107:
714:
520:
333:
66:
114:
721:
791:
597:
583:
410:
396:
541:
354:
805:
749:
555:
368:
777:
763:
625:
569:
527:
382:
340:
735:
611:
707:, a major weapons manufacturer in Russia, confirmed to Russia's state-run media that the company was working on "modelling" the system for China. Russia hopes to integrate China's early warning system with Russia's. This will provide China with increased detection range from North pole as well as the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean.
651:
requires that early warning radar stations are located on the periphery of national territory and face outwards. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991 this resulted in many of the stations ending up in newly independent states. The radar station at
Skrunda, now in Latvia, closed in 1998. Other
679:
in
Azerbaijan was dismantled following failure to renegotiate its continued use. The Russian military has expressed a desire to replace or replicate all overseas radars with domestic stations as overseas ones cannot be relied upon in times of tension and war. New stations were commissioned in
292:' for authorisation to use nuclear weapons. There is a communications centre which has a number of backup channels to communicate with each radar station. If a ballistic missile attack is discovered the duty commander reports this to the
843:
The Main Centre for
Missile Attack Warning was formed on 1 December 2009 and since December 2011 it had been part of the Space Command of the Russian Aerospace Defence Forces, together with facilities such as the
297:
659:
at
Baranavichy in Belarus came online in 2003 and the two Ukrainian radars closed in 2009. In the mid-2000s Russia started the roll out of the next generation of early warning radar, the
260:. The centre consists of a network of early warning radar stations which transmit their data to the control centre near Solnechnogorsk. Other information comes from the early warning
106:
1540:
713:
519:
332:
1499:
849:
288:
The centre is the control centre for the radar network. Here signals from every station are received and, if necessary, a message can be sent to the presidential '
1438:
1421:
137:
818:
1476:
1309:
1283:
1530:
29:
1232:
948:
845:
1064:
277:
638:
423:
1161:
1367:
976:
315:
network SKKP. The centre also discovers and monitors space objects through the use of radar which are fed into the SKKP network.
293:
494:
receiver, started operations in 1975 at
Olenegorsk. In 1978 an upgraded warning system called Крокус (Krokus) was introduced.
1509:
1469:
1535:
1397:
1257:
1036:
648:
652:
stations now overseas were
Sevastopol and Mukachevo (both in Ukraine), Balkhash (Kazakhstan) and Gabala (Azerbaijan).
917:
1462:
479:
467:
459:
301:
257:
177:
836:(RKO) together with SKKP and the anti-missile troops. In 2001 these services became part of the newly founded
1305:
1279:
1341:
1091:
891:
668:
483:
444:
308:
227:
17:
1176:
664:
471:
265:
1485:
672:
506:
300:. At the same time the duty engineer reports it to the commander of the Aerospace Defence Forces, for
65:
837:
676:
510:
253:
238:
187:
84:
1220:
1181:
241:
1500:
153rd Main Trial Centre for
Testing and Control of Space Means (Named after G.S. Titov (ГИЦИУ КС))
1114:
954:
700:
324:
312:
1194:
1137:
1028:
289:
273:
245:
1060:
1202:
1186:
1129:
466:
with a command post in
Solnechnogorsk. It expanded by the addition of Dnestr-M radars in
660:
249:
92:
1363:
982:
953:[Patriotic SPRN - 40 years] (in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. Archived from
501:
early warning satellite system became operational. It was joined in 1984 by the first
1524:
487:
502:
491:
455:
433:
269:
981:(in Russian). Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. n.d. Archived from
656:
475:
1439:"Russia is helping China build a new missile attack warning system, Putin says"
1389:
1253:
1018:
840:, and were incorporated as the 3rd Independent Missile and Space Defense Army.
1133:
704:
1422:
Russia is helping China build a new missile attack warning system, Putin says
1198:
1141:
1032:
152:
139:
44:
31:
693:
463:
1190:
914:"3rd independent Missile Attack Early Warning Army of Special Designation"
1443:
1425:
913:
689:
436:
and is often known by its Soviet initials SPRN (СПРН), from
Russian:
1454:
1115:"The Operational Status of the Russian Space-Based Early Warning System"
832:
In 1998 SPRN became part of the missile and space defence organisation
681:
454:'Missile attack warning system'. It started on 15 February 1971 as two
1162:"History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System"
113:
667:
near St
Petersburg went on combat duty in 2012. Other stations in
1333:
1087:
879:
685:
1458:
498:
261:
1364:"Независимое военное обозрение. Габалу завлекают в турбизнес"
248:
attack. It has headquarters in the village of Timonovo near
675:
were made operational in the following years. In 2012, the
222:Главный центр предупреждения о ракетном нападении (Гцпрн)
1063:. Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation. n.d.
449:
432:
The Russian missile warning system originates in the
232:
1505:
820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning (Гцпрн)
880:"Russian Air and Space Defense Troops: Gaping Holes"
1492:
1306:"Voronezh-DM radar near Kaliningrad is operational"
198:
193:
183:
173:
168:
131:
61:
272:. Information from the centre could be used for a
1012:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
76:Главный центр предупреждения о ракетном нападении
1390:"The First Voronezh on Experimental Combat Duty"
1155:
1153:
1151:
1470:
451:Sistema preduprezhdeniya o raketnom napadenii
437:
220:
8:
1510:821st Main Space Intelligence Centre (Гцрко)
120:820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning
62:820th Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning
439:Система предупреждения о ракетном нападении
18:Russian missile attack early warning system
1541:Military installations of the Soviet Union
1477:
1463:
1455:
1388:Marinin, I; Kuznetsov, A (February 2007).
307:Information comes from the radar network,
58:
1180:
942:
940:
938:
936:
934:
822:Early warning radar network in June 2012
276:nuclear missile attack or to engage the
1328:
1326:
861:
1280:"Radar in Lekhtusi begins combat duty"
217:Main Centre for Missile Attack Warning
1400:from the original on 19 December 2013
1344:from the original on January 12, 2013
1023:[Patriotic SPRN - 40 years].
873:
871:
869:
867:
865:
850:153rd Titov Main Space Testing Centre
7:
1308:. Russian strategic nuclear forces.
1282:. Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces.
1090:. Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces.
1067:from the original on 7 December 2011
846:821st Main Space Intelligence Centre
1254:"Russia Won't Rent Ukrainian Radar"
978:Войска воздушно-космической обороны
720:
642:Early warning radar network in 1990
427:Early warning radar network in 1980
278:A-135 anti-ballistic missile system
790:
596:
582:
409:
395:
252:outside Moscow and is part of the
25:
916:. Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991.
540:
353:
1531:Military installations of Russia
1338:Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces
878:Stukalin, Alexander (May 2012).
804:
803:
789:
775:
761:
748:
747:
733:
719:
712:
623:
609:
595:
581:
567:
554:
553:
539:
525:
518:
408:
394:
380:
367:
366:
352:
338:
331:
112:
105:
64:
1370:from the original on 2013-10-10
1312:from the original on 2012-03-08
1286:from the original on 2013-04-20
1260:from the original on 2016-03-04
1235:from the original on 2013-01-28
1094:from the original on 2013-01-12
1039:from the original on 2016-03-03
920:from the original on 2015-10-07
894:from the original on 2012-07-04
776:
762:
624:
568:
526:
381:
339:
1352:– via russianforces.org.
734:
610:
1:
649:Anti-ballistic missile treaty
509:and in 1985 by the Daryal in
1304:Podvig, Pavel (2011-11-29).
1278:Podvig, Pavel (2012-02-11).
1086:Podvig, Pavel (2012-04-12).
270:Don-2N missile defence radar
1169:Science and Global Security
1122:Science and Global Security
1027:(in Russian) (339): 44–46.
1020:Отечественной СПРН – 40 лет
950:Отечественной СПРН – 40 лет
834:ракетно-космической обороны
450:
233:
1557:
1256:. Kommersant. 2008-01-16.
322:
268:satellites as well as the
1134:10.1080/08929889408426407
438:
221:
100:
90:
82:
73:
1019:
977:
949:
828:Organisational structure
309:early warning satellites
178:Russian Aerospace Forces
1411:(subscription required)
1221:"ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE"
1049:(subscription required)
663:. The first station in
482:in 1975 and another in
153:56.241389°N 37.013889°E
45:56.241578°N 37.013825°E
1191:10.1080/08929880212328
1160:Podvig, Pavel (2002).
1113:Podvig, Pavel (1994).
912:Holm, Michael (2011).
703:, director general of
1486:Russian Space Command
1536:Russian Space Forces
1394:Novosti Kosmonavtiki
1219:Karpenko, A (1999).
1025:Novosti Kosmonavtiki
884:Moscow Defense Brief
819:class=notpageimage|
677:Gabala Radar Station
639:class=notpageimage|
424:class=notpageimage|
294:central command post
254:Russian Space Forces
239:Russian Space Forces
188:Russian Space Forces
158:56.241389; 37.013889
85:Russian Space Forces
50:56.241578; 37.013825
1424:, Daria Litvinova,
1017:Marinin, I (2011).
985:on 17 February 2012
947:Marinin, I (2011).
699:On 4 October 2019,
149: /
41: /
680:locations such as
325:Russian Woodpecker
313:space surveillance
184:Controlled by
1518:
1517:
448:
290:nuclear briefcase
274:launch on warning
246:ballistic missile
231:
213:
212:
16:(Redirected from
1548:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1435:
1429:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1409:
1407:
1405:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1376:
1375:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1349:
1340:. Dec 13, 2007.
1330:
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1320:
1318:
1317:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
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1275:
1269:
1268:
1266:
1265:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1240:
1216:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1201:. Archived from
1184:
1166:
1157:
1146:
1145:
1119:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1083:
1077:
1076:
1074:
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1047:
1045:
1044:
1014:
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990:
973:
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966:
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342:
341:
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258:Aerospace Forces
244:network against
236:
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169:Site information
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115:
109:
96:
68:
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34:
21:
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1514:
1488:
1483:
1453:
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1416:
1410:
1403:
1401:
1387:
1386:
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1373:
1371:
1362:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1345:
1334:"Early warning"
1332:
1331:
1324:
1315:
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1303:
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1289:
1287:
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1238:
1236:
1218:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1182:10.1.1.692.6127
1164:
1159:
1158:
1149:
1117:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1088:"Early Warning"
1085:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1068:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1048:
1042:
1040:
1021:
1016:
1015:
998:
988:
986:
979:
975:
974:
970:
960:
958:
957:on May 20, 2012
951:
946:
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911:
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863:
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730:
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724:
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456:Dnestr-M radars
430:
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349:
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319:Warning network
286:
284:The Main Centre
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78:
69:
49:
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32:
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28:
27:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1554:
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1533:
1523:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1496:
1494:
1490:
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1484:
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1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1450:
1430:
1414:
1380:
1355:
1322:
1296:
1270:
1245:
1225:Nevsky Bastion
1211:
1208:on 2012-03-15.
1147:
1128:(3): 363–384.
1105:
1078:
1052:
996:
968:
930:
904:
860:
859:
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854:
829:
826:
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351:
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345:
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329:
328:
320:
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285:
282:
250:Solnechnogorsk
219:(Russian:
211:
210:
200:
196:
195:
191:
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185:
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175:
171:
170:
166:
165:
133:
129:
128:
119:
118:
111:
110:
104:
103:
102:
101:
98:
97:
93:Solnechnogorsk
88:
87:
80:
79:
74:
71:
70:
63:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1553:
1542:
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1537:
1534:
1532:
1529:
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1526:
1511:
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1503:
1501:
1498:
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1468:
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1457:
1446:
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1440:
1434:
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1427:
1423:
1418:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1384:
1381:
1369:
1365:
1359:
1356:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1327:
1323:
1311:
1307:
1300:
1297:
1285:
1281:
1274:
1271:
1259:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1215:
1212:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1163:
1156:
1154:
1152:
1148:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1109:
1106:
1093:
1089:
1082:
1079:
1066:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
984:
980:
972:
969:
956:
952:
943:
941:
939:
937:
935:
931:
919:
915:
908:
905:
893:
889:
885:
881:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
862:
855:
853:
851:
847:
841:
839:
835:
827:
820:
715:
708:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
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683:
678:
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670:
666:
662:
658:
653:
650:
640:
521:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
495:
493:
489:
488:Daugava radar
486:in 1977. The
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
452:
446:
435:
425:
334:
326:
318:
316:
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
298:General Staff
295:
291:
283:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
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242:early warning
240:
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134:
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99:
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81:
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72:
67:
60:
57:
54:
19:
1504:
1442:
1433:
1428:, 2019-10-04
1417:
1402:. Retrieved
1396:(2): 64–65.
1393:
1383:
1372:. Retrieved
1358:
1346:. Retrieved
1337:
1314:. Retrieved
1299:
1288:. Retrieved
1273:
1262:. Retrieved
1248:
1237:. Retrieved
1228:
1224:
1214:
1203:the original
1172:
1168:
1125:
1121:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1081:
1069:. Retrieved
1055:
1041:. Retrieved
1024:
987:. Retrieved
983:the original
971:
959:. Retrieved
955:the original
922:. Retrieved
907:
896:. Retrieved
887:
883:
842:
838:Space Troops
833:
831:
701:Sergei Boyev
698:
654:
646:
503:Daryal radar
497:In 1982 the
496:
434:Soviet Union
431:
306:
287:
216:
214:
194:Site history
75:
26:
1061:"Structure"
727:Baranavichy
669:Kaliningrad
657:Volga radar
476:Dnepr radar
474:in 1973, a
156: /
132:Coordinates
48: /
1525:Categories
1374:2013-11-18
1316:2012-01-09
1290:2012-04-13
1264:2012-01-30
1239:2012-06-20
1043:2012-06-22
924:2012-06-19
898:2012-06-20
856:References
797:Olenegorsk
705:Vympel NPO
603:Olenegorsk
589:Sevastopol
480:Sevastopol
468:Mishelevka
460:Olenegorsk
416:Olenegorsk
402:Sevastopol
323:See also:
302:redundancy
215:The 820th
144:37°00′50″E
141:56°14′29″N
36:37°00′50″E
33:56°14′30″N
1199:0892-9882
1177:CiteSeerX
1175:: 21–60.
1142:0892-9882
1033:1561-1078
694:Yeniseysk
647:The 1972
547:Mukachevo
484:Mukachevo
445:romanized
360:Mukachevo
237:) is the
228:romanized
1444:CBS News
1426:CBS News
1398:Archived
1368:Archived
1348:June 20,
1342:Archived
1310:Archived
1284:Archived
1258:Archived
1233:Archived
1231:: 2–47.
1092:Archived
1065:Archived
1037:Archived
918:Archived
892:Archived
811:Lekhtusi
755:Balkhash
690:Orenburg
665:Lekhtusi
661:Voronezh
561:Balkhash
472:Balkhash
374:Balkhash
311:and the
83:Part of
1493:Centers
1404:20 June
1098:19 June
1071:19 June
989:19 June
961:20 June
783:Pechora
769:Irkutsk
682:Barnaul
673:Armavir
631:Pechora
575:Irkutsk
533:Skrunda
507:Pechora
464:Skrunda
388:Irkutsk
346:Skrunda
296:of the
256:of the
204: (
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617:Gabala
511:Gabala
492:Daryal
234:GTsPRN
1206:(PDF)
1165:(PDF)
1118:(PDF)
890:(2).
199:Built
174:Owner
1406:2012
1350:2012
1195:ISSN
1138:ISSN
1100:2012
1073:2012
1029:ISSN
991:2012
963:2012
888:2012
848:and
692:and
686:Orsk
671:and
655:The
490:, a
470:and
462:and
264:and
206:1971
202:1971
1187:doi
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505:in
499:Oko
478:in
458:at
266:EKS
262:Oko
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