalization pathways for former Soviet citizens began to be restricted. The
225:, determined by the nationality of their parents. If their parents' nationalities differed, they could choose either nationality.
1639:
557:
2644:
2526:
2285:
1479:
444:
365:
177:
1674:
1654:
1554:
1402:
598:
found in the country are presumed to have been Russian citizens by birth if their parents cannot be found within six months.
344:
143:. The primary law governing citizenship requirements is the federal law "On Citizenship of the Russian Federation" (Russian:
2541:
2411:
2105:
1990:
1855:
1669:
1514:
1248:
408:
352:
185:
1355:
2762:
2115:
2075:
1840:
1474:
453:
2632:
2587:
2506:
2501:
2481:
2426:
2416:
2381:
2110:
2030:
1965:
1762:
1649:
1599:
1469:
226:
80:
2582:
2559:
2496:
2476:
2436:
2320:
2295:
2290:
2120:
2095:
2000:
1935:
1925:
1915:
1905:
1845:
1830:
1825:
1800:
1782:
1714:
1644:
1614:
1504:
283:
2451:
2335:
2310:
2265:
2260:
2210:
2135:
2130:
2085:
2060:
2055:
2035:
2025:
1980:
1970:
1930:
1900:
1890:
1880:
1795:
1772:
1747:
1684:
1604:
1529:
1494:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1395:
324:
were empowered to directly grant foreigners Soviet citizenship, particularly intended for those belonging to the
90:
52:
2806:
2783:
2536:
2406:
2396:
2376:
2371:
2366:
2325:
2235:
2215:
2200:
2050:
2020:
1975:
1960:
1920:
1910:
1885:
1815:
1810:
1757:
1752:
1742:
1694:
1689:
1679:
1629:
1624:
1619:
1609:
1589:
1584:
1574:
1544:
1534:
1524:
1519:
1509:
1489:
1449:
1439:
255:
2045:
2511:
2491:
2456:
2446:
2441:
2401:
2345:
2340:
2300:
2280:
2275:
2240:
2220:
2205:
2170:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2065:
2040:
2015:
2005:
1985:
1895:
1820:
1709:
1699:
1634:
1569:
1559:
1549:
1539:
1484:
1444:
582:
263:
44:
2160:
2811:
2749:
2531:
2521:
2486:
2386:
2330:
2315:
2250:
2245:
2230:
2125:
2100:
2070:
1995:
1955:
1787:
1659:
1594:
1579:
1564:
299:
213:
173:
528:
ceased issuing new Russian passports in that year to former Soviet citizens who did not have established
2592:
2350:
2305:
2270:
2255:
2225:
2080:
2010:
1767:
1141:
640:
364:
persons. Citizenship could be deprived under this law as part of a court decision or by decree of the
2713:
2686:
2577:
2140:
1199:
612:
389:
2703:
2622:
2165:
1302:
616:
561:
100:
1164:
998:
608:
305:
181:
2744:
2696:
1233:
1176:
1145:
595:
540:
Dual citizenship was actively discouraged by Russian government agencies until after the 2014
243:
154:
631:
between retaining Russian citizenship or acquiring citizenship of the new controlling state.
2627:
1327:
1306:
1281:
1252:
1225:
1221:
1203:
1168:
603:
436:
424:
321:
162:
62:
2708:
1418:
439:, the RSFSR drafted new citizenship legislation that brought regulations in line with the
267:
581:
established by bilateral agreement, which was later expanded to all member states of the
343:(USSR) in 1922, and citizenship regulations were restructured under the authority of the
282:
end of their subjecthood through the Ministry of Internal Affairs with approval from the
2739:
2639:
1332:
1319:
565:
549:
545:
247:
206:
2800:
2769:
2718:
2650:
2602:
2192:
1381:
500:
361:
329:
602:
registered their place of residence. Applicants must demonstrate proficiency in the
433:
Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
2665:
504:
472:
340:
218:
209:; citizenship refers to the set of rights and duties a person has in that country.
169:
17:
1320:"Russia in the Post-Soviet Space: Dual Citizenship as a Foreign Policy Instrument"
1293:
Shevel, Oxana (2012). "The Politics of Citizenship Policy in Post-Soviet Russia".
242:
Before the concept of citizenship was codified in legislation, inhabitants of the
2723:
2681:
1364:
577:
420:
403:
385:
201:
197:
136:
1310:
1369:
1229:
517:
492:
484:
480:
476:
313:
251:
221:. Soviet regulations required a person's nationality to be indicated on their
619:
has discretionary authority to directly grant citizenship to any foreigner.
471:(CIS) in 1992. Facilitating this were dual citizenship treaties signed with
1207:
388:
of Soviet citizens to any foreign jurisdiction and formally barred holding
312:(RSFSR) government abolished all previous imperial legislation. Prevailing
1172:
2691:
2657:
665:"Russian Federation Federal Law on Citizenship of the Russian Federation"
496:
397:
1077:
553:
512:
during the 1990s and in 2004, they ultimately ended with no agreement.
509:
488:
325:
287:
259:
184:
established separate citizenship laws. Although citizens of the former
1257:
1349:
Ministry of Internal Affairs - Main Directorate for Migration Affairs
373:
140:
76:
72:
1285:
1387:
419:
1247:
Salenko, Alexander (July 2012). Country report: Russia (Report).
376:
were stripped of Soviet citizenship by decree beginning in 1967.
1074:"Russia's Putin grants Russian citizenship to U.S. actor Seagal"
994:"Putin expands fast-track Russian citizenship to all of Ukraine"
1391:
462:
Dual citizenship arrangements with other former Soviet states
1266:
Sandifer, Durward V. (October 1936). "Soviet Citizenship".
560:, the expedited acquisition process was extended first to
568:
in May 2022, and later to all of Ukraine in July 2022.
431:
In the waning days of the Union, the RSFSR adopted the
1353:
148:
2732:
2674:
2615:
2568:
2469:
2359:
2186:
2179:
1948:
1873:
1730:
1723:
1432:
1425:
114:
106:
96:
86:
68:
58:
51:
31:
487:in 1996, as well as a multilateral agreement with
276:Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire
908:
576:Russia and Belarus established the supranational
196:The distinction between the meaning of the terms
1326:(2). Foreign Policy Research Foundation: 10–37.
495:in 1999. Residents of the breakaway regions of
135:details the conditions by which a person holds
1403:
1192:Central and Eastern European Migration Review
34:
8:
2550:Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands
625:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
615:for at least three years. Additionally, the
427:are a visible feature of Russian citizenship
310:Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
1036:
1024:
2183:
1727:
1429:
1410:
1396:
1388:
896:
884:
412:or had fraudulently acquired citizenship.
43:
1331:
1256:
788:
752:
32:On Citizenship of the Russian Federation
1360:
1114:
1102:
1060:
1048:
980:
956:
932:
920:
872:
860:
848:
836:
824:
812:
800:
776:
764:
740:
728:
716:
704:
656:
968:
944:
646:Visa requirements for Russian citizens
28:
1278:American Society of International Law
1269:American Journal of International Law
692:
441:Universal Declaration of Human Rights
381:1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union
349:1924 Constitution of the Soviet Union
294:Revolutionary Russia and Soviet Union
7:
168:Russia was previously a part of the
589:Acquisition and loss of citizenship
150:O grazhdanstve Rossiyskoy Federacii
1333:10.31278/1810-6374-2021-19-2-10-37
1084:from the original on 17 April 2022
469:Commonwealth of Independent States
145:О гражданстве Российской Федерации
36:О гражданстве Российской Федерации
25:
1218:European Citizenship under Stress
1006:from the original on 31 July 2022
161:demonstrating proficiency in the
2779:
2778:
1500:Democratic Republic of the Congo
1375:
1363:
558:2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine
2645:Birth aboard aircraft and ships
909:Bravi, Jureav & Janjic 2012
445:dissolution of the Soviet Union
366:Presidium of the Supreme Soviet
178:dissolution of the Soviet Union
81:occupied territories of Ukraine
2482:Federated States of Micronesia
1846:St. Vincent and the Grenadines
1138:Mobility in a Globalised World
1:
1249:European University Institute
1161:Citizenship in a Global World
409:president of the Soviet Union
2763:British Overseas Territories
1159:Kondo, Atsushi, ed. (2001).
526:Ministry of Internal Affairs
395:During the reform period of
372:who permanently migrated to
2633:Renunciation of citizenship
149:
2828:
1311:10.2747/1060-586X.28.1.111
347:following adoption of the
297:
227:Russian internal passports
2758:
1318:Zevelev, Igor A. (2021).
1230:10.1163/9789004433076_021
318:1918 Russian constitution
144:
122:
42:
35:
1480:Central African Republic
1324:Russia in Global Affairs
2578:Commonwealth of Nations
1037:Pirker & Entin 2020
1025:Pirker & Entin 2020
611:who have served in the
583:Eurasian Economic Union
264:Russian Orthodox Church
172:and its residents were
133:Russian citizenship law
2392:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1208:10.17467/ceemr.2017.15
428:
300:Soviet nationality law
214:Constitution of Russia
2775:Partially recognized.
1640:São Tomé and Príncipe
1173:10.1057/9780333993880
1142:University of Bamberg
863:, pp. 10–11, 14.
641:Visa policy of Russia
437:reformed Soviet Union
423:
390:multiple citizenships
288:banishment to Siberia
2714:Second-class citizen
2687:Multiple citizenship
2156:United Arab Emirates
1790:(Kingdom of Denmark)
1303:Taylor & Francis
1224:. pp. 508–532.
1200:University of Warsaw
613:Russian Armed Forces
572:Eurasian integration
542:annexation of Crimea
345:All-Union government
2704:Permanent residency
2623:Loss of citizenship
2598:Caribbean Community
1851:Trinidad and Tobago
1836:St. Kitts and Nevis
1738:Antigua and Barbuda
1295:Post-Soviet Affairs
1080:. 2 November 2016.
1039:, pp. 516–519.
1027:, pp. 528–530.
971:, pp. 127–131.
947:, pp. 124–127.
899:, pp. 103–104.
755:, pp. 614–615.
617:president of Russia
562:Zaporizhzhia Oblast
335:The RSFSR became a
101:President of Russia
18:Russian citizenship
1778:Dominican Republic
1165:Palgrave Macmillan
609:post-Soviet states
596:Abandoned children
429:
416:Russian Federation
306:October Revolution
182:post-Soviet states
69:Territorial extent
2794:
2793:
2768:Open border with
2611:
2610:
2465:
2464:
1944:
1943:
1864:US Virgin Islands
1791:
1515:Equatorial Guinea
1239:978-90-04-43307-6
1182:978-0-333-80266-3
1151:978-3-86309-063-0
1105:, pp. 16–17.
1063:, pp. 15–16.
983:, pp. 23–25.
959:, pp. 21–22.
935:, pp. 19–20.
923:, pp. 20–21.
851:, pp. 10–11.
425:Russian passports
308:in 1917, the new
244:Tsardom of Russia
223:internal passport
130:
129:
16:(Redirected from
2819:
2782:
2781:
2628:Denaturalization
2517:Papua New Guinea
2502:Marshall Islands
2184:
1789:
1728:
1430:
1419:Nationality laws
1412:
1405:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1337:
1335:
1314:
1289:
1262:
1260:
1243:
1211:
1186:
1155:
1118:
1112:
1106:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1070:
1064:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1022:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1011:
1002:. 11 July 2022.
990:
984:
978:
972:
966:
960:
954:
948:
942:
936:
930:
924:
918:
912:
906:
900:
894:
888:
882:
876:
870:
864:
858:
852:
846:
840:
834:
828:
822:
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804:
798:
792:
786:
780:
774:
768:
762:
756:
750:
744:
738:
732:
726:
720:
714:
708:
702:
696:
690:
684:
683:
681:
679:
669:
661:
604:Russian language
250:personally owed
176:. Following the
163:Russian language
157:on 1 July 2002.
152:
146:
91:Federal Assembly
53:Federal Assembly
47:
38:
37:
29:
21:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2807:Nationality law
2797:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2754:
2728:
2709:Right of return
2670:
2607:
2570:
2564:
2527:Solomon Islands
2461:
2427:Northern Cyprus
2422:North Macedonia
2355:
2190:
2175:
1940:
1869:
1719:
1421:
1416:
1386:
1376:
1374:
1362:
1354:
1345:
1340:
1317:
1292:
1286:10.2307/2191124
1265:
1246:
1240:
1214:
1189:
1183:
1158:
1152:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1121:
1113:
1109:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1072:
1071:
1067:
1059:
1055:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
992:
991:
987:
979:
975:
967:
963:
955:
951:
943:
939:
931:
927:
919:
915:
907:
903:
897:Molodikova 2017
895:
891:
885:Molodikova 2017
883:
879:
871:
867:
859:
855:
847:
843:
835:
831:
823:
819:
815:, pp. 6–7.
811:
807:
803:, pp. 5–6.
799:
795:
787:
783:
775:
771:
767:, pp. 4–5.
763:
759:
751:
747:
739:
735:
731:, pp. 3–4.
727:
723:
715:
711:
707:, pp. 1–3.
703:
699:
695:, pp. 2–3.
691:
687:
677:
675:
667:
663:
662:
658:
654:
637:
591:
574:
467:throughout the
464:
418:
337:founding member
330:working classes
302:
296:
268:Peter the Great
256:Russian monarch
240:
235:
194:
186:Union Republics
174:Soviet citizens
155:came into force
87:Enacted by
33:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2825:
2823:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2788:
2776:
2773:
2766:
2759:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2736:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2689:
2684:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2662:
2661:
2654:
2647:
2640:Naturalization
2637:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2619:
2617:
2613:
2612:
2609:
2608:
2606:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2593:Nordic Council
2590:
2585:
2583:European Union
2580:
2574:
2572:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2562:
2557:
2546:American Samoa
2539:
2534:
2529:
2524:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2463:
2462:
2460:
2459:
2457:United Kingdom
2454:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2363:
2361:
2360:Rest of Europe
2357:
2356:
2354:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2233:
2228:
2226:Czech Republic
2223:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2197:
2195:
2188:European Union
2181:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1958:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1877:
1875:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1734:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1720:
1718:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1705:Western Sahara
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1527:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1495:Congo Republic
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1436:
1434:
1427:
1423:
1422:
1417:
1415:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1392:
1385:
1384:
1372:
1352:
1351:
1344:
1343:External links
1341:
1339:
1338:
1315:
1290:
1263:
1244:
1238:
1212:
1187:
1181:
1156:
1150:
1132:
1130:
1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
985:
973:
961:
949:
937:
925:
913:
901:
889:
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:
817:
805:
793:
791:, p. 617.
781:
769:
757:
745:
733:
721:
709:
697:
685:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
643:
636:
633:
590:
587:
573:
570:
566:Kherson Oblast
550:Luhansk Oblast
546:Donetsk Oblast
463:
460:
417:
414:
353:Union Republic
295:
292:
248:Russian Empire
239:
238:Romanov Russia
236:
234:
231:
193:
190:
128:
127:
120:
119:
116:
112:
111:
108:
104:
103:
98:
97:Signed by
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
70:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
49:
48:
40:
39:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2824:
2813:
2812:Law of Russia
2810:
2808:
2805:
2804:
2802:
2787:
2786:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2770:Schengen Area
2767:
2764:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2735:
2731:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:Statelessness
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2679:
2677:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2651:Ius sanguinis
2648:
2646:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2638:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2604:
2603:African Union
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2571:organizations
2569:International
2567:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2542:United States
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2518:
2515:
2513:
2510:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2455:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
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2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
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2365:
2364:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2286:Liechtenstein
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2193:Schengen Area
2189:
2185:
2182:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2004:
2002:
1999:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1947:
1937:
1934:
1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1872:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1856:United States
1854:
1852:
1849:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1839:
1837:
1834:
1832:
1829:
1827:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1807:
1804:
1802:
1799:
1797:
1794:
1792:
1786:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1764:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1754:
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1722:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1653:
1651:
1648:
1646:
1643:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1555:Guinea-Bissau
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1456:
1453:
1451:
1448:
1446:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1401:
1399:
1394:
1393:
1390:
1383:
1373:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1357:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1342:
1334:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1270:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1245:
1241:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1134:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1117:, p. 21.
1116:
1111:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1057:
1054:
1051:, p. 15.
1050:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1005:
1001:
1000:
995:
989:
986:
982:
977:
974:
970:
965:
962:
958:
953:
950:
946:
941:
938:
934:
929:
926:
922:
917:
914:
911:, p. 14.
910:
905:
902:
898:
893:
890:
887:, p. 99.
886:
881:
878:
875:, p. 14.
874:
869:
866:
862:
857:
854:
850:
845:
842:
839:, p. 10.
838:
833:
830:
826:
821:
818:
814:
809:
806:
802:
797:
794:
790:
789:Sandifer 1936
785:
782:
778:
773:
770:
766:
761:
758:
754:
753:Sandifer 1936
749:
746:
742:
737:
734:
730:
725:
722:
718:
713:
710:
706:
701:
698:
694:
689:
686:
673:
666:
660:
657:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
638:
634:
632:
628:
626:
620:
618:
614:
610:
605:
599:
597:
588:
586:
584:
579:
571:
569:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
531:
527:
521:
519:
513:
511:
506:
502:
501:South Ossetia
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
461:
459:
456:
455:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
426:
422:
415:
413:
410:
406:
405:
400:
399:
393:
391:
387:
382:
377:
375:
371:
367:
363:
357:
354:
350:
346:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
301:
293:
291:
289:
285:
279:
277:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
237:
232:
230:
228:
224:
220:
215:
210:
208:
203:
199:
191:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
166:
164:
158:
156:
151:
142:
138:
134:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
102:
99:
95:
92:
89:
85:
82:
78:
74:
71:
67:
64:
61:
57:
54:
50:
46:
41:
30:
27:
19:
2784:
2750:Soviet Union
2745:Ancient Rome
2740:Nazi Germany
2666:Repatriation
2656:
2649:
2616:By procedure
2431:
2151:Turkmenistan
2106:Saudi Arabia
1670:South Africa
1655:Sierra Leone
1460:Burkina Faso
1426:By continent
1323:
1298:
1294:
1273:
1267:
1217:
1195:
1191:
1160:
1137:
1129:Publications
1115:Salenko 2012
1110:
1103:Salenko 2012
1098:
1086:. Retrieved
1068:
1061:Salenko 2012
1056:
1049:Salenko 2012
1044:
1032:
1020:
1008:. Retrieved
997:
988:
981:Zevelev 2021
976:
964:
957:Zevelev 2021
952:
940:
933:Zevelev 2021
928:
921:Zevelev 2021
916:
904:
892:
880:
873:Salenko 2012
868:
861:Salenko 2012
856:
849:Salenko 2012
844:
837:Salenko 2012
832:
827:, p. 7.
825:Salenko 2012
820:
813:Salenko 2012
808:
801:Salenko 2012
796:
784:
779:, p. 5.
777:Salenko 2012
772:
765:Salenko 2012
760:
748:
743:, p. 4.
741:Salenko 2012
736:
729:Salenko 2012
724:
719:, p. 3.
717:Salenko 2012
712:
705:Salenko 2012
700:
688:
676:. Retrieved
672:globalcit.eu
671:
659:
629:
621:
600:
592:
575:
539:
534:
529:
522:
514:
505:Transnistria
475:in 1993 and
473:Turkmenistan
465:
452:
449:
430:
402:
396:
394:
378:
358:
341:Soviet Union
334:
303:
280:
272:
241:
219:ethnic group
211:
195:
170:Soviet Union
167:
159:
132:
131:
123:
26:
2724:Travel visa
2682:Citizenship
2507:New Zealand
2351:Switzerland
2306:Netherlands
2116:South Korea
2096:Philippines
2076:North Korea
1956:Afghanistan
1860:Puerto Rico
1783:El Salvador
1675:South Sudan
1560:Ivory Coast
1305:: 111–147.
1280:: 614–631.
969:Shevel 2012
945:Shevel 2012
578:Union State
404:perestroika
386:extradition
370:Soviet Jews
202:nationality
198:citizenship
192:Terminology
137:citizenship
118:1 July 2002
110:31 May 2002
75:(including
2801:Categories
2437:San Marino
2417:Montenegro
2382:Azerbaijan
2296:Luxembourg
2161:Uzbekistan
2131:Tajikistan
2036:Kyrgyzstan
2031:Kazakhstan
1991:East Timor
1966:Bangladesh
1788:Greenland
1763:Costa Rica
1665:Somaliland
1650:Seychelles
1615:Mozambique
1600:Mauritania
1585:Madagascar
1540:The Gambia
1475:Cape Verde
1258:1814/60230
1202:: 98–119.
999:Al Jazeera
693:Kondo 2001
652:References
518:State Duma
493:Kyrgyzstan
485:Kazakhstan
481:Kyrgyzstan
477:Tajikistan
304:After the
298:See also:
260:christened
252:allegiance
2675:By result
2477:Australia
2291:Lithuania
2121:Sri Lanka
2111:Singapore
2091:Palestine
2001:Indonesia
1936:Venezuela
1881:Argentina
1841:St. Lucia
1826:Nicaragua
1801:Guatemala
1605:Mauritius
1088:15 August
1010:12 August
678:April 14,
362:stateless
314:Bolshevik
153:), which
115:Commenced
2785:Category
2697:Internal
2692:Passport
2658:Ius soli
2588:Mercosur
2497:Kiribati
2336:Slovenia
2331:Slovakia
2321:Portugal
2211:Bulgaria
2141:Thailand
2086:Pakistan
2061:Mongolia
2056:Malaysia
1981:Cambodia
1926:Suriname
1916:Paraguay
1901:Colombia
1811:Honduras
1773:Dominica
1748:Barbados
1724:Americas
1715:Zimbabwe
1685:Tanzania
1530:Ethiopia
1525:Eswatini
1505:Djibouti
1470:Cameroon
1455:Botswana
1082:Archived
1004:Archived
635:See also
535:propiska
530:propiska
497:Abkhazia
454:propiska
398:glasnost
320:, local
246:and the
59:Citation
2733:Defunct
2560:Vanuatu
2470:Oceania
2452:Ukraine
2407:Moldova
2397:Georgia
2387:Belarus
2377:Andorra
2372:Armenia
2367:Albania
2326:Romania
2271:Ireland
2266:Iceland
2261:Hungary
2251:Germany
2241:Finland
2236:Estonia
2231:Denmark
2216:Croatia
2206:Belgium
2201:Austria
2166:Vietnam
2066:Myanmar
2051:Lebanon
1961:Bahrain
1931:Uruguay
1906:Ecuador
1886:Bolivia
1816:Jamaica
1796:Grenada
1743:Bahamas
1695:Tunisia
1660:Somalia
1645:Senegal
1630:Nigeria
1620:Namibia
1610:Morocco
1575:Liberia
1570:Lesotho
1520:Eritrea
1490:Comoros
1465:Burundi
1440:Algeria
1356:Portals
1124:Sources
1078:Reuters
554:Moldova
510:Ukraine
489:Belarus
339:of the
326:peasant
322:soviets
284:emperor
262:by the
254:to the
233:History
126:Amended
124:Status:
63:N 62-ФЗ
2537:Tuvalu
2447:Turkey
2442:Serbia
2432:Russia
2412:Monaco
2402:Kosovo
2346:Sweden
2316:Poland
2311:Norway
2281:Latvia
2256:Greece
2246:France
2221:Cyprus
2180:Europe
2146:Turkey
2136:Taiwan
2041:Kuwait
2026:Jordan
2016:Israel
1976:Brunei
1971:Bhutan
1911:Guyana
1891:Brazil
1831:Panama
1821:Mexico
1758:Canada
1753:Belize
1710:Zambia
1700:Uganda
1635:Rwanda
1590:Malawi
1550:Guinea
1445:Angola
1433:Africa
1382:Russia
1236:
1179:
1148:
674:. 2003
503:, and
374:Israel
368:. All
180:, all
141:Russia
107:Signed
77:Crimea
73:Russia
2532:Tonga
2522:Samoa
2512:Palau
2492:Nauru
2341:Spain
2301:Malta
2276:Italy
2171:Yemen
2126:Syria
2101:Qatar
2071:Nepal
2021:Japan
1996:India
1986:China
1896:Chile
1874:South
1806:Haiti
1731:North
1680:Sudan
1625:Niger
1580:Libya
1565:Kenya
1545:Ghana
1535:Gabon
1510:Egypt
1450:Benin
1301:(1).
1276:(4).
1222:Brill
1198:(1).
668:(PDF)
207:state
2554:Guam
2487:Fiji
2191:and
2081:Oman
2046:Laos
2011:Iraq
2006:Iran
1949:Asia
1921:Peru
1768:Cuba
1690:Togo
1595:Mali
1485:Chad
1234:ISBN
1177:ISBN
1146:ISBN
1090:2022
1012:2022
680:2024
564:and
548:and
491:and
483:and
401:and
379:The
328:and
212:The
200:and
1370:Law
1328:doi
1307:doi
1282:doi
1253:hdl
1226:doi
1204:doi
1169:doi
139:of
79:),
2803::
2552:,
2548:,
1862:,
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1167:.
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1309::
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