89:
284:, authorities became aware of fashion as a ānatural forceā in society; particularly as more women became interested in dressing well. Therefore, fashion became an avenue through which the Soviet government would, primarily, seek to rebuild a war-torn nation and revitalise the efforts of promoting pro-Party sentiment. The symbol of the post-War "New Soviet People" would thus emerge, wherein trendy youths would help construct the modernist image of a new communist utopia and subsequently help fight counterculture movements like the stilyagi from the pop-cultural front.
571:
element of āDIY-ingā clothes was symbolic of
Western fashion influence. Zakharova also argued that aside from the individual production of clothes, the fashion industry operated as an arm of state apparatus influenced by Soviet policy and ideology. Both of these modes existing in conjunction demonstrate the "various contradictions" of the Thaw era. In her paper āDior in Moscowā, Zakharova further addresses how the Khrushchev administration tried to bolster the fashion culture in the Soviet Union by providing luxurious items inspired by the
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131:("The Peasant Woman") offered discourse on fashion. Covers displayed women in plain work clothes, yet the magazines often contained advertisements for private companies selling stylish attire. By 1927, however, the magazinesā message was consistent: women should be judged on their capability for work, not their appearance. Fashion, as a beauty aid, was therefore considered
361:
To some historians, the
Khrushchev era, thus, represented an ideological shift largely promoted by international contacts through commodity exchange; signifying the new current of Western values, at least, in relations to cultural expression. However, these views are controversial with some scholars
300:
But the Third Party
Program to which he referred (adopted at the Twenty-Second Party Congress in 1961), and which promised the arrival of full communism in the 1980s, made no mention of the notion of fashion. As for clothing consumption, it was only meant to satisfy the "rational needs of reasonable
287:
The institution of fashion in the
Khrushchev Era was characterised by a system of state-financed Parallel Organisations. There are indications that Khrushchev, while still opposing the excessive nature of art and architecture in Western culture, was lenient in his judgement towards fashion and the
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Olga Gurova discussed for the post-War and
Khrushchev period how rather than producing new clothes, citizens would re-use old and worn-out clothes from the post-War period "when eagerness to acquire new fashion prevailed". Larissa Zakharova addressed this fact too and stated this individualistic
434:
When the nineteenth party conference met in the summer of 1989, they passed a resolution to increase the production of consumer goods. Fashionable clothes were mentioned specifically in the proceedings. Despite advocates for fashion at the highest level of bureaucracy, real changes in production
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Reality, however, differed from ODMO's designs. Soviet industry could not keep up with the demand for fashionable goods, and supply in USSR shops was worse than in other socialist countries. The public was also dissatisfied with the available items. For example, Soviet women so disliked promoted
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By the end of the 1960s, Soviet fashion institutions, like the centralized fashion bureau ODMO (All-Union House of
Prototypes), were embracing increasingly novel Western trends. At the same time, there was still a need to establish distinctively Soviet fashions. "Space fashion," for example, fit
239:
were sent abroad to report on the latest international fashion trends. However, state-owned fashion institutions and magazines moderated these trends for Soviet audiences. Fashion "crazes" were rejected in favor of classic, long-running styles. In addition, moderation and modesty were stressed.
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Djurdja
Bartlett highlights the difference between the production and consumption of fashion in the USSR (including satellite states such as Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Poland and Yugoslavia) and argued that production through Soviet-style five year plans slowed the development of fashion
219:, the Soviet fashion industry went on hiatus. If the average Soviet citizen desired a particularly stylish item of clothing, they were usually forced to commission a private tailor. Day-to-day fashion was often self-produced, and magazines consistently advised women to take a
192:, anti-fashion sentiments dissipated. Party-sanctioned magazines now promoted fashion and beauty as necessary parts of a Soviet woman's life. Rabotnitsa included fashion advice in almost every issue and regularly reported on new fashion houses opening across the Soviet Union.
316:
was still unable to produce mass amounts of fashionable clothing. However, simplified fashions, rejection of excess, and high prices gave the industry a measure of control over consumer demand. By the early 1960s, the middle class' standards of appearance had risen such that
273:) who championed a new, youthful wave in popular culture. In the Mid-1950s, the Soviet government enacted an anti-stilyagi campaign through "public censure, humiliation and shame" for being influenced by and promoting excessively Western fashion norms.
88:
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initially, when comparing these instances with the capitalist West. However, she makes clear that this changed during the post-war period when counter-culture movements began idolising "self-expression by means of clothing".
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The state's new approach towards fashion was carefully calculated. The promotion of exorbitant fashion that occurred in the Stalin era, and the contrast to actual availability, had led to public resentment. In the
214:
In reality, the touted fashions were beyond most citizensā means. Soviet industry was unable to produce fashionable clothing in significant quantity, and what did exist was not available for general sale. During
582:) to a desire for stylish items that coincided with the Western āhaute-coutureā fashion houses largely has to do with the reimagination of the Soviet working woman as a woman that dresses "well and elegantly".
362:
taking aim at the growth of collective surveillance from the Soviet government and the emergence of āvolunteer policingā that increased the "prevalence of social control at the daily level under
Khrushchev".
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also sold some
Western clothing, but only to the privileged few who could pay in hard currency or foreign exchange certificates. Foreign exchange certificates and Western clothing were also available on the
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ideology opposed
Western fashion consumption as an intrinsically capitalist practice. Western fashion emphasized both economic status and gender differences in a system that sought to deemphasize both.
304:
From the early 1960s to the late 1980s, the USSR would develop the largest system of fashion design and marketing in the Socialist World; with 30 regional fashion houses employing over 2802 designers.
211:, as foremost examples of successful workers, were expected to adhere to particularly high standards of appearance. They were often photographed wearing fine clothing even as they went to the factory.
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began a new run as the first "proper" fashion magazine in the Soviet Union. In content, it was virtually indistinguishable from a Western fashion magazine, although ODMO provided all the styles.
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from 1959 slammed Soviet fashions as unremarkable, "clumsy copies" of outdated Western forms. Availability of these styles, however, was on the rise. Shops like the newly reopened
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In previous generations, fashion had not been a focal point for Soviet ideologists and was often viewed as an "anomaly in socialism" by these circles. However, at the turn of the
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Working people want to acquire clothes and shoes that have an up-to-date style and beautiful color and that correspond to the season and to fashion. This is a good thing.
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failed to take place. The Ministry of Light Industries set quotas for the creation of new products, but textile factories recycled older patterns and products instead.
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Historians Mila Oiva, Anna Ivanova and Elena Huber placed women at the forefront of shifting fashion trends. How socialist fashion moved from abject functionality (
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view that socialism engenders poverty. Fashionable and beautiful clothes were a signal of culture and quality of life equal (or superior) to that under capitalism.
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even organized traveling shows to bring fashion to the countryside. The promoted aesthetics were highly varied, ranging from urban polish to ornate decoration.
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A USSR stamp, Painting. Date of issue: 22 August 1988. Designer: A. Zharov., Michel 5861, Scott B137 10+5 K. multicoloured. "Portrait of O.K. Lansere" (
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clothing industry. In 1964, Khrushchev oversaw the Fourth Session of the Supreme Council of the USSR that promoted measures towards
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244:ās signature style, for example, was particularly admired as a symbol of timelessness and simple sophistication. An article in the
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were one source of Western fashion, as visitors from the West could import goods and sell them for high profits. The retail chain
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fashion houses of the West but, at the same time, using this as precedence to secure a tighter grip over Soviet fashion houses.
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1982:
992:, Fashion industry in the Soviet Union after the Second World War, vol. 20, Finnish Literature Society, pp. 78ā91,
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suits being particularly popular among professional men. At the same time, however, some traditional accessories such as the
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In this era, Russian media in the field of fashion and culture were born, for example, the Magazine "Krestyanka" and others.
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made the middle class even more aware of their Western counterparts. They felt that they deserved fashionable clothing as a
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in 1991 resulted in the flooding of the consumer market with imported American and European designer clothing, especially
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In its place, the state commissioned projects to engineer a new Soviet type of dress, which drew on traditional clothing,
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The middle class increasingly idealized Western fashion, as it was visible but not easily obtainable. American-made blue
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Binder, Eva (22 March 2018). "Fashion, Consumption and Everyday Culture in the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1985".
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made a comeback as part of a backlash against the West, due to many Russians rediscovering their national pride.
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is diverse and reflects contemporary fashion norms as well as the historical evolution of clothing across the
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Russian fashion during the 2000s and 2010s generally followed Western trends, with slim fitting grey or
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audience for which it was intended. Designs were only available to the most privileged members of the
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agreed that fashion driven by the market was inherently harmful. They employed the simple geometry of
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Gronow, Jukka; Zhuravlev, Sergey (2015), "The Early Years of the Moscow, All-Union Fashion House",
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109:'s authorization of private business allowed Western fashion to enter the Soviet Union. However,
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Modern fashion could not do without the support of Russian fashion media: Fashion Collection,
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Cubbin, Tom (2016). "Dekorativnoe Iskusstvo SSSR (Decorative Arts in the USSR) (1957ā93)".
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that the style ultimately became more popular in the West than in the Soviet Union itself.
257:
Where previous generations reminisced about the āGreat Patriotic Warā and Joseph Stalin's '
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2019:
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62:
919:, ed. Helena Goscilo and Beth Holmgren (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1996), 70.
1022:
Fashion Meets Socialism: Fashion Industry in the Soviet Union after the Second World War
38:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
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1591:"Fashion, Consumption and Everyday Culture in the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1985"
1576:"Fashion, Consumption and Everyday Culture in the Soviet Union between 1945 and 1985"
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and maintained a childlike demeanor. These styles were labeled as "excessive", and
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Gurova, Olga (1 January 2016), "3 Ideology of Consumption in the Soviet Union",
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80:, the various cultures within Russia, and the cultures of surrounding regions.
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261:', the 50s and 60s, gave rise to the āSputnik generationā and the notorious
154:
to design clothing that was functional, easily mass-produced, and sometimes
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110:
77:
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The Communist Party Program in the field of Raising the Peopleās Prosperity
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street fashion was nearly indistinguishable from that in a Western city.
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Olga Vainshtein, "Female Fashion, Soviet Style: Bodies of Ideology" in
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One of the brightest representatives of this era is a Russian designer
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brought a greater representation of Western fashion to domestic media.
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170:, who ultimately preferred Western fashion to the highly experimental
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1704:
1662:- New York Times Magazine, 9 December 2010, retrieved 17 January 2014
1137:
Dior in Moscow: a Taste for Luxury in Soviet Fashion under Khrushchev
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318:
155:
151:
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177:
Further information on jewelry produced between 1922 and 1991:
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158:. Due to a lack of adequate material and machinery, however, this
87:
56:
2213:
Foreign Relations of Russia since the Russian invasion of Ukraine
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1210:
Russiaās Carnival: The Smells, Sights, and Sounds of Transition
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1086:
Stecker, Pamela (1996), "The nature of Clothing and Fashion",
18:
76:. Russian fashion is thought to be influenced by the state's
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forms, and technological facilities. Constructivists like
520:
was particularly popular among teenagers in many former
425:
magazine to be produced and distributed. The next year,
371:
directly into state ideology by glorifying a triumph of
1670:- Telegraph, 31 October 2010, retrieved 17 January 2014
1409:
Jeans in der DDR: vom tieferen Sinn einer Freizeithose
1212:(Lanham, Maryland: Rowmand and Littlefield, 2003), 49.
496:, and geometric printed clothing featuring triangles,
254:
now carried the new fashions, albeit at high prices.
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1659:"Comrade, That Suit Is So Chanel" - Soviet Fashion
1608:, Northwestern University Press, pp. 95ā119,
162:, or "production clothing", did not appeal to the
342:, narrow slacks, and pointed shoes, while female
3976:Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences
1518:FashionEast: The Spectre That Haunted Socialism
953:
951:
820:
818:
657:FashionEast: The Spectre That Haunted Socialism
358:hideouts and cut off their hair and pant legs.
328:fashion movements grew among elite youths. The
294:
1117:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of August 2024 (
765:
763:
671:
669:
199:This new interest in fashion was connected to
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1604:Zakharova, Larissa (2010), "Dior in Moscow",
415:, varied fashion became acceptable. In 1987,
8:
4421:Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
1641:"Fashion, Consumption and Everyday Cultureā¦"
1139:. Northwestern University Press. p. 97.
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1090:, Macmillan Education UK, pp. 35ā40,
975:Tsipursky, "Fighting Western Fashion", 19.
438:Meanwhile, relaxation of censorship under
1634:
1632:
692:(New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999), 67.
446:, but still could not easily obtain it.
2349:Collective Security Treaty Organization
648:
3145:Index of Soviet Unionārelated articles
1667:"The secret history of Soviet fashion"
1110:
1063:10.7208/chicago/9780226924830.001.0001
135:and detrimental to socialist society.
16:Fashion in Russia and the Soviet Union
1907:Judicial system of the Russian Empire
1497:from the original on 25 December 2016
1152:The Bloomsbury Encyclopedia of Design
1130:
1128:
983:
981:
971:
969:
967:
7:
4564:Social media in the fashion industry
3046:Unified Sports Classification System
223:(DIY) approach to their appearance.
1440:from the original on 28 August 2018
390:were an especially desirable item.
2344:Commonwealth of Independent States
1471:from the original on 9 August 2017
14:
1305:Vainshtein, "Female Fashion," 73.
379:designs involving Russian ethnic
5241:
4406:History of clothing and textiles
4387:
4268:
4267:
4255:
23:
4339:Environmental impact of fashion
1412:(in German). Ch. Links Verlag.
1057:. University of Chicago Press.
101:The New Economic Policy (1920s)
1160:10.5040/9781472596178-bed-d031
1055:Fashion and Its Social Agendas
1:
3808:Political abuse of psychiatry
3600:Congress of People's Deputies
2254:Political abuse of psychiatry
690:Creating the New Soviet Woman
554:Russia, Melon Rich, Moda.ru,
508:were particularly popular in
419:allowed a Russian edition of
2899:Traditions and superstitions
354:groups would sometimes raid
227:Khrushchev Era (1950s-1960s)
5279:Economy of the Soviet Union
3971:Academy of Medical Sciences
2565:Water supply and sanitation
1135:Zakharova, Larissa (2010).
1098:(inactive 14 August 2024),
1096:10.1007/978-1-349-15162-2_3
121:-sanctioned magazines like
5295:
4411:History of Western fashion
1574:Binder (26 October 2013).
451:Vyacheslav (Slava) Zaitsev
366:Brezhnev Era (1970s-1980s)
176:
127:("The Working Woman") and
61:āTwo Russian Beautiesā by
5236:
4416:History of fashion design
4385:
4325:Index of fashion articles
4322:
4249:
4010:
3065:
2586:
2410:
2154:
1953:
1533:Zeitschrift fĆ¼r Slawistik
1232:10.1163/9789004303973_004
1226:, BRILL, pp. 68ā84,
1224:Communism and Consumerism
1088:The Fashion Design Manual
270:
84:History of Soviet fashion
32:This article needs to be
4796:British country clothing
4354:Fashion design copyright
2339:Prime Minister of Russia
1406:Menzel, Rebecca (2004).
1040:Fighting Western Fashion
637:2010s in Russian fashion
632:1990s in Russian fashion
627:1970s in Russian fashion
622:1960s in Russian fashion
617:1950s in Russian fashion
592:Deconstruction (fashion)
460:Modern era (1990s-2010s)
184:Stalin Era (1930s-1950s)
5155:Anti-sweatshop movement
4262:Soviet Union portal
2777:Social entrepreneurship
2666:Forced public apologies
2601:Anti-American sentiment
1434:"1990s Russian fashion"
990:Fashion Meets Socialism
5206:Chinoiserie in fashion
4154:Stalinist architecture
3908:Science and technology
3818:Ideological repression
3746:Soviet Airborne Forces
3684:Destruction battalions
2525:Social security system
2508:Science and technology
2174:Classified information
2000:Central Russian Upland
1606:Pleasures in Socialism
1545:10.1515/slaw-2018-0011
472:. Neon colors such as
298:
97:
66:
4542:Fashion merchandising
3936:List of metro systems
3489:Collective leadership
2986:Russian tsars regalia
2319:Intelligence agencies
2042:Great Russian Regions
1786:Expansion (1500-1800)
1614:10.2307/j.ctv43vtgm.7
1053:Crane, Diana (2000).
512:'s Russia during the
407:Gorbachev Era (1980s)
91:
60:
5117:South Korean fashion
4579:Trickle-down fashion
4517:Fashion illustration
4502:Fashion entrepreneur
4379:Semiotics of fashion
3898:Net material product
3841:Censorship of images
3758:Political repression
3718:Soviet Border Troops
3651:First Deputy Premier
3235:1965 economic reform
3230:Soviet space program
3053:World Heritage sites
2430:Droughts and famines
1983:Environmental issues
1731:Proto-Indo-Europeans
1208:Christoph Neidhart,
917:RussiaāWomenāCulture
466:collapse of the USSR
252:GUM department store
117:In the early 1920s,
5165:Sustainable fashion
5132:Vietnamese clothing
4663:Western dress codes
4537:Fashion photography
4512:Fashion forecasting
3966:Academy of Sciences
3781:Population transfer
3725:Soviet Armed Forces
3588:Congress of Soviets
3569:Presidium/Politburo
3533:Soviet anti-Zionism
3382:West Siberian Plain
3260:Revolutions of 1989
3197:Great Patriotic War
3182:New Economic Policy
2904:Forms of addressing
2513:Academy of Sciences
2470:Financial districts
2334:President of Russia
2259:Political divisions
2219:Freedom of assembly
2101:West Siberian Plain
1847:Great Patriotic War
1808:February Revolution
1493:. 28 January 2014.
1465:The Calvert Journal
1020:Zhuravlev, Gronow.
148:Alexander Rodchenko
107:New Economic Policy
5248:Fashion portal
5196:Ballet and fashion
5180:Zero-waste fashion
4896:Sportswear fashion
4574:Trickle-up fashion
4559:Red carpet fashion
4527:Fashion journalism
4522:Fashion influencer
3611:Military Collegium
3479:Capital punishment
3357:Caucasus Mountains
3270:Post-Soviet states
3150:Russian Revolution
2954:Russian given name
2540:Telecommunications
2490:Petroleum industry
2354:State of emergency
2199:Far-right politics
2164:Capital punishment
2010:Meshchera Lowlands
1864:Russian Federation
1820:October Revolution
1459:Raspopina, Sasha.
1038:Tsipursky (2018).
655:Djurdja Bartlett,
556:La Boheme Magazine
514:early to mid 1990s
480:or electric blue,
324:At the same time,
312:, the state-owned
98:
78:socialist ideology
74:Russian Federation
67:
5256:
5255:
5223:Music and fashion
5033:
5032:
4983:Thrift store chic
4811:Cruise collection
4773:
4772:
4698:Black lounge suit
4482:Designer clothing
4477:Clothing industry
4344:Fashion accessory
4281:
4280:
4245:
4244:
4237:Hammer and sickle
4179:and their groups
4177:Soviet dissidents
3956:Communist Academy
3873:Economic planning
3849:
3848:
3742:Soviet Air Forces
3661:Security services
3581:General Secretary
3564:Central Committee
3506:Political parties
3438:Brezhnev Doctrine
3433:Foreign relations
3390:
3389:
3331:Autonomous okrugs
3245:SovietāAfghan War
3225:Sino-Soviet split
3167:Russian Civil War
3094:
3093:
3061:
3060:
2641:Domestic violence
2573:
2572:
2495:Russian oligarchs
2420:Aircraft industry
2397:
2396:
2374:Mass surveillance
2364:Search and rescue
2329:Political parties
2209:Foreign relations
2141:
2140:
1940:
1939:
1932:Historical cities
1791:Tsardom of Russia
1516:Bartlett (2010).
1419:978-3-86153-335-1
1368:Russia's Carnival
1342:Russia's Carnival
1316:Russia's Carnival
558:and many others.
392:Secondhand stores
314:clothing industry
144:Varvara Stepanova
94:Z.E. Serebryakova
53:
52:
5286:
5246:
5245:
5244:
5201:Capsule wardrobe
5160:Circular fashion
5142:Fashion activism
5107:Nigerian fashion
5102:Japanese fashion
5060:Filipino fashion
5050:Canadian fashion
5045:American fashion
4784:
4659:
4391:
4308:
4301:
4294:
4285:
4271:
4270:
4260:
4259:
4258:
4008:
3916:
3771:Collectivization
3516:MarxismāLeninism
3401:
3290:
3121:
3114:
3107:
3098:
3074:
3021:Russian language
2964:National symbols
2584:
2503:
2460:Fishing industry
2450:Economic regions
2445:Defence industry
2408:
2152:
2106:Russian Far East
2005:Northwest Russia
1963:Cities and towns
1951:
1813:Russian Republic
1719:
1698:
1691:
1684:
1675:
1645:
1644:
1636:
1627:
1626:
1601:
1595:
1594:
1586:
1580:
1579:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1528:
1522:
1521:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1461:"Soviet skaters"
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1436:. 8 April 2014.
1430:
1424:
1423:
1403:
1397:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1351:
1345:
1338:
1332:
1325:
1319:
1312:
1306:
1303:
1297:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1271:
1264:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1244:
1219:
1213:
1206:
1200:
1193:
1187:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1122:
1116:
1108:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1050:
1044:
1043:
1035:
1026:
1025:
1017:
1011:
1010:
985:
976:
973:
962:
955:
946:
939:
933:
926:
920:
913:
907:
900:
894:
887:
881:
874:
868:
865:New Soviet Woman
861:
855:
848:
842:
839:New Soviet Woman
835:
829:
826:New Soviet Woman
822:
813:
806:
800:
793:
787:
784:New Soviet Woman
780:
774:
771:New Soviet Woman
767:
758:
751:
745:
738:
732:
725:
719:
712:
706:
703:New Soviet Woman
699:
693:
686:
680:
673:
664:
653:
580:funktsionalānost
292:. He declared:
278:Second World War
272:
48:
45:
39:
27:
26:
19:
5294:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5284:
5283:
5269:Russian fashion
5259:
5258:
5257:
5252:
5242:
5240:
5232:
5184:
5136:
5122:Swedish fashion
5112:Russian fashion
5090:Italian fashion
5085:Israeli fashion
5080:Iranian fashion
5055:Chinese fashion
5029:
4924:
4920:Vintage fashion
4908:Ghetto fabulous
4847:
4801:Business casual
4769:
4736:
4657:
4589:
4583:
4497:Fashion capital
4487:Digital fashion
4458:
4435:
4392:
4383:
4374:Fashion tourism
4327:
4318:
4312:
4282:
4277:
4256:
4254:
4241:
4189:
4163:
4083:
3997:
3942:
3914:
3888:Internet domain
3883:Five-year plans
3845:
3812:
3752:
3655:
3617:
3549:Communist Party
3537:
3496:Passport system
3386:
3362:European Russia
3340:
3279:
3220:Khrushchev Thaw
3199:(World War II)
3177:Creation treaty
3131:
3125:
3095:
3090:
3077:
3070:
3057:
3016:Public holidays
3011:Political jokes
2996:Personification
2949:Names of Russia
2818:
2737:Life expectancy
2569:
2501:
2393:
2244:Law enforcement
2137:
2123:Protected areas
2020:Smolensk Upland
2015:OkaāDon Lowland
1995:European Russia
1936:
1875:
1761:Mongol invasion
1708:
1702:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1638:
1637:
1630:
1624:
1603:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1530:
1529:
1525:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1500:
1498:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1474:
1472:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1443:
1441:
1432:
1431:
1427:
1420:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1391:
1387:
1378:
1374:
1365:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1322:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1300:
1291:
1287:
1278:
1274:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1248:
1242:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1207:
1203:
1194:
1190:
1181:
1177:
1170:
1149:
1148:
1144:
1134:
1133:
1126:
1109:
1106:
1085:
1084:
1080:
1073:
1052:
1051:
1047:
1037:
1036:
1029:
1019:
1018:
1014:
1000:
987:
986:
979:
974:
965:
956:
949:
940:
936:
927:
923:
914:
910:
901:
897:
888:
884:
875:
871:
862:
858:
849:
845:
836:
832:
823:
816:
807:
803:
794:
790:
781:
777:
768:
761:
752:
748:
739:
735:
726:
722:
713:
709:
700:
696:
688:Lynne Attwood,
687:
683:
674:
667:
654:
650:
645:
588:
564:
506:lightning bolts
494:leather jackets
492:dresses, black
462:
409:
368:
336:Hawaiian shirts
282:Khrushchev Thaw
233:Khrushchev Thaw
229:
186:
181:
103:
86:
70:Russian fashion
63:Filipp Malyavin
49:
43:
40:
37:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5292:
5290:
5282:
5281:
5276:
5271:
5261:
5260:
5254:
5253:
5251:
5250:
5237:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5230:
5228:Fashion victim
5225:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5182:
5177:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5157:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5075:Indian fashion
5072:
5070:German fashion
5067:
5065:French fashion
5062:
5057:
5052:
5047:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4995:
4985:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4934:
4932:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4922:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4905:
4904:
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4857:
4855:
4853:Street fashion
4849:
4848:
4846:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4830:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4792:
4790:
4781:
4775:
4774:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4765:Modest fashion
4762:
4757:
4752:
4746:
4744:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4725:Cocktail dress
4722:
4712:
4711:
4710:
4705:
4700:
4690:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4667:
4665:
4656:
4655:
4650:
4649:
4648:
4643:
4642:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4616:
4615:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4593:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4556:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4507:Fashion editor
4504:
4499:
4494:
4489:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4468:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4445:
4443:
4437:
4436:
4434:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4418:
4413:
4408:
4402:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4386:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4364:Fashion museum
4361:
4359:Fashion matrix
4356:
4351:
4349:Fashion design
4346:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4328:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4288:
4279:
4278:
4276:
4275:
4265:
4250:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4242:
4240:
4239:
4234:
4233:
4232:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4210:
4209:
4208:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4188:
4187:
4186:
4185:
4173:
4171:
4165:
4164:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4124:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4099:
4093:
4091:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4081:
4076:
4071:
4070:
4069:
4064:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4043:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3993:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3952:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3931:Rail transport
3928:
3926:Railway system
3918:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3822:
3820:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3762:
3760:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3749:
3748:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3688:
3687:
3686:
3676:
3671:
3665:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3654:
3653:
3648:
3646:Deputy Premier
3643:
3638:
3637:
3636:
3629:Heads of state
3625:
3623:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3597:
3594:Supreme Soviet
3591:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3578:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3561:
3556:
3545:
3543:
3539:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3530:
3529:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3511:State ideology
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3492:
3491:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3470:
3469:
3459:
3458:
3457:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3430:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3418:
3407:
3405:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3384:
3379:
3377:Ural Mountains
3374:
3369:
3367:North Caucasus
3364:
3359:
3354:
3348:
3346:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3316:
3311:
3310:
3309:
3298:
3296:
3287:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3157:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3116:
3109:
3101:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3083:
3076:
3075:
3067:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2982:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2828:
2826:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2815:
2814:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2728:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2587:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2567:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2530:Space industry
2527:
2522:
2517:
2516:
2515:
2505:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2391:
2386:
2381:
2376:
2371:
2369:Urban planning
2366:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2336:
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
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2204:Federal budget
2201:
2196:
2191:
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2155:
2149:
2143:
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2113:North Caucasus
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2086:
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2076:
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2047:Highest points
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1990:Extreme points
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1803:Russian Empire
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1652:External links
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1539:(1): 183ā187.
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1491:"Russian hats"
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326:counterculture
310:Khrushchev era
247:New York Times
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179:Soviet jewelry
168:intelligentsia
140:constructivist
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1520:. p. 32.
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1042:. p. 13.
1041:
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1005:
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603:
602:Astrakhan cap
600:
598:
595:
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589:
585:
583:
581:
576:
574:
573:haute-couture
568:
561:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
540:
538:
537:astrakhan cap
534:
530:
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444:status symbol
441:
436:
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430:
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422:Burda Fashion
418:
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279:
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226:
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209:Stakhanovites
206:
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201:Joseph Stalin
197:
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183:
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83:
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71:
64:
59:
55:
47:
35:
30:
21:
20:
5170:Slow fashion
5150:Anti-fashion
5127:Thai fashion
5111:
4788:Smart casual
4708:Evening gown
4547:Fast fashion
4492:Fashion blog
4454:Fashion week
4449:Fashion show
4431:21st century
4426:19th century
4253:
4025:Demographics
4015:Antisemitism
3868:Central Bank
3786:Forced labor
3734:Spetsnaz GRU
3554:organisation
3462:Human rights
3411:Constitution
3294:Subdivisions
3172:Russian SFSR
3128:Soviet Union
2974:Coat of arms
2934:Martial arts
2883:
2873:
2842:Army culture
2832:Architecture
2802:Witch trials
2757:Prostitution
2703:Human rights
2636:Demographics
2550:Trade unions
2520:Shipbuilding
2480:Homelessness
2440:Central Bank
2435:Car industry
2274:Conservatism
2184:Constitution
2179:Conscription
1852:Eastern Bloc
1842:Soviet Union
1835:Russian SFSR
1765:Feudal Rus'
1666:
1658:
1605:
1599:
1584:
1569:
1536:
1532:
1526:
1517:
1511:
1499:. Retrieved
1485:
1473:. Retrieved
1464:
1454:
1442:. Retrieved
1428:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1388:
1380:
1375:
1367:
1362:
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1054:
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1021:
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989:
958:
942:
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916:
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903:
898:
890:
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864:
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809:
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796:
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754:
749:
741:
736:
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723:
715:
710:
702:
697:
689:
684:
676:
663:, 2010), 28.
659:(Cambridge:
656:
651:
579:
577:
572:
569:
565:
541:
526:
463:
455:
448:
437:
433:
426:
420:
410:
401:black market
385:
377:
369:
360:
355:
343:
329:
323:
306:
303:
299:
295:
289:
286:
275:
256:
245:
230:
217:World War II
213:
198:
193:
187:
171:
159:
137:
128:
122:
116:
104:
69:
68:
54:
41:
33:
5008:Heavy metal
4930:Alternative
4913:Bling-bling
4843:Young fogey
4693:Semi-formal
4588:Traditional
4532:Fashion law
4129:Phraseology
4074:Prohibition
4062:Linguistics
4047:Drug policy
4040:1989 census
3961:Cybernetics
3863:Agriculture
3776:Great Purge
3738:Soviet Navy
3730:Soviet Army
3602:(1989ā1991)
3596:(1938ā1991)
3590:(1922ā1936)
3574:Secretariat
3445:Gun control
3352:Caspian Sea
3336:Closed city
3265:Dissolution
3250:Perestroika
3192:Great Purge
3026:tea culture
2879:Fairy tales
2742:Open access
2715:Immigration
2676:Gun control
2415:Agriculture
2384:Term limits
2294:Martial law
2289:Nationalism
2284:Irredentism
2279:Imperialism
2062:Caspian Sea
1978:Environment
1973:Earthquakes
1869:Union State
1857:Dissolution
1756:Kievan Rus'
1746:Early Slavs
1394:FashionEast
1381:FashionEast
1355:FashionEast
1329:FashionEast
1294:FashionEast
1281:FashionEast
1268:FashionEast
1255:FashionEast
1197:FashionEast
1184:FashionEast
1154:: 351ā352.
959:FashionEast
943:FashionEast
930:FashionEast
904:FashionEast
891:FashionEast
878:FashionEast
852:FashionEast
810:FashionEast
797:FashionEast
755:FashionEast
742:FashionEast
729:FashionEast
716:FashionEast
677:FashionEast
524:countries.
522:Warsaw Pact
428:Zhurnal mod
413:perestroika
242:Coco Chanel
237:Journalists
194:Krestāyanka
188:During the
172:prozodezhda
164:proletariat
160:prozodezhda
129:Krestāyanka
5274:Soviet art
5263:Categories
5211:Dress code
5038:By country
5023:Rockabilly
4886:Athleisure
4881:Sportswear
4861:Streetwear
4838:Teddy Boys
4821:Ivy League
4607:Diplomatic
4597:Ceremonial
4169:Opposition
4159:Television
4139:Propaganda
4112:Literature
3986:Naukograds
3981:Sharashkas
3915:(currency)
3893:Inventions
3836:Censorship
3766:Red Terror
3450:Government
3324:Autonomous
3307:Autonomous
3240:Stagnation
3203:Evacuation
3031:Television
3006:Philosophy
2939:Mass media
2929:Literature
2924:Inventions
2686:Healthcare
2621:Corruption
2611:Censorship
2502:(currency)
2379:Separatism
2324:Opposition
2309:Neo-Nazism
2299:Monarchism
2269:Liberalism
2264:Propaganda
2224:Government
2091:North Asia
1892:Journalism
1751:East Slavs
1741:Sarmatians
1392:Bartlett,
1379:Bartlett,
1366:Neidhart,
1353:Bartlett,
1340:Neidhart,
1327:Bartlett,
1314:Neidhart,
1292:Bartlett,
1279:Bartlett,
1266:Bartlett,
1253:Bartlett,
1195:Bartlett,
1182:Bartlett,
957:Bartlett,
941:Bartlett,
928:Bartlett,
902:Bartlett,
889:Bartlett,
876:Bartlett,
850:Bartlett,
808:Bartlett,
795:Bartlett,
753:Bartlett,
740:Bartlett,
727:Bartlett,
714:Bartlett,
675:Bartlett,
643:References
486:rhinestone
476:, orange,
470:blue jeans
348:miniskirts
340:sunglasses
259:red terror
205:capitalist
190:Stalin era
124:Rabotnitsa
44:March 2015
4978:Steampunk
4938:Androgyny
4750:Christian
4742:Religious
4703:Black tie
4686:Ball gown
4681:White tie
4569:Sweatshop
4230:Republics
4218:Republics
4206:Republics
4057:Languages
3921:Transport
3803:Holodomor
3696:Militsiya
3634:President
3526:Stalinism
3428:Elections
3302:Republics
3285:Geography
3275:Nostalgia
3187:Stalinism
2889:Festivals
2782:Sociology
2732:Languages
2651:Education
2555:Transport
2389:Terrorism
2234:Judiciary
2228:Apparatus
2194:Elections
2159:Anarchism
2133:Far North
2084:Volcanoes
2069:Mountains
1946:Geography
1825:Civil war
1736:Scythians
1553:2196-7016
863:Attwood,
837:Attwood,
824:Attwood,
782:Attwood,
769:Attwood,
701:Attwood,
661:MIT Press
607:Lenin hat
544:FashionTV
529:navy blue
482:acid wash
478:turquoise
417:Gorbachev
301:people".
133:bourgeois
111:Bolshevik
5189:See also
5175:Trashion
4973:Skinhead
4943:Bohemian
4901:Surfwear
4891:Gorpcore
4730:Pantsuit
4715:Informal
4619:Military
4612:Academic
4590:clothing
4552:in China
4464:Industry
4317:articles
4273:Category
3826:Religion
3713:Chairmen
3559:Congress
3521:Leninism
3501:Propiska
3396:Politics
3255:Glasnost
3215:Cold War
3155:February
3081:Category
2959:Nobility
2919:Internet
2914:Heraldry
2909:Graffiti
2894:Folklore
2837:Armorial
2767:Religion
2752:Polygamy
2691:HIV/AIDS
2671:Funerals
2661:Feminism
2631:Deafness
2616:Citizens
2606:Cannabis
2591:Abortion
2535:Taxation
2475:Gambling
2465:Forestry
2314:Military
2147:Politics
2128:Wildlife
2074:Caucasus
2037:Glaciers
1917:Military
1902:Internet
1880:By topic
1774:Vladimir
1769:Novgorod
1723:Timeline
1639:Binder.
1589:Binder.
1561:67827296
1501:8 August
1495:Archived
1475:8 August
1469:Archived
1444:8 August
1438:Archived
1113:citation
812:, 64-65.
612:Stilyagi
586:See also
550:Russia,
546:Russia,
502:lozenges
474:hot pink
440:glasnost
396:Beriozka
356:stilyagi
352:Komsomol
344:stilyagi
331:stilyagi
263:stilyagi
65:(c.1905)
5216:Undress
5095:History
4993:Greaser
4876:Hipster
4866:Hip hop
4760:Islamic
4634:Service
4398:History
4332:General
4315:Fashion
4194:Symbols
4107:Fashion
4089:Culture
4003:Society
3948:Science
3913:Rouble
3855:Economy
3831:Science
3641:Premier
3622:Offices
3484:Leaders
3404:General
3372:Siberia
3345:Regions
3319:Oblasts
3160:October
3137:History
3072:Outline
2884:Fashion
2874:Fashion
2862:Cuisine
2824:Culture
2812:in army
2797:Wedding
2792:Suicide
2787:Smoking
2772:Slavery
2747:Orphans
2720:Illegal
2596:Alcohol
2579:Society
2545:Tourism
2425:Banking
2403:Economy
2248:Prisons
2096:Siberia
2052:Islands
2032:Geology
1968:Climate
1958:Borders
1922:Outline
1897:Judaism
1887:Economy
1714:History
597:Ushanka
548:InStyle
533:ushanka
510:Yeltsin
498:zigzags
484:denim,
271:ŃŃŠøŠ»ŃŠ³Šø
267:Russian
96:, 1910)
34:updated
5003:Grunge
4988:Rocker
4963:Lolita
4958:Gothic
4953:Fetish
4871:Hippie
4816:Preppy
4779:Casual
4755:Jewish
4671:Formal
4646:Combat
4639:Sailor
4472:Awards
4441:Events
4213:Emblem
4201:Anthem
4149:Sports
4102:Cinema
4097:Ballet
4079:Racism
4052:Family
3542:Bodies
3130:topics
3086:Portal
3041:Sports
2969:Anthem
2857:Cinema
2852:Ballet
2762:Racism
2725:Labour
2681:Health
2646:Doping
2500:Ruble
2485:Mining
2455:Energy
2118:Rivers
2027:Fjords
1927:Postal
1779:Moscow
1705:Russia
1620:
1559:
1551:
1416:
1396:, 240.
1383:, 223.
1357:, 236.
1331:, 267.
1296:, 230.
1283:, 216.
1270:, 214.
1257:, 213.
1238:
1199:, 184.
1186:, 150.
1166:
1102:
1069:
1006:
996:
961:, 145.
945:, 139.
932:, 248.
906:, 174.
893:, 141.
880:, 244.
867:, 135.
841:, 134.
828:, 132.
786:, 133.
773:, 164.
490:sequin
411:Under
381:prints
319:Moscow
156:unisex
152:cubism
5018:Skate
4968:Queer
4602:Court
4144:Radio
4122:Opera
4117:Music
4020:Crime
3791:Gulag
3669:Cheka
3314:Krais
2991:Opera
2944:Music
2807:Women
2708:LGBTQ
2626:Crime
2560:Waste
2079:Urals
2057:Lakes
1557:S2CID
1370:, 44.
1344:, 48.
1318:, 50.
1004:JSTOR
854:, 82.
799:, 72.
757:, 26.
744:, 22.
731:, 15.
718:, 24.
705:, 68.
679:, 13.
552:Vogue
388:jeans
346:wore
119:Party
5013:Punk
4998:Glam
4806:Chic
4720:Suit
4653:Folk
4629:Mess
4624:Full
4225:Flag
4183:List
3991:List
3903:OGAS
3796:List
3679:NKVD
3467:LGBT
3455:List
3421:1977
3416:1936
2979:Flag
2867:Wine
2847:Arts
1912:LGBT
1796:Army
1618:ISBN
1549:ISSN
1503:2017
1477:2017
1446:2017
1414:ISBN
1236:ISBN
1164:ISBN
1119:link
1100:ISBN
1067:ISBN
994:ISBN
504:and
464:The
231:The
146:and
105:The
4948:Emo
4828:Mod
3708:KGB
3703:MGB
3691:MVD
3674:GPU
3474:Law
2239:Law
1610:doi
1541:doi
1228:doi
1156:doi
1092:doi
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