211:
taxes. Starting in the same year as the Anglo-Russian
Convention, unpremeditated Russian colonization commenced in Mazandaran and Astarabad provinces. Then, in 1912, Russian foreign policy officially adopted the plan to colonize northern Iran. At the outbreak of World War I, there were most likely some 4,000 Russian settlers in Astarabad and Mazandaran, whereas in northeastern Iran the Russians had founded a minimum of 15 Russian villages.
270:
1512:
989:
1500:
303:
was built the 1940s on donations from
Russian émigrés. It was designed by émigré architect and Iranian Army officer Nikolai Makarov. As soon as the crosses appeared on its cupolas, the half-finished church opened its doors to parishioners. There were several Orthodox priests in Tehran before the 1979
210:
in 1914. During this time period, it stationed troops in Iran's Gilan, Azerbaijan and
Khorasan provinces, and its diplomatic offices (consulates) in these parts wielded considerable power. These consulates dominated the local Iranian administration and in some circumstances even collected local
100:
or
Iranians of Russian descent. Russians populate various regions, but mostly in those regions which had been under direct Russian military occupation in the past. This was an indirect result of the outcome of the last
1441:
842:
253:
that had moved to Iran. Starting from the mid-1930s, the capital of Tehran saw the development of a small colony of White émigrées from the regions surrounding
191:
The
Russian community kept increasing in the northern provinces of the country, as a result of the Russian sphere of influence which was established since the
304:
Islamic
Revolution. In the early 1980s, all of them were expelled. It was not until the late 1990s that the St. Nicholas Church received its new head priest.
1547:
977:
226:'s Azerbaijan province as well as the entire north and north-east of the country, and amounted to circa twenty thousand. Following the start of the
744:
Sholeh, Mahsa; Lotfi, Sahand (2022). "The 'geobiography' of an extraordinary artifact, or a conserved relic from the
Iranianized 'Dacha' culture".
332:
1474:
1279:
1351:
800:
Atabaki, Touraj; Volkov, Denis V. (2020). "Flying away from the
Bolshevik winter: Soviet refugees across the Southern borders (1917–30)".
164:
for a decade. However, the first mass-immigration of
Russians into Iran occurred in the early 20th century when hundreds of thousands of
1542:
443:
145:
955:
1537:
835:
588:
552:
389:
219:
507:
The Soviet Union and the Iran: Soviet Policy in Iran from the
Beginnings of the Pahlavi Dynasty Until the Soviet Invasion in 1941
203:
192:
1532:
1446:
970:
516:
414:
384:
379:
227:
404:
1042:
394:
149:
828:
337:
300:
110:
1490:
1027:
963:
939:
934:
1091:
709:
Volkov, Denis V. (2022). "Bringing democracy into Iran: a Russian project for the separation of Azerbaijan".
674:
Volkov, Denis V. (2022). "Bringing democracy into Iran: a Russian project for the separation of Azerbaijan".
639:
Volkov, Denis V. (2022). "Bringing democracy into Iran: a Russian project for the separation of Azerbaijan".
1295:
944:
888:
374:
185:
77:
1340:
1117:
1096:
1086:
1081:
1076:
873:
342:
273:
775:
456:
1415:
1241:
1203:
1060:
369:
354:
230:
of World War I, the number of Russian troops in Iran moderately grew to some eighty or ninety thousand.
215:
480:
288:
1381:
1310:
929:
1462:
1401:
1386:
1376:
1371:
1346:
1143:
1138:
1122:
1112:
1050:
1032:
1022:
913:
399:
196:
121:
37:
1436:
1426:
1411:
1406:
1396:
1336:
1326:
1253:
1198:
1183:
1168:
1163:
1055:
908:
757:
726:
691:
656:
364:
359:
348:
181:
125:
102:
49:
1478:
327:
250:
165:
1431:
1305:
1300:
1263:
1258:
1246:
1226:
1193:
1173:
584:
576:
548:
512:
504:
439:
433:
409:
317:
218:, Russian occupational troops played a major role in the attempted Tsarist suppression of the
105:. Nowadays there are Russians located in the southern regions of the country as well (such as
540:
140:
Russians in Iran (Persia) have a long history dating back many centuries, all the way to the
1391:
1188:
1178:
993:
809:
749:
718:
683:
648:
617:
322:
284:
117:
65:
61:
491:
1236:
898:
893:
878:
868:
621:
579:
Social Movements in Twentieth-century Iran: Culture, Ideology, and Mobilizing Frameworks
492:
Russia-Iran relations "RUSSIA i. Russo-Iranian Relations up to the Bolshevik Revolution"
1002:
883:
269:
153:
41:
1526:
1504:
761:
730:
695:
660:
234:
222:. In the dawn of the outbreak of World War I, Russian occupational forces occupied
722:
687:
652:
287:
community in Iran has shrunken over the years. They are mostly the descendants of
109:), where many of them work as technicians and nuclear experts, on for example the
308:
Alexander Zarkeshev was appointed by the Moscow Patriarchate to serve in Tehran.
1516:
1231:
207:
141:
753:
249:) carried out clandestine operations on Iranian soil as it tried to eliminate
223:
177:
169:
157:
81:
543:
The Soviet Union and Its Southern Neighbours: Iran and Afghanistan, 1917-1933
305:
258:
202:
Russia's influence in northern Iran was paramount from the signing of the
1421:
813:
129:
93:
291:
and the permanently accredited staff of diplomatic and trade missions.
106:
45:
820:
988:
294:
277:
161:
33:
297:'s Orthodox Community traces its history to the late 16th century.
618:"RUSSIA i. Russo-Iranian Relations up to the Bolshevik Revolution"
268:
254:
238:
173:
1007:
853:
246:
242:
128:, Russians are known to be living in Iran since the time of the
97:
959:
824:
116:
Although the community has shrunk significantly since the
172:. Most of them landed in the north Iranian provinces of
1488:
188:, where communities of their descendants still live.
1455:
1364:
1319:
1288:
1272:
1219:
1212:
1156:
1131:
1105:
1069:
1041:
1015:
1000:
922:
861:
195:. This influence ended some decades later with the
71:
55:
27:
481:Russian travellers in Iran to 1917 - Iranicaonline
180:, but also in the northwest and northeast, in
971:
836:
8:
156:temporarily occupied the Caspian regions of
22:
1216:
1012:
978:
964:
956:
843:
829:
821:
611:
609:
607:
539:Volodarskiĭ, Mikhail I.; Volodars (1994).
21:
808:(2). Oxford University Press: 1900–1922.
1495:
426:
333:Russian Ecclesiastical Mission in Urmia
1475:Ethnic Russians in post-Soviet states
7:
626:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
28:Regions with significant populations
628:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
14:
1548:Iranian people of Russian descent
438:U of Minnesota Press, 1 mei 1980
390:Persian Socialist Soviet Republic
220:Iranian Constitutional Revolution
1510:
1498:
987:
370:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
204:Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907
146:Caspian expeditions of the Rus'
415:Russians in post-Soviet states
380:1908 bombardment of the Majlis
152:in the 18th century, when the
1:
723:10.1080/00263206.2022.2029423
688:10.1080/00263206.2022.2029423
653:10.1080/00263206.2022.2029423
503:Rezun, Miron (January 1981).
395:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
575:Poulson, Stephen C. (2006).
193:Russo-Persian War of 1826-28
776:"Russian Orthodoxy In Iran"
338:St. Nicholas Church, Tehran
301:St. Nicholas Church, Tehran
111:Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant
16:Iranians of Russian descent
1564:
1016:Central and Eastern Europe
802:Journal of Refugee Studies
435:Russia and Iran, 1780-1828
1471:
940:Human trafficking in Iran
935:Ethnic minorities in Iran
754:10.1177/14744740221134119
459:Russian Orthodoxy In Iran
76:
60:
32:
1538:Russian diaspora in Iran
616:Andreeva, Elena (2014).
405:1953 Iranian coup d'état
233:In the 1920s-1930s, the
945:Iranian citizens abroad
375:Persian Cossack Brigade
78:Russian Orthodox Church
711:Middle Eastern Studies
676:Middle Eastern Studies
641:Middle Eastern Studies
343:Russian Church, Qazvin
280:
206:until the outbreak of
1543:Iran–Russia relations
1533:Ethnic groups in Iran
355:Iran-Russia relations
272:
216:Nicholas II of Russia
168:had to flee from the
1352:United Arab Emirates
930:Demographics of Iran
746:Cultural Geographies
214:During the reign of
400:Iran crisis of 1946
148:, and later on the
122:Iran crisis of 1946
38:Mazandaran Province
24:
814:10.1093/jrs/fez122
365:Iranians in Russia
360:Russo-Persian Wars
349:Urmia Orthodokseta
283:The once numerous
281:
274:The Russian Church
182:Iranian Azerbaijan
126:Iranian Revolution
103:Russo-Persian Wars
50:Iranian Azerbaijan
1486:
1485:
1360:
1359:
1152:
1151:
953:
952:
410:Project Dark Gene
318:Bogatyr battalion
265:Russian Orthodoxy
150:Russo-Persian War
87:
86:
1555:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1473:Related topics:
1217:
1013:
994:Russian diaspora
992:
991:
980:
973:
966:
957:
856:
845:
838:
831:
822:
817:
787:
786:
784:
782:
772:
766:
765:
741:
735:
734:
706:
700:
699:
671:
665:
664:
636:
630:
629:
622:Yarshater, Ehsan
613:
602:
601:
599:
597:
572:
566:
565:
563:
561:
536:
530:
529:
527:
525:
500:
494:
489:
483:
478:
472:
471:
469:
467:
453:
447:
431:
385:Persian Campaign
323:Russian diaspora
285:Russian Orthodox
237:secret service (
228:Persian Campaign
120:, the following
118:Second World War
90:Iranian Russians
25:
23:Iranian Russians
1563:
1562:
1558:
1557:
1556:
1554:
1553:
1552:
1523:
1522:
1521:
1511:
1509:
1499:
1497:
1489:
1487:
1482:
1467:
1451:
1356:
1315:
1284:
1268:
1208:
1148:
1127:
1101:
1065:
1037:
1005:
996:
986:
984:
954:
949:
918:
857:
852:
851:Immigration to
849:
799:
796:
794:Further reading
791:
790:
780:
778:
774:
773:
769:
743:
742:
738:
708:
707:
703:
673:
672:
668:
638:
637:
633:
615:
614:
605:
595:
593:
591:
574:
573:
569:
559:
557:
555:
538:
537:
533:
523:
521:
519:
502:
501:
497:
490:
486:
479:
475:
465:
463:
455:
454:
450:
432:
428:
423:
314:
289:Russian émigrés
267:
261:(now Ukraine).
138:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1561:
1559:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1519:
1507:
1484:
1483:
1472:
1469:
1468:
1466:
1465:
1459:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1447:United Kingdom
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1419:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1389:
1384:
1379:
1374:
1368:
1366:
1362:
1361:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1354:
1349:
1344:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1292:
1290:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1276:
1274:
1273:Southeast Asia
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1223:
1221:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1207:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1158:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1126:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1100:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1066:
1064:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1047:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1036:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1010:
1003:Russian Empire
998:
997:
985:
983:
982:
975:
968:
960:
951:
950:
948:
947:
942:
937:
932:
926:
924:
920:
919:
917:
916:
911:
906:
901:
896:
891:
886:
881:
876:
871:
865:
863:
859:
858:
850:
848:
847:
840:
833:
825:
819:
818:
795:
792:
789:
788:
767:
736:
701:
666:
631:
603:
589:
567:
553:
531:
517:
495:
484:
473:
448:
444:978-0816656974
425:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
412:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
372:
367:
362:
357:
352:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
313:
310:
266:
263:
251:White émigrées
197:crisis of 1946
154:Russian Empire
137:
134:
85:
84:
74:
73:
69:
68:
58:
57:
53:
52:
42:Gilan Province
30:
29:
18:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1560:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1506:
1496:
1492:
1480:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1461:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1363:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1342:
1338:
1335:
1333:
1330:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1278:
1277:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1215:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1194:United States
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1108:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1046:
1044:
1043:Baltic states
1040:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1004:
999:
995:
990:
981:
976:
974:
969:
967:
962:
961:
958:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
921:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
866:
864:
860:
855:
846:
841:
839:
834:
832:
827:
826:
823:
815:
811:
807:
803:
798:
797:
793:
777:
771:
768:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
740:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
705:
702:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
670:
667:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
642:
635:
632:
627:
623:
619:
612:
610:
608:
604:
592:
590:9780739117576
586:
582:
581:
578:
571:
568:
556:
554:9780714634852
550:
546:
545:
542:
535:
532:
520:
514:
510:
509:
506:
499:
496:
493:
488:
485:
482:
477:
474:
462:
460:
452:
449:
445:
441:
437:
436:
430:
427:
420:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
398:
396:
393:
391:
388:
386:
383:
381:
378:
376:
373:
371:
368:
366:
363:
361:
358:
356:
353:
351:
350:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
315:
311:
309:
307:
302:
298:
296:
292:
290:
286:
279:
275:
271:
264:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
231:
229:
225:
221:
217:
212:
209:
205:
200:
198:
194:
189:
187:
183:
179:
175:
171:
167:
166:White émigrés
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
135:
133:
131:
127:
123:
119:
114:
112:
108:
104:
99:
95:
91:
83:
79:
75:
70:
67:
63:
59:
54:
51:
47:
43:
39:
35:
31:
26:
1479:White émigré
1341:Russian Jews
1331:
1132:Other states
1092:Turkmenistan
1070:Central Asia
903:
805:
801:
779:. Retrieved
770:
745:
739:
714:
710:
704:
679:
675:
669:
644:
640:
634:
625:
594:. Retrieved
580:
577:
570:
558:. Retrieved
544:
541:
534:
522:. Retrieved
508:
505:
498:
487:
476:
464:. Retrieved
458:
451:
434:
429:
347:
328:White émigré
299:
293:
282:
232:
213:
201:
190:
139:
115:
89:
88:
19:Ethnic group
1442:Switzerland
1296:Afghanistan
1280:Philippines
1232:Albazinians
208:World War I
142:Middle Ages
1527:Categories
1289:South Asia
1118:Azerbaijan
1097:Uzbekistan
1087:Tajikistan
1082:Kyrgyzstan
1077:Kazakhstan
909:Pakistanis
862:By country
518:9028626212
421:References
224:Qajar Iran
178:Mazandaran
170:Bolsheviks
158:Tabaristan
96:living in
82:Shia Islam
1463:Australia
1320:West Asia
1242:Hong Kong
1220:East Asia
1204:Venezuela
1184:Guatemala
1164:Argentina
1061:Lithuania
762:253475547
731:246923610
696:246923610
661:246923610
306:Hieromonk
259:Vinnytsia
162:Astarabad
144:with the
56:Languages
1416:Svalbard
1382:Bulgaria
1311:Pakistan
1247:Shanghai
1157:Americas
1106:Caucasus
923:See also
904:Russians
889:Lebanese
717:(6): 7.
682:(6): 4.
647:(6): 1.
312:See also
186:Khorasan
130:Safavids
124:and the
94:Russians
72:Religion
1491:Portals
1456:Oceania
1422:Romania
1402:Germany
1387:Croatia
1377:Belgium
1372:Austria
1347:Lebanon
1199:Uruguay
1144:Moldova
1139:Finland
1123:Georgia
1113:Armenia
1051:Estonia
1033:Ukraine
1023:Belarus
1006:or the
1001:Former
899:Koreans
894:Kazakhs
879:Indians
874:Chinese
869:Afghans
781:5 April
624:(ed.).
596:5 April
560:5 April
524:5 April
466:5 April
136:History
107:Bushehr
66:Persian
62:Russian
46:Bushehr
1505:Russia
1437:Sweden
1427:Serbia
1412:Norway
1407:Greece
1397:France
1392:Cyprus
1365:Europe
1337:Israel
1327:Turkey
1254:Taiwan
1237:Harbin
1189:Mexico
1174:Canada
1169:Brazil
1056:Latvia
1028:Poland
884:Iraqis
760:
729:
694:
659:
587:
551:
515:
442:
295:Tehran
278:Qazvin
235:Soviet
34:Tehran
1432:Spain
1306:Nepal
1301:India
1264:Korea
1259:Japan
1227:China
1179:Chile
914:Poles
758:S2CID
748:: 5.
727:S2CID
692:S2CID
657:S2CID
620:. In
446:p 160
255:Odesa
239:Cheka
174:Gilan
1517:Iran
1477:and
1332:Iran
1213:Asia
1008:USSR
854:Iran
783:2014
598:2014
585:ISBN
562:2014
549:ISBN
526:2014
513:ISBN
468:2014
440:ISBN
257:and
247:NKVD
243:OGPU
184:and
176:and
160:and
98:Iran
92:are
810:doi
750:doi
719:doi
684:doi
649:doi
276:of
1529::
806:34
804:.
756:.
725:.
715:58
713:.
690:.
680:58
678:.
655:.
645:58
643:.
606:^
583:.
547:.
511:.
199:.
132:.
113:.
80:,
64:,
48:,
44:,
40:,
36:,
1493::
1481:.
1418:)
1414:(
1343:)
1339:(
979:e
972:t
965:v
844:e
837:t
830:v
816:.
812::
785:.
764:.
752::
733:.
721::
698:.
686::
663:.
651::
600:.
564:.
528:.
470:.
461:"
457:"
245:-
241:-
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.