42:
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69:
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702:
1176:– and not wheat. The durable spore type produced on the alternate host allows the disease to persist in wheat even in more inhospitable environments. Planting resistant crops will prevent disease, however, virulence mutations will give rise to new strains of fungi that overcome plant resistance. Although the disease cannot be stopped by removal of the alternate host, the life cycle is disrupted and the
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rust disease, can be confused with common rust. Southern rust's distinguishing characteristic is that pustules form mostly on the upper leaf surface and spores are more orange in color. Southern rust spreads more quickly and has a higher economic impact when hot, humid weather conditions persist. Timely fungicide applications to control southern rust are more crucial than with common rust.
3210:
300:, are currently accepted. Rust fungi are highly specialized plant pathogens with several unique features. Taken as a group, rust fungi are diverse and affect many kinds of plants. However, each species has a range of hosts and cannot be transmitted to non-host plants. In addition, most rust fungi cannot be
555:). These serve as repeating dikaryotic vegetative spores. These spores are referred to as the repeating stage because they can cause auto-infection on the primary host, re-infecting the same host on which the spores were produced. They are often profuse, red/orange, and a prominent sign of rust disease.
1224:
In some large acreage crops, fungicides are applied by air. The process is expensive and fungicide application is best reserved for seasons when foliar diseases are severe. Research indicates, the higher the foliar disease severity, the greater the return from the use of fungicides. Southern corn
1187:
Demicyclic disease: Because there is no repeating stage in the life cycle of demicyclic fungi, removal of the primary or the alternate host will disrupt the disease cycle. This method, however, is not highly effective in managing all demicyclic diseases. Cedar-apple rust disease, for example, can
444:
Rusts are among the most harmful pathogens to agriculture, horticulture and forestry. Rust fungi are major concerns and limiting factors for successful cultivation of agricultural and forest crops. White pine blister rust, wheat stem rust, soybean rust, and coffee rust are examples of notoriously
1023:
mechanism to allow the mechanised collection of spores for study – Cherry & Peet 1966's improved version gathers even more efficiently. This device was first put to work testing the composition of the spores themselves, especially substances coating the outside of the spores which
350:
that only infect living plants. Infections begin when a spore lands on the plant surface, germinates, and invades its host. Infection is limited to plant parts such as leaves, petioles, tender shoots, stem, fruits, etc. Plants with severe rust infection may appear stunted,
1188:
persist despite removal of one of the hosts since spores can be disseminated from long distances. The severity of cedar-apple rust disease can be managed by removal of basidiospore producing galls from junipers or the application of protective fungicides to junipers.
623:
rust fungi require two unrelated hosts to complete their life cycle, with the primary host being infected by aeciospores and the alternate host being infected by basidiospores. This can be contrasted with an autoecious fungus, such as
607:, and the aecial states, thus possess only uredinia and telia. Spermagonia may be absent from each type but especially the microcyclic life cycle. In macrocyclic and demicyclic life cycles, the rust may be either host alternating (
359:, and make spore-producing fruiting bodies within or, more often, on the surfaces of affected plant parts. Some rust species form perennial systemic infections that may cause plant deformities such as growth retardation,
495:
Rust fungi can produce up to five spore types from corresponding fruiting body types during their life cycle, depending on the species. Roman numerals have traditionally been used to refer to these morphological types.
1112:
The control methods of rust fungus diseases depend largely on the life cycle of the particular pathogen. The following are examples of disease management plans used to control macrocyclic and demicyclic diseases:
1232:
High moisture levels may exacerbate rust disease symptoms. The avoidance of overhead watering at night, using drip irrigation, reducing crop density, and using fans to circulate air flow may decrease disease
1152:, preventing the formation of basidiospores which infect the primary host. Although spores from white pines cannot infect other white pines, survival spores may overwinter on infected pines and reinfect
1242:
Inspection of imported plants and cuttings for symptoms. It is important to continuously observe the plants because rust diseases have a latent period (plant has the disease but shows no symptoms).
3183:
1266:). Recently, a total of 95 rust fungi belonging to 25 genera associated with 117 forest plant species belonging to 80 host genera under 43 host families were reported from the
682:. When a spore encounters a susceptible plant, it can germinate and infect plant tissues. A rust spores typically germinates on a plant surface, growing a short hypha called a
2271:
3079:
650:, comprise species that are capable of parasitizing plants of many families. Other rust genera appear to be restricted to certain plant groups. Host restriction may, in
2295:
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damaging threats to economically important crops. Climate change may increase the prevalence of some rust species while causing others to decline through increased CO
1212:, good soil drainage, and careful watering may minimize problems. Any appearance of rust must be immediately dealt with by removing and burning all affected leaves.
717:. From the underside of an appressorium, a slender hypha grows downward to infect plant cells. It is thought that the whole process is mediated by stretch-sensitive
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3416:
41:
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630:, which can complete all parts of its life cycle on a single host species. Understanding the life cycles of rust fungi allows for proper disease management.
465:, meaning that they require a living host to complete their life cycle. They generally do not kill the host plant but can severely reduce growth and yield.
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It is probable that most plant species are affected by some species of rust. Rusts are often named after a host species that they infect. For example;
3338:
655:
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638:
There are definite patterns of relationship with host plant groups and the rust fungi that parasitize them. Some genera of rust fungi, especially
2809:
Zhou, X. L., et al., A mechanosensitive channel in whole cells and in membrane patches of the fungus
Uromyces. Science, 1991. 253(5026): p. 1415.
666:
significance. Rust fungi decrease photosynthesis and elicit the emissions of different stress volatiles with increasing severity of infection.
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784:
occurs. The process repeats every 10–14 days, producing numerous spores that can be spread to other parts of the same plant, or to new hosts.
2581:
2513:
2283:
1204:, may help but may never eradicate the disease. Some organic preventative solutions are available and sulphur powder is known to stop spore
589:
Rust fungi are often categorized by their life cycle. Three basic types of life cycles are recognized based on the number of spore types as
812:
603:. The macrocyclic life cycle has all spore states, the demicyclic lacks the uredinial state, and the microcyclic cycle lacks the basidial,
3155:
3132:
3173:
2800:
Deising, H. B., S. Werner, and M. Wernitz, The role of fungal appressoria in plant infection. Microbes Infect, 2000. 2(13): pp. 1631–41.
3103:
891:(stem rust of wheat and Kentucky bluegrass, or black rust of cereals); primary hosts include: Kentucky bluegrass, barley, and wheat;
2546:
1099:
1043:
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stage of the life cycle. They usually do not infect a plant directly; instead they germinate to produce basidia and basidiospores.
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50:
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of nutrients from the plant, nourishing the fungus. The fungus continues growing, penetrating more and more plant cells, until
343:
in successive stages of reproduction. Each spore type is very host specific, and can typically infect only one kind of plant.
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Crop rotation can break the disease cycle because many rusts are host specific and do not persist long without their host.
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species, apply to both phases of life cycle or to only one phase. As with many pathogen/host pairs, rusts are often in
3056:
Marsalis, M. & Goldberg, N. (2006). Leaf, Stem, And Stripe Rust
Diseases of Wheat. . New Mexico State University.
2818:
Voegele, R. T., and K. Mendgen, Rust haustoria: nutrient uptake and beyond. New
Phytologist, 2003. 159(1): pp. 93–100.
2354:
489:
68:
581:. These windborne haploid spores often infect the alternate host in Spring. They are rarely observed outside of the
2951:
2674:
659:
2732:
Sulaiman Eve, Hassan Y; Runno-Paurson; Kaurilind, Eve; Niinemets, Ülo (2023). "Differential impact of crown rust (
1070:
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rich neck band bridges the plant and fungal membranes in the space between the cells for water flow, known as the
402:
3421:
453:, changes to temperature and humidity, and enhanced spore dispersal due to more frequent extreme weather events.
2878:
Hurtado-Gonzales, O. P.; Valentini, G.; Gilio, T. A.; Martins, A. M.; Song, Q.; Pastor-Corrales, M. A. (2016).
2851:
Hooker, Arthur L (1967). "The
Genetics and Expression of Resistance in Plants to Rusts of the Genus Puccinia".
469:
can be devastated in one season; oak trees infected in the main stem within their first five years by the rust
2311:
2999:"Resistance that stacks up: engineering rust and mildew disease control in the cereal crops wheat and barley"
2835:
965:
899:
3075:
Wallis, C. & Lewandowski, D. (2008). Cedar Rust
Diseases of Ornamental Plants. . Ohio State University.
3060:
1129:
795:
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fungus that causes wheat stem rust disease. The sexual stage in this fungus occurs on the alternate host –
3500:
3226:
1116:
Macrocyclic disease: Developing a management plan for this type of disease depends largely on whether the
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218:
134:
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Central
Science Laboratory. (2006). Plant Healthcare: Rusts . Retrieved from www.csldiagnostics.co.uk
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which infect white pines. Removal of the alternate host disrupts the life cycle of the rust fungi
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2101:
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spp. the following season. Infected tissue is removed from white pines and strict quarantines of
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https://woodlandstewards.osu.edu/sites/woodlands/files/d6/files/pubfiles/3055%20cedar%20rust.pdf
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997:, which had heretofore been poorly understood and handled by individual growers as part of the
744:: plant cell membranes invaginate around the main haustorial body forming a space known as the
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2015:
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355:(yellowed), or may display signs of infection such as rust fruiting bodies. Rust fungi grow
249:
208:
203:
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2125:
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Peterson, R., (1974). The Rust Fungus Life Cycle. The
Botanical Review. 40(4), 453-513.
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998:
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2880:"Fine Mapping of Ur-3, a Historically Important Rust Resistance Locus in Common Bean"
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1970:
1942:
1907:
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1184:. This allows resistance bred crops to remain effective for a longer period of time.
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573:
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356:
316:
239:
213:
152:
100:
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Staples, Richard (2000). "Research on the Rust Fungi During the
Twentieth Century".
868:); primary host is soybean and various legumes. Unknown alternate host. Heteroecious
701:
370:
Rusts get their name because they are most commonly observed as deposits of powdery
2983:
2556:
2538:
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2336:
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140:
3174:"How Rust went from a side project to the world's most-loved programming language"
2959:
3291:
2997:
Dracatos, Peter M.; Lu, Jing; Sánchez-Martín, Javier; Wulff, Brande B.H. (2023).
2571:
1042:
and other sources of rust resistance – with reduced delay before deployment – if
850:(coffee rust); primary host is coffee plant; unknown alternate host. Heteroecious
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Efforts to control rusts began to be scientifically based in the 20th century.
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1002:
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374:-coloured or brown spores on plant surfaces. The Roman agricultural festival
294:
and approximately 7,000 species, more than half of which belong to the genus
3312:
2710:
Scott, K.J, & Chakravorty, A.K., (1982), The Rust fungi. Academic Press.
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352:
332:
80:
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located in the tip of the hypha, which produce electric currents and alter
698:
on the leaf surface, and growing directionally until it encounters a stoma.
17:
3209:
2895:
2757:
2701:
Schumann, G. & D'Arcy, C. (2010). Essential plant pathology. APS Press
3390:
3243:
2736:) infection on photosynthesis and volatile emissions in the primary host
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1984:
1963:
1949:
1935:
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552:
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296:
1216:, or leaving infected vegetation on the ground will spread the disease.
2068:
1830:
1767:
1501:
1487:
1209:
1084: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
515:
416: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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1228:
A variety of preventative methods can be employed for rust diseases:
1039:
839:
604:
548:
518:
336:
291:
90:
3343:
3220:
3317:
2410:"A higher-rank classification for rust fungi, with notes on genera"
2184:
2167:
2140:
2117:
1977:
1956:
1893:
1886:
1690:
1424:
1275:
1134:
1005:'s extensive discoveries of rust genetics. In order to study rust
827:
801:
710:
700:
687:
658:. This rust-plant gene-for-gene interaction differs somewhat from
477:
328:
320:
311:
in different stages of its life cycle, and may produce up to five
2832:
1132:
disease does not occur on white pines but on the alternate host,
3304:
3057:
2508:. Kerala, India: Kerala Forest Research Institute. p. 148.
1816:
1599:
1121:
831:
749:
371:
364:
3224:
619:) (i.e., the aecial and telial states on the same plant host).
2573:
Utopia
Antiqua: Readings of the Golden Age and Decline at Rome
2499:
2497:
2495:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2202:
2009:
1053:
876:(crown rust of oats and ryegrass); oats are the primary host;
385:
1245:
Use of disease-free seed can reduce incidence for some rusts
883:(Buckthorn) is alternate host. Heteroecious and macrocyclic
728:
Once the fungus has invaded the plant, it grows into plant
564:
from Telia. These dikaryotic spores are often the survival/
2529:
Kolmer, James A; Ordonez, Maria E; Groth, James V (2001).
611:) (i.e., the aecial stage is on one kind of plant but the
2289:
Diagram representing the infection process of rust fungi
378:(April 25) has ancient origins in combating wheat rust.
538:, asexual spores, and go on to infect the primary host.
615:
on a different and unrelated plant), or single-host (
49:
Example of wheat leaf from a disease differential of
3052:
3050:
2718:
2716:
764:
reaching the plant's cells. The haustorium contains
3233:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2691:
1120:(rarely termed the "repeating stage") occur on the
895:
is the alternate host. Heteroecious and macrocyclic
800:(white pine blister rust); the primary hosts are
534:from Aecia. These serve mainly as non-repeating,
705:Rust hypha attacking stoma (1600x magnification)
2935:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2923:
2265:Rust fungus on a leaf, under low magnification.
910:is alternate host. Heteroecious and macrocyclic
694:. This involves orienting to ridges created by
2791:Dickinson, M. Molecular Plant Pathology. 2003.
713:tip produces an infection structure called an
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2395:
2393:
2391:
732:cells, producing specialized hyphae known as
656:gene-for-gene relationships with their plants
8:
1028:. When detected they help prevent crowding.
808:the secondary. Heterocyclic and macrocyclic
3221:
2827:Cornell University. (2010). Daylily rust:
367:, or hypertrophy of affected plant parts.
40:
31:
3022:
2903:
2625:
2433:
1236:The use of rust resistant plant varieties
1100:Learn how and when to remove this message
903:(daylily rust); daylily is primary host;
432:Learn how and when to remove this message
1992:Some of the better known hosts include:
1160:spp. are maintained in high risk areas.
2387:
2255:
1260:infects the flowering plant cocklebur (
690:by a touch responsive process known as
307:Most species of rust fungi are able to
2408:Aime, M. C.; McTaggart, A. R. (2021).
1196:Rust diseases are very hard to treat.
1128:. For example, the repeating stage in
3186:from the original on 15 February 2023
7:
3432:afe1e8b3-76ea-434a-96cd-4dc147dee766
3172:Thompson, Clive (14 February 2023).
1460:Rust infected host genera include:
1082:adding citations to reliable sources
813:Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae
488:, model from the late 19th century,
414:adding citations to reliable sources
3496:Fungal plant pathogens and diseases
2865:10.1146/annurev.py.05.090167.001115
2468:from the original on 9 October 2023
842:) host. Heteroecious and demicyclic
725:, inducing appressorium formation.
634:Host plant–rust fungus relationship
1038:can provide a much wider range of
993:initiated the scientific study of
25:
1138:spp. During August and September
1122:economically important host plant
1044:regulation of genetic engineering
1019:. The cyclone separator uses the
3208:
2458:"Species Fungorum - Search Page"
2414:Fungal Systematics and Evolution
2329:
2310:
2294:
2282:
2277:Urediniospores of a rust fungus.
2270:
2258:
1180:is decreased because of reduced
1058:
788:Common rust fungi in agriculture
674:The spores of rust fungi may be
390:
309:infect two different plant hosts
67:
3135:from the original on 2019-12-16
3106:from the original on 2018-06-12
2943:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2677:from the original on 2010-09-17
2590:from the original on 2023-10-09
2305:on the surface of a nettle leaf
1069:needs additional citations for
401:needs additional citations for
2833:http://plantclinic.cornell.edu
2746:Journal of Experimental Botany
2610:"Rust fungi and global change"
2608:Helfer, Stephan (2013-10-30).
2539:10.1002/9780470015902.a0021264
2533:. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
686:. This germ tube may locate a
660:other gene-for-gene situations
1:
3058:http://pubs.nmsu.edu/_a/A415/
2960:10.1146/annurev.phyto.38.1.49
2357:(named after the Rust fungus)
482:Germinating urediniospore of
2884:G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics
2238:fungi, species of the genus
969:(bean rust) in common bean (
961:(brown wheat rust) in grains
323:-producing structures viz.,
302:grown easily in pure culture
3003:Plant Biotechnology Journal
2355:Rust (programming language)
662:and has its own quirks and
490:Botanical Museum Greifswald
255:mitosporic Pucciniales and
3517:
1001:. Stakman was followed by
918:(orange rust of sugarcane)
736:. The haustoria penetrate
3162:(retrieved December 2015)
1026:signal population density
926:(brown rust of sugarcane)
131:
126:
64:Scientific classification
62:
48:
39:
34:
2576:. Taylor & Francis.
953:(yellow rust) of cereals
514:. These serve mainly as
348:obligate plant pathogens
3100:www.stopsoybeanrust.com
2829:Puccinia hemerocallidis
2740:and the alternate host
2462:www.speciesfungorum.org
2426:10.3114/fuse.2021.07.02
2226:Hyperparasites of rusts
2097:(Juniper apple disease)
1130:white pine blister rust
966:Uromyces appendiculatus
746:extra-haustorial matrix
461:All rusts are obligate
2853:Annu. Rev. Phytopathol
2778:Craigie, J.H. (1931).
2671:www.backyardnature.net
1278:. Rust fungi include:
760:, thus preventing the
706:
492:
290:An estimated 168 rust
273:fungal plant pathogens
3179:MIT Technology Review
3096:"Stopsoybeanrust.com"
2896:10.1534/g3.116.036061
1182:genetic recombination
1034:and other methods of
1013:, 1951 developed the
945:(common rust of corn)
704:
481:
285:plant fungal diseases
279:(previously known as
3217:at Wikimedia Commons
2506:Rust Fungi of Kerala
2504:Mohanan, C. (2010).
2091:Juniperus virginiana
2002:, Jack-in-the-pulpit
1250:Host plants affected
1208:. High standards of
1078:improve this article
855:Phakopsora meibomiae
819:Juniperus virginiana
816:(cedar-apple rust);
719:calcium ion channels
410:improve this article
2758:10.1093/jxb/erad001
2110:Allium ampeloprasum
1999:Arisaema triphyllum
1149:Cronartium ribicola
1036:genetic engineering
1021:cyclonic separation
797:Cronartium ribicola
776:which are used for
472:Cronartium quercuum
229:Sphaerophragmiaceae
219:Rogerpetersoniaceae
135:Araucariomycetaceae
3158:2016-03-03 at the
3125:"Common Corn Rust"
3082:2021-01-07 at the
3063:2022-11-27 at the
2838:2010-08-18 at the
2570:Evans, R. (2007).
2350:Leaf rust (barley)
2217:Xanthium canadense
2102:Juniperus communis
2061:Euphorbia maculata
2040:Crataegus monogyna
1220:Commercial control
1142:spp. give rise to
972:Phaseolus vulgaris
847:Hemileia vastatrix
838:is the secondary (
709:Over the stoma, a
707:
493:
164:Gymnosporangiaceae
52:Puccinia recondita
3478:
3477:
3440:Open Tree of Life
3227:Taxon identifiers
3213:Media related to
3015:10.1111/pbi.14106
3009:(10): 1938–1951.
2831:. Retrieved from
2734:Puccinia coronata
2627:10.1111/nph.12570
2583:978-1-134-48787-5
2515:978-81-85041-72-8
2303:Puccinia urticata
2212:-Common groundsel
2019:, Common barberry
2016:Berberis vulgaris
1334:Hapalophragmidium
1178:rate of evolution
1168:is a macrocyclic
1165:Puccinia graminis
1110:
1109:
1102:
1016:Cyclone Separator
900:P. hemerocallidis
873:Puccinia coronata
772:transporters and
670:Infection process
485:Puccinia graminis
442:
441:
434:
266:
265:
16:(Redirected from
3508:
3471:
3470:
3458:
3457:
3448:
3447:
3435:
3434:
3425:
3424:
3412:
3411:
3409:NHMSYS0020536006
3399:
3398:
3386:
3385:
3373:
3372:
3360:
3359:
3347:
3346:
3334:
3333:
3321:
3320:
3308:
3307:
3295:
3294:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3267:
3254:
3253:
3252:
3222:
3212:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3191:
3169:
3163:
3150:
3144:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3112:
3111:
3092:
3086:
3073:
3067:
3054:
3045:
3044:
3026:
2994:
2988:
2987:
2937:
2918:
2917:
2907:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2848:
2842:
2825:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2776:
2770:
2769:
2752:(6): 2029–2046.
2742:Rhamnus frangula
2729:
2723:
2720:
2711:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2663:
2657:
2654:
2648:
2647:
2629:
2605:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2567:
2561:
2560:
2526:
2520:
2519:
2501:
2478:
2477:
2475:
2473:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2437:
2405:
2339:
2334:
2333:
2332:
2314:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2262:
2232:Sphaeropsidaceae
2209:Senecio vulgaris
2161:Primula vulgaris
2064:, Spotted Spurge
1257:Puccinia xanthii
1105:
1098:
1094:
1091:
1085:
1062:
1054:
1018:
1017:
999:breeding process
991:Elvin C. Stakman
923:P. melanocephala
822:is the primary (
778:active transport
437:
430:
426:
423:
417:
394:
386:
250:Mikronegeriaceae
234:Tranzscheliaceae
209:Pucciniastraceae
204:Pucciniosiraceae
72:
71:
44:
32:
21:
3516:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3481:
3480:
3479:
3474:
3466:
3461:
3453:
3451:
3443:
3438:
3430:
3428:
3420:
3415:
3407:
3402:
3394:
3389:
3381:
3376:
3368:
3363:
3355:
3350:
3342:
3337:
3329:
3324:
3316:
3311:
3303:
3298:
3290:
3285:
3277:
3272:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3248:
3247:
3242:
3229:
3205:
3200:
3199:
3189:
3187:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3160:Wayback Machine
3153:faculty.ucr.edu
3151:
3147:
3138:
3136:
3129:www.channel.com
3123:
3122:
3118:
3109:
3107:
3094:
3093:
3089:
3084:Wayback Machine
3074:
3070:
3065:Wayback Machine
3055:
3048:
2996:
2995:
2991:
2939:
2938:
2921:
2877:
2876:
2872:
2850:
2849:
2845:
2840:Wayback Machine
2826:
2822:
2817:
2813:
2808:
2804:
2799:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2777:
2773:
2731:
2730:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2705:
2700:
2689:
2680:
2678:
2665:
2664:
2660:
2655:
2651:
2614:New Phytologist
2607:
2606:
2602:
2593:
2591:
2584:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2549:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2481:
2471:
2469:
2456:
2455:
2451:
2407:
2406:
2389:
2384:
2376:Wheat leaf rust
2335:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2318:
2315:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2287:
2278:
2275:
2266:
2263:
2254:
2236:Sphaeropsidales
2228:
2223:
2126:Mentha piperita
2082:Hordeum vulgare
1990:
1922:Tabernaemontana
1458:
1252:
1222:
1194:
1106:
1095:
1089:
1086:
1075:
1063:
1052:
1015:
1014:
995:host resistance
987:
982:
893:Common barberry
790:
723:gene expression
696:epidermal cells
678:wind, water or
672:
636:
459:
452:
448:
438:
427:
421:
418:
407:
395:
384:
363:, stem canker,
357:intracellularly
346:Rust fungi are
313:morphologically
248:(incorporating
159:Crossopsoraceae
147:Coleosporiaceae
111:Pucciniomycetes
66:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3514:
3512:
3504:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3483:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3459:
3449:
3436:
3426:
3413:
3400:
3387:
3374:
3361:
3348:
3335:
3322:
3309:
3296:
3283:
3270:
3255:
3239:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3204:
3203:External links
3201:
3198:
3197:
3164:
3145:
3116:
3087:
3068:
3046:
2989:
2952:Annual Reviews
2919:
2890:(2): 557–569.
2870:
2859:(1): 163–178.
2843:
2820:
2811:
2802:
2793:
2784:
2780:Phytopathology
2771:
2724:
2712:
2703:
2687:
2658:
2649:
2620:(3): 770–780.
2600:
2582:
2562:
2547:
2521:
2514:
2479:
2449:
2386:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2379:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2319:
2317:Rust on onions
2316:
2309:
2307:
2300:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2257:
2253:
2250:
2246:hyperparasites
2230:In the family
2227:
2224:
2222:
2221:
2213:
2205:
2199:Secale cereale
2196:
2187:
2178:
2172:
2164:
2157:
2150:
2143:
2138:
2130:
2122:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2088:
2079:
2074:
2065:
2057:
2049:
2044:
2036:
2032:Coffea arabica
2028:
2020:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1946:
1939:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1904:
1897:
1890:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1862:
1855:
1848:
1841:
1834:
1827:
1820:
1813:
1806:
1799:
1792:
1785:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1736:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1649:Dipterocanthus
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1442:
1435:
1428:
1421:
1414:
1407:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1320:Didymopsorella
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1280:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1221:
1218:
1193:
1190:
1126:alternate host
1118:urediniospores
1108:
1107:
1066:
1064:
1057:
1051:
1048:
986:
983:
981:
978:
977:
976:
962:
954:
950:P. striiformis
946:
938:
927:
919:
911:
896:
884:
869:
851:
843:
809:
789:
786:
742:cell membranes
680:insect vectors
671:
668:
635:
632:
627:Puccinia porri
587:
586:
569:
556:
544:Urediniospores
539:
526:
458:
455:
450:
446:
440:
439:
398:
396:
389:
383:
380:
264:
263:
262:
261:
258:incertae sedis
253:
246:Zaghouaniaceae
243:
236:
231:
226:
221:
216:
211:
206:
201:
196:
194:Pileolariaceae
191:
189:Phragmidiaceae
186:
184:Phakopsoraceae
181:
179:Ochropsoraceae
176:
171:
169:Melampsoraceae
166:
161:
156:
149:
144:
137:
129:
128:
124:
123:
118:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:
98:
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
60:
59:
46:
45:
37:
36:
27:Order of fungi
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3513:
3502:
3501:Basidiomycota
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3450:
3446:
3441:
3437:
3433:
3427:
3423:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3405:
3401:
3397:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3314:
3310:
3306:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3266:
3260:
3256:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3238:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3175:
3168:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3149:
3146:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3120:
3117:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3072:
3069:
3066:
3062:
3059:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2965:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2944:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2930:
2928:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2874:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2812:
2806:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2775:
2772:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2728:
2725:
2719:
2717:
2713:
2707:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2688:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2653:
2650:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2589:
2585:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2566:
2563:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2548:9780470015902
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2445:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2361:Smut (fungus)
2359:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2327:
2322:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2301:Rust fungus,
2297:
2292:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2261:
2256:
2251:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2233:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2210:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2182:
2181:Triticum spp.
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:Primula veris
2151:
2149:
2148:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2135:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2099:
2096:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2047:Chrysanthemum
2045:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2027:- Broad beans
2026:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2004:
2001:
2000:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1971:Xanthophyllum
1968:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1954:
1952:
1951:
1947:
1945:
1944:
1943:Trichosanthes
1940:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1908:Strobilanthes
1905:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1882:
1881:
1880:Protasparagus
1877:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1861:
1860:
1856:
1854:
1853:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1835:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1826:
1825:
1821:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1812:
1811:
1807:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1798:
1797:
1793:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1772:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1742:
1741:
1737:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1688:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1672:
1671:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1653:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1632:
1630:
1629:
1628:Dendrocalamus
1625:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1616:
1615:
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1569:
1567:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:
1555:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1524:
1520:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1511:
1510:
1506:
1504:
1503:
1499:
1497:
1496:
1492:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1469:
1468:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1385:
1384:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1373:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1287:
1286:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:Western Ghats
1265:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1249:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1167:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1136:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1114:
1104:
1101:
1093:
1083:
1079:
1073:
1072:
1067:This section
1065:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
984:
979:
974:
973:
968:
967:
963:
960:
959:
955:
952:
951:
947:
944:
943:
939:
937:
934:(leek rust);
933:
932:
928:
925:
924:
920:
917:
916:
912:
909:
907:
902:
901:
897:
894:
890:
889:
885:
882:
880:
875:
874:
870:
867:
863:
862:
861:P. pachyrhizi
857:
856:
852:
849:
848:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
820:
815:
814:
810:
807:
803:
799:
798:
794:
793:
792:
787:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
770:hexose sugar-
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
726:
724:
720:
716:
712:
703:
699:
697:
693:
692:thigmotropism
689:
685:
681:
677:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
649:
648:
643:
642:
633:
631:
629:
628:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
593:
584:
580:
576:
575:
574:Basidiospores
570:
567:
566:overwintering
563:
562:
557:
554:
550:
546:
545:
540:
537:
533:
532:
527:
524:
523:heterothallic
520:
517:
513:
509:
505:
504:
499:
498:
497:
491:
487:
486:
480:
476:
474:
473:
468:
464:
456:
454:
436:
433:
425:
415:
411:
405:
404:
399:This section
397:
393:
388:
387:
381:
379:
377:
373:
368:
366:
362:
361:witch's broom
358:
354:
349:
344:
342:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
317:cytologically
314:
310:
305:
303:
299:
298:
293:
288:
286:
282:
278:
275:of the order
274:
270:
260:
259:
254:
251:
247:
244:
241:
240:Uropyxidaceae
237:
235:
232:
230:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:Raveneliaceae
212:
210:
207:
205:
202:
200:
197:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
160:
157:
154:
153:Cronartiaceae
150:
148:
145:
142:
138:
136:
133:
132:
130:
125:
122:
119:
116:
115:
112:
109:
106:
105:
102:
101:Basidiomycota
99:
96:
95:
92:
89:
86:
85:
82:
79:
76:
75:
70:
65:
61:
58:
57:
53:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3234:
3188:. Retrieved
3177:
3167:
3148:
3137:. Retrieved
3128:
3119:
3108:. Retrieved
3099:
3090:
3071:
3006:
3002:
2992:
2947:
2941:
2887:
2883:
2873:
2856:
2852:
2846:
2828:
2823:
2814:
2805:
2796:
2787:
2779:
2774:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2738:Avena sativa
2737:
2733:
2727:
2706:
2679:. Retrieved
2670:
2667:"Rust Fungi"
2661:
2652:
2617:
2613:
2603:
2592:. Retrieved
2572:
2565:
2530:
2524:
2505:
2470:. Retrieved
2461:
2452:
2417:
2413:
2366:Soybean rust
2337:Fungi portal
2302:
2239:
2229:
2215:
2207:
2198:
2189:
2180:
2174:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2132:
2129:- Peppermint
2124:
2116:
2108:
2100:
2090:
2081:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2038:
2030:
2022:
2014:
2006:Avena sativa
2005:
1997:
1991:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1948:
1941:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1913:
1906:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1852:Plectranthus
1850:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1822:
1815:
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1773:
1766:
1761:Loesneriella
1759:
1752:
1745:
1738:
1731:
1724:
1717:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1675:
1668:
1663:Elephantopus
1661:
1654:
1647:
1640:
1633:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1591:
1586:Clerodendron
1584:
1579:Cleistanthus
1577:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1528:
1521:
1514:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1479:
1472:
1465:
1459:
1451:
1444:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1416:
1409:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1374:
1367:
1360:
1353:
1348:Kernkampella
1346:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1306:Coleosporium
1304:
1297:
1290:
1283:
1261:
1255:
1253:
1227:
1223:
1195:
1192:Home control
1186:
1170:heteroecious
1163:
1162:
1157:
1153:
1147:
1139:
1133:
1115:
1111:
1096:
1090:October 2023
1087:
1076:Please help
1071:verification
1068:
1032:Gene cloning
1030:
1010:
988:
970:
964:
958:P. triticina
956:
948:
940:
929:
921:
913:
904:
898:
886:
877:
871:
866:soybean rust
859:
853:
845:
817:
811:
796:
791:
782:spore growth
745:
727:
715:appressorium
708:
676:dispersed by
673:
652:heteroecious
645:
639:
637:
625:
621:Heteroecious
613:telial stage
609:heteroecious
600:
596:
590:
588:
572:
559:
542:
529:
503:Pycniospores
501:
494:
483:
470:
467:Cereal crops
460:
443:
428:
422:October 2023
419:
408:Please help
403:verification
400:
369:
345:
306:
295:
289:
280:
276:
268:
267:
256:
199:Pucciniaceae
174:Milesinaceae
141:Chaconiaceae
120:
55:
51:
29:
3491:Pucciniales
3455:pucciniales
3352:iNaturalist
3265:Pucciniales
3259:Wikispecies
3235:Pucciniales
3215:Pucciniales
3190:15 February
2190:Oxalis spp.
2147:Pelargonium
1845:Phyllanthus
1733:Ichnocarpus
1607:Cosmostigma
1558:Catunaragam
1495:Arundinaria
1432:Uredopeltis
1313:Crossopsora
1206:germination
1144:teliospores
888:P. graminis
826:) host and
806:white pines
766:amino acid-
601:microcyclic
592:macrocyclic
579:Teliospores
561:Teliospores
531:Aeciospores
475:often die.
325:spermogonia
277:Pucciniales
224:Skierkaceae
121:Pucciniales
18:Rust fungus
3485:Categories
3139:2019-12-16
3110:2010-08-06
2681:2010-08-06
2594:2018-01-12
2472:27 October
2382:References
2248:on rusts.
2043:- Hawthorn
2024:Vicia faba
1929:Terminalia
1838:Persicaria
1719:Holoptelia
1712:Holarrhena
1698:Flacourtia
1677:Eragrostis
1614:Crotalaria
1565:Cinnamomum
1537:Callicarpa
1453:Zaghouania
1397:Physopella
1383:Melampsora
1362:Kweilingia
1292:Cerotelium
1214:Composting
1200:, such as
1198:Fungicides
1007:metabolics
1003:H. H. Flor
980:Management
936:Autoecious
915:P. kuehnii
754:phosphorus
738:cell walls
617:autoecious
597:demicyclic
583:laboratory
536:dikaryotic
457:Life cycle
283:) causing
281:Uredinales
97:Division:
3041:260201756
2968:0066-4286
2954:: 49–69.
2782:, 21,1001
2636:0028-646X
2420:: 21–47.
2371:Stem rust
2220:Cocklebur
2105:- Juniper
2095:Red Cedar
1915:Strychnos
1803:Neolitzea
1740:Ischaemum
1726:Hypericum
1684:Euphorbia
1670:Elettaria
1656:Elaeagnus
1642:Diospyros
1621:Dalbergia
1516:Blepharis
1481:Ageratina
1446:Xenostele
1411:Ravenelia
1376:Maravalia
1355:Kuehneola
1233:severity.
1046:permits.
1009:, Tervet
942:P. sorghi
774:H-ATPases
762:nutrients
734:haustoria
730:mesophyll
684:germ tube
664:agronomic
508:Spermatia
463:parasites
376:Robigalia
353:chlorotic
319:distinct
127:Families
87:Kingdom:
81:Eukaryota
3391:MycoBank
3326:Fungorum
3279:60013246
3274:AusFungi
3250:Q1130524
3244:Wikidata
3184:Archived
3156:Archived
3133:Archived
3104:Archived
3080:Archived
3061:Archived
3033:37494504
3024:10502761
2976:11701836
2914:28031244
2836:Archived
2766:36610799
2675:Archived
2644:24558651
2588:Archived
2466:Archived
2444:34124616
2323:See also
2175:Rosa spp
2137:- Medlar
2134:Mespilus
2056:- Quince
2035:- Coffee
1985:Ziziphus
1964:Wrightia
1950:Vernonia
1936:Toddalia
1866:Pongamia
1859:Plumeria
1789:Mimusops
1782:Meliosma
1775:Meiogyne
1754:Justicia
1747:Jasminum
1551:Canthium
1544:Canarium
1530:Bridelia
1474:Acalypha
1439:Uromyces
1418:Uraecium
1404:Puccinia
1369:Macabuna
1341:Hemileia
1327:Hamspora
1299:Chaconia
1285:Aecidium
1263:Xanthium
1202:Mancozeb
1174:barberry
985:Research
931:P. porri
906:Patrinia
836:hawthorn
802:currants
758:apoplast
740:but not
647:Uromyces
641:Puccinia
553:Uredinia
512:Pycnidia
333:uredinia
297:Puccinia
77:Domain:
3305:6877107
2984:4861612
2905:5295601
2557:1434349
2435:8165960
2252:Gallery
2241:Darluca
2177:, Roses
2121:– Apple
2069:Fuchsia
2053:Cydonia
1901:Spondia
1831:Pavetta
1768:Luvunga
1502:Bambusa
1488:Albizia
1210:hygiene
1124:or the
1050:Control
1040:R genes
879:Rhamnus
605:pycnial
519:gametes
516:haploid
510:) from
382:Impacts
341:basidia
117:Order:
107:Class:
56:tritici
3468:988595
3445:234865
3429:NZOR:
3396:501535
3383:936406
3331:501535
3318:1UREDO
3039:
3031:
3021:
2982:
2974:
2966:
2912:
2902:
2764:
2642:
2634:
2580:
2555:
2545:
2512:
2442:
2432:
2345:Fungus
2194:Oxalis
2171:- Pear
2113:- Leek
2086:Barley
2077:Garlic
1873:Premna
1824:Oxalis
1810:Ocimum
1705:Grewia
1635:Derris
1593:Coffea
1572:Cissus
1523:Bombax
1509:Bidens
1467:Acacia
1390:Olivea
1272:Kerala
1011:et al.
840:aecial
824:telial
804:, and
711:hyphal
599:, and
549:Uredia
525:rusts.
339:, and
292:genera
54:f.sp.
35:Rusts
3463:WoRMS
3452:PPE:
3370:10874
3365:IRMNG
3357:69968
3037:S2CID
2980:S2CID
2950:(1).
2553:S2CID
2185:Wheat
2168:Pyrus
2141:Onion
2118:Malus
1978:Xylia
1957:Vigna
1894:Salix
1887:Rubus
1796:Morus
1691:Ficus
1425:Uredo
1276:India
1158:Ribes
1154:Ribes
1140:Ribes
1135:Ribes
828:apple
748:. An
688:stoma
577:from
547:from
449:and O
365:galls
337:telia
329:aecia
321:spore
269:Rusts
91:Fungi
3422:5258
3417:NCBI
3378:ITIS
3344:1126
3339:GBIF
3313:EPPO
3192:2023
3029:PMID
2972:PMID
2964:ISSN
2910:PMID
2762:PMID
2640:PMID
2632:ISSN
2578:ISBN
2543:ISBN
2510:ISBN
2474:2022
2440:PMID
2244:are
2010:Oats
1817:Olea
1600:Coix
881:spp.
858:and
832:pear
768:and
752:and
750:iron
644:and
558:III-
372:rust
315:and
271:are
3404:NBN
3300:EoL
3292:3XG
3287:CoL
3019:PMC
3011:doi
2956:doi
2900:PMC
2892:doi
2861:doi
2754:doi
2744:".
2622:doi
2618:201
2535:doi
2531:eLS
2430:PMC
2422:doi
2234:of
2203:Rye
2071:spp
1080:by
834:or
571:IV-
541:II-
521:in
412:by
3487::
3465::
3442::
3419::
3406::
3393::
3380::
3367::
3354::
3341::
3328::
3315::
3302::
3289::
3276::
3261::
3246::
3182:.
3176:.
3131:.
3127:.
3102:.
3098:.
3049:^
3035:.
3027:.
3017:.
3007:21
3005:.
3001:.
2978:.
2970:.
2962:.
2948:38
2946:.
2922:^
2908:.
2898:.
2886:.
2882:.
2855:.
2760:.
2750:74
2748:.
2715:^
2690:^
2673:.
2669:.
2638:.
2630:.
2616:.
2612:.
2586:.
2551:.
2541:.
2482:^
2464:.
2460:.
2438:.
2428:.
2416:.
2412:.
2390:^
2201:,
2192:,
2183:,
2093:,
2084:,
2008:,
1274:,
1270:,
908:sp
830:,
595:,
528:I-
500:0-
335:,
331:,
327:,
304:.
287:.
3194:.
3142:.
3113:.
3043:.
3013::
2986:.
2958::
2916:.
2894::
2888:7
2867:.
2863::
2857:5
2768:.
2756::
2684:.
2646:.
2624::
2597:.
2559:.
2537::
2518:.
2476:.
2446:.
2424::
2418:7
2073:,
1103:)
1097:(
1092:)
1088:(
1074:.
975:)
864:(
585:.
551:(
506:(
451:3
447:2
435:)
429:(
424:)
420:(
406:.
252:)
242:)
238:(
155:)
151:(
143:)
139:(
20:)
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