Russian nobility - Knowledge (XXG)

2875: 2800: 2905: 2756: 2667: 2638: 2995: 2980: 1334: 47: 3040: 2623: 3115: 2682: 2950: 2785: 3235: 2815: 1321:, which unites the families of the Baltic-German enrolled nobility of the former Russian Empire, recognize Maria Vladimirovna or anyone else as holder of the throne with the power of ennoblement. However, the fact that influential “would-be nobles” make up a significant proportion of the members of the new Russian aristocratic associations leads to major conflicts within and between the Russian aristocratic associations. Since membership in the nobility is neither legally recognized nor protected, a large market for fake titles and coats of arms has developed since 1991. Supposedly original 2920: 2965: 2935: 2653: 2222: 353:

features of western fashion, education, and language onto the nobility would hasten Russia's rise to international prestige. In 1697, he began to send nobles on compulsory trips abroad to England, Holland, and Italy. While the Tsar primarily designed these expeditions for naval training, he also encouraged the noblemen to learn about the arts of the west. Furthermore, Peter prioritized sending Russian natives as opposed to foreign expatriates; he was intent on “breeding” a new nobility that conformed to western customs but represented the

492:, entertaining the nobility with performances of western theatre and music. She encouraged the understanding of French, German, and English languages so that nobles could read classic, historical, and philosophical literature from the west. For the first time in the history of the Russian court, “intellectual pursuits became fashionable”. When foreigners visited the court, Catherine expected the noblemen and their ladies to flaunt not only their western appearance but also their ability to discuss current events in western languages. 2261: 3025: 2845: 2830: 3070: 3250: 3310: 3220: 3145: 3160: 2697: 31: 3010: 3130: 3265: 2860: 2890: 3205: 3280: 1939: 398:, which was the foremost political and intellectual language of Europe at the time. For the nobility, these changes felt even more forced than fashion regulations. As with clothing, there was uniform acceptance of Western mannerisms at court but general disregard for them outside of St. Petersburg. Furthermore, when Westerners visited Peter's court they found the image and personality of the courtiers to appear forced and awkward. 3295: 3085: 2180: 2138: 2078: 3190: 1350: 3100: 3055: 2033: 2299: 2712: 2608: 2874: 2770: 3175: 2741: 824:. According to the 1897 census, 71% of the top 4 ranks of the civil service were nobles. But in the civil service as a whole, noble membership declined from 49.8% in 1755 to 43.7% in the 1850s and to 30.7% in 1897. There were 1.2 million nobles, about 1% of the population (8% in Poland; compare with 4% in Hungary and 1 to 1.5% in France). Their military influence waned: in the 4220: 6045: 2726: 696:. In 1858, three million serfs were held by 1,400 landlords (1.4%) while 2 million by 79,000 (78%). In 1820 a fifth of the serfs were mortgaged, half by 1842. By 1859, a third of nobles' estates and two-thirds of their serfs were mortgaged to noble banks or to the state. The nobility was also weakened by the scattering of their estates, lack of 382:

Hungarian, French and British styles, fining any noblemen who failed to obey. Peter himself, who usually wore German dress and had a trimmed mustache, acted as a prime example. While the nobility universally followed Peter's fashion preferences at court, they greatly resented these styles, which they saw as blasphemous. Away from

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Catherine exposed Russia's autocracy to them as archaic and illiberal. While the nobility was conservative as a whole, a liberal and radical minority remained constant throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, resorting to violence on multiple occasions in order to challenge Russia's traditional political system (see

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These changes occurred despite the nobles keeping nearly all the meadows and forests and having their debts paid by the state, while the ex-serfs paid 34% over the market price for the shrunken plots they kept. This figure was 90% in the northern regions, 20% in the black-earth region but zero in the

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freed the nobility from obligatory civil and military service in 1762, allowing them to pursue personal interests. While some used this liberty as an excuse to lead lavish lives of leisure, a select group became increasingly educated in Western ideas through schooling, reading, and travel. As before,

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While none of the rulers in power from 1725 to 1762 focused as strongly on cultural westernization, Peter sparked a transformation that was now unstoppable. Through their education and travels, some members of the nobility began to understand the extent to which Russia lagged behind Western Europe in

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Russia shared with other countries the concept that nobility connotes a status or social category rather than a title. Throughout the 18th and 19th centuries, the title of the nobleman in Russia gradually became a formal status, rather than a reference to a member of the aristocracy, due to a massive

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and eventually become nobles themselves. Catherine also established the Society for the Translation of Foreign Books, “to bring enlightenment to those Russians who could not read either French or German.” It is clear that, like Peter I, Catherine the Great desired to construct a new nobility, a “new

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was particularly prominent. According to the 1897 |census, 0.87% of Russians were classified as hereditary nobles versus 5.29% of Georgians and 4.41% of Poles, followed by Lithuanians, Tatars, Azerbaijanis, and Germans. After the abolition of serfdom, the non-Russian nobility, with the exception of

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The influx of New World grain caused a slump in grain prices, forcing the peasants to farm more land. At the same time, despite their efficiency, large peasant households split up (from 9.5 to 6.8 persons per household in central Russia, 1861–1884). The resulting land hunger increased prices 7-fold

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Catherine also made specific reforms in institutional education that pushed the nobility's culture further westward. She based Russian education on that of Austria, importing German textbooks and adopting in 1786 a standardized curriculum to be taught in her newly created public schools. While many

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law introduced by Peter the Great allowing the sub-division of estates. In 1736 the age at which nobles had to start service was raised from 15 to 20 and length of service was changed to 25 years instead of life and families with more than one son could keep one to manage the family estate. In 1726

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and the majority of landowners were nobles. The nobles were granted estates out of State lands in return for their service to the Tsar, either for as long as they performed service or for their lifetime. By the 18th century, these estates had become private property. They made up the Landed army

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The number of descendants of noble families still living in Russia today is difficult to estimate after more than 70 years of communism, but with around 100 million inhabitants in 1917 it could be at least 50-60,000. While most of the descendants of the princely and comital houses have lived in

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race,” which would both resemble western noblemen and prove knowledgeable in discussions of modern issues. And, according to accounts from foreign visitors, the noblemen did, in fact, resemble those of Western Europe in their dress, topics of discussion, and taste in literature and performance.

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Peter the Great was, first and foremost, eager to do away with Russia's reputation as an Asiatic land and to propel his new empire onto the political stage of Western Europe. One of the many ways he hoped to achieve this was by changing the upper-class culture; he believed that forcing selected

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was mostly superficial and restricted to court, it coincided with the efforts of Russian autocrats to link Russia to Western Europe in more fundamental ways – socially, economically and politically. However, Russia's existing economic system, which lacked a sizable middle class and which relied

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in 1991, aristocratic associations and organizations that maintained noble traditions were permitted again in Russia, but the Russian nobility no longer exists as a social class. The historical noble families are known from the sources. However, in Russia, as everywhere in Europe, according to

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As different rulers ascended the throne in the 19th century, each figure brought a different attitude and approach to ruling the nobility. Yet, the cultural impact of Peter I and Catherine II was set in stone. Ironically, by introducing the nobility to political literature from Western Europe,

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populace considered an essential aspect of their duty to convey the image of God. He also reformed the clothing of the nobility, replacing the long-sleeved traditional Muscovite robes with European clothing. Beginning in 1699 the tsar decreed strict dress requirements borrowing from German,

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economy. Furthermore, the lower classes (an overwhelming majority of the Russian population) lived virtually isolated from the upper classes and the imperial court. Thus, most of the nobility's “western” tendencies were largely aesthetic and confined to a tiny proportion of the populace.

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Polish provinces. In 1857, 6.79% of serfs were domestic, landless servants who stayed landless after 1861. Only Polish and Romanian domestic serfs got land. Ninety percent of the serfs who got larger plots lived in the eight ex-Polish provinces where the Tsar wanted to weaken the

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and are often influential. Some of these associations have taken this line and recognize such “nobility” as legitimate. Most, however, reject it, because Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna is neither the undisputed pretender to the throne nor does she - who is not a reigning

1145:. However, a significant number of the (mostly untitled) small nobility, who had inconspicuous names, had previously served as civil servants and mostly owned little land, came to terms with the circumstances. Some of them even took part in building the new state - such as 2099:

annually from the state budget and enjoyed other high privileges). The male-line great-grandchildren of the Romanov emperors and their male-line descendants were titled Prince of the Blood Imperial to distinguish them from those of the noble Russian families titled simply

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as a whole. When the travelers returned to Moscow, Peter tested them on their training, insisting on further education for those whose accumulated knowledge was unsatisfactory. By 1724, he had established – for the purpose of scientific study and discovery – the

572:, partly through extravagance and due to poor estate-management. Young noblemen served in the military but did not thereby acquire new landed estates. Tolstoy reported later improvements: some nobles paid more attention to estate management, and some, like 513:. The uniform prescribed colors that depended on the territory. The uniform was required at the places of service, at the Court, and at other important public places. The privileges of the nobility were fixed and were legally codified in 1785 in the 1295:

The aristocratic associations are therefore faced with the question of how to deal with such “new aristocrats”, who usually have no biographical or cultural connection to the traditional nobility, but are often historically connected to the

1292:, who is considered one of Vladimir Putin's closest confidants (and one of his possible successor candidates). Patrushev himself described the FSB employees in an interview as “our new nobility” because of their sense of dedicated service. 484:. The point she emphasized first and foremost was that Russia was a truly European state, and her reforms of the court and education reflect this belief. While Catherine was primarily preoccupied with impressing westerners (especially the 1481:); however, the Russian name suffix -skij which means “of” and is equal to “von” and “de” was used in many noble surnames especially topographic surnames as nobiliary particle. Russian noblemen were accorded an official salutation, or 678:(1825–1855) the latter brought three times the income of cash rent (though this needed less administration). In 1798 Ukrainian landlords were banned from selling serfs separately from land. In 1841 landless nobles were banned also. 335:

invited and sponsored European visitors – mostly military, medical, and building specialists – who came to Moscow in foreign dress, speaking foreign languages. When the boyars began to imitate the westerners in dress and hairstyle,

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She also gave away 66,000 serfs in 1762–72, 202,000 in 1773–93, and 100,000 in one day: 18 August 1795. Thus she was able to bind the nobility to herself. From 1782, a kind of uniform was introduced for civilian nobles called

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Peter also demanded changes in mannerisms and language among nobles. To supply Russians with a basic set of “proper” morals and habits, he ordered publication of manuals on Western etiquette. The most popular of these was

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Hereditary nobility could be achieved in the following ways: 1) by Imperial grant to individuals or families; 2) by attaining a certain military or civil officer's rank while in active service; 3) by being awarded an

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The dukes, princes, counts, and barons of Courlandish, Livonian, Estonian and Oesel extraction were gradually absorbed into the Russian nobility due to their services to the realm. The Russian medieval equivalent of

4182: 4770: 488:, with whom she corresponded in writing), in doing so she also made significant efforts to educate the nobility and expose them to western philosophy and art. She designed an imperial court in the style of 1268:

as the legitimate heir to the throne, but she is not recognized by the other remaining branches of the Romanov family. In particular, she has come to terms with the new Russian elite around President

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The various aristocratic associations have different opinions not only with regard to aristocratic law, but also with regard to the succession of the pretenders to the Russian tsar's crown. Some see

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90% of officers were noble, by 1913 the proportion had sunk to 50%. They lived increasingly away from their estates: in 1858 only 15 to 20% of Russian nobles lived in cities, by 1897 it was 47.2%.

2688: 2637: 1284:(founded in 2010) to their members. She even goes so far as to raise such people “to the nobility.” In 2007, she is said to have ennobled the former head of the Russian domestic secret service 2227:

Used by marquises residing in Russia and/or in Russian service, which were bestowed with marquisal dignity by other monarchs and therefore technically did not belong to the Russian nobility.

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and murdered there. Thousands of dissidents, devout Christians, members of non-Russian peoples, communist officials and many nobles who remained in the Soviet Union later fell victim to the “

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and in the barren north. In the whole Empire, peasant land declined 4.1% - 13.3% outside the ex-Polish zone and 23.3% in the 16 black-earth provinces. Georgia's serfs suffered the loss of

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From 1919 to 1939, with nearly 45,000 Russians living in the capital and its immediate suburbs, Paris became the center of attraction for the entire Russian diaspora: Hélène Menegaldo:

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and by 1900 two thirds of the nobles' arable land was rented to the peasantry). Between 1900–1914, over 20% of remaining noble land was sold but only 3% of the 155 estates over 50,000

1261:. The acceptance of descendants through the female line, which is contrary to tradition and is now practiced by some of the more recent associations, is therefore very controversial. 2666: 394:, a compilation of rules of conduct from numerous European sources, initially published in St. Petersburg in 1717. He also encouraged the learning of foreign languages especially 5294: 311:

Although Peter the Great is considered to be the first westernized ruler of Russia, there were, in fact, contacts between the Muscovite nobility and Western Europe before his

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were founded with curricula that included foreign languages, philosophy, medicine and law; the material was chiefly based on imported texts from the west. Most significantly

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Between 1845 and 1856 hereditary nobility was given to military officers who achieved the 8th rank of major/captain 3rd rank, to civil servants who achieved the 5th rank of

1036:, lost their special status. Later, many of the impoverished or déclassé Polish and Georgian nobles became leaders of nationalist and radical political movements, including 4604: 3435:

Dukes, Paul. 1967. Catherine the Great and the Russian nobility: a study based on the materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767. London: Cambridge U.P. pp. 27, 38–44

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From 1856 to 1917 hereditary nobility was given to military officers who achieved the 6th rank of colonel/captain 1st rank, to civil servants who achieved the 4th rank of

1173:. Occasionally, members of prominent aristocratic families also adapted to the circumstances, either becoming Bolsheviks themselves, like the diplomat Leonid Leonidovich 3408:

Dukes, Paul. 1967. Catherine the Great and the Russian nobility: a study based on the materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767. London: Cambridge U.P. pp. 32–34.

768:, which repealed their right of electing law officer. The reform of the police in 1862 limited the landowners' authority locally, and the establishment of all-estate 402:, a representative of Britain, commented in 1716 that the nobles “wear the German Dress; but it is easy to observe on many, that they have not been long used to it”. 3492:

Dukes, Paul. 1967. Catherine the Great and the Russian nobility: a study based on the materials of the Legislative Commission of 1767. London: Cambridge U.P. p. 241.

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and made it easier for nobles to sell or rent land rather than farm it themselves. From 1861 to 1900 40% of noble land was sold to peasants (70% of this went to the

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Also used by dukes in Russian service, which were bestowed with ducal dignity by other monarchs and therefore did not officially belong to the Russian nobility.

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Personal nobility could be acquired in the following ways: 1) by Imperial grant; 2) by attaining the 14th military rank of ensign or the 9th civil rank of

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Meehan-Waters, Brenda. 1982. Autocracy & aristocracy, the Russian service elite of 1730. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. pp. 39-43.

2949: 2784: 2681: 1663: 1216:, and in other parts of the world. In the 1920s and 1930s, several Russian nobility associations were established outside Russia, including groups in 1123: 496:

members of the lower classes were allowed into these schools, Catherine hoped that they could become educated enough to rise through the meritocratic

4050:, Paris (French): “Absolute condition: Belonging to the hereditary nobility of the former Russian Empire through legitimate and direct male descent.” 2814: 480:

of 1767, a lengthy document which she prepared for the nobility, drawing largely from and even plagiarizing ideas from the west, especially those of

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on all men of rank in Moscow and ordered certain officers to seek out noble beards and shave them on sight. He only allowed peasants, priests, and

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geroldia.ru LIST OF THE HEROLDY E.I.V. APPROVED PERSONS IN HEREDITARY NOBILITY AND INCLUDED INTO THE ALL-RUSSIAN NOBILITY GENEALOGY BOOK IN 2005

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geroldia.ru LIST OF THE HEROLDY E.I.V. APPROVED PERSONS IN HEREDITARY NOBILITY AND INCLUDED INTO THE ALL-RUSSIAN NOBILITY GENEALOGY BOOK IN 2005

2964: 6714: 5988: 5610: 5027: 3542: 5831: 5506: 5122: 4785: 4464: 3602: 761: 4421: 3024: 1047:, Andrei Znamenski describes the Baltic Germans as a "mobilized diaspora" who acted as the Russian Empire's cultural and diplomatic envoys. 344:

in 1680 restricted foreign fashions to distinguish between Russians and outsiders, but these were not effectively enforced until the 1690s.

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Freedom from compulsory military service (1762–1874; later compulsory military service was introduced which did not exempt the nobility).

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has suggested this was not a noble victory but a sign the state didn't need them as much now that they had plenty of trained officials.

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became the center of Russian emigrants (the “princely taxi drivers” were a stereotype there in the 1920s) and from there often to the

2829: 5334: 5223: 5158: 4459: 4206: 4128:"Историк С.В. Волков — Российская империя. Краткая история — Глава 12. Российское общество во второй половине XIX — начале XX веков" 3459: 3249: 2143: 1189:. Some married into the proletariat and the next, Soviet-influenced generation was accepted into the Soviet academic elite, such as 369:. Upon arriving Peter summoned the nobility to his court and personally shaved almost every beard in the room. In 1705 he decreed a 4318: 434:

The period between Peter I and Catherine II represents gradual yet significant developments in western culture among the nobility.

427:, of which they had experienced little. While even the most educated of the nobility still supported the autocracy that upheld the 3372:

Pushkarev, S. G. “Russia and the West: Ideological and Personal Contacts before 1917”. Russian Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1965): 142.

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The nobility arose in the 12th and 13th centuries as the lowest part of the feudal military class, which comprised the court of a

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Pushkarev, S.G. “Russia and the West: Ideological and Personal Contacts before 1917.” Russian Review, Vol. 24, No. 2 (1965): 141.

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further regulated noble dress in a Western direction. In 1755 also during Elizabeth's reign, advanced secondary schools and the

5774: 5669: 4876: 4414: 3196: 3076: 2881: 2335:(the court of a ruler or a high nobleman). Originally these were free commoners in the service of noblemen who also had serfs. 1878:. Peter and his successors also streamlined the stratification of the Russian nobility, adopting European-style titles such as 1338: 1253: 765: 2859: 5481: 5107: 4540: 3936: 3219: 2614: 365:

Peter's westernizing efforts became more radical after 1698 when he returned from his expedition through Europe known as the

3129: 2400:. The territories continued to have semi-autonomous status from 16th to early 20th century under Swedish and Russian rule. 6618: 6585: 6537: 6432: 5913: 5806: 5277: 4992: 4816: 4776: 4530: 4454: 4449: 4353: 2696: 1743: 3480:

Madariaga, Isabel de. 1981. Russia in the age of Catherine the Great. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 27–34, 91–96.

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with a decree of November 10/November 23, 1917. All classes of nobility ceased to exist as a class defined by state law.

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these changes applied to few and represented a gradual shift in noble identity rather than a sudden or universal one.

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Many members of the Russian nobility who fled Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution played a significant role in the

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Unlike the ancient nobility, which was exclusively hereditary, the remaining classes of nobility could be acquired.

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of 1917, the Russian noble estates staffed most of the Russian government and possessed a self-governing body, the

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Many descendants of the former ancient Russian aristocracy, including royalty, saw their formal standing change to

75:. In 1914, it consisted of approximately 1,900,000 members, out of a total population of 138,200,000. Up until the 4127: 3501:

Madariaga, Isabel de. 1981. Russia in the age of Catherine the Great. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 31, 95.

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of any class (since 1900 - of the third class or higher), or any order of the Russian Empire of the first class.

2531: 1769: 1482: 1325:“from the Tsarist era” or confirmation diplomas from dubious associations can even be purchased on the Internet. 399: 3399:

Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. pp. 281–290

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units there were entire regiments that consisted exclusively of noble officers. Others emigrated, especially to

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Madariaga, Isabel de. 1981. Russia in the age of Catherine the Great. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 102.

3241: 3091: 3084: 3016: 2821: 2644: 2607: 2593: 2459: 2419:. The ethnically German knights of Baltic extraction retained their social prominence and equalled the Russian 1342: 1285: 1044: 411:

the complexity of their political and educational systems, their technology and economy. By 1750, the ideas of

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When Catherine II ascended the throne, she quickly made her political and philosophical opinions clear in the

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Geroid Tanquary Robinson, Rural Russia under the old régime: a history of the landlord-peasant world, page 37

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Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. p. 286.

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Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. p. 306.

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Hughes, Lindsey. 1998. Russia in the age of Peter the Great. New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press. p. 280.

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and to any person who was awarded any order of the Russian Empire (since 1831 – except the Polish order of

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on which they depended, some considered how to make it more representative and to improve the bureaucracy.

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the economic position of the nobility weakened. The influence of the nobility was further reduced by the

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he implemented reforms aimed at westernization of his realm, including officially adopting the title of

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western countries since the revolution, many members of lower-ranking families have remained in Russia.

1158: 514: 481: 444: 120:. In the late 16th and early 17th centuries, the system of hierarchy was a system of seniority known as 3337: 2711: 2515:

Between 1722 and 1845 hereditary nobility was given to military officers who achieved the 14th rank of

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based in Paris, which largely consists of descendants of the “White Emigrants”, nor the Association of

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had reached sects of the elite class, providing some with a new worldview and giving Russia a taste of

4114: 2725: 689:. The status of the odnodvortsy changed gradually from singleholding farmers to taxed state peasants. 6552: 6006: 5873: 5588: 5496: 5491: 5243: 5178: 4936: 4871: 4866: 4856: 4826: 4821: 4781: 4288: 1166: 675: 538: 530: 452: 424: 341: 35: 4572: 6520: 6466: 6402: 6331: 6293: 5883: 5863: 5848: 5583: 5339: 5289: 5208: 5112: 4946: 4891: 4846: 4841: 4836: 4791: 4751: 4716: 4658: 4503: 4365: 3136: 3121: 2926: 2732: 2520: 2453: 2449: 1839: 1691: 1322: 1056: 1016: 456: 448: 274: 76: 39: 1642:) line. In exceptional cases, the emperor could transfer nobility along indirect or female lines, 6580: 6547: 6425: 6420: 6397: 6242: 6156: 6103: 5908: 5843: 5746: 5511: 5486: 5476: 5466: 5451: 5436: 5394: 5324: 5309: 5248: 5228: 5218: 5188: 5163: 5148: 5092: 5032: 5022: 4881: 4704: 4690: 4685: 4631: 4567: 4377: 3620: 3301: 2761: 2658: 2358: 1473: 1454: 1318: 1064: 1012: 219:. From the 14th century land ownership by nobles increased, and by the 17th century, the bulk of 5983: 1372:, and was typically ranked as per below, with those of the highest noble prestige ranked first. 1086:

by the Bolsheviks. Countless nobles died in the civil war after the October Revolution - in the

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were between peasants and nobles. They emerged as frontier settlers recruited from the class of

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local government did away with the exclusive influence of nobility in local self-government.

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of 1917 and still occupied many positions in politics and state administration (e.g. Prince

573: 337: 332: 225: 87: 50: 1129:

Under Bolshevik rule, many nobles were persecuted, imprisoned, tortured, and shot. Emperor

6542: 6368: 6320: 6188: 5811: 5794: 5706: 5638: 5598: 5501: 5441: 5431: 5419: 5364: 5183: 4577: 4552: 4331: 4089: 3106: 2747: 2717: 2416: 1863: 1790: 1638:) was transferred to wife, children, and further direct legal descendants along the male ( 1595: 1515: 1478: 1468: 1443: 1389: 1361: 1353: 1190: 1008: 557: 395: 300: 270: 245: 179: 3968: 392:

The Honourable Mirror of Youth or A Guide to Social Conduct Gathered from Various Authors

6532: 6450: 6386: 6380: 6282: 6276: 6216: 6087: 5903: 5853: 5769: 5736: 5711: 5536: 5409: 4670: 4636: 4360: 4313: 4025:

Collective Memory and Reconversion of Elite: Former Nobles in Soviet Society after 1917

3316: 3046: 2673: 2467: 2377: 2179: 1992: 1945: 1938: 1895: 1611: 1450:) were automatically granted nobility, not necessarily associated with land ownership. 1447: 1369: 1273: 1269: 1258: 1198: 1024: 497: 435: 383: 354: 278: 266: 191: 168: 4042: 1349: 6703: 6678: 6287: 5643: 5548: 5057: 4796: 4387: 4225: 3991:, which gave him a privilege of hereditary nobility, accompanied by the award of the 3972: 3286: 3061: 2516: 2340: 1429: 1233: 1213: 1134: 697: 569: 551: 439: 377:

to retain the ingrained and religious Russian tradition of wearing beards, which the

366: 195: 122: 2137: 2077: 1422:

Hereditary nobility: inherited by all legitimate male-line descendants of a nobleman

1118:, where a large part of the surviving members of the Imperial Family of Russia, the 5424: 4409: 4399: 4028: 3984: 3925:

The Officer Corps of the Volunteer Army: Social Composition, Worldview of 1917–1920

2573: 2092: 2010: 1846: 1205: 1161:, both of whom came from Polish noble families; also Stalin's secret service chief 686: 674:

or labor rent was found mainly in the southern Black Earth Region. In the reign of

541:

restricted the assembly votes to those with over 100 serfs, leaving 21,916 voters.

485: 324: 283: 159: 139: 17: 6673: 2452:, the male Romanov line was extinguished, and the Russian throne was inherited by 2298: 2032: 3592: 3449: 1766:(until 1861), including virtual ownership of the serfs who worked on the estates. 269:

by the Russian nobility was a gradual process rooted in the strict guidelines of

6655: 6610: 6247: 4619: 4426: 4303: 4177: 3696: 3271: 2583: 1964: 1805: 1775: 1542: 1488: 1402: 1138: 1130: 1091: 1060: 1007:

The Russian imperial nobility was multi-ethnic. Native non-Russians such as the

825: 682: 362:, which he modeled after “the ones in Paris, London, Berlin, and other places”. 287: 99: 72: 549:

By 1805 the various ranks of the nobility had become confused, as reflected in

6647: 5836: 5824: 4648: 4308: 4298: 4215: 3964: 3901: 3445: 2320: 1867: 1832: 1747: 1087: 1083: 1068: 1037: 670: 461: 416: 412: 117: 3969:«La petite Russie» ou la saga des réfugiés devenus chauffeurs de taxi à Paris 3909: 3612: 812:

province. These redemption payments were not abolished till January 1, 1907.

6629: 6033: 4293: 4085:

Russia’s New Nobility − The Rise of the Security Services in Putin’s Kremlin

3946: 3886:"Joseph Grigulevich: A Tale of Identity, Soviet Espionage, and Storytelling" 2588: 1739: 1707: 1439: 1309:- have any constitutional authority to ennoble herself. Neither the Russian 1174: 817: 781: 519: 489: 428: 370: 6172: 568:

and noble families whose wealth had been dissipated partly through lack of

6044: 4064: 1931:Его Императорское Величество Государь Император и Самодержец Всероссийский 1823:

The right to enter specially designated educational institutions, such as

517:. The Charter introduced an organization of the nobility: every province ( 6684: 6557: 6075: 6018: 5968: 5957: 5878: 5693: 2369: 1978:Его Императорское Высочество Государь Наследник Цесаревич и Великий Князь 1862:

by the incorporation of various political entities surrounding it. After

1735: 1727: 777: 581: 420: 386:, very few noblemen followed Peter's guidelines and enforcement was lax. 316: 212: 175: 164: 3788:

Seymour Becker, Nobility, and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 28

3757:

Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 109

3554:

Seymour Becker, Nobility and Privilege in late Imperial Russia, page 182

6601: 6252: 6194: 5819: 4653: 4151:

The Russian Nobility Association in Europe (Union de la Noblesse Russe)

3797:

Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 32

3726:

Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 36

3669:

Seymour Becker, Nobility and privilege in late imperial Russia, page 29

2462:. With that event, the ruling dynasty of the Russian Empire became the 2404: 2397: 2385: 2373: 2204: 1985: 1723: 1682:) was nobility acquired by state service, but without a grant of land. 1639: 1458: 1442:. A loss of land did not automatically mean loss of nobility. In later 1306: 1229: 1103: 809: 769: 220: 183: 4037: 4035: 3454:. Original harbinger book. Vol. 50. Harcourt, Brace & World. 3451:

Origins of the Russian intelligentsia: the eighteenth-century nobility

6178: 5926: 5654: 4262: 2542:

of any class, or any order of the Russian Empire of the first class.

2476: 2393: 2101: 1583: 1415: 1310: 1225: 1217: 1209: 1142: 1107: 1099: 1095: 1074:

The vast majority of wealthy and high-ranking nobles left Russia as „

1020: 795: 565: 131: 2185:

Applied to some French and German relatives of the Romanov dynasty.

2087:

on January 24, 1885 in order to reduce the number of members of the

1257:

historical aristocratic law, the nobility was only passed on in the

4183:

Lord and Peasant in Russia from the Ninth to the Nineteenth Century

6665: 4231: 4007: 3928: 2442: 2381: 2281: 2243: 2119: 2096: 1890:. The Russian system of noble titles evolved into its final form: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1715: 1711: 1703: 1591: 1587: 1412: 1399: 1384: 1348: 1146: 1111: 664: 561: 525: 477: 320: 312: 249: 216: 104: 45: 29: 4771:

Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine

4160: 4150: 1276:

of the Tsars and sometimes even newly created orders such as the

681:

Descended from the gentry, the landholding, but not serf-owning,

6637: 6165: 4189:

Jenkins, Michael. "The Golden Years of the Russian Aristocracy"

3597:(1st ed.). Oxford, United Kingdom. pp. 297, 328, 360. 2490: 2445:, usually translated as "prince" in Western European traditions. 2388:

formed by German nobles in the 13th century in vassalage to the

2161: 1971:

His Imperial Highness The Lord Heir Tsesarevich and Grand Prince

1924:

His Imperial Majesty The Lord Emperor and Autocrat of All Russia

1875: 1763: 1297: 1055:

The nobility, members of which had played an active role in the

584:

from the nine western gubernii in 1858 and still 46.1% in 1897.

577: 187: 109: 5930: 5658: 4235: 3824:

Geroid Robinson, Rural Russia under the old regime, pp 63, 131.

438:

gave many privileges to the nobility. In 1730 she repealed the

1463: 1301: 1115: 4193:(Feb1970), Vol. 20 Issue 2, pp. 79–85 online, 1900–1917. 3806:

Geroid Robinson, Rural Russia under the old regime, page 131.

2304:

There were landed and landless barons in the Russian Empire.

1425:

Personal nobility: granted for the life of the recipient only

1360:

Nobility was transferred by inheritance or was bestowed by a

3687:

Geroid Robinson, Rural Russia under the old regime, page 88.

286:, proved an insurmountable obstacle to the development of a 138:, "Moscow dwellers"), or were candidates to it, as for many 4156:

Official site of the Principal Russian Nobility Association

248:

finalized the status of the nobility, while abolishing the

954:

of noble land was mortgaged to the noble bank. During the

700:

and the high turnover and mobility from estate to estate.

4155: 1582:) was the highest category: those who had titles such as 3708:

Ronald Suny, The making of the Georgian nation, page 107

533:. The chair of an assembly was called Province/District 265:

The adoption of the fashions, mannerisms, and ideals of

134:, who performed duties at the royal court, lived in it ( 4199:

Former People: the Last Days of the Russian Aristocracy

3338:"Soviet Union Information Bureau - Area and Population" 2441:* The Russian Empire used the traditional Slavic title 194:'s father) or clergy (like in the ancestry of actress 3648:

Geoffrey Hosking, Russia: People and Empire, page 164

1758:

Russian nobility possessed the following privileges:

1561: 1534: 1507: 1428:

Estateless nobility: obtained without the grant of a

1027:

formed an important segment of the noble estate. The

239: 3639:

Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 175

3563:

Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 178

3528:

Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 179

3417:

Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, page 133

1762:

The right to own estates populated with estate-tied

116:

originally referred to servants at the estate of an

6664: 6646: 6628: 6609: 6600: 6481: 6443: 6352: 6313: 6306: 6232: 6206: 6144: 6123: 6116: 6096: 6059: 6052: 5976: 5745: 5692: 5380: 5135: 4959: 4703: 4502: 4437: 4279: 4270: 3779:

Dominic Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe, page 182

3572:

Dominic Lieven, The Aristocracy in Europe, page 39.

1662:) could, for instance, be acquired by admission to 3519:Richard Pipes, Russia under the old regime, p. 119 1051:Russian Revolution, Soviet Union and White émigrés 4061:Die Patruschew Familie und Russlands Monarchisten 2519:, to civil servants who achieved the 8th rank of 1438:A newly designated noble was usually entitled to 1181:, or supporting the new system, like the writer 668:or cash rent was most common in the north while 1858:The Russian Tsardom came into being around the 1376:Ancient nobility (descendants from Middle Ages) 580:did so in 1861. Of Russia's nobles, 62.8% were 3699:, The end of the old order in Europe, page 395 5942: 5670: 4247: 4166:Official site of the Imperial House of Russia 4046:, on www.noblesse-russie.org, website of the 3965:Les russes blancs,chauffeurs de Taxis à Paris 3488: 3486: 2415:) was ultimately abolished by the reforms of 8: 3656: 3654: 1874:, preceding the traditional Slavic title of 1849:, introduced by the end of the 17th century. 958:3,000 manors were burnt (15% of the total). 319:, starting in 1472, sent numerous agents to 4161:The Russian Nobility Association in America 3815:Orlando Figes, A People's tragedy, page 181 1594:. The latter two titles were introduced by 564:who were wealthier and more important than 6606: 6310: 6120: 6056: 5949: 5935: 5927: 5677: 5663: 5655: 5141: 4965: 4709: 4508: 4276: 4254: 4240: 4232: 3861:The Russian Empire: A Multi-ethnic History 3838:. Cambridge University Press. p. 45. 3748:Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, page 36 3717:Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, page 92 3660:Orlando Figes, A People's Tragedy, page 48 3625:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 2025:Его Императорское Высочество Великий Князь 1664:orders of knighthood of the Russian Empire 1356:(1672–1725) reformed the Russian nobility. 1266:Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia 588:Serfs owned by European Russian landlords 256:Early modern era in Russia: westernization 27:Upper class in Russian society before 1917 2327:The lowest ranks of hereditary nobility. 1124:Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia 837:% 1861 noble land still in their control 3678:Donald Wallace, Russia vol. II, page 145 2070:Его Высочество Князь Крови Императорской 1892: 1886:and discontinuing the archaic titles of 1666:. It was transferable only to the wife. 1332: 1122:, and their descendants live today. The 1067:by the new Soviet government run by the 960: 830: 702: 692:The nobility was too weak to oppose the 586: 4907:Collective Security Treaty Organization 4092:(foreignaffairs.com), 1. September 2010 3329: 2603: 2095:(as each Grand Prince received 200,000 1238:Russian Nobility Association in America 1063:), was suppressed and abolished in the 3618: 3543:Richard Pevear and Larissa Volokhonsky 2549:and to any person who was awarded the 2534:and to any person who was awarded the 2018:His Imperial Highness The Grand Prince 244:)—the basic military force of Russia. 4465:Judicial system of the Russian Empire 3836:The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire 1446:, higher ranks of state service (see 466:Origins of the Russian Intelligentsia 7: 5604:Unified Sports Classification System 1453:Russian did not in general employ a 576:, freed their serfs even before the 4186:. Princeton University Press, 1951. 3961:Les Russes à Paris : 1919-1939 3931:: Alexander Vorobyov. p. 204. 1646:to preserve a notable family name. 1622:only endowed with a rank or title. 1598:. A baron or count could be either 4902:Commonwealth of Independent States 1854:Noble titles of the Russian Empire 1606:) (владетельный (действительный))— 25: 3890:The Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 2474:, Russia adopted the German form 2464:House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov 2144:List of Russian princely families 1702:) was recognised, descendants of 1177:(1873−1930), father of the actor 6043: 4218: 3973:Russes Blancs chauffeurs de taxi 3884:Znamenski, Andrei (2017-09-07). 3591:Kollmann, Nancy Shields (2017). 3308: 3293: 3278: 3263: 3248: 3233: 3218: 3212:Konstantin Beloselsky-Belozersky 3203: 3188: 3173: 3158: 3143: 3128: 3113: 3098: 3083: 3068: 3053: 3038: 3023: 3008: 2993: 2978: 2963: 2948: 2933: 2918: 2903: 2888: 2873: 2858: 2843: 2828: 2813: 2798: 2783: 2768: 2754: 2739: 2724: 2710: 2695: 2680: 2665: 2651: 2636: 2621: 2606: 2297: 2259: 2220: 2178: 2136: 2076: 2031: 1984: 1937: 1829:Imperial School of Jurisprudence 1282:Ladies' Order of Saint Anastasia 1222:Union de la Noblesse Russe (UNR) 1133:and his family were banished to 4043:Comment devenir membre de l'UNR 3768:The Cambridge History of Russia 3737:The Cambridge History of Russia 2455:Karl Peter Ulrich von Oldenburg 2423:due to their wealth and lands. 1339:Princess Leonilla Bariatinskaya 1254:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 1195:Vladimir Vladimirovich Golitsyn 709:% nobles in landowner families 273:and the educational reforms of 1948:and its constituent entities. 1278:Order of the Archangel Michael 1153:as well as intelligence chief 186:, while people descended from 130:described the highest rank of 1: 6715:Society of the Russian Empire 4812:Political abuse of psychiatry 2049:Ваше Императорское Высочество 2002:Ваше Императорское Высочество 1955:Ваше Императорское Величество 1208:communities which settled in 5457:Traditions and superstitions 4117:(Webseite noble-society.net) 3987:was promoted to the rank of 3594:The Russian Empire 1450-1801 2058:Prince of the Blood Imperial 1845:The right to bear and use a 1224:is a member organization of 1183:Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy 5123:Water supply and sanitation 2867:Pyotr Rumyantsev-Zadunaisky 2458:, the heir apparent of the 1562: 1535: 1508: 1272:and awards some historical 1244:Russian nobility since 1991 694:Emancipation reform of 1861 507:uniform of civilian service 329:Michael Romanov (1613–1645) 240: 6731: 4115:Russian titles of nobility 4048:Union de la Noblesse Russe 4010:Union de la Noblesse Russe 3863:. Routledge. p. 319. 3859:Kappeler, Andreas (2014). 1315:Union de la Noblesse Russe 1149:himself, Foreign Minister 198:) gained formal nobility. 150:). A nobleman is called a 53:'s comital charter of 1742 6041: 5965: 5623: 5144: 4968: 4712: 4511: 3902:10.1163/18763324-20171267 2568:Other ranks and positions 2484:), instead of the French 2460:Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp 2438: 2366:Baltic Noble Corporations 2209:His Serenity The Marquis 1814: 1799: 1784: 1699: 1679: 1659: 1635: 1579: 1551: 1524: 1497: 1280:(founded in 1988) or the 995: 937: 780:. The other 10% lived in 753: 656: 400:Friedrich Christian Weber 229: 68: 4897:Prime Minister of Russia 3998:(in Russian), Uniros.ru. 3983:In 1882, Lenin's father 3923:Roman Abinyakin (2005). 2645:Afanasy Ordin-Nashchokin 2125:His Serenity The Prince 2061:His Highness the Prince 1636:потомственное дворянство 1485:, that varied by rank: 1343:Franz Xaver Winterhalter 1313:member association, the 1286:Federal Security Service 1078:“ or fell victim to the 967:Noble land (desiatinas) 766:new law statutes of 1864 81:Assembly of the Nobility 5967:(*) : state where 5335:Social entrepreneurship 5224:Forced public apologies 5159:Anti-American sentiment 4197:Smith, Douglas (2012). 3993:Order of Saint Vladimir 3989:Active State Councillor 3002:Yakov Lobanov-Rostovsky 2852:Alexey Bestuzhev-Ryumin 2555:Order of Saint Vladimir 2547:Active State Councillor 2540:Order of Saint Vladimir 2512:of the Russian Empire. 2248:His Serenity the Count 2045:Your Imperial Highness 1998:Your Imperial Highness 1772:, that varied by rank: 1744:Belosselsky-Belozerskys 1680:беспоместное дворянство 1580:титулованное дворянство 1240:, was founded in 1933. 956:1905 Russian Revolution 148:vybornye deti boyarskie 144:dvorovye deti boyarskie 5083:Social security system 5066:Science and technology 4732:Classified information 4558:Central Russian Upland 4065:Хотят ли русские царя? 3963:, éditions Autrement; 3927:(Monograph ed.). 3834:Riga, Liliana (2012). 2630:Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky 2214:Его Сиятельство Маркиз 2166:His Highness the Duke 2065:of the Blood Imperial 1951:Your Imperial Majesty 1610:who owned land in the 1536:vashe vysokoblagorodie 1357: 1346: 1171:Konstantin Rokossovsky 1029:Baltic German nobility 762:peasant reform of 1861 307:Before Peter the Great 94:derives from Slavonic 54: 43: 5544:Russian tsars regalia 4877:Intelligence agencies 4600:Great Russian Regions 4344:Expansion (1500-1800) 4201:. London: Macmillan. 3971:; Guichet du Savoir: 3167:Alexander Baryatinsky 3032:Alexander Shakhovskoy 2942:Aleksei Musin-Pushkin 2551:Order of Saint George 2536:Order of Saint George 2448:** Upon the death of 2392:or Denmark in modern 2384:(Ösel) were medieval 2130:Его Сиятельство Князь 1991:Heir apparent of the 1918:Emperor of All Russia 1872:Emperor of All Russia 1860:Grand Duchy of Moscow 1825:Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum 1800:ваше высокоблагородие 1674:Estateless nobility ( 1630:Hereditary nobility ( 1525:ваше высокоблагородие 1352: 1336: 1159:Vyacheslav Menzhinsky 515:Charter to the Gentry 482:Jean-Jacques Rousseau 348:Under Peter the Great 108:), and later, of the 102:of a prince or duke ( 49: 42:(reigned 1762 – 1796) 33: 5844:Hungary and Slovakia 5765:Austria and Slovenia 5611:World Heritage sites 4988:Droughts and famines 4541:Environmental issues 4289:Proto-Indo-Europeans 2553:of any class or the 2488:or its English form 2291:Его Благородие Барон 2286:The Well Born Baron 2253:Его Сиятельство Граф 2171:Его Светлость Герцог 2063:Firstname Patronymic 1894:Noble titles of the 1167:Mikhail Tukhachevsky 1003:Non-Russian nobility 531:Assembly of Nobility 453:University of Moscow 98:(двор), meaning the 36:assembly of nobility 6029:South Africa (Zulu) 5462:Forms of addressing 5071:Academy of Sciences 5028:Financial districts 4892:President of Russia 4817:Political divisions 4777:Freedom of assembly 4659:West Siberian Plain 4405:Great Patriotic War 4366:February Revolution 3770:, vol. II, page 230 3739:, vol. II, page 232 3137:Alexander Gorchakov 3122:Zinaida Volkonskaya 3077:Alexander Menshikov 2927:Yekaterina Dashkova 2882:Alexander Stroganov 2733:Fyodor Romodanovsky 2579:Marshal of Nobility 2521:Collegiate Assessor 2450:Elizabeth of Russia 2038:Descendants of the 1898: 1840:corporal punishment 1670:Estateless nobility 1654:Personal nobility ( 1626:Hereditary nobility 1323:letters of nobility 1236:. In New York, the 1126:quickly developed. 1057:February Revolution 589: 535:Marshal of Nobility 472:Catherine the Great 360:Academy of Sciences 275:Catherine the Great 90:word for nobility, 77:February Revolution 40:Catherine the Great 18:Russian aristocracy 5785:Estonia and Latvia 5694:Present monarchies 5686:Nobility of Europe 5512:Russian given name 5098:Telecommunications 5048:Petroleum industry 4912:State of emergency 4757:Far-right politics 4722:Capital punishment 4568:Meshchera Lowlands 4422:Russian Federation 4378:October Revolution 4067:, on svoboda.org; 4023:Sofia Tchouikina: 3302:Nikolai Trubetzkoy 2762:Natalya Naryshkina 2659:Eudoxia Streshneva 2562:Titular Councillor 2472:Holy Roman Empires 1893: 1866:returned from his 1791:High and Well Born 1700:Древнее дворянство 1455:nobiliary particle 1358: 1347: 1319:Baltic knighthoods 1157:and his successor 1065:October Revolution 1043:Quoting historian 587: 556:In the era of the 406:Between the Greats 333:Alexis (1645–1676) 136:Moskovskie zhiltsy 112:or emperor. Here, 55: 44: 6697: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6596: 6595: 6510:Baltic countries 6302: 6301: 6112: 6111: 5924: 5923: 5747:Former monarchies 5652: 5651: 5619: 5618: 5199:Domestic violence 5131: 5130: 5053:Russian oligarchs 4978:Aircraft industry 4955: 4954: 4932:Mass surveillance 4922:Search and rescue 4887:Political parties 4767:Foreign relations 4699: 4698: 4498: 4497: 4490:Historical cities 4349:Tsardom of Russia 4113:See for example: 3604:978-0-19-928051-3 3257:Boris Vasilchikov 2987:Andrey Razumovsky 2972:Alexander Kurakin 2897:Zakhar Chernyshev 2837:Alexey Cherkassky 2822:Vasily Dolgorukov 2615:Maria Staritskaya 2510:order of chivalry 2500: 2499: 1944:The ruler of the 1911:Style of Address 1690:In addition, the 1660:личное дворянство 1650:Personal nobility 1574:Titled nobility ( 1560: 1533: 1509:vashe vysokorodie 1506: 1379:Titled nobility: 1290:Nikolai Patrushev 1163:Vsevolod Merkulov 1155:Felix Dzerzhinsky 1080:Russian Civil War 1000: 999: 942: 941: 794:of their land in 758: 757: 661: 660: 449:Empress Elizabeth 425:the Enlightenment 340:in 1675 and then 297:Decembrist Revolt 277:. While cultural 238: 16:(Redirected from 6722: 6710:Russian nobility 6656:Marshall Islands 6607: 6482:Central, Eastern 6311: 6121: 6057: 6047: 5951: 5944: 5937: 5928: 5679: 5672: 5665: 5656: 5632: 5579:Russian language 5522:National symbols 5142: 5061: 5018:Fishing industry 5008:Economic regions 5003:Defence industry 4966: 4710: 4664:Russian Far East 4563:Northwest Russia 4521:Cities and towns 4509: 4371:Russian Republic 4277: 4256: 4249: 4242: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4221: 4212: 4143: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4124: 4118: 4111: 4105: 4099: 4093: 4081: 4075: 4059:German article: 4057: 4051: 4039: 4030: 4021: 4015: 4005: 3999: 3981: 3975: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3920: 3914: 3913: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3831: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3813: 3807: 3804: 3798: 3795: 3789: 3786: 3780: 3777: 3771: 3766:Dominic Lieven, 3764: 3758: 3755: 3749: 3746: 3740: 3735:Dominic Lieven, 3733: 3727: 3724: 3718: 3715: 3709: 3706: 3700: 3694: 3688: 3685: 3679: 3676: 3670: 3667: 3661: 3658: 3649: 3646: 3640: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3624: 3616: 3588: 3582: 3579: 3573: 3570: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3552: 3546: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3508: 3502: 3499: 3493: 3490: 3481: 3478: 3472: 3471: 3469: 3468: 3442: 3436: 3433: 3427: 3424: 3418: 3415: 3409: 3406: 3400: 3397: 3391: 3388: 3382: 3379: 3373: 3370: 3364: 3361: 3355: 3352: 3346: 3345: 3334: 3312: 3297: 3282: 3267: 3252: 3237: 3222: 3207: 3192: 3177: 3162: 3152:Yuliya Samoylova 3147: 3132: 3117: 3102: 3087: 3072: 3057: 3042: 3027: 3012: 2997: 2982: 2967: 2957:Semyon Vorontsov 2952: 2937: 2922: 2912:Nikolay Saltykov 2907: 2892: 2877: 2862: 2847: 2832: 2817: 2807:Gavriil Golovkin 2802: 2792:Boris Sheremetev 2787: 2772: 2758: 2743: 2728: 2714: 2704:Artamon Matveyev 2699: 2684: 2669: 2655: 2640: 2625: 2610: 2532:State Councillor 2525:Virtuti Militari 2427:Your Well Birth 2390:Teutonic Knights 2346:Your Well Birth 2301: 2272:Ваше Сиятельство 2263: 2234:Ваше Сиятельство 2224: 2182: 2152:Ваше Сиятельство 2140: 2089:House of Romanov 2080: 2040:House of Romanov 2035: 1988: 1941: 1899: 1816: 1801: 1786: 1785:ваше высокородие 1701: 1692:ancient nobility 1686:Ancient nobility 1681: 1661: 1637: 1581: 1565: 1563:vashe blagorodie 1555: 1553: 1538: 1528: 1526: 1511: 1501: 1499: 1498:ваше высокородие 1187:Mikheil Gelovani 1179:Leonid Obolensky 1151:Georgy Chicherin 1120:House of Romanov 1094:, preferably to 961: 953: 952: 948: 831: 807: 806: 802: 793: 792: 788: 703: 590: 574:Andrey Bolkonsky 523:) and district ( 511:civilian uniform 243: 241:pomestnoe voisko 233: 231: 230:поместное войско 215:or an important 70: 59:Russian nobility 51:Maria Gendrikova 21: 6730: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6723: 6721: 6720: 6719: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6689: 6660: 6642: 6624: 6592: 6483: 6477: 6439: 6381:The Netherlands 6348: 6298: 6228: 6202: 6140: 6108: 6092: 6048: 6039: 5972: 5961: 5955: 5925: 5920: 5741: 5688: 5683: 5653: 5648: 5635: 5628: 5615: 5574:Public holidays 5569:Political jokes 5554:Personification 5507:Names of Russia 5376: 5295:Life expectancy 5127: 5059: 4951: 4802:Law enforcement 4695: 4681:Protected areas 4578:Smolensk Upland 4573:Oka–Don Lowland 4553:European Russia 4494: 4433: 4319:Mongol invasion 4266: 4260: 4224: 4219: 4217: 4209: 4196: 4174: 4172:Further reading 4147: 4146: 4136: 4134: 4126: 4125: 4121: 4112: 4108: 4100: 4096: 4090:Foreign Affairs 4082: 4078: 4058: 4054: 4040: 4033: 4022: 4018: 4006: 4002: 3982: 3978: 3958: 3954: 3939: 3922: 3921: 3917: 3883: 3882: 3878: 3871: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3846: 3833: 3832: 3828: 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3787: 3783: 3778: 3774: 3765: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3747: 3743: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3703: 3695: 3691: 3686: 3682: 3677: 3673: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3652: 3647: 3643: 3638: 3634: 3617: 3605: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3580: 3576: 3571: 3567: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3541:(Translated by 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3509: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3491: 3484: 3479: 3475: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3444: 3443: 3439: 3434: 3430: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 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1652: 1628: 1596:Peter the Great 1572: 1570:Titled nobility 1552:ваше благородие 1444:Imperial Russia 1390:Prince Potemkin 1362:fount of honour 1354:Peter the Great 1331: 1274:dynastic orders 1246: 1191:Georgy Golitsyn 1053: 1005: 950: 946: 945: 804: 800: 799: 790: 786: 785: 558:Napoleonic Wars 547: 545:Late modern era 474: 408: 350: 309: 301:Narodnaya Volya 271:Peter the Great 263: 258: 246:Peter the Great 209: 204: 71:) arose in the 38:at the time of 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6728: 6726: 6718: 6717: 6712: 6702: 6701: 6695: 6694: 6691: 6690: 6688: 6687: 6682: 6676: 6674:Samoan Islands 6670: 6668: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6658: 6652: 6650: 6644: 6643: 6641: 6640: 6634: 6632: 6626: 6625: 6623: 6622: 6615: 6613: 6604: 6598: 6597: 6594: 6593: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6583: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6560: 6555: 6550: 6545: 6540: 6535: 6530: 6525: 6524: 6523: 6518: 6508: 6503: 6498: 6493: 6487: 6485: 6479: 6478: 6476: 6475: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6454: 6447: 6445: 6441: 6440: 6438: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6433:United Kingdom 6430: 6429: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6410: 6405: 6400: 6392:United Kingdom 6389: 6384: 6378: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6363: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6340: 6334: 6329: 6324: 6317: 6315: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6296: 6291: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6268: 6262: 6261: 6260: 6255: 6250: 6245: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6229: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6224: 6219: 6210: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6201: 6200: 6199: 6198: 6191: 6183: 6182: 6181: 6176: 6169: 6159: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6142: 6141: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6127: 6125: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6106: 6100: 6098: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6090: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6081:post-Columbian 6078: 6070: 6063: 6061: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6042: 6040: 6038: 6037: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6016: 6015: 6014: 6004: 5999: 5993: 5992: 5991: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5973: 5966: 5963: 5962: 5956: 5954: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5922: 5921: 5919: 5918: 5917: 5916: 5906: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5834: 5829: 5828: 5827: 5814: 5809: 5804: 5803: 5802: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5751: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5734: 5732:United Kingdom 5729: 5724: 5719: 5714: 5709: 5704: 5698: 5696: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5674: 5667: 5659: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5641: 5634: 5633: 5625: 5624: 5621: 5620: 5617: 5616: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5607: 5606: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5571: 5566: 5561: 5556: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5519: 5514: 5509: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5479: 5474: 5469: 5464: 5459: 5454: 5449: 5444: 5439: 5434: 5429: 5428: 5427: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5397: 5392: 5386: 5384: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5362: 5357: 5352: 5347: 5342: 5337: 5332: 5327: 5322: 5317: 5312: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5270: 5269: 5268: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5125: 5120: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5088:Space industry 5085: 5080: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5063: 5055: 5050: 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4927:Urban planning 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4779: 4774: 4764: 4762:Federal budget 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4671:North Caucasus 4668: 4667: 4666: 4661: 4656: 4646: 4645: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4612: 4607: 4605:Highest points 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4581: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4550: 4548:Extreme points 4545: 4544: 4543: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4499: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4492: 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4447: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4434: 4432: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4412: 4407: 4397: 4396: 4395: 4390: 4380: 4375: 4374: 4373: 4363: 4361:Russian Empire 4358: 4357: 4356: 4346: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: articles 4261: 4259: 4258: 4251: 4244: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4214: 4213: 4207: 4194: 4187: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4145: 4144: 4119: 4106: 4094: 4076: 4071:on versia.ru; 4052: 4031: 4016: 4000: 3976: 3952: 3937: 3915: 3896:(3): 314–341. 3876: 3870:978-1317568100 3869: 3851: 3845:978-1107014220 3844: 3826: 3817: 3808: 3799: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3759: 3750: 3741: 3728: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3689: 3680: 3671: 3662: 3650: 3641: 3632: 3603: 3583: 3574: 3565: 3556: 3547: 3539:War and Peace. 3537:Tolstoy, Leo. 3530: 3521: 3512: 3503: 3494: 3482: 3473: 3460: 3437: 3428: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3328: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3320: 3317:Andrey Gagarin 3314: 3307: 3305: 3299: 3292: 3290: 3284: 3277: 3275: 3269: 3262: 3260: 3254: 3247: 3245: 3239: 3232: 3230: 3227:Ivan Obolensky 3224: 3217: 3215: 3209: 3202: 3200: 3194: 3187: 3185: 3182:Pyotr Shuvalov 3179: 3172: 3170: 3164: 3157: 3155: 3149: 3142: 3140: 3134: 3127: 3125: 3119: 3112: 3110: 3104: 3097: 3095: 3089: 3082: 3080: 3074: 3067: 3065: 3059: 3052: 3050: 3047:Anna Lopukhina 3044: 3037: 3035: 3029: 3022: 3020: 3014: 3007: 3005: 2999: 2992: 2990: 2984: 2977: 2975: 2969: 2962: 2960: 2954: 2947: 2945: 2939: 2932: 2930: 2924: 2917: 2915: 2909: 2902: 2900: 2894: 2887: 2885: 2879: 2872: 2870: 2864: 2857: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2840: 2834: 2827: 2825: 2819: 2812: 2810: 2804: 2797: 2795: 2789: 2782: 2780: 2777:Fyodor Golovin 2774: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2753: 2751: 2745: 2738: 2736: 2730: 2723: 2721: 2716: 2709: 2707: 2701: 2694: 2692: 2686: 2679: 2677: 2674:Pyotr Potemkin 2671: 2664: 2662: 2657: 2650: 2648: 2642: 2635: 2633: 2627: 2620: 2618: 2612: 2605: 2601: 2598: 2597: 2596: 2591: 2586: 2581: 2576: 2569: 2566: 2504: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2480:or "Gertsog" ( 2446: 2436: 2435: 2425: 2409:armored boyars 2363: 2361: 2359:Baltic knights 2355: 2354: 2344: 2325: 2323: 2316: 2315: 2307:The Well Born 2305: 2302: 2295: 2277: 2276: 2268:Your Serenity 2266: 2264: 2257: 2239: 2238: 2230:Your Serenity 2228: 2225: 2218: 2200: 2199: 2195:Ваша Светлость 2189: 2183: 2176: 2157: 2156: 2148:Your Serenity 2146: 2141: 2134: 2116: 2115: 2107:Your Highness 2105: 2083:Introduced by 2081: 2074: 2054: 2053: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2007: 2006: 1996: 1993:Russian Empire 1989: 1982: 1960: 1959: 1949: 1946:Russian Empire 1942: 1935: 1913: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1896:Russian Empire 1855: 1852: 1851: 1850: 1843: 1836: 1821: 1818: 1767: 1755: 1752: 1687: 1684: 1671: 1668: 1651: 1648: 1627: 1624: 1618:(титулярный), 1612:Russian Empire 1571: 1568: 1516:high well born 1448:Table of Ranks 1433: 1432: 1426: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1405: 1392: 1377: 1370:Russian Empire 1330: 1327: 1270:Vladimir Putin 1245: 1242: 1199:Andrey Gagarin 1052: 1049: 1045:John Armstrong 1004: 1001: 998: 997: 993: 992: 989: 985: 984: 981: 977: 976: 973: 969: 968: 965: 940: 939: 935: 934: 931: 927: 926: 923: 919: 918: 915: 911: 910: 907: 903: 902: 899: 895: 894: 891: 887: 886: 883: 879: 878: 875: 871: 870: 867: 863: 862: 859: 855: 854: 851: 847: 846: 843: 839: 838: 835: 756: 755: 751: 750: 747: 743: 742: 739: 735: 734: 731: 727: 726: 723: 719: 718: 715: 711: 710: 707: 659: 658: 654: 653: 650: 647: 643: 642: 639: 636: 632: 631: 628: 625: 621: 620: 617: 615: 611: 610: 607: 605: 601: 600: 597: 594: 546: 543: 498:Table of Ranks 473: 470: 407: 404: 384:St. Petersburg 349: 346: 308: 305: 279:westernization 267:Western Europe 262: 259: 257: 254: 208: 205: 203: 200: 192:Vladimir Lenin 169:Table of ranks 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6727: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6705: 6686: 6683: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6671: 6669: 6667: 6663: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6627: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6599: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6578: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6544: 6541: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6526: 6522: 6519: 6517: 6516: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6504: 6502: 6499: 6497: 6494: 6492: 6489: 6488: 6486: 6480: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6431: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6413: 6411: 6409: 6408:Great Britain 6406: 6404: 6401: 6399: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6388: 6385: 6382: 6379: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6355: 6351: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6319: 6318: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6259: 6256: 6254: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6237: 6235: 6231: 6223: 6222:Indo-European 6220: 6218: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6209: 6205: 6197: 6196: 6192: 6190: 6187: 6186: 6184: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6174: 6170: 6168: 6167: 6163: 6162: 6160: 6158: 6155: 6153: 6150: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6128: 6126: 6122: 6119: 6115: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6099: 6095: 6089: 6086: 6082: 6079: 6077: 6076:pre-Columbian 6074: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6065: 6064: 6062: 6058: 6055: 6051: 6046: 6035: 6032: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6020: 6017: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5985: 5982: 5981: 5979: 5975: 5970: 5964: 5959: 5952: 5947: 5945: 5940: 5938: 5933: 5932: 5929: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5910: 5907: 5905: 5902: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5833: 5830: 5826: 5823: 5822: 5821: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5810: 5808: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5728: 5725: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5713: 5710: 5708: 5705: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5697: 5695: 5691: 5687: 5680: 5675: 5673: 5668: 5666: 5661: 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5245: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5235: 5232: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5215: 5214:Ethnic groups 5212: 5210: 5207: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5121: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5068: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5056: 5054: 5051: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4917:Civil defense 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4863: 4862:Media freedom 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 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The word 92:dvoryanstvo 73:Middle Ages 64:dvoryanstvo 6704:Categories 6648:Micronesia 6553:Montenegro 6501:Azerbaijan 6019:Madagascar 5874:Montenegro 5589:Television 5564:Philosophy 5497:Mass media 5487:Literature 5482:Inventions 5244:Healthcare 5179:Corruption 5169:Censorship 5060:(currency) 4937:Separatism 4882:Opposition 4867:Neo-Nazism 4857:Monarchism 4827:Liberalism 4822:Propaganda 4782:Government 4649:North Asia 4450:Journalism 4309:East Slavs 4299:Sarmatians 3938:5900901572 3467:2015-02-28 3324:References 2321:Pomeshchik 1868:grand tour 1833:Page Corps 1754:Privileges 1740:Gorchakovs 1732:Naryshkins 1566:), etc. 1252:After the 1232:, and the 1088:White Army 1084:Red Terror 1069:Bolsheviks 1038:Bolshevism 798:province, 760:After the 676:Nicholas I 671:barshchina 539:Nicholas I 537:. In 1831 509:or simply 462:Marc Raeff 417:skepticism 413:secularism 182:, or even 163:influx of 118:aristocrat 69:дворянство 67:(Russian: 6666:Polynesia 6630:Melanesia 6619:Australia 6581:Ruthenian 6521:Lithuania 6233:Southeast 5960:by nation 5864:Lithuania 5447:Festivals 5340:Sociology 5290:Languages 5209:Education 5113:Transport 4947:Terrorism 4792:Judiciary 4786:Apparatus 4752:Elections 4717:Anarchism 4691:Far North 4642:Volcanoes 4627:Mountains 4504:Geography 4383:Civil war 4294:Scythians 3910:1876-3324 3621:cite book 3613:969962873 3240:Princess 3150:Countess 3120:Princess 3045:Countess 2925:Princess 2613:Princess 2589:Okolnichy 2339:were the 2329:Dvoryanin 1806:Well Born 1776:High Born 1736:Khilkoffs 1728:Galitzins 1724:Shuyskies 1708:Gediminas 1557:romanized 1543:well born 1530:romanized 1503:romanized 1489:high born 1457:before a 1366:sovereign 1259:male line 1175:Obolensky 1013:Georgians 782:Astrakhan 627:16 (101+) 599:1859 (%) 529:) had an 520:guberniia 490:Louis XIV 457:Peter III 371:beard tax 323:to study 235:romanized 176:merchants 165:commoners 154:(plural: 152:dvoryanin 6577:Ukraine 6467:Portugal 6451:Holy See 6412:Ireland 6403:Scotland 6288:Thailand 6277:Cambodia 6265:Malaysia 6253:Javanese 6243:Balinese 6189:Nobility 6157:Mongolia 6053:Americas 6002:Ethiopia 5996:Eswatini 5969:monarchy 5958:Nobility 5884:Portugal 5832:Medieval 5639:Category 5517:Nobility 5477:Internet 5472:Heraldry 5467:Graffiti 5452:Folklore 5395:Armorial 5325:Religion 5310:Polygamy 5249:HIV/AIDS 5229:Funerals 5219:Feminism 5189:Deafness 5174:Citizens 5164:Cannabis 5149:Abortion 5093:Taxation 5033:Gambling 5023:Forestry 4872:Military 4705:Politics 4686:Wildlife 4632:Caucasus 4595:Glaciers 4475:Military 4460:Internet 4438:By topic 4332:Vladimir 4327:Novgorod 4281:Timeline 4137:21 March 3947:60540889 3448:(1966). 2413:vityazes 2386:fiefdoms 2370:Courland 1817:), etc. 1382:Prince ( 1141:” under 1110:, where 996:Source: 944:By 1904 938:Source: 778:Szlachta 754:Source: 657:Source: 614:501–1000 596:1777 (%) 582:szlachta 421:humanism 379:Orthodox 317:Ivan III 261:Overview 184:peasants 180:burghers 167:via the 156:dvoryane 128:dvoryane 6685:Hawai‘i 6602:Oceania 6586:Galicia 6563:Romania 6548:Hungary 6543:Germany 6538:Georgia 6533:Bohemia 6528:Croatia 6506:Austria 6496:Armenia 6491:Albania 6421:Ireland 6398:England 6369:Kingdom 6365:France 6360:Belgium 6332:Iceland 6327:Finland 6321:Denmark 6294:Vietnam 6248:Chinese 6217:Princes 6195:Yangban 6161:Japan* 6131:Lebanon 6072:Mexico 6034:Morocco 6024:Somalia 6007:Nigeria 5989:Mamluks 5914:Galicia 5909:Ukraine 5889:Romania 5854:Ireland 5849:Iceland 5820:Ancient 5816:Greece 5812:Germany 5807:Georgia 5790:Finland 5780:Croatia 5770:Bohemia 5760:Armenia 5755:Albania 5707:Denmark 5702:Belgium 5630:Outline 5442:Fashion 5432:Fashion 5420:Cuisine 5382:Culture 5370:in army 5355:Wedding 5350:Suicide 5345:Smoking 5330:Slavery 5305:Orphans 5278:Illegal 5154:Alcohol 5137:Society 5103:Tourism 4983:Banking 4961:Economy 4806:Prisons 4654:Siberia 4610:Islands 4590:Geology 4526:Climate 4516:Borders 4480:Outline 4455:Judaism 4445:Economy 4272:History 4101:Refer: 4014:, Paris 3545:, 2007) 3315:Prince 3300:Prince 3285:Prince 3270:Prince 3255:Prince 3225:Prince 3210:Prince 3165:Prince 3135:Prince 3105:Prince 3090:Prince 3075:Prince 3030:Prince 3000:Prince 2985:Prince 2970:Prince 2910:Prince 2835:Prince 2820:Prince 2775:Prince 2746:Prince 2731:Prince 2628:Prince 2600:Gallery 2594:Stolnik 2538:or the 2468:Russian 2405:knights 2398:Estonia 2378:Estonia 2374:Livonia 2205:Marquis 2091:titled 1811:Russian 1796:Russian 1781:Russian 1716:knyazes 1696:Russian 1676:Russian 1656:Russian 1640:agnatic 1632:Russian 1616:titular 1576:Russian 1559:: 1548:Russian 1532:: 1521:Russian 1505:: 1494:Russian 1459:surname 1407:Baron ( 1403:Tolstoy 1394:Count ( 1368:of the 1307:monarch 1300:or the 1288:(FSB), 1230:Belgium 1104:Germany 1082:or the 1034:Finland 1025:Germans 949:⁄ 822:destiny 818:Commune 810:Kutaisi 803:⁄ 789:⁄ 770:Zemstvo 624:101–500 566:princes 327:. 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