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827:. Unlike other minority nationalities, the Poles, in the eyes of the Tsar, were a direct threat to the empire's stability. After the rebellion was crushed, the government implemented policies to reduce Polish cultural influences. In the 1870s the government began to distrust German elements on the western border. The Russian government felt that the unification of Germany would upset the power balance among the great powers of Europe and that Germany would use its strength against Russia. The government thought that the borders would be defended better if the borderland were more "Russian" in character. The culmination of cultural diversity created a cumbersome nationality problem that plagued the Russian government in the years leading up to the revolution.
972:
238:
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674:
1998:
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755:", were in decline. Although cultivated acreage had increased in the last half century, the increase had not been proportionate to the growth of the peasant population, which had doubled. "There was general agreement at the turn of the century that Russia faced a grave and intensifying agrarian crisis due mainly to rural overpopulation with an annual excess of fifteen to eighteen live births over deaths per 1,000 inhabitants." The investigations revealed many difficulties but the committees could not find solutions that were both sensible and "acceptable" to the government.
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an earthquake-like effect on the peasant collective as well. Seeing an opening in the autocracy's waning authority thanks to the
Manifesto, the peasants, with a political organisation, took to the streets in revolt. In response, the government exerted its forces in campaigns to subdue and repress both the peasants and the workers. Consequences were now in full force: with a pretext in their hands, the government spent the month of December 1905 regaining the level of authority once lost to
1539:. The mutineers eventually surrendered the battleship to Romanian authorities on 8 July in exchange for asylum, then the Romanians returned her to Imperial Russian authorities on the following day. Some sources claim over 2,000 sailors died in the suppression. The mutinies were disorganised and quickly crushed. Despite these mutinies, the armed forces were largely apolitical and remained mostly loyal, if dissatisfied—and were widely used by the government to control the 1905 unrest.
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higher property qualification, excluding industrial workers. Both sides—the opposition and the conservatives—were not pleased with the results. Another attempt in August 1905 was almost successful, but that too died when
Nicholas insisted on the Duma's functions be relegated to an advisory position. The October Manifesto, aside from granting the population the freedom of speech and assembly, proclaimed that no law would be passed without examination and approval by the
2613:
888:
the shops and plants. Despite these labour protections, the workers believed that the laws were not enough to free them from unfair and inhumane practices. At the start of the 20th century, Russian industrial workers worked on average 11-hours per day (10 hours on
Saturday), factory conditions were perceived as grueling and often unsafe, and attempts at independent unions were often not accepted. Many workers were forced to work beyond the maximum of
44:
1794:
1012:, which led to a two-year closure of the university. The consequent conflict with the state was an important factor in the chronic student protests over subsequent decades. The atmosphere of the early 1860s gave rise to political engagement by students outside universities that became a tenet of student radicalism by the 1870s. Student radicals described "the special duty and mission of the student as such to spread the new word of
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2819:. In Courland, the peasants seized or surrounded several towns. In Livonia, the fighters controlled the Rūjiena-Pärnu railway line. Martial law was declared in Courland in August 1905, and in Livonia in late November. Special punitive expeditions were dispatched in mid-December to suppress the movement. They executed 1170 people without trial or investigation and burned 300 peasant homes. Thousands were exiled to
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power to censor provocative material. This opportunity allowed the press to address the tsar, and government officials, in a harsh, critical tone previously unheard of. The freedom of speech also opened the floodgates for meetings and organised political parties. In Moscow alone, over 400 meetings took place in the first four weeks. Some of the political parties that came out of these meetings were the
1874:
262:
250:
129:
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forces. The structure of the Duma was changed, becoming a lower chamber below the
Council of Ministers, and was half-elected, half-appointed by the Tsar. Legislations had to be approved by the Duma, the council, and the Tsar to become law. The Fundamental State Laws were the "culmination of the whole sequence of events set in motion in October 1905 and which consolidated the new
1935:
4858:, Revolutionary History Vol 9 No 1 (Editorial: Pete Glatter; Introduction; The Road to Bloody Sunday (Introduced by Pete Glatter); A Revolution Takes Shape (Introduced by Pete Glatter); The Decisive Days (Introduced by Pete Glatter and Philip Ruff); Rosa Luxemburg and the 1905 Revolution (Introduced by Mark Thomas); Mike Haynes, Patterns of Conflict in the 1905 Revolution)
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803:. Like other minorities in Russia, the Jews lived "miserable and circumscribed lives, forbidden to settle or acquire land outside the cities and towns, legally limited in attendance at secondary school and higher schools, virtually barred from legal professions, denied the right to vote for municipal councilors, and excluded from services in the Navy or the Guards".
2100:, it was a watershed period of time: nearly 50 of the unions in St. Petersburg came under Soviet control, while in Moscow, the Soviets had around 80,000 members. This large sector of power allowed the Soviets enough clout to form their own militias. In St. Petersburg alone, the Soviets claimed around 6,000 armed members with the purpose of protecting the meetings.
3565:"A prolific writer and a spellbinding orator, he was a central figure in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the October Revolution of 1917, the organizer and leader of the Red Army in the Russian Civil War, the heir apparent to Soviet leader Vladimir Lenin, and the arch enemy and then vanquished foe of Joseph Stalin in the succession struggle after Lenin's death".
926:, head of the Moscow security department, "police socialism" planned to have workers form workers' societies with police approval to "provide healthful, fraternal activities and opportunities for cooperative self-help together with 'protection' against influences that might have inimical effect on loyalty to job or country". Some of these groups organised in
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prison while it took place. The events in 1905 demonstrated the precarious position in which the Tsar found himself. As a result, Tsarist Russia did not undergo sufficient reform, which had a direct impact on the radical politics brewing in the
Russian Empire. Although the radicals were still in the minority of the populace, their momentum was growing.
1605:, and included officials, chiefs of government factories, and private factory owners. It was also meant to have included workers' delegates elected according to a two-stage system. Elections of the workers delegates were, however, blocked by the socialists who wanted to divert the workers from the elections to the armed struggle. On 5 March [
811:', despite the decades of restrictions on that ethnic group, regularly spoke of individuals 'of Polish descent' or, alternatively, 'of Russian descent', making identity a function of birth." This policy only succeeded in producing or aggravating feelings of disloyalty. There was growing impatience with their inferior status and resentment against "
1990:, the advisory body, into a second chamber with legislative powers "equal to those of the Duma". Not only did this transformation violate the Manifesto, but the Council became a buffer zone between the tsar and Duma, slowing whatever progress the latter could achieve. Even three days before the Duma's first session, on 24 April 1906, the
614:. Despite popular participation in the Duma, the parliament was unable to issue laws of its own, and frequently came into conflict with Nicholas. The Duma's power was limited and Nicholas continued to hold the ruling authority. Furthermore, he could dissolve the Duma, which he did three times in order to get rid of the opposition.
1020:'s phrase 'apostles of knowledge'." During the next two decades, universities produced a significant share of Russia's revolutionaries. Prosecution records from the 1860s and 1870s show that more than half of all political offences were committed by students despite being a minute proportion of the population. "The tactics of the
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problem surfaced in the conscience of
Nicholas himself: Witte said in 1911 that the manifesto was written only to get the pressure off the monarch's back, that it was not a "voluntary act". In fact, the writers hoped that the Manifesto would sow discord into "the camp of the autocracy's enemies" and bring order back to Russia.
2569:'s industrial workers went on strike. The first phase of the revolution consisted primarily of mass strikes, rallies, demonstrations—later this evolved into street skirmishes with the police and army as well as bomb assassinations and robberies of transports carrying money to tsarist financial institutions.
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and to end
Russification. The radical views were publicly welcomed and in December 1905, martial law was declared in Tallinn. A total of 160 manors were looted, resulting in ca. 400 workers and peasants being killed by the army. Estonian gains from the revolution were minimal, but the tense stability
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Despite what seemed to be a moment for celebration for Russia's population and the reformists, the
Manifesto was rife with problems. Aside from the absence of the word "constitution", one issue with the manifesto was its timing. By October 1905, Nicholas was already dealing with a revolution. Another
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turned against the Duma when the issue of land appropriation came up. The issue of land appropriation was the most contentious of the Duma's appeals. The Duma proposed that the government distribute its treasury, "monastic and imperial lands", and seize private estates as well. The Duma, in fact, was
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in
November 1902. Daily meetings of 15,000 to 20,000 heard openly revolutionary appeals for the first time, before a massacre defeated the strikes. But reaction to the massacres brought political demands to purely economic ones. Luxemburg described the situation in 1903 by saying: "the whole of South
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came to power. Alexander abolished serfdom and enacted fundamental reforms in the legal and administrative structure of the
Russian empire, which were revolutionary for their time. He lifted many restrictions on universities and abolished obligatory uniforms and military discipline. This ushered in a
685:
Because the Russian economy was tied to European finances, the contraction of Western money markets in 1899–1900 plunged Russian industry into a deep and prolonged crisis; it outlasted the dip in European industrial production. This setback aggravated social unrest during the five years preceding the
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The Constitution did not mention any of the provisions of the October Manifesto. While it did enact the provisions laid out previously, its sole purpose seems again to be the propaganda for the monarchy and to simply not fall back on prior promises. The provisions and the new constitutional monarchy
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Perhaps empowered in their newfound window of opportunity, the St. Petersburg Soviets, along with other socialist parties, called for armed struggles against the Tsarist government, a war call that no doubt alarmed the government. Not only were the workers motivated, but the Days of Freedom also had
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The attacks on the Duma were not confined to its legislative powers. By the time the Duma opened, it was missing crucial support from its populace, thanks in no small part to the government's return to Pre-Manifesto levels of suppression. The Soviets were forced to lay low for a long time, while the
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were on strike. These were not the first illegal strikes in the country's history but their aims, and the political awareness and support among workers and non-workers, made them more troubling to the government than earlier strikes. The government responded by closing all legal organisations by the
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through taxing peasants forced millions of peasants to work in towns. The "peasant worker" saw his labor in the factory as the means to consolidate his family's economic position in the village and played a role in determining the social consciousness of the urban proletariat. The new concentrations
633:
Many historians contend that the 1905 revolution set the stage for the 1917 Russian Revolutions, which saw the monarchy abolished and the Tsar executed. Calls for radicalism were present in the 1905 revolution, but many of the revolutionaries who were in a position to lead were either in exile or in
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13 January], Russian army troops opened fire on demonstrators killing 73 and injuring 200 people. During the middle of 1905, the focus of revolutionary events moved to the countryside with mass meetings and demonstrations. 470 new parish administrative bodies were elected in 94% of the parishes
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Ironically, the writers of the October Manifesto were caught off guard by the surge in revolts. One of the main reasons for writing the October Manifesto bordered on the government's "fear of the revolutionary movement". In fact, many officials believed this fear was practically the sole reason for
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factories. Employment of children aged 12 to 15 was prohibited on Sundays and holidays. Workers had to be paid in cash at least once a month, and limits were placed on the size and bases of fines for workers who were tardy. Employers were prohibited from charging workers for the cost of lighting of
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for Russian industries (especially heavy industry), an increase in exports, currency stabilization, and encouragement of foreign investments. His plan was successful and during the 1890s "Russian industrial growth averaged 8 percent per year. Railroad mileage grew from a very substantial base by 40
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There had been earlier attempts in establishing a Russian Duma before the October Manifesto, but these attempts faced dogged resistance. One attempt in July 1905, called the Bulygin Duma, tried to reduce the assembly into a consultative body. It also proposed limiting voting rights to those with a
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The Minister of the Interior, Plehve, designated schools as a pressing problem for the government, but he did not realize it was only a symptom of antigovernment feelings among the educated class. Students of universities, other schools of higher learning, and occasionally of secondary schools and
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From 1900 to 1903, the period of industrial depression caused many firm bankruptcies and a reduction in the employment rate. Employees were restive: they would join legal organisations but turn the organisations toward an end that the organisations' sponsors did not intend. Workers used legitimate
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Following the Revolution of 1905, the Tsar made last attempts to save his regime, and offered reforms similar to most rulers when pressured by a revolutionary movement. The military remained loyal throughout the Revolution of 1905, as shown by their shooting of revolutionaries when ordered by the
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One should not think that the tsar issued this manifesto under the pressure of the revolution, it was an act of goodwill, that's what Guchkov said: «the agreement between the historical government and the Russian Octobrism was tacit, but solemn loyalty. The manifesto of October 17 seemed to be a
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were proclaimed (tsarist control was later restored in these areas when martial law was introduced). Until November 1905, Poland was at the vanguard of the revolutionary movement in the Russian Empire despite the vast military numbers thrown against it; even when the upheaval began its downfall,
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14 May: Workers' delegates are elected. Svirskii had suggested they do so, as he wanted people to negotiate with. A mass meeting is held in Administration Square. Svirskii tells them the mill owners will not meet their demands but will negotiate with elected mill delegates, who will be immune to
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One immediate effect it did have, for a while, was the start of the Days of Freedom, a six-week period from 17 October to early December. This period witnessed an unprecedented level of freedom on all publications—revolutionary papers, brochures, etc.—even though the tsar officially retained the
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as the liberal Witte's replacement. Much to Nicholas's chagrin, Stolypin attempted to bring about acts of reform (land reform), while retaining measures favorable to the regime (stepping up the number of executions of revolutionaries). After the revolution subsided, he was able to bring economic
4108:, Vol VII, p. 574. Springfield, Massachusetts: The C. A. Nicholson Co., Publishers. (The original source for this information, according to the book, was Professor Maksim Kovalevsky, who presented these figures in the Duma on 2 May 1906, "in the presence of M. Stolypin, who did not contest it".)
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The number of prisoners throughout the Russian Empire, which had peaked at 116,376 in 1893, fell by over a third to a record low of 75,009 in January 1905, chiefly because of several mass amnesties granted by the Tsar; the historian S G Wheatcroft has wondered what role these released criminals
1301:
massacre of protesters that took place in January 1905 in St. Petersburg sparked a spate of civil unrest in the Russian Empire. Lenin urged Bolsheviks to take a greater role in the events, encouraging violent insurrection. In doing so, he adopted SR slogans regarding "armed insurrection", "mass
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students proved to be remarkably effective, far beyond what any of the students would have dreamed. Sensing that neither the university administrations nor the government possessed the will or authority to enforce regulations, radicals simply went ahead with their plans to turn the schools into
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was published on the eve of the convocation of the First Duma. The new Fundamental Law was enacted to institute promises of the October Manifesto as well as add new reforms. The Tsar was confirmed as absolute leader, with complete control of the executive, foreign policy, church, and the armed
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Nicholas II remained wary of having to share power with reform-minded bureaucrats. When the pendulum in 1906 elections swung to the left, Nicholas immediately ordered the Duma's dissolution just after 73 days. Hoping to further squeeze the life out of the assembly, he appointed a tougher prime
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Among all the groups that benefited most from the Days of Freedoms were the labour unions. In fact, the Days of Freedom witnessed unionisation in the history of the Russian Empire at its apex. At least 67 unions were established in Moscow, as well as 58 in St. Petersburg; the majority of both
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further limited the assembly's movement by giving the tsar the sole power to appoint/dismiss ministers. Adding insult was the indication that the Tsar alone had control over many facets of political reins—all without the Duma's expressed permission. The trap seemed perfectly set for the
532:
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5 February] 1905. He appointed a government commission "to enquire without delay into the causes of discontent among the workers in the city of St Petersburg and its suburbs" in view of the strike movement. The commission was headed by Senator NV Shidlovsky, a member of the
708:
Every year, thousands of nobles in debt mortgaged their estates to the noble land bank or sold them to municipalities, merchants, or peasants. By the time of the revolution, the nobility had sold off one-third of its land and mortgaged another third. The peasants had been freed by the
2050:, the minister of Russia, frustratedly argued with the Tsar that an immediate implementation of reforms was needed to retain order in the country. It was only after the Revolution started picking up steam that Nicholas was forced to make concessions by writing the October Manifesto.
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unsuspecting Duma: by the time the assembly convened in 27 April, it quickly found itself unable to do much without violating the Fundamental Laws. Defeated and frustrated, the majority of the assembly voted no confidence and handed in their resignations after a few weeks on 13 May.
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Even after Bloody Sunday and defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, Nicholas II had been slow to offer a meaningful solution to the social and political crisis. At this point, he became more concerned with his personal affairs such as the illness of his son, whose struggle with
2484:, an anarchist, noted that official statistics excluded executions conducted during punitive expeditions, especially in Siberia, Caucasus and the Baltic provinces. By 1906 some 4,509 political prisoners were incarcerated in Russian Poland, 20 percent of the empire's total.
806:
The government's treatment of Jews, although considered a separate issue, was similar to its policies in dealing with all national and religious minorities. Historian Theodore Weeks notes: "Russian administrators, who never succeeded in coming up with a legal definition of
515:
721:. A peasant could not sell or mortgage this land, so in practice he could not renounce his rights to his land, and he would be required to pay his share of redemption dues to the village commune. This plan was intended to prevent peasants from becoming part of the
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and strikes. Dissatisfaction turned into despair for many impoverished workers, which made them more sympathetic to radical ideas. These discontented, radicalized workers became key to the revolution by participating in illegal strikes and revolutionary protests.
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Their earnings were often so small that they could neither buy the food they needed nor keep up the payment of taxes and redemption dues they owed the government for their land allotments. By 1903 their total arrears in payments of taxes and dues was 118 million
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and thus betray the revolution; instead he argued that the proletariat would have to build an alliance with the peasantry to overthrow the Tsarist regime and establish the "provisional revolutionary democratic dictatorship of the proletariat and the peasantry."
441:
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terror", and "the expropriation of gentry land", resulting in Menshevik accusations that he had deviated from orthodox Marxism. In turn, he insisted that the Bolsheviks split completely with the Mensheviks; many Bolsheviks refused, and both groups attended the
2151:
The Russian language is the common language of the state, and its use is compulsory in the army, the navy and all state and public institutions. The use of local (regional) languages and dialects in state and public institutions are determined by special
3868:
This petition asked for "an eight-hour day, a minimum daily wage of one ruble (fifty cents), a repudiation of bungling bureaucrats, and a democratically elected Constituend Assembly to introduce representative government into the empire." R.R. Palmer,
882:
Industrial workers began to feel dissatisfaction with the Tsarist government despite the protective labour laws the government decreed. Some of those laws included the prohibition of children under 12 from working, with the exception of night work in
874:. "Besides dangerously concentrating a proletariat, a professional and a rebellious student body in centers of political power, industrialization infuriated both these new forces and the traditional rural classes." The government policy of financing
713:, but their lives were generally quite limited. The government hoped to develop the peasants as a politically conservative, land-holding class by enacting laws to enable them to buy land from nobility by paying small installments over many decades.
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15 May: Svirskii tells the strikers they can negotiate only about each factory in turn, but they can hold elections wherever. The strikers elect delegates to represent each mill while they are still out in the streets. Later the delegates elect a
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growth back to Russia's industries, a period which lasted until 1914. But Stolypin's efforts did nothing to prevent the collapse of the monarchy, nor seemed to satisfy the conservatives. Stolypin died from a bullet wound, fired by a revolutionary,
750:
These violent outbreaks caught the attention of the government, so it created many committees to investigate the causes. The committees concluded that no part of the countryside was prosperous; some parts, especially the fertile areas known as the
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Russia was a multi-ethnic empire. Nineteenth-century Russians saw cultures and religions in a clear hierarchy. Non-Russian cultures were tolerated in the empire but were not necessarily respected. Culturally, Europe was favored over Asia, as was
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and his realisation that there was insufficient military force available to pursue alternative options. He regretted signing the document, saying that he felt "sick with shame at this betrayal of the dynasty ... the betrayal was complete".
1860:, by April 1906, more than 14,000 people had been executed and 75,000 imprisoned. Historian Brian Taylor states the number of deaths in the 1905 revolution was in the "thousands" and notes one source that puts the figure at over 13,000 deaths.
1163:), nominally celebrating the 40th anniversary of the liberal court statutes, but actually an attempt to circumvent laws against political gatherings. The banquets resulted in calls for political reforms and a constitution. In November 1904 a
625:
had succeeded in partially industrializing Russia but failed to adequately meet the needs of the population. Tsar Nicholas II and the monarchy narrowly survived the Revolution of 1905, but its events foreshadowed what was to come in the 1917
845:
dropped, and Russia's foreign debt and need for imports grew. War and military preparations continued to consume government revenues. At the same time, the peasant taxpayers' ability to pay was strained to the utmost, leading to widespread
2046:. Nicholas also refused to believe that the population was demanding changes in the autocratic regime, seeing "public opinion" as mainly the "intelligentsia" and believing himself to be the patronly 'father figure' to the Russian people.
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new freedom in the content and reading lists of academic courses. In turn, that created student subcultures, as youth were willing to live in poverty in order to receive an education. As universities expanded, there was a rapid growth of
818:
Besides the imposition of a uniform Russian culture throughout the empire, the government's pursuit of Russification, especially during the second half of the nineteenth century, had political motives. After the emancipation of the
650:
Many factors contributed to unrest across the Russian Empire of 1905. Newly emancipated peasants earned too little and were not allowed to sell or mortgage their allotted land. Ethnic and national minorities resented the policy of
1983:. The Manifesto also extended the suffrage to universal proportions, allowing for greater participation in the Duma, though the electoral law in 11 December still excluded women. Nevertheless, the tsar retained the power of veto.
544:
481:
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in 1902, thousands of them, ignoring restraints and authority, burst out in a rebellious fury that led to extensive destruction of property and looting of noble homes before troops could be brought to subdue and punish them."
429:
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carried out many assassinations targeting civil servants and police, and robberies. Between 1906 and 1909, revolutionaries killed 7,293 people, of whom 2,640 were officials, and wounded 8,061. Notable victims included:
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11 and 12 May] 1905, about 300 Zemstvo and municipal representatives held three meetings in Moscow, which passed a resolution, asking for popular representation at the national level. On 6 June [
413:
1007:
The government was alarmed by these communities, and in 1861 tightened restrictions on admission and prohibited student organisations; these restrictions resulted in the first ever student demonstration, held in
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was the third novel of Gaston Leroux's popular Rouletabille detective series set in 1905 during the revolution and drew upon Leroux's own experience reporting on the event as a journalist for France's Le Matin
1221:
12 December] 1904, the Emperor issued a manifesto promising the broadening of the zemstvo system and more authority for local municipal councils, insurance for industrial workers, the emancipation of
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and beyond. In March, all higher academic institutions were forcibly closed for the remainder of the year, adding radical students to the striking workers. A strike by railway workers on 21 October [
498:
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1966:, also known as the Fundamental Laws, set up a multiparty system and a limited constitutional monarchy. The revolutionaries were quelled and satisfied with the reforms, but it was not enough to prevent the
716:
Such land, known as "allotment land", would not be owned by individual peasants but by the community of peasants; individual peasants would have rights to strips of land to be assigned to them under the
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agitation for more political democracy and limits to Tsarist rule in Russia, and an increase in strikes by workers against employers for radical economic demands and union recognition, (especially in
367:
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society, a treaty of loyalty, a mutual act of trust in the people on the part of the supreme power; Octobrism was a response on the part of the people - a response of faith in the supreme power."
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They took up problems that were unrelated to their "proper employment", and displayed defiance and radicalism by boycotting examinations, rioting, arranging marches in sympathy with strikers and
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capitalist policies, but this strategy largely failed to gain traction within the Russian economy until the 1890s. Meanwhile, "agricultural productivity stagnated, while international prices for
2137:". The introduction of The Russian Constitution of 1906 was not simply an institution of the October Manifesto. The introduction of the constitution states (and thus emphasizes) the following:
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The events in St. Petersburg provoked public indignation and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly throughout the industrial centers of the Russian Empire. Polish socialists—both the
2565:
The 1905–1907 revolution was at the time the largest wave of strikes and widest emancipatory movement Poland had ever seen, and it would remain so until the 1970s and 1980s. In 1905, 93.2% of
1246:, where commercial workers gained a reduction in the working day, and were joined by factory workers. In 1904, massive strike waves broke out in Odessa in the spring, in Kyiv in July, and in
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1345:(a railway and artillery supplier) in St. Petersburg. Sympathy strikes in other parts of the city raised the number of strikers to 150,000 workers in 382 factories. By 21 January [
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or Navy, and limiting their attendance in schools. A nascent industrial working class resented the government for doing too little to protect them, as it banned strikes and organizing into
1120:
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was recorded as killed. Far more violence was inflicted on peasants outside the commune: 50 deaths were recorded. Anti-tsarist protests displaced onto Jewish communities in the October
1004:. The 1860s was a time when the emergence of a new public sphere was created in social life and professional groups. This created the idea of their right to have an independent opinion.
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Issued on 17 October 1905, the Manifesto stated that the government would grant the population reforms such as the right to vote and to convene in assemblies. Its main provisions were:
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in 1861, the Russian state was compelled to take into account public opinion, but the government failed to gain the public's support. Another motive for Russification policies was the
1384:
1169:
906:, mistakes in their work, or absence. Russian industrial workers were also the lowest-wage workers in Europe. Although the cost of living in Russia was low, "the average worker's 16
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was also offered. The concessions came hand-in-hand with renewed, and brutal, action against the unrest. There was also a backlash from the conservative elements of society, with
815:". Russification is cultural assimilation definable as "a process culminating in the disappearance of a given group as a recognizably distinct element within a larger society".
2948:
2279:
The years of revolution were marked by a dramatic rise in the numbers of death sentences and executions. Different figures on the number of executions were compared by Senator
621:, which ended in the same year. Calls for revolution were intensified by the growing realisation by a variety of sectors of society of the need for reform. Politicians such as
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22 and 24 November], there was a general strike by Russian workers. The government sent troops on 7 December, and a bitter street-by-street fight began. A week later, the
1392:
396:
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13 October] 1905, over 2 million workers were on strike and there were almost no active railways in all of Russia. Growing inter-ethnic confrontation throughout the
1124:, when collective strike activity was met with what is perceived as repression from an autocratic state, economic and political demands grew into and reinforced each other.
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and deputy minister of the interior. Trepov urged Nicholas II to stick to the principles in the Manifesto, for "every retreat ... would be hazardous to the dynasty".
360:
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broke out in March 1902. Strikes on the railways, originating from pay disputes, took on other issues and drew in other industries, culminating in a general strike at
693:
had said in 1903 that, after the agrarian problem, the most serious issues plaguing the country were those of the Jews, the schools, and the workers, in that order.
461:
5198:
1464:
456:
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and prepared for upcoming Duma elections, radical socialists and revolutionaries denounced the elections and called for an armed uprising to destroy the Empire.
971:
1455:, who felt a strong connection to the Bolsheviki, had not given up a compromise but spearheaded strike action in over 200 factories. By 26 October [
353:
1702:
1895:
663:. University students developed a new consciousness after discipline was relaxed in the institutions, and as increasingly radical ideas gained attention.
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means to organise strikes or to draw support for striking workers outside these groups. A strike that began in 1902 by workers in the railroad shops in
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1610:
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in December. This all set the stage for the strikes in St. Petersburg in December 1904 to January 1905 seen as the first step in the 1905 revolution.
3591:"He emerged from the revolution having acquired an enormous degree of popularity, whereas neither Lenin nor Martov had effectively gained any at all"
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described Poland as "one of the most explosive centres of the revolutionary movement" which "in 1905 marched at the head of the Russian Revolution".
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preparing to alienate some of its more affluent supporters, a decision that left the assembly without the necessary political power to be efficient.
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also did not stop students. "In fact, when the official decision to overhaul the whole educational system was finally made, in 1904, and to that end
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1372:, and at some point, troops opened fire on the demonstrators, causing between 200 (according to Witte) and 1,000 deaths. The event became known as
3330:
Staliūnas, Darius (2007). "Between Russification and Divide and Rule: Russian Nationality Policy in the Western Borderlands in Mid-19th Century".
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in August 1905. Certain groups took the opportunity to settle differences with each other rather than the government. Some nationalists undertook
1561:. The Poles, Finns, and the Baltic provinces all sought autonomy, and also freedom to use their national languages and promote their own culture.
5098:
2165:
The years 1906 and 1907 saw a decline of mass movements, strikes and protests, and a rise of overt political violence. Combat groups such as the
2148:, while comprising an inseparable part of the Russian State, is governed in its internal affairs by special decrees based on special legislation.
1423:
8 October] 1905 quickly developed into a general strike in Saint Petersburg and Moscow. This prompted the setting up of the short-lived
696:
Any residual popular loyalty to Tsar Nicholas II was lost on 22 January 1905, when his soldiers fired upon a crowd of protesting workers, led by
2077:
1147:
208:
1016:. Students were called upon to extend their freedoms into society, to repay the privilege of learning by serving the people, and to become in
655:" of the Empire: this represented discrimination and repression against national minorities, such as banning them from voting, serving in the
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3137:
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866:
percent between 1892 and 1902." Ironically, Witte's success in implementing this program helped spur the 1905 revolution and eventually the
5173:
4273:
Kropotkin, G. M. (Spring 2008). "The Ruling Bureaucracy and the 'New Order' of Russian Statehood After the Manifesto of 17 October 1905".
2751:
in which about 8 000–10 000 people participated, killing 94 and injuring over 200. The October Manifesto was supported in Estonia and the
1368:
9 January] 1905. The troops guarding the Palace were ordered to tell the demonstrators not to pass a certain point, according to
638:, a revolutionary himself, would later say that the Revolution of 1905 was "The Great Dress Rehearsal", without which the "victory of the
5138:
5133:
4457:
4389:
2592:
Due to its reach, violence, radicalism, and effects, some Polish historians even consider the events of the 1905 revolution in Poland a
1395:). Half of European Russia's industrial workers went on strike in 1905, and 93.2% in Poland. There were also strikes in Finland and the
1210:
1095:). As an example, Trotsky who would assume a central role in the 1905 revolution, would write several proclamations urging for improved
858:
213:
3964:
3678:
The beginning of the revolutionary upsurge could be dated back a little earlier, to the Rostov-on-Don general strike in November 1902 .
2509:
13 May: 40,000 workers assemble before the Administration Building to give Svirskii, the regional factory inspector, a list of demands.
1724:
4868:
3611:
2823:. Many Latvian intellectuals only escaped by fleeing to Western Europe or US. In 1906, the revolutionary movement gradually subsided.
2628:
3400:
Perrie, Maureen (November 1972). "The Russian Peasant Movement of 1905–1907: Its Social Composition and Revolutionary Significance".
1075:, head of General Staff Academy, was selected as Minister of Education, the students had grown bolder and more resistant than ever."
5203:
5178:
4771:
4603:
4534:
4031:
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1921:
1609:
20 February] 1905, the commission was dissolved without having started work. Following the assassination of his uncle, the
1349:
8 January] 1905, the city had no electricity and newspaper distribution was halted. All public areas were declared closed.
673:
4118:
Sohrabi, Nader (May 1995). "Historicizing Revolutions: Constitutional Revolutions in the Ottoman Empire, Iran, Russia, 1905–1908".
2573:
1710:
857:, a crash governmental program was proposed to promote industrialization. His policies included heavy government expenditures for
3569:"Trotsky and Trotskyism" in The Cambridge History of Communism: Volume 1, World Revolution and Socialism in One Country 1917–1941
2302:
1987:
1986:
Propositions for restrictions to the Duma's legislative powers remained persistent. A decree on 20 February 1906 transformed the
1691:
1602:
1226:
and the abolition of censorship. The crucial demand—that for a representative national legislature—was missing in the manifesto.
2877:
were written under the impression of the 1905 Revolution. The same authors depicted it in their later works: Andrei Bely in his
2787:
847:
1182:)—a gathering of zemstvo delegates representing all levels of Russian society—called for a constitution, civil liberties and a
3426:
4763:
2920:
1899:
1566:
734:
The situation worsened as masses of hungry peasants roamed the countryside looking for work and sometimes walked hundreds of
527:
417:
5053:
1771:
When the manifesto was proclaimed, there were spontaneous demonstrations of support in all the major cities. The strikes in
1694:
but with consultative powers only. When its slight powers and limits on the electorate were revealed, unrest redoubled. The
922:
The government responded by arresting labour agitators and enacting more "paternalistic" legislation. Introduced in 1900 by
2807:
in Latvia. The Congress of Parish Representatives was held in Riga in November. In autumn 1905, armed conflict between the
1698:
was formed and called for a general strike in October, refusal to pay taxes, and the en masse withdrawal of bank deposits.
666:
Significantly, this was a period of disaffection in the Russian military. Soldiers returning from a bloody and disgraceful
4419:
4415:
3948:
3280:
Conroy, Mary (2006). "Civil Society in Late Imperial Russia". In Henry, Laura; Sundstrom, Lisa; Evans Jr., Albert (eds.).
2803:
2744:
2700:
2636:
2306:
2264:
2251:
2238:
2224:
2210:
2196:
2182:
1849:
1841:
1760:
1745:
1687:
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1644:
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1614:
1606:
1597:
1573:
1513:
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1420:
1404:
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203:
578:, began on 22 January 1905. A wave of mass political and social unrest then began to spread across the vast areas of the
5128:
2129:
1991:
1963:
611:
436:
101:
5092:
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used the new political freedoms to widen the rights of Estonians by establishing the first Estonian political party –
2247:
2178:
2089:
1954:
Tsar, making overthrow difficult. These reforms were outlined in a precursor to the Constitution of 1906 known as the
1848:
was deployed, and used artillery to break up demonstrations and to shell workers' districts. On 18 December [
1533:
1479:
835:
The economic situation in Russia before the revolution presented a grim picture. The government had experimented with
710:
603:
448:
408:
107:
1884:
2495:
was known as the 'Russian Manchester' for its textile mills. In 1905, its local revolutionaries were overwhelmingly
424:
5143:
5010:
4568:
3983:
2968:
2774:
could not agree about how to continue with the revolution, and only agreed that both wanted to limit the rights of
2057:
The granting of the population "inviolable personal rights" including freedom of conscience, speech, and assemblage
1852:
5 December], with around a thousand people dead and parts of the city in ruins, the workers surrendered. After
1316:, published in August 1905. Here, he predicted that Russia's liberal bourgeoisie would be sated by a transition to
5089:
An article on the events of 1905 from an anarchist perspective (Anarcho-Syndicalist Review, no. 42/3, Winter 2005)
2530:
break up a workers' meeting, arresting over 20 men. Workers start sabotaging telephone wires and burn down a mill.
2503:
11 May 1905: The 'Group', the revolutionary leadership, called for the workers at all the textile mills to strike.
1903:
1888:
401:
5153:
2930:
2113:
2081:
1589:
1160:
689:
The Tsarist government did recognise some of these problems, albeit shortsightedly. The Minister of the Interior
266:
2589:
larger strikes happened more often in Poland than they did in other parts of the Empire in the years 1906–1907.
5148:
4435:
3659:. Volume 131 of Princeton Legacy Library. Princeton: Princeton University Press (published 2014). p. 167.
2693:
2593:
2313:
2073:
539:
493:
879:
and flows of peasants spread urban ideas to the countryside, breaking down isolation of peasants on communes.
617:
The 1905 revolution was set off by the international humiliation that resulted from the Russian defeat in the
510:
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2816:
2216:
1853:
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1668:
1593:
1547:
1424:
1317:
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656:
505:
377:
188:
1830:
476:
4081:"Radical socialists and revolutionaries denounce Duma elections, call for armed uprising against - YTread"
2908:
2812:
2732:
2624:
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1834:
1639:
for the Polish minority) and a reduction in the peasants' redemption payments. On 24 and 25 May [
1558:
1380:
1001:
5062:
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that prevailed between 1905 and 1917 allowed Estonians to advance the aspiration of national statehood.
2689:
2220:
2192:
1542:
1474:
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1329:
1214:
1155:
690:
595:
488:
242:
143:
90:
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Giving the population who were previously cut off from doing so participation in the newly formed Duma
958:
created such a response that by the next summer, 225,000 in various industries in southern Russia and
4706:
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2845:
2736:
2685:
2640:
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was also an active centre of resistance, particularly in terms of strikes, whereas further south the
2105:
1845:
1780:
1748:
1 October]. It closely followed the demands of the Zemstvo Congress in September, granting basic
1509:
1373:
1334:
1303:
1298:
1195:
1164:
1135:
in 1904, which called for a constitutional monarchy. Russian socialists formed two major groups: the
1072:
391:
49:
1759:
The Tsar waited and argued for three days, but finally signed the manifesto on 30 October [
1411:
a few days later over 100 strikers were shot on the streets. By February, there were strikes in the
2893:
2740:
2719:
with a general strike, but the mutiny was quelled within 60 hours by loyal troops and ships of the
2669:
2326:
1655:
and Mr Fyodrov, the Tsar confirmed his promise to convene an assembly of people's representatives.
1628:
1521:
1199:
1132:
466:
218:
2612:
2157:
did not satisfy Russians and Lenin. The Constitution lasted until the fall of the empire in 1917.
799:
had been considered a special problem. Jews constituted only about 4% of the population, but were
5014:
4290:
4143:
4135:
4003:
2879:
2716:
2704:
2520:
17 May: The meetings are moved to the bank of the Talka River, on suggestion by the police chief.
1753:
1505:
1489:
1307:
1110:
Many socialists view this as a period when the rising revolutionary movement was met with rising
1052:
1029:
1021:
800:
768:
667:
639:
627:
618:
607:
551:
522:
471:
4818:; Cambridge Russian, Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995
3077:
Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015
2798:
Following the shooting of demonstrators in St. Petersburg, a wide-scale general strike began in
2654:
1856:, the uprisings ended in December 1905. According to figures presented in the Duma by Professor
5068:
3162:
598:
was forced to go back on his earlier authoritarian stance and enact some reform (issued in the
5041:
5020:
4996:
4977:
4955:
4936:
4910:
4881:
4794:
4767:
4759:
4669:
4659:
4599:
4530:
4166:
4027:
4021:
3956:
3849:
3660:
3617:
3572:
3166:
3133:
3081:
3075:
2898:
2665:
2477:
2280:
1955:
1946:
1857:
1787:
1737:
1632:
1623:
984:
875:
861:
and operations, subsidies and supporting services for private industrialists, high protective
718:
599:
556:
96:
43:
4461:
4393:
4736:
4282:
4127:
3935:
3405:
3127:
3101:
3027:
3011:
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was founded as well. The moderate supporters of Tõnisson and the more radical supporters of
2756:
2536:
12 June: All prisoners are released. Most mill owners flee to Moscow. Neither side gives in.
2320:
2260:
2200:
2174:
2097:
2003:
1793:
1772:
1683:
1672:
1497:
1444:
1356:, who headed a police-sponsored workers' association, led a huge workers' procession to the
1191:
1175:
993:
824:
193:
158:
1825:
railroad fell into the hands of striker committees and demobilised soldiers returning from
5057:
4969:
4646:
Bleiere, Daina; Ilgvars Butulis; Antonijs Zunda; Aivars Stranga; Inesis Feldmanis (2006).
3430:
2973:
2914:
2869:
2837:
2681:
2649:
2566:
2481:
2234:
1967:
1729:
1718:
1706:
1676:
1636:
1388:
1092:
1088:
867:
771:
ideology of the time, the group labelled "Russians" includes not only what are considered
163:
17:
2476:
These numbers reflect only executions of civilians, and do not include a large number of
1376:, and is considered by many scholars as the start of the active phase of the revolution.
1194:
passed a resolution demanding the establishment of an elected national legislature, full
670:
found inadequate factory pay, shortages, and general disarray, and organized in protest.
3656:
Workers, Strikes, and Pogroms: The Donbass-Dnepr Bend in Late Imperial Russia, 1870–1905
1663:
4929:
4414:
683 executions by sentences of Field Courts Martial, acting from 1 September [
3155:
2859:
2833:
2808:
2775:
2632:
2601:
2597:
2333:
Chief Prison Administration, at the International Prison Congress in Washington, 1910.
2117:
1416:
1202:. Similar resolutions and appeals from other city dumas and zemstvo councils followed.
1115:
1104:
1017:
1009:
997:
923:
871:
635:
579:
301:
261:
249:
198:
153:
133:
128:
74:
4830:
1905 : La première révolution russe (Actes du colloque sur la révolution de 1905)
4080:
3423:
5122:
5081:
5077:
4924:
4891:
4878:
Barricades and Banners: The Revolution of 1905 and the Transformation of Warsaw Jewry
4294:
4147:
2752:
2026:
2021:
1980:
1959:
1810:
1554:
1440:
1396:
1357:
1234:
1100:
1096:
959:
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914:
would buy for him." Furthermore, the same labour laws prohibited the organisation of
837:
812:
808:
587:
178:
2552:
5072:
5045:
4863:
4851:
4842:
2841:
2771:
2720:
2673:
2047:
1822:
1749:
1741:
1501:
1452:
1369:
1353:
1068:
854:
796:
697:
660:
622:
296:
284:
254:
4495:
2949:
Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War § The Revolution of 1905
1387:—called for a general strike. By the end of January 1905, over 400,000 workers in
5050:
4895:
4555:
3654:
3594:
3157:
States and Social Revolutions: A Comparative Analysis of France, Russia and China
2848:
published their works dedicated to the 1905 Revolution in the satirical magazine
2747:
16 October], the Russian army opened fire in a meeting on a street market in
1043:
This disturbed the government, but it believed the cause was lack of training in
5051:
Russian Chronology 1904–1914, including the Revolution of 1905 and its aftermath
4712:
4702:
2953:
2874:
2864:
2712:
2499:. It was the first Bolshevik branch in which workers outnumbered intellectuals.
2039:
1873:
1705:
in which peasants seized land and tools. Disturbances in the Russian-controlled
1648:
1570:
1525:
1342:
1206:
1111:
1060:
1056:
951:
915:
776:
738:
to find it. Desperate peasants proved capable of violence. "In the provinces of
725:. However, the peasants were not given enough land to provide for their needs:
722:
4286:
3311:
Weeks, Theodore (December 2004). "Russification: Word and Practice 1863–1914".
1752:, allowing the formation of political parties, extending the franchise towards
1617:
4 February] 1905, the Tsar made new concessions. On 2 March [
5086:
4499:
4484:
Feliks Dzierzynsky and the SDKPiL: A study of the Origins of Polish Communism,
2958:
2902:
2644:
2255:
2085:
2063:
Ensuring that no law would be passed without the consent of the Imperial Duma.
1938:
1934:
1813:, was directed against the government, while some was undirected. It included
1806:
1517:
1432:
1428:
1183:
1084:
1044:
1037:
902:
hours per day. Others were still subject to arbitrary and excessive fines for
780:
3887:
Feliks Dzierzynski and the SDKPiL: A Study of the Origins of Polish Communism
2743:, for universal suffrage, and for national autonomy. On 29 October [
4726:
4673:
3409:
2617:
2496:
1826:
1814:
1529:
1242:(where separate wage struggles culminated in a citywide general strike) and
1223:
989:
903:
767:
French ethnic map of European Russia from 1898. In accordance with official
752:
735:
763:
4621:"Rosa Luxemburg, Her Family and the Origins of her Polish-Jewish Identity"
4422:
20 April] 1907 were listed separately and not subdivided by year.
4165:. New York: The Overlook Press, Peter Mayer Publishers, Inc. p. 171.
1744:
and Alexis Obolenskii, was presented to the Tsar on 14 October [
1576:, possibly with government aid, and in total over 3,000 Jews were killed.
345:
4375:
Galina Mikhaĭlovna Ivanova, Carol Apollonio Flath and Donald J. Raleigh,
3491:
Heralds of Revolution: Russian Students and the Mythologies of Radicalism
2708:
2527:
2228:
2186:
2112:
the Manifesto's creation in the first place. Among those more scared was
2043:
2012:
1818:
1797:
A locomotive overturned by striking workers at the main railway depot in
1764:
1714:
1592:
as governor in St Petersburg and dismissed the Minister of the Interior,
1468:
1460:
1412:
1230:
1140:
1048:
1033:
939:
772:
5102:
3653:
Wynn, Charters (1992). "The Revolutionary Surge: 1903 to October 1905".
3642:
Chapter 4, "The Interaction of the Political and the Economic Struggle."
2548:
4837:
Mutiny amid Repression: Russian Soldiers in the Revolution of 1905–1906
4139:
3903:
2820:
2792:
2748:
2659:
2492:
2250: – the commander of the Black Sea Fleet. Killed 24 July [
2242:
1776:
1562:
1492:(1904–1905) there was unrest in army reserve units. On 2 January 1905,
1144:
1128:
1013:
943:
743:
739:
148:
4832:, Publications de la Sorbonne et Institut d'Études Slaves, Paris, 1986
1833:. The Tsar had to send a special detachment of loyal troops along the
2850:
2577:
1798:
1408:
1243:
927:
862:
591:
2703:
17 July] 1906, Russian artillerymen and military engineers
1651:
had received a Zemstvo deputation. Responding to speeches by Prince
1025:
centres of political activity for students and non-students alike."
4131:
2480:
by punitive army detachments and executions of military mutineers.
1949:
by Nicholas II, which led to the granting of the 1906 Constitution.
1153:
In late 1904 liberals started a series of banquets (modeled on the
5113:
4377:
Labour camp socialism: the Gulag in the Soviet totalitarian system
3980:
Politics and the Russian Army: Civil-Military Relations, 1689–2000
2786:
2547:
2506:
12 May: The strike begins. Strike leaders meet in the local woods.
1997:
1933:
1792:
1723:
1541:
1473:
1448:
1436:
1328:
1064:
970:
931:
911:
910:
per month could not buy the equal of what the French worker's 110
907:
884:
842:
820:
762:
678:
672:
4594:
Tych, Feliks (2018). "Przedmowa". In Wielgosz, Przemysław (ed.).
4525:
Tych, Feliks (2018). "Przedmowa". In Wielgosz, Przemysław (ed.).
1775:
and elsewhere officially ended or quickly collapsed. A political
1516:
23 August] 1905). In 1905, there were naval mutinies at
1213:
as Minister of the Interior after the July 1904 assassination of
4651:
2799:
2268:
1478:
Artistic impression of the mutiny by the crew of the battleship
1400:
1247:
1239:
935:
700:, who were marching to present a petition at the Winter Palace.
583:
4828:
François-Xavier Coquin and Céline Gervais-Francelle (Editors);
4364:
The Ruling Bureaucracy and the "New Order" of Russian Statehood
4309:
The Ruling Bureaucracy and the "New Order" of Russian Statehood
2917:
which takes place from the years between 1902 and World War II.
349:
4847:
Thou Shalt Kill: Revolutionary Terrorism in Russia, 1894–1917.
4791:
Union on October 17th. Russia's Political Class: Rise and Fall
3695:
Chapter 3, "Development of the Mass Strike Movement in Russia"
2811:
nobility and the Latvian peasants began in the rural areas of
1867:
1209:
made a move to meet many of these demands, appointing liberal
1756:, and establishing the Duma as the central legislative body.
1496:
was lost; in February 1905, the Russian army was defeated at
5107:
5103:
Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library at Yale University
1313:
Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution
1051:. Therefore, the curriculum was "toughened up" to emphasize
946:, but these groups and the idea of police socialism failed.
4787:Союз 17 октября. Политический класс России: взлет и падение
1627:, which promised the formation of a consultative assembly,
1500:, losing almost 80,000 men. On 27–28 May 1905, the Russian
65:(2 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 4 days)
4358:
4356:
3931:
Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin
3917:
Red Mutiny: Eleven Fateful Days on the Battleship Potemkin
1297:
Another contributing factor behind the revolution was the
4255:
4253:
3873:, second edition, Alfred A. Knopf (New York) 1960, p. 715
3691:
The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions
3638:
The Mass Strike, the Political Party and the Trade Unions
2237: – former war minister. Killed 5 December [
2195: – Minister of Interior. Killed 10 August [
586:, the nobility, and the ruling class. It included worker
1763:
17 October] 1905, citing his desire to avoid a
1546:
A barricade erected by revolutionaries in Moscow during
4954:. Routledge Historical Biographies. London: Routledge.
4856:
The Russian Revolution of 1905: Change Through Struggle
4430:
4428:
4053:
Paul Barnes, R. Paul Evans, Peris Jones-Evans (2003).
1508:. Witte was dispatched to make peace, negotiating the
4598:. Instytut Wydawniczy „Książka i Prasa”. p. 11.
3525:
3523:
3504:
3502:
3500:
2096:
combined were formed in November 1905 alone. For the
1821:, and was only suppressed after a fierce battle. The
1403:, 130 protesters were killed on 26 January [
4529:. Instytut Wydawniczy „Książka i Prasa”. p. 9.
2002:
Speech by Emperor Nicholas II on the opening of the
1310:. Lenin presented many of his ideas in the pamphlet
1238:
Russia in May, June and July was aflame", including
3552:
3550:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3459:
3457:
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3453:
3443:
3441:
3439:
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3297:
3295:
3293:
3291:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3233:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3205:
3203:
4928:
4779:The Revolution of 1905, vol. 2: Authority Restored
4756:The Revolution of 1905, vol. 1: Russia in Disarray
3347:
3345:
3266:
3264:
3161:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
3154:
2766:Another, more radical political organisation, the
2715:), Helsinki. The Finnish Red Guards supported the
2680:: the revolution resulted in the abolition of the
4558:, Encyklopedia Interia, retrieved on 8 April 2008
4126:(6). The University of Chicago Press: 1424–1425.
3313:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
1786:While the Russian liberals were satisfied by the
27:Political and social unrest in the Russian Empire
4000:Challenging Traditional Views of Russian History
2676:, leader of the constitutionalists, crafted the
2635:of 1905 (30 October – 6 November [
980:theological seminaries were part of this group.
582:. The unrest was directed primarily against the
5099:Russian Graphic Art and the Revolution of 1905.
4907:Lenin: Portrait of a Professional Revolutionary
4261:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East
4245:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East
4232:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East
4163:Russia: A 1,000 Year Chronicle of the Wild East
2653:, written by Finnish politician and journalist
2576:, but unrest happened in many other areas too.
2572:One of the major events of that period was the
2561:Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)
2539:27 June: Workers agree to stop striking 1 July.
2523:27 May: The delegates' meeting house is closed.
1393:Revolution in the Kingdom of Poland (1905–1907)
775:today (here called "Great Russians"), but also
36:
4732:Kino: A History of the Russian and Soviet Film
3493:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 20.
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
2692:. It also resulted in a temporary halt to the
1817:, worker strikes, peasant unrest and military
1059:in secondary schools, but defiance continued.
5093:Estonia during the Russian Revolution of 1905
4880:, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2012.
4839:; Indiana University Press, Bloomington, 1985
4758:; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1988;
4418:19 August] 1906, to 3 May [
4213:
4211:
4184:
4182:
3974:
3972:
1669:Soviet of Workers' Deputies of St. Petersburg
361:
8:
4816:Russian Rightists and the Revolution of 1905
3994:
3992:
3282:Russian Civil Society: A Critical Assessment
1974:Creation of Duma and appointment of Stolypin
1621:18 February] 1905 he published the
1435:headed by Khrustalev-Nossar and despite the
677:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire in 1897 (
4811:; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 2004
4781:; Stanford University Press, Stanford, 1994
4020:Allen, Rowan; Rose, Denny (28 March 2018).
3571:. Cambridge University Press. p. 189.
3255:A Concise History of the Russian Revolution
3132:. Stanford University Press. pp. 1–2.
2755:was displayed publicly for the first time.
2292:Number of executions by different accounts
1970:that would later topple the Tsar's regime.
1902:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1553:Nationalist groups had been angered by the
1484:against the ship's officers on 14 June 1905
1467:, heavily damaging the cities and the Baku
1341:In December 1904, a strike occurred at the
5189:Naval battles involving the Russian Empire
4995:. Critical Lives. London: Reaktion Books.
4548:
4546:
3881:
3879:
3541:The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray
3129:The Revolution of 1905: Russia in Disarray
2901:originally intended this film to be a pro-
602:). This took the form of establishing the
368:
354:
346:
33:
4648:History of Latvia : the 20th century
3831:
3799:
3735:
3593:Lunacharsky, Anatoly Vasilievich (1968).
3543:. Stanford University Press. p. 202.
2905:narrative of the 1905 Russian Revolution.
2768:Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Union
2223:of Finland. Killed 19 February [
2207:Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich of Russia
2141:The Russian State is one and indivisible.
1945:Russians celebrating the granting of the
1922:Learn how and when to remove this message
1805:Some of the November uprising of 1905 in
1127:Russian progressives formed the Union of
983:Student radicalism began around the time
4687:Клейман, Наум И.; Левина, К. Б. (eds.).
3567:Patenaude, Betrand (21 September 2017).
3054:
2611:
2423:
2285:
1662:
1252:
4809:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History
3823:
3811:
3791:
3771:
3751:
3727:
3719:
3708:The Revolution of 1905: A Short History
3047:
2985:
2513:prosecution, according to the governor.
1588:On 12 January 1905, the Tsar appointed
1427:of Workers' Delegates, an admixture of
801:concentrated in the western borderlands
4691:. Шедевры советского кино. p. 24.
4556:Rewolucja 1905–07 Na Ziemiach Polskich
2791:Bloody Sunday Monument in Riga on the
1732:, during the December uprising of 1905
1690:18 February] to the creation of a
1565:groups were also active, founding the
1306:, held in London in April 1905 at the
1148:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
1139:(founded in 1902), which followed the
594:. In response to the public pressure,
209:Russian Social Democratic Labour Party
5199:Rebellions against the Russian Empire
4161:Sixsmith, Martin (31 December 2013).
4055:GCSE History for WJEC Specification A
3815:
3783:
3755:
3284:. New York: M. E. Sharpe. p. 12.
3194:
2263: – Killed 22 December [
2209: – Killed 17 February [
1809:, headed by retired naval Lieutenant
1783:on strikers, left-wingers, and Jews.
1580:played in the 1905–06 social unrest.
853:In the 1890s, under Finance Minister
642:in 1917 would have been impossible".
7:
3827:
3819:
3795:
3787:
3759:
3731:
3723:
3332:Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas
2688:, and to the creation of the modern
2213:4 February] 1905 in Moscow.
2006:of the Russian Empire, 27 April 1906
1900:adding citations to reliable sources
1671:in 1905, Trotsky in the center. The
3739:
1840:Between 5 and 7 December [
1211:Pyotr Dmitrievich Sviatopolk-Mirsky
1131:Constitutionalists in 1903 and the
337:1 battleship surrendered to Romania
4900:. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
3433:", Spartacus Educational, undated.
1407:13 January] 1905, and in
1099:, political rights and the use of
204:Party of Socialist Revolutionaries
25:
5194:Revolutions in the Russian Empire
4931:The Russian Revolution: 1899–1919
4823:1905, La Révolution russe manquée
4708:Sergei M. Eisenstein: a biography
4390:"Article Death penalty in Russia"
4026:. UK: ED-Tech Pres. p. 167.
3610:Thatcher, Ian D. (27 June 2005).
2696:that Russia had started in 1899.
2647:. During the general strike, the
2574:insurrection in Łódź in June 1905
2555:monument to the 1905 insurrection
2533:9 June: The police chief resigns.
1703:there were many peasant uprisings
1488:With the unsuccessful and bloody
4862:Pete Glatter (17 October 2005).
4825:; Editions Complexe, Paris, 1999
3953:The History of the Baltic States
1872:
1692:State Duma of the Russian Empire
1611:Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich
1364:on Sunday, 22 January [
1190:30 November] 1904, the
290:
278:
260:
248:
236:
172:
127:
42:
5184:Naval battles involving Romania
5042:1905 Russian Revolution Archive
4864:"1905 The consciousness factor"
4513:The Russian Revolution of 1905,
3844:Salisbury, Harrison E. (1981).
3257:. New York: Vintage. p. 8.
2883:(1913/1922) and Maxim Gorky in
2672:, and abolition of censorship.
2283:, and are listed in the table.
1709:culminated in June 1905 in the
590:, peasant unrest, and military
3848:. Da Capo Press. p. 117.
2921:Symphony No. 11 (Shostakovich)
2241:22 November] 1905 in
1567:Union of the Muslims of Russia
1512:(signed 5 September [
1352:Controversial Orthodox priest
1083:The events of 1905 came after
1036:, and writing anti-government
86:Democratization of government
63:22 January 1905 – 16 June 1907
1:
4619:Castle, Rory (16 June 2013).
4120:American Journal of Sociology
3871:A History of the Modern World
3616:. Routledge. pp. 1–264.
2664:demanding dissolution of the
2267:9 December] 1906 in
2227:6 February] 1905 in
1653:Sergei Nikolaevich Trubetskoy
1534:mutiny aboard the battleship
1439:split would see the likes of
1360:to deliver a petition to the
1137:Socialist Revolutionary Party
5169:Political history of Estonia
5164:Political history of Finland
5108:Revolution of 1905 in Poland
4008:The Pre-Revolutionary Period
3599:. Hill and Wang. p. 61.
2992:The defeat of the Socialists
2643:were formed, led by captain
2316:Military Justice department
2299:Ministry of Internal Affairs
2130:Russian Constitution of 1906
2124:Russian Constitution of 1906
1964:Russian Constitution of 1906
1686:agreed on 2 March [
612:Russian Constitution of 1906
5174:Political history of Latvia
5101:From the collection of the
4974:Conspirator: Lenin in Exile
4952:Lenin: A Revolutionary Life
4935:. London: Collins Harvill.
4106:History for ready reference
2181:. Killed 30 June [
2179:Governor-General of Finland
2090:Union of the Russian People
1675:were an early example of a
1613:, on 17 February [
1596:, on 18 February [
1532:, peaking in June with the
1217:. On 25 December [
1186:. On 13 December [
967:Educated class as a problem
711:emancipation reform of 1861
5220:
5139:1905 in the Russian Empire
5134:Russian Revolution of 1905
4950:Read, Christopher (2005).
4905:Rice, Christopher (1990).
4287:10.2753/RSH1061-1983460401
4275:Russian Studies in History
3984:Cambridge University Press
3904:The Birth of the "Soviets"
3080:. McFarland. p. 340.
2969:Russian Revolution of 1917
2802:. On 26 January [
2558:
2309:6 February] 1909
2254:11 July] 1906 in
2199:28 July] 1904 in
2185:17 June] 1904 in
2161:Rise of political violence
572:Russian Revolution of 1905
37:Russian Revolution of 1905
18:Russian revolution of 1905
4976:. New York: Basic Books.
4458:"Death penalty in Russia"
4348:Historicizing Revolutions
4335:Historicizing Revolutions
4322:Historicizing Revolutions
4219:Historicizing Revolutions
4203:Historicizing Revolutions
4190:Historicizing Revolutions
3596:Revolutionary Silhouettes
3489:Morrissey, Susan (1998).
3102:"1906 Russian Duma Meets"
3031:
3015:
2931:Rouletabille chez le Tsar
2639:17–24 October]). The
2305:on 19 February [
2301:Police Department to the
2291:
2288:
2114:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov
2082:Socialist Revolutionaries
1713:. Surprisingly, only one
1590:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov
1179:
1161:French Revolution of 1848
996:, and an organisation of
387:
310:
267:Dmitri Feodorovich Trepov
226:
119:
55:
41:
5204:Labor disputes in Russia
5179:20th-century revolutions
5078:Russia and reform (1907)
5065:by Rosa Luxemburg, 1906.
4821:François-Xavier Coquin;
4786:
4737:George Allen & Unwin
4569:"Republika Zagłębiowska"
3539:Ascher, Abraham (1994).
3126:Ascher, Abraham (1994).
3032:Первая Русская Революция
2074:Constitutional Democrats
1659:Height of the revolution
1465:Armenian–Tatar massacres
975:Troops in St. Petersburg
576:First Russian Revolution
457:Armenian–Tatar massacres
5056:5 December 2008 at the
4869:International Socialism
4596:O rewolucji: 1905, 1917
4573:encyklopedia.interia.pl
4527:O rewolucji: 1905, 1917
3998:Wheatcroft, SG (2002).
3424:1905 Russian Revolution
3253:Pipes, Richard (1996).
3153:Skocpol, Theda (1979).
3074:Clodfelter, M. (2017).
2935:The Secret of the Night
2886:The Life of Klim Samgin
2761:National Progress Party
2735:, Estonians called for
2217:Eliel Soisalon-Soininen
2088:, and the far-rightist
2029:, on 5 September 1911.
1854:a final spasm in Moscow
1701:In June and July 1905,
1696:Saint Petersburg Soviet
1647:24 May] 1905,
1594:Pyotr Sviatopolk-Mirsky
1548:Moscow uprising of 1905
1425:Saint Petersburg Soviet
1415:, and by April, in the
1333:Artistic impression of
1325:Start of the revolution
1318:constitutional monarchy
1259:Average annual strikes
1069:forced military service
870:because it exacerbated
825:Polish uprising of 1863
779:("White Russians") and
379:1905 Russian Revolution
319:3,611 killed or wounded
189:Saint Petersburg Soviet
4785:Solovyov, K. (2023).
4689:Броненосец "Потемкин."
4627:. Praktyka Teoretyczna
4625:praktykateoretyczna.pl
4575:. Interia Encyklopedia
4104:Larned, J. N. (1910).
4068:The Russian Revolution
3846:Black Night White Snow
3106:www.historycentral.com
2795:
2733:Governorate of Estonia
2668:, universal suffrage,
2625:Grand Duchy of Finland
2620:
2594:fourth Polish uprising
2586:Republika Zagłębiowska
2556:
2167:SR Combat Organization
2146:Grand Duchy of Finland
2116:, governor general of
2007:
1950:
1835:Trans-Siberian Railway
1802:
1733:
1680:
1550:
1485:
1338:
1229:Worker strikes in the
1107:on behalf of workers.
1079:Rise of the opposition
1002:professional societies
976:
792:over other religions.
784:
732:
682:
227:Commanders and leaders
48:Demonstrations before
5019:. London: Macmillan.
4991:Lih, Lars T. (2011).
4438:. Dwardmac.pitzer.edu
3410:10.1093/past/57.1.123
2790:
2699:On 30 July [
2690:Parliament of Finland
2615:
2582:Republika Ostrowiecka
2551:
2430:Number of executions
2221:Procurator of Justice
2193:Vyacheslav von Plehve
2001:
1937:
1796:
1727:
1666:
1545:
1477:
1332:
1215:Vyacheslav von Plehve
1156:campagne des banquets
974:
790:Orthodox Christianity
766:
727:
691:Vyacheslav von Plehve
676:
311:Casualties and losses
106:Establishment of the
4793:] (in Russian).
4515:pp. 135–137, 335–338
3794:, pp. 168–170;
3786:, pp. 363–364;
3758:, pp. 362–363;
3738:, pp. 117–120;
2964:Bourgeois revolution
2846:Mstislav Dobuzhinsky
2737:freedom of the press
2694:Russification policy
2329:, assistant head of
1896:improve this section
1846:Semyonovsky Regiment
1719:1905 Kishinev pogrom
1510:Treaty of Portsmouth
1391:were on strike (see
1304:Third RSDLP Congress
1196:freedom of the press
783:("Little Russians").
686:Revolution of 1905.
574:, also known as the
102:Constitution enacted
5129:Communism in Russia
5114:The Soviet Archives
4909:. London: Cassell.
4739:. pp. 193–199.
3978:Taylor, BD (2003).
3965:Google Print, p. 58
3955:, Greenwood Press,
3929:Bascomb, N (2007).
3774:, pp. 170–171.
3422:John Simkin (ed), "
3360:Weeks 2004, 475–476
3016:Революция 1905 года
2954:1905 (Trotsky book)
2894:Battleship Potemkin
2707:in the fortress of
2657:, was published in
2409:1,435 + 683 = 2,118
2331:Ministry of Justice
2327:Mikhail Borovitinov
1629:religious tolerance
1584:Government response
1522:Sevastopol Uprising
1200:freedom of religion
1150:(founded in 1898).
1143:tradition, and the
1133:Union of Liberation
1097:economic conditions
1030:political prisoners
759:Nationality problem
219:Union of Liberation
5016:Lenin: A Biography
4814:Donald C. Rawson;
4057:. Heinemann. p. 68
4004:Palgrave Macmillan
3900:Unknown Revolution
3822:, pp. 90–91;
3790:, pp. 89–90;
3754:, pp. 44–45;
3726:, pp. 86–88;
3529:Morrissey 1998, 23
3517:Morrissey 1998, 20
3508:Morrissey 1998, 22
3429:4 May 2012 at the
3197:, pp. 21, 25.
2927:, written in 1957.
2913:, a 1957 novel by
2827:Cultural portrayal
2796:
2717:Sveaborg Rebellion
2678:November Manifesto
2670:political freedoms
2621:
2557:
2493:Ivanovo Voznesensk
2478:summary executions
2008:
1958:which created the
1951:
1837:to restore order.
1831:Russo–Japanese War
1803:
1781:right-wing attacks
1754:universal suffrage
1734:
1681:
1551:
1490:Russo-Japanese War
1486:
1339:
1308:Brotherhood Church
1159:leading up to the
1118:stated in 1906 in
1053:classical language
977:
785:
683:
640:October Revolution
628:Russian Revolution
619:Russo-Japanese War
608:multi-party system
93:retains the throne
5144:Conflicts in 1905
5026:978-0-333-72625-9
5002:978-1-86189-793-0
4983:978-0-465-01395-1
4961:978-0-415-20649-5
4942:978-0-679-73660-8
4916:978-0-304-31814-8
4897:The Life of Lenin
4886:978-0-804763-83-7
4800:978-5-4448-2149-7
4665:978-9984-38-038-4
4511:Solomon Schwarz,
4362:G. M. Kropotkin,
4307:G. M. Kropotkin,
4259:Martin Sixsmith,
4243:Martin Sixsmith,
4230:Martin Sixsmith,
4172:978-1-4683-0501-2
4023:History of Europe
3855:978-0-306-80154-9
3762:, pp. 88–89.
3623:978-1-134-57214-4
3578:978-1-108-21041-6
3172:978-0-521-22439-0
3139:978-0-8047-2327-5
2899:Sergei Eisenstein
2666:Senate of Finland
2616:Demonstrators in
2474:
2473:
2422:
2421:
2281:Nikolai Tagantsev
2033:October Manifesto
1956:October Manifesto
1947:October Manifesto
1932:
1931:
1924:
1858:Maksim Kovalevsky
1788:October Manifesto
1738:October Manifesto
1711:Łódź insurrection
1633:freedom of speech
1557:undertaken since
1337:in St. Petersburg
1295:
1294:
985:Tsar Alexander II
876:industrialization
859:railroad building
795:For generations,
753:black-soil region
719:open field system
668:defeat with Japan
600:October Manifesto
565:
564:
344:
343:
115:
114:
97:October Manifesto
16:(Redirected from
5211:
5154:1900s in Estonia
5030:
5006:
4987:
4970:Rappaport, Helen
4965:
4946:
4934:
4920:
4901:
4873:
4807:Abraham Ascher;
4804:
4777:Abraham Ascher;
4754:Abraham Ascher;
4741:
4740:
4723:
4717:
4716:
4699:
4693:
4692:
4684:
4678:
4677:
4643:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4632:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4591:
4585:
4584:
4582:
4580:
4565:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4541:
4540:
4522:
4516:
4509:
4503:
4493:
4487:
4482:Robert Blobaum:
4480:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4469:
4460:. Archived from
4454:
4448:
4447:
4445:
4443:
4432:
4423:
4412:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4401:
4392:. Archived from
4386:
4380:
4373:
4367:
4360:
4351:
4344:
4338:
4331:
4325:
4318:
4312:
4305:
4299:
4298:
4270:
4264:
4257:
4248:
4241:
4235:
4228:
4222:
4215:
4206:
4199:
4193:
4186:
4177:
4176:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4115:
4109:
4102:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4077:
4071:
4064:
4058:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4017:
4011:
3996:
3987:
3976:
3967:
3946:
3940:
3936:Houghton Mifflin
3927:
3921:
3912:
3906:
3896:
3890:
3885:Robert Blobaum,
3883:
3874:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3841:
3835:
3809:
3803:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3749:
3743:
3717:
3711:
3706:Abraham Ascher,
3704:
3698:
3689:Rosa Luxemburg,
3687:
3681:
3680:
3675:
3673:
3650:
3644:
3636:Rosa Luxemburg,
3634:
3628:
3627:
3607:
3601:
3600:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3563:
3557:
3556:Harcave 1970, 26
3554:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3530:
3527:
3518:
3515:
3509:
3506:
3495:
3494:
3486:
3480:
3479:Harcave 1970, 25
3477:
3464:
3463:Harcave 1970, 24
3461:
3448:
3447:Harcave 1970, 23
3445:
3434:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3402:Past and Present
3397:
3391:
3390:Skocpol 1979, 92
3388:
3382:
3381:Skocpol 1979, 91
3379:
3370:
3369:Skocpol 1979, 90
3367:
3361:
3358:
3352:
3349:
3340:
3339:
3327:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3302:
3301:Harcave 1970, 22
3299:
3286:
3285:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3250:
3244:
3243:Harcave 1970, 21
3241:
3228:
3227:Harcave 1970, 20
3225:
3210:
3209:Harcave 1970, 19
3207:
3198:
3192:
3186:
3185:Harcave 1990, 21
3183:
3177:
3176:
3160:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3123:
3117:
3116:
3114:
3112:
3098:
3092:
3091:
3071:
3058:
3052:
3035:
3033:
3025:
3019:
3017:
3009:
3003:
2999:
2993:
2990:
2933:, also known as
2684:and of the four
2629:Social Democrats
2424:
2321:Oscar Gruzenberg
2286:
2261:Aleksey Ignatyev
2248:Admiral Chukhnin
2201:Saint Petersburg
2175:Nikolai Bobrikov
2078:Social Democrats
2042:was overseen by
2004:First State Duma
1992:Fundamental Laws
1943:17 October 1905.
1927:
1920:
1916:
1913:
1907:
1876:
1868:
1773:Saint Petersburg
1684:Tsar Nicholas II
1635:(in the form of
1624:Bulygin Rescript
1504:was defeated at
1445:Georgi Plekhanov
1253:
1192:Moscow City Duma
1181:
1173:
1141:Russian populist
901:
900:
896:
893:
704:Agrarian problem
596:Tsar Nicholas II
548:
536:
519:
502:
485:
445:
433:
421:
382:
380:
370:
363:
356:
347:
295:
294:
293:
283:
282:
281:
265:
264:
253:
252:
241:
240:
239:
194:Moscow City Duma
177:
176:
175:
159:Russian nobility
132:
131:
57:
56:
46:
34:
21:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5149:1905 in Finland
5119:
5118:
5063:The Mass Strike
5058:Wayback Machine
5038:
5033:
5027:
5011:Service, Robert
5009:
5003:
4990:
4984:
4968:
4962:
4949:
4943:
4923:
4917:
4904:
4890:
4861:
4835:John Bushnell;
4801:
4788:
4784:
4745:
4744:
4725:
4724:
4720:
4701:
4700:
4696:
4686:
4685:
4681:
4666:
4645:
4644:
4640:
4630:
4628:
4618:
4617:
4613:
4606:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4551:
4544:
4537:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4510:
4506:
4494:
4490:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4465:
4464:on 12 July 2009
4456:
4455:
4451:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4433:
4426:
4413:
4409:
4399:
4397:
4396:on 12 July 2009
4388:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4370:
4361:
4354:
4346:Nader Sohrabi,
4345:
4341:
4337:, pp. 1407–1408
4333:Nader Sohrabi,
4332:
4328:
4320:Nader Sohrabi,
4319:
4315:
4306:
4302:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4258:
4251:
4242:
4238:
4229:
4225:
4217:Nader Sohrabi,
4216:
4209:
4201:Nader Sohrabi,
4200:
4196:
4188:Nader Sohrabi,
4187:
4180:
4173:
4160:
4159:
4155:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4103:
4099:
4089:
4087:
4085:youtuberead.com
4079:
4078:
4074:
4066:Richard Pipes,
4065:
4061:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4019:
4018:
4014:
3997:
3990:
3977:
3970:
3947:
3943:
3928:
3924:
3913:
3909:
3898:Voline (2004).
3897:
3893:
3884:
3877:
3867:
3863:
3856:
3843:
3842:
3838:
3826:, p. 179;
3818:, p. 367;
3810:
3806:
3782:
3778:
3770:
3766:
3750:
3746:
3730:, p. 167;
3718:
3714:
3705:
3701:
3688:
3684:
3671:
3669:
3667:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3635:
3631:
3624:
3609:
3608:
3604:
3592:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3566:
3564:
3560:
3555:
3548:
3538:
3537:
3533:
3528:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3507:
3498:
3488:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3467:
3462:
3451:
3446:
3437:
3431:Wayback Machine
3421:
3417:
3404:(57): 124–125.
3399:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3380:
3373:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3351:Weeks 2004, 475
3350:
3343:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3300:
3289:
3279:
3278:
3274:
3270:Weeks 2004, 472
3269:
3262:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3242:
3231:
3226:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3193:
3189:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3152:
3151:
3147:
3140:
3125:
3124:
3120:
3110:
3108:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3088:
3073:
3072:
3061:
3053:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3038:
3026:
3022:
3010:
3006:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2974:Gurian Republic
2945:
2915:Boris Pasternak
2870:The Silver Dove
2838:Boris Kustodiev
2829:
2785:
2729:
2682:Diet of Finland
2650:Red Declaration
2610:
2567:Congress Poland
2563:
2546:
2490:
2482:Peter Kropotkin
2314:Ministry of War
2277:
2235:Viktor Sakharov
2163:
2126:
2035:
1976:
1968:1917 revolution
1928:
1917:
1911:
1908:
1893:
1877:
1866:
1730:Nizhny Novgorod
1707:Congress Poland
1677:workers council
1661:
1637:language rights
1586:
1327:
1167:
1165:Zemsky Congress
1121:The Mass Strike
1093:southern Russia
1081:
1073:Vladimir Glazov
998:public lectures
969:
898:
894:
891:
889:
872:social tensions
868:1917 revolution
833:
761:
706:
648:
568:
567:
566:
561:
542:
530:
513:
496:
479:
439:
427:
411:
383:
378:
376:
374:
340:
334:38,000 captured
322:
306:
291:
289:
279:
277:
271:
259:
247:
237:
235:
181:
179:Revolutionaries
173:
171:
164:Gentry assembly
136:
126:
77:
64:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5217:
5215:
5207:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5161:
5159:1905 in Latvia
5156:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5121:
5120:
5117:
5116:
5111:
5105:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5075:
5066:
5060:
5048:
5037:
5036:External links
5034:
5032:
5031:
5025:
5007:
5001:
4988:
4982:
4966:
4960:
4947:
4941:
4925:Pipes, Richard
4921:
4915:
4902:
4892:Fischer, Louis
4888:
4874:
4859:
4849:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4819:
4812:
4805:
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4782:
4775:
4751:
4750:
4749:
4743:
4742:
4718:
4694:
4679:
4664:
4658:. p. 68.
4638:
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4313:
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4236:
4223:
4207:
4194:
4178:
4171:
4153:
4132:10.1086/230667
4110:
4097:
4072:
4059:
4046:
4032:
4012:
3988:
3968:
3949:Kevin O'Connor
3941:
3922:
3914:Neal Bascomb,
3907:
3891:
3875:
3861:
3854:
3836:
3834:, p. 131.
3832:Rappaport 2010
3830:, p. 79;
3814:, p. 60;
3804:
3802:, p. 124.
3800:Rappaport 2010
3798:, p. 78;
3776:
3764:
3744:
3736:Rappaport 2010
3734:, p. 75;
3722:, p. 44;
3712:
3699:
3682:
3665:
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3629:
3622:
3602:
3584:
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3558:
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3481:
3465:
3449:
3435:
3415:
3392:
3383:
3371:
3362:
3353:
3341:
3334:. Neue Folge.
3322:
3303:
3287:
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3245:
3229:
3211:
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3187:
3178:
3171:
3145:
3138:
3118:
3093:
3086:
3059:
3057:, p. 116.
3046:
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2983:
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2944:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2928:
2918:
2910:Doctor Zhivago
2906:
2890:
2855:
2834:Valentin Serov
2828:
2825:
2784:
2781:
2776:Baltic Germans
2728:
2725:
2711:(later called
2705:rose in revolt
2633:general strike
2631:organised the
2609:
2606:
2602:Rosa Luxemburg
2598:Russian Empire
2559:Main article:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2489:
2488:Ivanovo Soviet
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2190:
2162:
2159:
2154:
2153:
2149:
2142:
2125:
2122:
2118:St. Petersburg
2065:
2064:
2061:
2058:
2034:
2031:
1975:
1972:
1930:
1929:
1880:
1878:
1871:
1865:
1862:
1728:Barricades in
1660:
1657:
1585:
1582:
1389:Russian Poland
1326:
1323:
1293:
1292:
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1284:
1281:
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1261:
1260:
1257:
1116:Rosa Luxemburg
1114:movements. As
1105:Tsarist regime
1080:
1077:
1032:, circulating
1018:Nikolai Ogarev
1010:St. Petersburg
968:
965:
924:Sergei Zubatov
848:famine in 1891
832:
831:Labour problem
829:
760:
757:
705:
702:
657:Imperial Guard
653:"Russification
647:
644:
636:Vladimir Lenin
580:Russian Empire
563:
562:
560:
559:
554:
549:
537:
525:
520:
508:
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491:
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469:
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422:
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385:
384:
375:
373:
372:
365:
358:
350:
342:
341:
339:
338:
335:
332:
331:20,000 wounded
329:
325:
323:
321:
320:
316:
313:
312:
308:
307:
305:
304:
302:Pavel Milyukov
299:
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269:
257:
245:
232:
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222:
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206:
201:
199:Chita Republic
196:
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168:
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154:Black Hundreds
151:
146:
134:Russian Empire
122:
121:
117:
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110:
104:
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94:
83:
79:
78:
75:Russian Empire
73:
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67:
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61:
53:
52:
39:
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32:
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26:
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14:
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10:
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5112:
5109:
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5100:
5097:
5095:(in Estonian)
5094:
5091:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5082:Bernard Pares
5079:
5076:
5074:
5070:
5069:The Year 1905
5067:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5043:
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5039:
5035:
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4772:9780804714365
4769:
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4761:
4757:
4753:
4752:
4747:
4746:
4738:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4722:
4719:
4715:. p. 74.
4714:
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4605:9788365304599
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4098:
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4050:
4047:
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4033:9781839472787
4029:
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4024:
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4009:
4005:
4001:
3995:
3993:
3989:
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3969:
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3961:0-313-32355-0
3958:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3942:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3926:
3923:
3920:, pp. 286–299
3919:
3918:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:, Chapter 2:
3901:
3895:
3892:
3888:
3882:
3880:
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3872:
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3785:
3780:
3777:
3773:
3768:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3748:
3745:
3742:, p. 87.
3741:
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3721:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3696:
3692:
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3679:
3668:
3666:9781400862894
3662:
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3087:9781476625850
3083:
3079:
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3070:
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3064:
3060:
3056:
3055:Solovyov 2023
3051:
3048:
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3013:
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2955:
2952:
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2947:
2946:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2929:
2926:
2925:The Year 1905
2922:
2919:
2916:
2912:
2911:
2907:
2904:
2900:
2896:
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2810:
2809:Baltic German
2805:
2801:
2794:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2764:
2762:
2758:
2757:Jaan Tõnisson
2754:
2753:Estonian flag
2750:
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2426:
2425:
2417:
2414:
2411:
2408:
2405:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2337:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2311:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2215:
2212:
2208:
2205:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2191:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2150:
2147:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2131:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2106:Bloody Sunday
2101:
2099:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2062:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2027:Dmitry Bogrov
2023:
2022:Petr Stolypin
2017:
2014:
2005:
2000:
1996:
1993:
1989:
1988:State Council
1984:
1982:
1981:Imperial Duma
1973:
1971:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1960:Imperial Duma
1957:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1923:
1915:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1881:This section
1879:
1875:
1870:
1869:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1811:Pyotr Schmidt
1808:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1784:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1740:, written by
1739:
1731:
1726:
1722:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1665:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1650:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1603:State Council
1599:
1595:
1591:
1583:
1581:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1555:Russification
1549:
1544:
1540:
1538:
1537:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1476:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:Julius Martov
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1377:
1375:
1374:Bloody Sunday
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1358:Winter Palace
1355:
1350:
1348:
1344:
1343:Putilov plant
1336:
1335:Bloody Sunday
1331:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1300:
1299:Bloody Sunday
1290:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1279:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1236:
1235:Rostov-on-Don
1232:
1227:
1225:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:Земский съезд
1177:
1171:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1117:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1101:strike action
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
986:
981:
973:
966:
964:
963:end of 1903.
961:
960:Transcaucasia
957:
956:Rostov-on-Don
953:
947:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
920:
917:
913:
909:
905:
886:
880:
877:
873:
869:
864:
860:
856:
851:
849:
844:
840:
839:
838:laissez-faire
830:
828:
826:
822:
816:
814:
813:Russification
810:
804:
802:
798:
793:
791:
782:
778:
774:
770:
769:"All-Russian"
765:
758:
756:
754:
748:
745:
741:
737:
731:
726:
724:
720:
714:
712:
703:
701:
699:
694:
692:
687:
680:
675:
671:
669:
664:
662:
658:
654:
645:
643:
641:
637:
631:
629:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
558:
555:
553:
550:
546:
541:
540:2nd Kronstadt
538:
534:
529:
526:
524:
521:
517:
512:
509:
507:
504:
500:
495:
494:Tikhoretskaya
492:
490:
489:1st Kronstadt
487:
483:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
460:
458:
455:
453:
451:
447:
443:
438:
437:Verkhneudinsk
435:
431:
426:
423:
419:
415:
410:
407:
403:
400:
399:
398:
395:
393:
392:Bloody Sunday
390:
389:
386:
381:
371:
366:
364:
359:
357:
352:
351:
348:
336:
333:
330:
328:15,000 killed
327:
326:
324:
318:
317:
315:
314:
309:
303:
300:
298:
288:
286:
276:
275:
273:
268:
263:
258:
256:
251:
246:
244:
234:
233:
231:
230:
225:
220:
217:
215:
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
186:
185:
184:
183:Supported by:
180:
169:
165:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
141:
140:
139:
138:Supported by:
135:
130:
124:
123:
118:
109:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
87:
84:
81:
80:
76:
72:
69:
68:
62:
59:
58:
54:
51:
50:Bloody Sunday
45:
40:
35:
30:
19:
5073:Leon Trotsky
5046:marxists.org
5015:
4992:
4973:
4951:
4930:
4906:
4896:
4877:
4867:
4855:
4852:Pete Glatter
4846:
4843:Anna Geifman
4836:
4829:
4822:
4815:
4808:
4790:
4778:
4755:
4731:
4721:
4707:
4697:
4688:
4682:
4647:
4641:
4629:. Retrieved
4624:
4614:
4595:
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4526:
4520:
4512:
4507:
4491:
4483:
4478:
4466:. Retrieved
4462:the original
4452:
4440:. Retrieved
4436:"Executions"
4410:
4398:. Retrieved
4394:the original
4384:
4379:(2000), p. 6
4376:
4371:
4363:
4347:
4342:
4334:
4329:
4321:
4316:
4308:
4303:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4260:
4244:
4239:
4231:
4226:
4218:
4202:
4197:
4189:
4162:
4156:
4123:
4119:
4113:
4105:
4100:
4088:. Retrieved
4084:
4075:
4067:
4062:
4054:
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
4022:
4015:
4007:
3999:
3979:
3952:
3944:
3934:
3930:
3925:
3915:
3910:
3899:
3894:
3886:
3870:
3864:
3845:
3839:
3824:Service 2000
3812:Fischer 1964
3807:
3792:Service 2000
3779:
3772:Service 2000
3767:
3752:Fischer 1964
3747:
3728:Service 2000
3720:Fischer 1964
3715:
3707:
3702:
3690:
3685:
3677:
3670:. Retrieved
3655:
3648:
3637:
3632:
3612:
3605:
3595:
3587:
3568:
3561:
3540:
3534:
3513:
3490:
3484:
3418:
3401:
3395:
3386:
3365:
3356:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3281:
3275:
3254:
3248:
3190:
3181:
3156:
3148:
3128:
3121:
3109:. Retrieved
3105:
3096:
3076:
3050:
3023:
3007:
2997:
2988:
2924:
2923:, subtitled
2909:
2892:
2889:(1927–1931).
2884:
2878:
2868:
2858:
2849:
2842:Ivan Bilibin
2797:
2772:Jaan Teemant
2767:
2765:
2760:
2730:
2721:Baltic Fleet
2698:
2677:
2674:Leo Mechelin
2658:
2655:Yrjö Mäkelin
2648:
2622:
2596:against the
2591:
2585:
2581:
2571:
2564:
2491:
2475:
2278:
2164:
2155:
2152:legislation.
2134:
2127:
2110:
2102:
2094:
2070:
2066:
2052:
2048:Sergei Witte
2036:
2020:minister in
2018:
2009:
1985:
1977:
1952:
1942:
1918:
1912:October 2013
1909:
1894:Please help
1882:
1839:
1823:Trans-Baikal
1804:
1785:
1770:
1758:
1750:civil rights
1742:Sergei Witte
1735:
1700:
1682:
1622:
1587:
1578:
1559:Alexander II
1552:
1535:
1502:Baltic Fleet
1487:
1480:
1463:resulted in
1453:Leon Trotsky
1378:
1370:Sergei Witte
1354:Georgy Gapon
1351:
1340:
1311:
1296:
1228:
1204:
1154:
1152:
1126:
1119:
1109:
1103:against the
1082:
1042:
1027:
1006:
982:
978:
948:
921:
916:trade unions
881:
855:Sergei Witte
852:
836:
834:
817:
805:
797:Russian Jews
794:
786:
749:
733:
728:
715:
707:
698:Georgy Gapon
695:
688:
684:
665:
661:labor unions
652:
649:
632:
623:Sergei Witte
616:
575:
571:
569:
449:
297:Georgy Gapon
285:Leon Trotsky
255:Sergei Witte
182:
170:
144:Russian Army
137:
125:
120:Belligerents
85:
29:
5110:(in Polish)
4876:Scott Ury,
4713:Grove Press
4703:Marie Seton
4553:(in Polish)
4281:(4): 6–33.
3111:24 February
2875:Andrei Bely
2865:Maxim Gorky
2713:Suomenlinna
2040:haemophilia
1649:Nicholas II
1571:anti-Jewish
1526:Vladivostok
1494:Port Arthur
1207:Nicholas II
1168: [
1112:reactionary
1085:progressive
1057:mathematics
952:Vladikavkaz
777:Belarusians
723:proletariat
543: [
531: [
528:Motovilikha
514: [
497: [
480: [
477:Vladivostok
440: [
428: [
412: [
243:Nicholas II
91:Nicholas II
5123:Categories
4764:0804714363
4631:3 December
4500:Britannica
3933:. Boston:
3816:Pipes 1990
3784:Pipes 1990
3756:Pipes 1990
3195:Pipes 1990
3042:References
2959:David Shub
2880:Petersburg
2873:(1909) by
2863:(1907) by
2645:Johan Kock
2641:Red Guards
2325:Report by
2312:Report by
2303:State Duma
2297:Report by
2275:Repression
2256:Sevastopol
2135:status quo
2086:Octobrists
2076:(Kadets),
1939:Ilya Repin
1829:after the
1807:Sevastopol
1518:Sevastopol
1447:spar with
1433:Mensheviks
1429:Bolsheviks
1399:coast. In
1184:parliament
1045:patriotism
1038:propaganda
990:newspapers
781:Ukrainians
736:kilometers
610:, and the
604:State Duma
467:Sevastopol
108:State Duma
4727:Jay Leyda
4350:, p. 1409
4324:, p. 1407
4295:154943318
4221:, p. 1427
4205:, p. 1426
4192:, p. 1425
4148:144939087
3828:Read 2005
3820:Rice 1990
3796:Read 2005
3788:Rice 1990
3760:Rice 1990
3732:Read 2005
3724:Rice 1990
3640:, 1906 .
2938:magazine.
2903:Bolshevik
2618:Jakobstad
2517:chairman.
2497:Bolshevik
1883:does not
1827:Manchuria
1815:terrorism
1530:Kronstadt
1469:oilfields
1288:1895–1905
1280:1885–1894
1272:1870–1884
1264:1862–1869
1224:Inorodtsy
1061:Expulsion
1034:petitions
1022:left-wing
904:tardiness
523:Shuliavka
5054:Archived
5013:(2000).
4972:(2010).
4927:(1990).
4894:(1964).
4729:(1960).
4705:(1960).
4674:70240317
4468:23 April
4442:15 March
4400:23 April
4263:, p. 171
4247:, p. 174
4234:, p. 173
4010:, p. 34.
3986:. p. 69.
3889:, p. 123
3740:Lih 2011
3427:Archived
2943:See also
2897:(1925),
2832:Artists
2817:Courland
2741:assembly
2709:Sveaborg
2528:Cossacks
2526:3 June:
2229:Helsinki
2219: –
2187:Helsinki
2177: –
2044:Rasputin
2013:zemstvos
1819:mutinies
1765:massacre
1715:landlord
1536:Potemkin
1506:Tsushima
1481:Potemkin
1461:Caucasus
1413:Caucasus
1383:and the
1231:Caucasus
1205:Emperor
1089:academic
1049:religion
994:journals
940:Mykolaiv
773:Russians
592:mutinies
552:Sveaborg
511:Gorlovka
462:Peasants
450:Potemkin
70:Location
4579:27 July
4496:Ivanovo
4366:, p. 23
4140:2782676
4090:5 April
4070:, p. 48
3693:, 1906
3672:26 June
3613:Trotsky
3028:Russian
3012:Russian
2857:Novels
2821:Siberia
2813:Livonia
2793:Daugava
2749:Tallinn
2731:In the
2727:Estonia
2686:Estates
2660:Tampere
2623:In the
2608:Finland
2243:Saratov
2098:Soviets
1904:removed
1889:sources
1864:Results
1801:in 1905
1777:amnesty
1673:soviets
1574:pogroms
1176:Russian
1145:Marxist
1129:Zemstvo
1014:liberty
944:Kharkiv
897:⁄
863:tariffs
744:Poltava
740:Kharkov
730:rubles.
588:strikes
149:Okhrana
5023:
4999:
4980:
4958:
4939:
4913:
4884:
4872:(108).
4797:
4770:
4762:
4672:
4662:
4656:Jumava
4602:
4533:
4486:p. 149
4311:, p. 9
4293:
4169:
4146:
4138:
4039:25 May
4030:
3959:
3852:
3710:, p. 6
3663:
3620:
3575:
3319:: 473.
3169:
3136:
3084:
2860:Mother
2851:Zhupel
2783:Latvia
2627:, the
2578:Warsaw
2544:Poland
2418:2,128
2384:1,139
1962:. The
1799:Tiflis
1563:Muslim
1528:, and
1498:Mukden
1409:Warsaw
1397:Baltic
1385:SDKPiL
1244:Tiflis
1198:, and
1067:, and
942:, and
932:Odessa
928:Moscow
912:francs
908:rubles
681:level)
646:Causes
606:, the
506:Moscow
452:mutiny
409:Latvia
397:Poland
82:Result
4993:Lenin
4854:ed.,
4789:[
4748:Notes
4291:S2CID
4144:S2CID
4136:JSTOR
2980:Notes
2427:Year
2415:2,235
2412:2,212
2406:Total
2398:1,349
2395:1,330
2289:Year
1520:(see
1449:Lenin
1437:Iskra
1417:Urals
1256:Years
1172:]
1065:exile
885:glass
843:grain
821:serfs
679:uyezd
547:]
535:]
518:]
501:]
484:]
444:]
432:]
420:]
214:Kagal
5087:1905
5021:ISBN
4997:ISBN
4978:ISBN
4956:ISBN
4937:ISBN
4911:ISBN
4882:ISBN
4795:ISBN
4768:ISBN
4760:ISBN
4670:OCLC
4660:ISBN
4652:Riga
4633:2021
4600:ISBN
4581:2021
4531:ISBN
4470:2009
4444:2012
4420:O.S.
4416:O.S.
4402:2009
4167:ISBN
4092:2023
4041:2022
4028:ISBN
3957:ISBN
3850:ISBN
3674:2021
3661:ISBN
3618:ISBN
3573:ISBN
3338:(3).
3167:ISBN
3134:ISBN
3113:2022
3082:ISBN
2867:and
2844:and
2815:and
2804:O.S.
2800:Riga
2745:O.S.
2739:and
2701:O.S.
2637:O.S.
2584:and
2553:Łódź
2467:1913
2462:123
2459:1912
2454:352
2451:1911
2446:129
2443:1910
2438:537
2435:1909
2401:825
2389:1908
2372:1907
2367:144
2355:1906
2338:1905
2307:O.S.
2269:Tver
2265:O.S.
2252:O.S.
2239:O.S.
2225:O.S.
2211:O.S.
2197:O.S.
2183:O.S.
2144:The
2128:The
1887:any
1885:cite
1850:O.S.
1842:O.S.
1761:O.S.
1746:O.S.
1736:The
1688:O.S.
1667:The
1645:O.S.
1641:O.S.
1619:O.S.
1615:O.S.
1607:O.S.
1598:O.S.
1514:O.S.
1457:O.S.
1443:and
1431:and
1421:O.S.
1405:O.S.
1401:Riga
1366:O.S.
1362:Tsar
1347:O.S.
1291:176
1248:Baku
1240:Baku
1219:O.S.
1188:O.S.
1087:and
1055:and
1047:and
1000:and
954:and
936:Kyiv
809:Pole
742:and
584:Tsar
570:The
557:Coup
472:Kiev
425:Riga
402:Łódź
60:Date
5080:by
5071:by
5044:at
4283:doi
4128:doi
4124:100
3406:doi
3317:148
2470:25
2392:825
2381:624
2378:627
2375:456
2364:225
2361:236
2358:144
2350:20
2319:By
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