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1577:. When the latter began to act independently, Yusuf got into contact with Zahir al-Umar to remove him. Zahir suggested that they enlist the Russians. The Russian squadron, under Captain Ivan Kozhukov, blockaded and bombarded Beirut while Zahir negotiated Jazzar's withdrawal. The latter then entered Zahir's service, only to rebel against him after a few months. In consequence, the Russians occupied Beirut for a second time, for four months, to force Yusuf to pay a ransom.
182:
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1152:, to fight the Russians, but their effectiveness was undermined by constant Russian destabilization of the area. In the years preceding the war the Ottoman Empire had enjoyed the longest period of peace with Europe in its history (1739–1768). Nevertheless, the Ottoman Empire faced internal division, rebellion and corruption compounded by the re-emergence of a unified Persian leadership, under
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Ukraine, bands of rebels waged low scale guerrilla war throughout
Ukraine and southern Poland. On 20 June 1768, the Russian Army captured the fortress of Bar but when one band of surviving confederates fled over to the Turkish border, pursuing troops including Zaporozhian Cossacks, clashed with
1554:, convinced him to turn on his erstwhile master. Abu al-Dhahab then marched on Egypt and forced Ali Bey to flee to Zahir. Now, Count Orlov, with Catherine's approval, intervened and established friendly relations with the two anti-Ottoman rebels. The Russian fleet provided critical aid in the
1506:
demoralized the
Ottomans, and bolstered Russian morale. Catherine II used this and other victories over the Turks to consolidate her power domestically, commissioning medals in honour of the battle. Despite their naval success, though, the Russians were unable to capture
1423:
on the Black Sea coast by a joint Russo-Georgian force in 1771 failed and
Russian troops were withdrawn in the spring of 1772. It was the first time Russian troops had crossed the Caucasus. On the steppes north of the mountains, the later-famous
1628:
A ceasefire between Russia and the
Ottoman Empire commenced on May 30, 1772, but real negotiations did not begin until August 8. The peace talks broke down almost immediately over the Crimea, but the truce was extended until March 20, 1773.
1600:
from the
Ottomans with a treaty on July 6, 1771. The Austrians maintained their increased military presence on their border with Moldavia and Wallachia, and they increased a subsidy to the cash-starved Ottomans, who had been dabbling in
1204:
and the French embassy pushing the sultan along, with many pro-war advisors, the sultan on
October 6 imprisoned Aleksei Mikhailovich Obreskov and the entire Russian embassy's staff, marking the Ottoman's declaration of war on Russia.
912:
1632:
Both parties had reasons to expand the negotiations, primarily to do with both sides wanting to keep fighting on a single front. The
Ottomans were now quelling rebellions from Egypt and Syria and also faced incursions from
690:
2093:
Yuzo Nagata, "Greek
Rebellion of 1770 in the Morea Peninsula: Some Remarks through the Turkish Historical Sources", in Studies on the Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire (Izmir: Akademi Kitabevi, 1995),
1677:
The
Crimean Khanate formally gained its independence from both powers (but in reality became dependent on Russia and in 1783 was directly annexed after bloody clashes between the Christian and Tatar populations).
1163:
would prove himself to be incompetent militarily. The
Russian army massed along the borders with Poland and the Ottoman Empire, which made it difficult for Ottomans troops to make inroads into Russian territory.
3129:
1312:
but managed to hold on; the remainder of the Ottoman army panicked and abandoned the field, and the Russians claimed the fortress. With the Ottomans in disarray the Russians took the capital of Moldavia
977:
from Polish affairs to assert itself as one of the continent's primary military powers. The war left the Russian Empire in a strengthened position to expand its territory and maintain hegemony over the
683:
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817:
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1617:. She secretly agreed to return the captured principalities back to the Ottomans, thereby removing Austria's fear of a powerful Russian Balkan neighbour. On April 8, 1772,
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and would proceed to break away from the Ottoman Empire. In addition to this decentralization of the Empire the Ottomans were also faced with the revival of a unified
2314:
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between Poland and Russia, which was disadvantageous to Poland geopolitically, challenged the political supremacy of Poland's Catholic faith, prevented reform of the
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2749:
3312:
1236:; Russia could provide all these. When the tide of the conflict turned in Russia's favour, Britain limited its support, now seeing Russia as a rising competitor in
1270:
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on November 17. From the capital of Bucharest, the Russians fanned out through the principality, only later being challenged by Grand Vizier Mehmed Emin Pasha at
3166:
1673:. The treaty did not overtly take away vast territories from the Ottomans – Poland had already paid the price of alienated territory. According to the treaty:
1743:
This war comprised but a small part of the continuous process of expansion of the Russian Empire southwards and westwards during the 18th and 19th centuries.
3407:
1596:
offered to mediate the dispute between Russia and the Ottomans to halt Russia's expansion. Austria managed to turn the situation to its advantage by gaining
1132:
Upon the outbreak of the war the Ottomans seemed to have the upper hand as Russia was suffering from financial strain as a consequence of involvement in the
958:, less Ottoman territory was directly annexed than might otherwise be expected due to a complex struggle within the European diplomatic system to maintain a
810:
3501:
3119:
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1156:. One clear advantage for the Ottomans was its superior numbers as the Ottoman army was three times the size of its Russian counterpart. However, the new
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on Aug 1, 1770. The Russians routed the Grand Vizier's forces and allegedly one-third of the Ottoman troops drowned in the Danube trying to escape.
954:. Through a series of victories accrued by the Russian Empire led to substantial territorial conquests, including direct conquest over much of the
3511:
2516:
2501:
803:
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3198:
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2174:
3136:
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3536:
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1819:
1252:, the withdrawal of British support left Russia unable to do more than shorten its own supply lines and disrupt Turkish trade in the area.
986:. Turkish losses included diplomatic defeats that saw its decline as a threat to Europe, loss over its exclusive control over the Orthodox
2270:
3556:
3551:
3516:
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Aksan, Virginia. "Breaking the spell of the Baron de Tott: reframing the question of military reform in the Ottoman empire, 1760–1830."
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garrison troops. Polish revolts would dog Russia throughout the war and make it impossible for Catherine II to keep control of Poland.
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1606:
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1200:. Russia denied the accusations, but it was reported that the Cossacks "certainly razed Balta and killed whomever they found". With
995:
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Aksan, Virginia. "The One-Eyed Fighting the Blind: Mobilization, Supply, and Command in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774."
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2103:
For general accounts of the Russian occupations of Beirut, see William Persen, "The Russian occupations of Beirut, 1772–74",
1376:
2461:
1428:
and 2,000 men fought 25,000 Turks and Crimeans. The Cossack village of Naur was defended against 8,000 Turks and tribesmen.
1148:, giving it the advantage of shorter supply lines. The Ottomans were also able to levy troops from their vassal state, the
3205:
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Russia quickly exploited Küçük Kaynarca for an easy excuse to go to war and take more territory from the Ottoman Empire.
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1077:, near the Ottoman border, the Bar Confederation was created on 29 February 1768, led by a landed Polish noble named
1160:
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3317:
2855:
2845:
2815:
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2420:
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1412:
479:
443:
3050:
1380:
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1081:. While the Russian army heavily outnumbered the confederates and defeated them several times in direct battle in
955:
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243:
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1605:) and offered unsubstantiated support to the Ottomans against Russia. Catherine II, wary of the proximity of the
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on June 24, 1770, twelve Russian ships engaged twenty-two Turkish vessels and destroyed them with the use of
1473:
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By now, Russia had some troops spread out north of the Caucasus. In 1769, as a diversion, the Russians sent
1192:
followed them into the Ottoman Empire. In the summer of 1768, Mustafa III received reports that the town of
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987:
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After her victories in the war, Catherine II was depicted in portraits dressed in the military uniforms of
3412:
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2800:
2608:
2543:
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1661:. Russia used the victory to force the Ottoman Empire to acquiesce to Russia's preferences in the treaty.
1511:
because of Ottoman fortifications, as well as European concerns that it would upset the balance of power.
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In the Ottoman Empire, revolts were widespread. Many noble factions had risen against the power of Sultan
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The Islamic World in Decline: From the Treaty of Karlowitz to the Disintegration of the Ottoman Empire
1255:
1073:, which became an alliance of noble, Roman Catholic, and peasant rebels. In the fortified town called
2875:
2548:
2445:
2415:
2343:
Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). "Treaty of Kuchuk Kainardji (1774)". In Mikaberidze, Alexander (ed.).
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1144:, even though Russia employed British officers to resolve this weakness. The Ottomans dominated the
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2074:"Late 18th-century Russian Navy Maps and the First 3D Visualization of the Walled City of Beirut"
1609:
to her own forces and fearing an all-out European war, accepted the loss of Poland and agreed to
1585:
1416:
714:
661:
538:
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1212:, initially a willing ally because of the trade between the two countries. Great Britain needed
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with a small expeditionary force south into Georgia. The Georgians defeated an Ottoman army at
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Nonetheless, Russia was able to take advantage of the weakened Ottoman Empire, the end of the
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Turkish Foreign Policy, 1943–1945: Small State Diplomacy and Great Power Politics
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living in the Ottoman Empire, which opened the door for future Russian expansion
1602:
1495:
1350:
1305:
1274:
1241:
1237:
1118:
1102:
1069:'s occupation by Russian troops. Rising unrest led to the massive revolt of the
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555:
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230:
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3030:
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2040:
Russian Overseas Commerce With Great Britain During the Reign of Catherine II
1694:, allowing the Russian Navy and merchant fleet direct access to the Black Sea
2880:
1725:
As a consequence of the treaty, the Ottomans ceded the northwestern part of
1322:
1318:
1249:
1221:
1145:
1087:
497:
271:
266:
2115:, "Arabs under Tsarist Rule: The Russian Occupation of Beirut, 1773–1774",
1573:
In 1773, Yusuf Shihab entrusted the strengthening of Beirut's defences to
1296:
On September 17, 1769, the Russians began their initial campaign over the
1266:
In January 1769, a 70-thousand man Turkish-Tatar army led by Crimean Khan
3445:
3307:
1730:
1726:
1708:
1547:
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to mobilize irregular troops, which he used to crush the revolt in 1771.
1464:
and was intended to draw Ottoman naval forces out from the Black Sea. In
1301:
1297:
963:
86:
1289:, after which the movement to the Black Sea continued troops of General
962:
that was acceptable to other European states and avoided direct Russian
1698:
1621:, the Austrian equivalent of Minister of Foreign affairs, informed the
1618:
1314:
1082:
943:
935:
130:
126:
2384:
2345:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
1777:
1638:
1527:
1309:
1229:
1066:
1037:. The true power behind the Polish throne was the Russian ambassador
947:
795:
2271:
The Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774 and the Treaty of Kuciuk-Kainargi
2049:О устройстве новых укреплений по границам Екатеринославской губернии
1259:
Cannons and earthworks of the St. Elizabeth fortress in the city of
47:
1691:
1513:
1435:
1332:
1331:
1254:
1171:
1108:
1097:
122:
1518:
War in the Mideast: Russian fleet movements denoted by red arrows
1687:
1539:
1420:
1225:
2356:
799:
672:
1669:
On July 21, 1774, the Ottoman Empire had to sign perforce the
1625:
that Austria no longer considered the treaty of 1771 binding.
1344:
2136:, New York and London: Columbia University Press, pp. 119–20.
1472:
against the Ottoman authorities. However, the Ottoman vizier
2149:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 283. Jay Shaw Stanford,
1188:
Not content to let the Polish enemy flee over the border,
2031:, New York and London: Columbia University Press, p. 105.
1866:, New York and London: Columbia University Press, p. 101.
1653:
On June 20, 1774, the Russian army, under the command of
1273:
the lands of central Ukraine. Crimean Tatars , Turks and
1542:, against their Ottoman overlords. The Egyptian general
1176:
Equestrian portrait of Catherine in the uniform of the
176:
Collegium of Little Russia 1764–1786 (former Hetmanate)
1637:. The Russians were facing a revival of a centralized
1317:) on October 7. They continued the advance south into
1248:. While Russia remained in a superior position in the
3179:
Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
1686:
The Ottoman Empire ceded to Russia two key seaports,
1562:. The Russians surrendered Beirut to the pro-Ottoman
1460:
for the first time in history. It was drawn from the
1240:
trade, rather than merely as a counterbalance to the
1680:
Russia received war reparations of 4.5 million
3366:
2967:
2719:
2617:
2536:
2454:
2404:
1053:due to his ties as former favourite to the Empress
994:that would feature in European diplomacy until the
990:, and the beginning of European bickering over the
2005:, Westport, Connecticut London: Praeger, pp. 69–70
1714:Russia gained official status as protector of the
3527:Military operations involving the Crimean Khanate
2288:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
1914:Russian Overseas Commerce with Great Britain p. 3
1839:. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 35.
1837:The Transformation of European Politics 1763–1848
1285:. Their raid was repulsed by the garrison of the
3194:Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)
2524:List of battles involving the Russian Federation
2018:, Westport, Connecticut London: Praeger, p. 100.
1029:which indirectly challenged the security of the
27:Conflict between the Ottoman and Russian Empires
3313:Soviet OMON assaults on Lithuanian border posts
3228:Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)
2193:, Westport, Connecticut London: Praeger, p. 73-
2151:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
2147:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
1958:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
1903:History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey
1697:Russia gained the territory between the rivers
32:
2068:
2066:
2064:
1992:, Westport, Connecticut London: Praeger, p. 57
1940:, Westport, Connecticut London: Praeger, p. 70
1814:. New York: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 248.
53:Allegory of Catherine's Victory over the Turks
3167:Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)
2368:
2058:Lord Kinross, 'The Ottoman Centuries', p. 397
1452:During the war, a Russian fleet, under Count
811:
684:
8:
1232:for the construction and maintenance of its
3120:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1930)
3115:Red Army intervention in Afghanistan (1929)
2315:Bibliography of Russian history (1613–1917)
2258:
1379:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1308:took heavy casualties from the Russians at
1025:The war followed internal tensions within
2436:Military history of the Russian Federation
2408:
2375:
2361:
2353:
2209:. Princeton University Press. p. 24.
2169:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 72.
2105:Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society
1968:
1966:
1905:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 253–255.
1336:Battle of Kagul, Southern Bessarabia, 1770
818:
804:
796:
691:
677:
669:
29:
2686:Sino-Russian border conflicts (1652–1689)
1984:
1982:
1399:Learn how and when to remove this message
2337:Russia in the Age of Catherine the Great
2231:"Treaty of Peace (Küçük Kaynarca), 1774"
1858:
1856:
1570:, only after being paid a large ransom.
2647:Russian Conquest of Siberia (1580–1747)
2517:List of wars involving the Soviet Union
1952:
1950:
1948:
1946:
1802:
1769:
1641:, which had undergone a coup from King
3268:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3199:Soviet re-occupation of Latvia in 1944
3058:Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)
3036:Soviet westward offensive of 1918–1919
2750:Austro-Russian–Turkish War (1735–1739)
2426:Military history of the Russian Empire
1892:, Warsaw: Interpress Publishers, p. 87
1879:, Warsaw: Interpress Publishers, p. 85
1707:The Porte renounced Ottoman claims to
1140:capitalized on the inferiority of the
3418:Deployment in Nagorno-Karabakh (2020)
2796:Russian colonization of North America
2290:. New York: Oxford University Press.
7:
2431:Military history of the Soviet Union
2235:Empire in Asia: A New Global History
1927:, New York: Crown Publishers, p. 277
1377:adding citations to reliable sources
1220:, as well as other products such as
1125:, which rose to oppose the Turks in
930:arms largely victorious against the
926:was a major armed conflict that saw
3172:Soviet occupation of Latvia in 1940
2153:, Cambridge University Press, p. 89
2072:Michael F. Davie and Mitia Frumin,
1657:, managed to rout the Ottoman army
1483:called on the provincial notables (
1196:had been massacred by Russian paid
1057:. Repnin had forcefully passed the
3502:Warfare of the early modern period
3218:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states
2584:1993 Russian constitutional crisis
1976:, New York: Crown Publishers, p. 2
1960:, Cambridge University Press, p. 2
25:
3083:Red Army intervention in Mongolia
1753:History of the Russo-Turkish wars
996:Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire
3507:Wars involving Georgia (country)
3137:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
2930:Russian conquest of Central Asia
2866:Russian conquest of the Caucasus
2662:Polish–Muscovite War (1605–1618)
2604:Insurgency in the North Caucasus
2239:National University of Singapore
1812:The Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774
1432:Russian Mediterranean expedition
1349:
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622:
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253:
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208:
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190:
180:
160:
46:
3423:Deployment in Kazakhstan (2022)
3068:Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan
3009:1919 Soviet invasion of Ukraine
2203:Weisband, Edward (2015-03-08).
1281:, took a significant number of
934:. Russia's victory brought the
3512:Wars involving the Circassians
3105:Urtatagai conflict (1925–1926)
2755:War of the Austrian Succession
1789:Died of natural causes in 1771
980:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
924:Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774
1:
3472:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
3328:South Ossetia war (1991–1992)
3206:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
2957:Russian invasion of Manchuria
2947:Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
2893:Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829)
2888:Russo-Persian War (1826–1828)
2831:Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812)
2821:Russo-Persian War (1804–1813)
2786:Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)
2781:Russo-Turkish War (1787–1792)
2771:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
2761:Russo-Swedish War (1741–1743)
2739:Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)
2734:Russo-Turkish War (1710–1711)
2711:Russo-Turkish War (1686–1700)
2706:Russo-Turkish War (1676–1681)
2681:Russo-Persian War (1651–1653)
2657:Russo-Swedish War (1590–1595)
2652:Russo-Turkish War (1568–1570)
2637:Russo-Swedish War (1554–1557)
2512:List of wars involving Russia
2507:Sino-Russian border conflicts
2134:The First Partition of Poland
2029:The First Partition of Poland
1864:The First Partition of Poland
33:Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)
3283:Eritrean War of Independence
3253:Hungarian Revolution of 1956
3248:East German uprising of 1953
3189:Eastern Front (World War II)
3078:Red Army invasion of Georgia
3073:Red Army invasion of Armenia
3041:Estonian War of Independence
2982:Russian occupation of Tabriz
2903:Hungarian Revolution of 1848
2861:War of the Seventh Coalition
2744:War of the Polish Succession
2691:Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)
2330:International History Review
2323:International History Review
2191:The Islamic World in Decline
2016:The Islamic World in Decline
2003:The Islamic World in Decline
1990:The Islamic World in Decline
1938:The Islamic World in Decline
1550:, but the Ottoman governor,
1468:, Orlov's arrival sparked a
1047:Stanisław August Poniatowski
982:, eventually leading to the
18:Russo-Turkish War, 1768–1774
3567:Military history of Ukraine
3547:1770s in the Russian Empire
3542:1760s in the Russian Empire
3537:1770s in the Ottoman Empire
3532:1760s in the Ottoman Empire
3323:War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)
3273:Sino-Soviet border conflict
3142:Soviet invasion of Xinjiang
3110:Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)
3046:Latvian War of Independence
2935:Russian conquest of Bukhara
2826:War of the Fourth Coalition
2811:War of the Second Coalition
2286:Schroeder, Paul W. (1994).
1835:Schroeder, Paul W. (1994).
1538:, the autonomous sheikh of
3593:
3557:1768 in the Russian Empire
3552:1768 in the Ottoman Empire
3517:1771 in the Ottoman Empire
3318:First Nagorno-Karabakh War
2856:War of the Sixth Coalition
2846:War of the Fifth Coalition
2816:War of the Third Coalition
2421:Military history of Russia
2383:Armed conflicts involving
2312:
2111:, 3–4 (1955): 275–86, and
1888:Jan Stanislaw Kopczewski,
1875:Jan Stanislaw Kopczewski,
1776:Died of natural causes at
1413:Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben
1202:the confederates of Poland
1014:
480:Jan Hendrik van Kinsbergen
444:Gottlieb Heinrich Totleben
254:
3431:
3157:Soviet invasion of Poland
2851:French invasion of Russia
2462:Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars
2411:
1810:Davies, Brian L. (2016).
1494:Just outside the city of
1454:Alexei Grigoryevich Orlov
1287:Fortress of St. Elizabeth
984:First Partition of Poland
910:
837:
710:
326:Vasily Dolgorukov-Krymsky
288:
196:Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
150:
65:
45:
37:
3577:18th century in Bulgaria
3298:South African Border War
3223:Guerrilla war in Ukraine
3125:Chechen uprising of 1932
2806:Russo-Persian War (1796)
2347:. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO.
1671:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
1321:, occupying its capital
1059:Perpetual Treaty of 1768
973:, and the withdrawal of
392:Weismann von Weißenstein
260:Emirate of Mount Lebanon
107:Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
3562:18th century in Ukraine
2940:Khivan campaign of 1873
2791:Russo-Polish War (1792)
2163:Sicker, Martin (2001).
1890:Kosckiuszko and Pulaski
1877:Kosckiuszko and Pulaski
1649:Final Russian offensive
1581:Mediation and ceasefire
1474:Muhsinzade Mehmed Pasha
1440:The destruction of the
1178:Preobrazhensky Regiment
1011:Russian war with Poland
3522:18th century in Greece
3413:Western Libya campaign
3088:East Karelian uprising
2609:Wagner Group rebellion
2544:Uprising of Bolotnikov
2335:De Madariaga, Isabel.
1519:
1449:
1419:in 1770. The Siege of
1337:
1263:
1185:
1114:
1106:
1055:Catherine II of Russia
606:François Baron de Tott
289:Commanders and leaders
38:Part of the series of
3492:Wars involving Poland
3408:Intervention in Syria
3343:Tajikistani Civil War
3051:Lithuanian–Soviet War
2992:Battle of Robat Karim
2441:Post-Soviet conflicts
2332:24.2 (2002): 253–277.
2325:15#2 (1993): 221–238.
1711:in the North Caucasus
1564:emir of Mount Lebanon
1558:and it bombarded and
1552:Uthman Pasha al-Kurji
1517:
1439:
1335:
1258:
1218:Industrial Revolution
1175:
1142:Imperial Russian Navy
1113:Europe before the war
1112:
1101:
1043:Imperial Russian Army
966:over Eastern Europe.
956:Pontic–Caspian steppe
594:Mandalzade Hüsameddin
121:Ottoman Empire cedes
3391:Annexation of Crimea
3095:Central Asian Revolt
3004:Ukrainian–Soviet War
2876:Russo-Circassian War
2559:Pugachev's Rebellion
2502:Russo-Ukrainian Wars
2446:Russian Armed Forces
2416:Early modern warfare
1373:improve this section
1304:. The elite Ottoman
1216:to fuel its nascent
1198:Zaporozhian Cossacks
998:in the aftermath of
585:Ivazzade Halil Pasha
218:Emirate of Palestine
3572:Catherine the Great
3451:Sphere of influence
3381:Russo-Ukrainian War
3238:First Indochina War
3211:Soviet–Japanese War
3147:Xinjiang War (1937)
3016:Kazakhstan Campaign
2801:Kościuszko Uprising
2701:Second Northern War
2579:Coup attempt (1991)
2472:Soviet-Finnish wars
2145:Jay Shaw Stanford,
2132:Herbert H. Kaplan,
2123:, 2 (2014): 128–41.
2027:Herbert H. Kaplan,
1956:Jay Shaw Stanford,
1901:Jay Shaw Stanford,
1862:Herbert H. Kaplan,
952:sphere of influence
938:between the rivers
489:Petro Kalnyshevskyi
3497:Russo-Turkish wars
3441:Russian Revolution
3376:Russo-Georgian War
3358:Second Chechen War
3338:Georgian Civil War
2977:Russo-Japanese War
2729:Great Northern War
2627:Russo-Crimean Wars
2599:Second Chechen War
2497:Russo-Turkish wars
2492:Russo-Swedish wars
2482:Russo-Persian Wars
2467:Russo-Crimean Wars
2084:, 2 (2007): 52–65.
1972:Carolly Erickson,
1923:Carolly Erickson,
1520:
1450:
1338:
1264:
1186:
1115:
1107:
1105:in his royal robes
1033:and its ally, the
913:Turco-Mongol raids
829:Russo-Turkish Wars
539:Panagiotis Benakis
381:Alexander Golitsyn
205:Kingdom of Imereti
138:becomes a Russian
105: •
40:Russo-Turkish wars
3487:History of Crimea
3459:
3458:
3348:First Chechen War
3303:Soviet–Afghan War
3288:Angolan Civil War
3063:Polish–Soviet War
3021:Finnish Civil War
2999:Russian Civil War
2898:November Uprising
2836:Anglo-Russian War
2776:Bar Confederation
2589:First Chechen War
2569:Russian Civil War
2564:Decembrist revolt
2554:Bulavin Rebellion
2549:Razin's Rebellion
2532:
2531:
2487:Russo-Polish Wars
2455:Lists by opponent
2339:(1981) pp 205–14.
2216:978-1-4008-7261-9
2176:978-0-275-96891-5
1655:Alexander Suvorov
1598:Bukovina District
1458:Mediterranean Sea
1409:
1408:
1401:
1161:Mehmed Emin Pasha
1094:Ottoman situation
1071:Bar Confederation
1017:Bar Confederation
950:into the Russian
919:
918:
793:
792:
701:Russo-Turkish War
667:
666:
577:
562:
370:Alexander Suvorov
283:Bar Confederation
146:
145:
16:(Redirected from
3584:
3333:Transnistria War
3278:War of Attrition
3184:Continuation War
3133:
2925:January Uprising
2766:Seven Years' War
2666:Time of Troubles
2632:Russo-Kazan Wars
2477:Russo-Kazan Wars
2409:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2354:
2348:
2302:
2301:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2268:
2262:
2259:Mikaberidze 2011
2256:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2245:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2200:
2194:
2189:Sicker, Martin,
2187:
2181:
2180:
2160:
2154:
2143:
2137:
2130:
2124:
2101:
2095:
2091:
2085:
2070:
2059:
2056:
2050:
2047:
2041:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2014:Sicker, Martin,
2012:
2006:
2001:Sicker, Martin,
1999:
1993:
1988:Sicker, Martin,
1986:
1977:
1970:
1961:
1954:
1941:
1936:Sicker, Martin,
1934:
1928:
1921:
1915:
1912:
1906:
1899:
1893:
1886:
1880:
1873:
1867:
1860:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1821:978-1-47250801-0
1807:
1790:
1787:
1781:
1780:on 20 March 1773
1774:
1729:(later known as
1615:partition Poland
1524:Ali Bey al-Kabir
1504:defeat at Chesma
1482:
1446:Battle of Chesme
1404:
1397:
1393:
1390:
1384:
1353:
1345:
1182:Vigilius Eriksen
1168:Russian invasion
1134:Seven Years' War
992:Eastern Question
971:Seven Years' War
960:balance of power
832:
830:
820:
813:
806:
797:
705:
693:
686:
679:
670:
662:Count Benyovszky
660:
659:
649:
648:
638:
637:
627:
626:
613:
604:
592:
583:
575:
568:
560:
553:
529:
523:
516:Ali Bey al-Kabir
514:
505:
496:
487:
478:
477:
469:Grigory Potemkin
467:
466:
456:
455:
442:
441:
431:
430:
420:
419:
411:Mikhail Kamensky
409:
408:
400:
390:
389:
379:
378:
368:
367:
357:
356:
346:
345:
335:
334:
324:
323:
315:Pyotr Rumyantsev
313:
312:
300:
299:
281:
280:
270:
269:
258:
257:
256:
246:
233:
222:Greek insurgents
212:
203:
194:
186:Zaporozhian Host
184:
166:
164:
163:
101:Russian victory
67:
66:
50:
30:
21:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3586:
3585:
3583:
3582:
3581:
3482:1770s conflicts
3477:1760s conflicts
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3427:
3368:
3362:
3353:War of Dagestan
3127:
3100:August Uprising
2969:
2963:
2952:Boxer Rebellion
2920:Amur Annexation
2721:
2715:
2619:
2613:
2594:War of Dagestan
2574:August Uprising
2528:
2450:
2400:
2381:
2351:
2342:
2317:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2298:
2285:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2273:at historia.ro
2269:
2265:
2257:
2253:
2243:
2241:
2229:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2188:
2184:
2177:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2144:
2140:
2131:
2127:
2117:Russian History
2102:
2098:
2092:
2088:
2071:
2062:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1987:
1980:
1974:Great Catherine
1971:
1964:
1955:
1944:
1935:
1931:
1925:Great Catherine
1922:
1918:
1913:
1909:
1900:
1896:
1887:
1883:
1874:
1870:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1834:
1833:
1829:
1822:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1749:
1735:Habsburg Empire
1667:
1651:
1583:
1575:Ahmad al-Jazzar
1560:occupied Beirut
1556:Battle of Sidon
1489:Ottoman Albania
1476:
1434:
1405:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1370:
1354:
1343:
1341:Caucasian front
1170:
1150:Crimean Khanate
1096:
1079:Casimir Pulaski
1039:Nicholas Repnin
1035:Crimean Khanate
1023:
1013:
1008:
920:
915:
906:
833:
828:
826:
824:
794:
789:
706:
702:
699:
697:
654:
653:
643:
642:
640:Casimir Pulaski
632:
631:
629:Karol Radziwiłł
621:
620:
615:Qaplan II Giray
608:
599:
587:
578:
574:
563:
559:
537:
533:
524:
509:
500:
491:
482:
472:
471:
461:
460:
458:Mikhail Kutuzov
450:
449:
436:
435:
425:
424:
422:Marko Voinovich
414:
413:
403:
402:
396:
384:
383:
373:
372:
362:
361:
351:
350:
340:
339:
329:
328:
318:
317:
307:
306:
294:
275:
274:
264:
252:
248:Crimean Khanate
239:
220:
216:
214:Beylik of Egypt
207:
198:
172:
161:
159:
136:Crimean Khanate
134:
117:
111:
93:
59:Stefano Torelli
56:
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3590:
3588:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3464:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3436:Russian Winter
3432:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3378:
3372:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3263:Vlora incident
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3235:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3215:
3214:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3175:
3174:
3164:
3159:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3091:
3090:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3033:
3028:
3026:Sochi conflict
3023:
3018:
3013:
3012:
3011:
2996:
2995:
2994:
2984:
2979:
2973:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2960:
2959:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2747:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2725:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2623:
2621:
2615:
2614:
2612:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2534:
2533:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2526:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2509:
2504:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2412:
2406:
2402:
2401:
2382:
2380:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2357:
2350:
2349:
2340:
2333:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2296:
2278:
2263:
2261:, p. 492.
2251:
2222:
2215:
2195:
2182:
2175:
2155:
2138:
2125:
2113:Paul du Quenoy
2096:
2086:
2060:
2051:
2042:
2033:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1978:
1962:
1942:
1929:
1916:
1907:
1894:
1881:
1868:
1852:
1845:
1827:
1820:
1801:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1791:
1782:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1748:
1745:
1723:
1722:
1712:
1705:
1695:
1684:
1678:
1666:
1663:
1659:near Kozludzha
1650:
1647:
1582:
1579:
1534:, allied with
1509:Constantinople
1466:Ottoman Greece
1456:, entered the
1433:
1430:
1407:
1406:
1357:
1355:
1348:
1342:
1339:
1169:
1166:
1095:
1092:
1065:, and allowed
1031:Ottoman Empire
1021:Koliyivshchyna
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
932:Ottoman Empire
917:
916:
911:
908:
907:
905:
904:
899:
894:
889:
884:
879:
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
838:
835:
834:
825:
823:
822:
815:
808:
800:
791:
790:
788:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
711:
708:
707:
698:
696:
695:
688:
681:
673:
665:
664:
651:Michał Jan Pac
547:
433:Fyodor Ushakov
291:
290:
286:
285:
263:
262:
250:
238:
237:
235:Ottoman Empire
226:
224:
189:
188:
178:
171:
170:
168:Russian Empire
156:
153:
152:
148:
147:
144:
143:
119:
113:
112:
110:
109:
102:
99:
95:
94:
83:Eastern Europe
81:
79:
75:
74:
71:
63:
62:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3589:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3488:
3485:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3469:
3467:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3430:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3401:2022 invasion
3399:
3397:
3396:War in Donbas
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
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3259:
3256:
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3239:
3236:
3234:
3233:Ili Rebellion
3231:
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3216:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3200:
3197:
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2896:
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2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2871:Caucasian War
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
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2327:
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2320:
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2308:
2299:
2293:
2289:
2282:
2279:
2275:(in Romanian)
2272:
2267:
2264:
2260:
2255:
2252:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2207:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2168:
2167:
2159:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2142:
2139:
2135:
2129:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2097:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2079:
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2067:
2065:
2061:
2055:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2030:
2024:
2021:
2017:
2011:
2008:
2004:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1917:
1911:
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1878:
1872:
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1773:
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1763:
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1664:
1662:
1660:
1656:
1648:
1646:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1624:
1623:Sublime Porte
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:Austrian army
1604:
1599:
1595:
1594:Great Britain
1591:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1571:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:Abu al-Dhahab
1541:
1537:
1536:Zahir al-Umar
1533:
1529:
1525:
1516:
1512:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1470:Maniot revolt
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1442:Turkish fleet
1438:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1426:Matvei Platov
1422:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1400:
1392:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1368:
1367:
1363:
1358:This section
1356:
1352:
1347:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1330:
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1324:
1320:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:
1262:
1261:Kropyvnytskyi
1257:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1246:Mediterranean
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1210:Great Britain
1206:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
985:
981:
976:
972:
967:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
914:
909:
903:
900:
898:
895:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
839:
836:
831:
821:
816:
814:
809:
807:
802:
801:
798:
786:
783:
781:
778:
776:
773:
771:
768:
766:
763:
761:
758:
756:
753:
751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
712:
709:
704:
694:
689:
687:
682:
680:
675:
674:
671:
663:
658:
652:
647:
641:
636:
630:
625:
619:
616:
612:
607:
603:
598:
595:
591:
586:
582:
573:
572:
571:Abdul Hamid I
567:
558:
557:
552:
548:
546:
545:
540:
536:
535:Zahir al-Umar
532:
531:Abu al-Dhahab
528:
522:
517:
513:
508:
504:
499:
495:
490:
486:
481:
476:
470:
465:
459:
454:
448:
445:
440:
434:
429:
423:
418:
412:
407:
401:
399:
393:
388:
382:
377:
371:
366:
360:
359:Ivan Saltykov
355:
349:
344:
338:
333:
327:
322:
316:
311:
305:
304:
298:
293:
292:
287:
284:
279:
273:
268:
261:
251:
249:
245:
241:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
225:
223:
219:
215:
211:
206:
202:
197:
193:
187:
183:
179:
177:
174:
173:
169:
158:
157:
155:
154:
149:
141:
137:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
114:
108:
104:
103:
100:
97:
96:
92:
91:Mediterranean
88:
84:
80:
77:
76:
72:
69:
68:
64:
60:
54:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3152:World War II
2770:
2676:Smolensk War
2642:Livonian War
2344:
2336:
2329:
2322:
2287:
2281:
2266:
2254:
2242:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
2205:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2165:
2158:
2150:
2146:
2141:
2133:
2128:
2120:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2081:
2078:e-Perimetron
2077:
2054:
2045:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1973:
1957:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1910:
1902:
1897:
1889:
1884:
1876:
1871:
1863:
1846:0-19822119-3
1836:
1830:
1811:
1805:
1785:
1772:
1742:
1739:
1724:
1703:Southern Bug
1668:
1665:Peace treaty
1652:
1631:
1627:
1611:Frederick II
1584:
1572:
1568:Yusuf Shihab
1521:
1493:
1484:
1462:Baltic Fleet
1451:
1410:
1395:
1386:
1371:Please help
1359:
1295:
1265:
1207:
1187:
1158:Grand Vizier
1138:Ottoman Navy
1131:
1116:
1063:liberum veto
1045:, with King
1024:
968:
923:
921:
866:
725:Orlov revolt
700:
569:
554:
543:
397:
348:Samuil Greig
337:Alexey Orlov
303:Catherine II
301:
151:Belligerents
140:client state
129:and part of
52:
3258:Vietnam War
3128: [
2987:World War I
2908:Crimean War
2841:Finnish War
2757:(1740–1748)
2746:(1733–1738)
2671:Ingrian War
2387:(including
1613:'s plan to
1603:tax farming
1546:marched on
1530:usurper of
1477: [
1306:Janissaries
1268:Qırım Giray
1242:French Navy
1238:Far Eastern
1119:Mustafa III
1103:Mustafa III
1000:World War I
703:(1768–1774)
561:(1768–1774)
556:Mustafa III
116:Territorial
3466:Categories
3293:Ogaden War
3243:Korean War
3162:Winter War
3031:Heimosodat
2618:Tsardom of
2313:See also:
2297:0198221193
1797:References
1758:Greek Plan
1719:Christians
1643:Gustav III
1500:fire ships
1291:Rumyantsev
1279:New Serbia
1154:Nader Shah
1015:See also:
1006:Background
133:to Russia.
2913:Åland War
2881:Murid War
2720:18th–19th
1733:) to the
1522:In 1771,
1389:July 2022
1360:does not
1323:Bucharest
1319:Wallachia
1250:Black Sea
1222:sailcloth
1146:Black Sea
1088:janissary
902:1916–1917
897:1914–1918
852:1686–1700
780:Kozludzha
760:Turtucaia
507:Solomon I
498:Erekle II
272:Circassia
73:1768–1774
3446:Cold War
3308:Gulf War
2664:and the
2537:Internal
2393:Imperial
1747:See also
1731:Bukovina
1727:Moldavia
1716:Orthodox
1709:Kabardia
1548:Damascus
1417:Aspindza
1302:Moldavia
1298:Dniester
1277:ravaged
1214:bar iron
1190:Cossacks
1041:and the
964:hegemony
765:Kaynarca
745:Akkerman
715:Aspindza
87:Caucasus
78:Location
3386:Outline
3369:century
2970:century
2722:century
2405:Related
2389:Tsarist
2309:Sources
2244:18 July
2094:111–116
1699:Dnieper
1619:Kaunitz
1590:Austria
1586:Prussia
1444:in the
1381:removed
1366:sources
1271:invaded
1244:in the
1083:Podolia
1051:elected
944:Dnieper
936:Yedisan
928:Russian
892:1877–78
887:1853–56
882:1828–29
877:1806–12
872:1787–92
867:1768–74
862:1735–39
857:1710–11
847:1676–81
842:1568–70
775:Chkheri
770:Hirsovo
720:Nauplia
398:†
131:Yedisan
127:Enikale
118:changes
55:(1772),
2696:Deluge
2620:Russia
2399:times)
2397:Soviet
2385:Russia
2294:
2213:
2173:
1843:
1818:
1778:Warsaw
1682:rubles
1639:Sweden
1635:Persia
1592:, and
1528:Mamluk
1526:, the
1502:. The
1496:Chesma
1448:, 1770
1310:Khotyn
1283:slaves
1275:Nogais
1230:timber
1228:, and
1136:. The
1123:Persia
1067:Warsaw
1049:being
1027:Poland
988:millet
975:France
948:Crimea
946:, and
755:Patras
750:Beirut
730:Chesma
576:(1774)
541:
518:
394:
165:
98:Result
3132:]
1764:Notes
1692:Kerch
1532:Egypt
1487:) of
1485:ayans
1481:]
1327:Kagul
1315:Jassy
1300:into
1194:Balta
785:Kerch
740:Cahul
735:Larga
597:Pasha
123:Kerch
3367:21st
2968:20th
2395:and
2292:ISBN
2246:2020
2211:ISBN
2171:ISBN
1841:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1701:and
1690:and
1688:Azov
1540:Acre
1421:Poti
1364:any
1362:cite
1234:Navy
1226:hemp
1180:(by
1127:Iraq
1019:and
942:and
922:The
70:Date
1375:by
1075:Bar
940:Bug
57:by
3468::
3130:ru
2391:,
2237:.
2233:.
2121:41
2119:,
2109:42
2107:,
2080:,
2076:,
2063:^
1981:^
1965:^
1945:^
1855:^
1737:.
1645:.
1588:,
1566:,
1479:tr
1293:.
1224:,
1129:.
1002:.
125:,
89:,
85:,
2376:e
2369:t
2362:v
2300:.
2248:.
2219:.
2179:.
2082:2
1849:.
1824:.
1402:)
1396:(
1391:)
1387:(
1383:.
1369:.
1313:(
1184:)
819:e
812:t
805:v
692:e
685:t
678:v
618:#
544:X
447:#
142:.
61:.
20:)
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