590:
245:
102:
451:(NRA) as composed of Banyarwanda. Following this, a failed attempt to force all Rwandan refugees into refugee camps in February 1982 resulted in a massive purge, driving 40,000 refugees back into Rwanda. Rwanda declared that they recognized only 4000 of these as Rwandan nationals, while Uganda declared that they would take back only 1000. The remaining 35,000 were left in a legal limbo along the border region that lasted for years, from where many refugee youths left to join the
780:
3148:
934:
908:
882:
856:
1127:
1094:
1061:
1029:
36:
1946:"Refworld | Uganda/Rwanda: Whether a Rwandan born in Uganda has citizenship rights; conditions under which individuals whose ancestors are not Ugandan can obtain Ugandan citizenship; whether citizens of Uganda have rights to free university education; whether international students can attend university in Uganda"
2341:
An ethnic Hutu, he was appointed president when the ruling Tutsi-dominated
Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) took power after the 1994 genocide, in which extremists from the Hutu majority butchered 800,000 Tutsis and politically moderate Hutus. President Kagame, whose Tutsi-led Rwandan Patriotic Army
381:
arrived in Rwanda (Germans 1899–1916 and
Belgians 1916–1962), Rwanda lost all political economic and cultural independence. The colonial rulers chose Rwanda's leaders and set laws in a way that suited their interests. The colonial rulers employed the divide and conquer strategy, spreading the idea
617:
became
Minister of Defense and Vice-President. President Bizimungu served for six years and resigned from government in 2000, after forming his political party, he was arrested in 2002. Sentenced to 15 years in prison, he was released with a pardon from President Kagame in 2007. In February 1998
693:
is the current
Chairman of the RPF after being re-elected with other members of the National Executive Committee (NEC) during the 16th party's national congress that met on 2 April 2023. The elected committee is responsible for the day-to-day management of the party activities and will serve a
660:
government that continues to challenge itself foremost as a right movement to strive for national unity, democracy, and development. To achieve these since 2000, RPF chairman and president of Rwanda Kagame, has been elected three times to rule Rwanda consecutively. Under his leadership, the
483:
was appointed acting chief of military intelligence. Rwandan refugees formed a large number of NRA officers because they had joined the rebellion early and thus had accumulated more experience. The contributions of the
Rwandans in the Ugandan Bush War were immediately recognized by the new
395:. Rwandans battled for their independence at the beginning of the 1950s, along with other African countries. Since Tutsis made up the majority of those who fought for Rwanda's independence, the Belgians started to propagate the idea that Tutsis were outsiders who had originated in
350:
Since 1994, RPF rule has been characterized by political repression, relative stability, and economic growth. Among other policies implemented by the government are the non-recognition of ethnic identities and a wide-ranging prohibition on what the government calls
423:, Kenya by some young Rwandan Tutsi refugee intellectuals, most of whom had grown up in Uganda. The RANU political organization was established to discuss a possible return to Rwanda. Though primarily a forum for intellectual discussion, it became militant after
368:
Rwanda is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa, with a population of over 14 million people living in a comparatively tiny territory of 26,338 square kilometers. Unlike other
African countries, the current state of Rwanda was partly based on the
484:
government. Six months after taking power, Museveni reversed the decades-old legal regime and declared that
Rwandans who had resided in Uganda would be entitled to citizenship after 10 years. In December 1987, RANU held its seventh congress in
576:
which began within a few hours. Over approximately 100 days, hundreds of thousands of Tutsi were killed. The RPF with its wing army fought the government and took control of the country. The
Rwandan genocide was completely stopped when
386:
came from different places, did not enter the nation as a group, lacked equal intelligence, shouldn't work in the same fields, and should not receive the same education, which increased divisions between Tutsi,
572:. Responsibility for the assassination has not been conclusively established; it is thought that either Hutu extremists or the RPF carried it out. The shooting down of the plane served as the catalyst for the
557:
653:
saw the RPF-led coalition win 41 seats. In 2017, Kagame was re-elected for a third term with 98.8 percent of the vote. He was sworn in for another seven-year term on 18 August 2017.
496:); the new RPF, dominated by Rwandan intellectuals who were in exile from different countries and military officers, was far more strong and ambitious than the original RANU.
3133:
3051:
355:", including discussion of ethnic differences. Despite an official nonsectarian identity, as of 2021, a large majority of officials in the RPF-led government are Tutsi.
2145:"Politics or Pragmatism? The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and the Burying of the Investigation into the Assassination of President Juvenal Habyarimana"
540:
areas, and gained control of much of the north of the country in 1992. Eventually, negotiations between the RPF and the
Rwandan government led to the signing of the
3317:
509:
3407:
3338:
3312:
1651:
2950:
Purdeková, Andrea; Reyntjens, Filip; Wilén, Nina (2018). "Militarisation of governance after conflict: beyond the rebel-to-ruler frame – the case of Rwanda".
512:(MRND) party which was known to rule with pro-Hutu policies, was invaded by the Rwanda Patriotic Army (RPA), the wing army force of RPF led by Major-General
3366:
2677:
Behuria, Pritish (2016). "Centralising rents and dispersing power while pursuing development? Exploring the strategic uses of military firms in Rwanda".
2019:
1535:
1510:
1262:
2799:
Chemouni, Benjamin; Mugiraneza, Assumpta (2020). "Ideology and interests in the
Rwandan patriotic front: Singing the struggle in pre-genocide Rwanda".
3307:
3080:
2275:
2868:
Makhunga, Lindiwe D. (2019). "Post-genocide Rwanda and discursive construction of legitimacy: contesting seemingly dichtomous political narratives".
3289:
54:
2325:
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626:
3111:
3397:
3184:
1560:
1212:
3262:
3090:
3066:
2998:
2943:
2925:
2908:
2833:
2715:
2610:
2355:
2127:
1671:
1464:
1351:
609:
After the RPF stopped the genocide and took control of the country, in 1994, it formed a government of national unity headed by a president,
3422:
3412:
650:
642:
634:
1485:
3142:
2455:
2094:
1074:
1042:
1009:
976:
646:
630:
276:
3284:
3178:
3119:
918:
892:
866:
835:
1367:
Stroh, Alexander (2010). "Electoral rules of the authoritarian game: undemocratic effects of proportional representation in Rwanda".
2839:
Ingelaere, Bert (2014). "What's on a peasant's mind? Experiencing RPF state reach and overreach in post-genocide Rwanda (2000–10)".
2824:
2525:
72:
2600:
2045:
3008:
Reyntjens, Filip (2016). "(Re-)imagining a reluctant post-genocide society: the Rwandan Patriotic Front's ideology and practice".
2550:
2144:
3402:
3392:
3225:
3213:
472:
3417:
3257:
2575:
3322:
3196:
428:
1511:"Safer to stay silent: The chilling effect of Rwanda's laws on 'genocide ideology' and 'sectarianism' – Rwanda | ReliefWeb"
339:
occurred that ended on 4 July with the RPF conquest of the entire country. The RPF have ruled the country since then as a
3157:
1828:
1107:
528:, who had been doing military studies in the United States, returned to take over the RPA. Thereafter the RPA resorted to
224:
2070:
638:
561:
159:
1715:
46:
633:
with 95% of the vote. The RPF formed a coalition with several smaller parties, which received 74% of the vote in the
2504:
589:
2628:"Promising developments? Children, youth and post-genocide reconstruction under the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF)"
2479:
3427:
1969:
762:
1313:
1288:
3274:
1803:
452:
448:
2342:
ended the hundred days of slaughter, was then vice-president, but in reality had more power than his superior.
790:
According to the RPF, it still holds the belief that there should be a fundamental shift. It firmly felt that
440:
3348:
3279:
3231:
2251:
1238:
541:
352:
2206:
3219:
3190:
725:
553:
505:
2380:
244:
101:
1341:
2226:
1924:
1536:"Don't Ask, Don't Tell: Approaches to Ethnicity in the Ethiopian and Rwandan Peacebuilding Processes"
799:
1995:
281:
172:
2627:
3371:
3035:
2977:
2885:
2856:
2787:
2751:
2694:
2655:
2164:
1881:
1785:
1777:
1632:
1425:
1384:
1213:"Rwanda – A Chronology (1867–1994) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance – Research Network"
1168:
662:
619:
565:
521:
513:
324:
271:
199:
2480:"Rwanda's Resilience: the power of forgiveness and unity | United Nations Development Programme"
1728:"One . Religion, king, clan and clientship in pre-colonial Rwanda – AMATEKA | HISTORY OF RWANDA"
1404:"Rwanda and Ethiopia: Developmental Authoritarianism and the New Politics of African Strong Men"
2764:
544:
in 1993, resulting in RPF personnel and other refugees being allowed to return to the country.
3086:
3062:
2994:
2939:
2921:
2904:
2829:
2819:
2711:
2647:
2606:
2123:
1873:
1769:
1667:
1624:
1593:
1460:
1347:
802:
growth, the establishment of national peace, and the restoration of dignity to every Rwandan.
610:
529:
517:
476:
370:
328:
167:
3025:
3017:
2967:
2959:
2877:
2848:
2808:
2779:
2741:
2686:
2639:
2156:
1865:
1761:
1659:
1452:
1415:
1376:
736:
573:
471:, a Rwandan refugee commander, was appointed Uganda's deputy minister of defense and deputy
436:
336:
3361:
3047:
2020:"RPF-Inkotanyi Was Driven By Ideological Clarity And Visionary Leadership – Gen. Kabarebe"
1263:"RPF-Inkotanyi Was Driven By Ideological Clarity And Visionary Leadership – Gen. Kabarebe"
464:
432:
340:
301:
779:
665:
has invented and practiced unique national programs in ensuring self-reliance including
656:
In the post-genocide era, RPF as a ruling party established Rwanda's national unity and
17:
3432:
1899:
1445:"The Price of Progress: Economic Growth, Authoritarianism, and Human Rights in Rwanda"
3386:
3076:
3039:
3030:
2981:
2972:
2931:
2913:
2896:
2889:
2860:
2791:
2755:
2725:
2698:
2659:
2168:
1789:
1429:
1388:
1337:
791:
468:
3252:
1716:
https://academicworks.cuny.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5217&context=gc_etds
674:
424:
132:
3021:
2963:
2881:
2690:
2182:
1186:
2852:
2643:
2404:
2300:
1692:
1663:
1456:
3267:
1945:
981:
840:
795:
704:
690:
614:
594:
525:
480:
383:
378:
344:
112:
1486:"How the West's Favorite Autocrat Engineered Africa's Most Dramatic Turnaround"
1444:
323:
in exile in Uganda because of the ethnic violence that had occurred during the
2783:
1765:
1380:
2651:
1877:
1773:
1628:
3343:
2708:
Rwanda Fast Forward: Social, Economic, Military and Reconciliation Prospects
1585:
1561:"From ethnic amnesia to ethnocracy: 80% of Rwanda's top officials are Tutsi"
657:
537:
396:
189:
2812:
2429:
1597:
2160:
666:
598:
444:
400:
217:
204:
2746:
2729:
1636:
1612:
1420:
1403:
2765:"Rwanda's involvement in Eastern DRC: A criminal real options approach"
2456:"Rwanda has re-elected president Kagame with more than 98% of the vote"
1885:
1853:
569:
485:
420:
3052:"The Rwandan Patriotic Front's information and communication strategy"
2626:
Pells, Kirrily; Pontalti, Kirsten; Williams, Timothy P. (2014-04-03).
1781:
1749:
1172:
1156:
3147:
783:
578:
533:
313:
152:
3061:. Centre for International Governance Innovation. pp. 133–155.
1869:
1443:
Nyenyezi Bisoka, Aymar; Geens, Hilde (2021), Omeje, Kenneth (ed.),
520:. The RPA incursion was initially successful, despite the death of
2551:"RPF 35: President Kagame Re-elected RPF Inkotanyi Party Chairman"
1727:
778:
374:
331:
in an attempt to overthrow the government, which was dominated by
320:
183:
1854:"The Rwandan Patriotic Front: Politics and Development in Rwanda"
347:, became the president of Rwanda in 2000, and remains in office.
2356:"Kagame's Rwanda is still Africa's most inspiring success story"
2095:"Structural violence and the struggle for state power in Rwanda"
1586:"[Rwanda: population problems, development in question]"
388:
332:
3115:
2763:
Cassimon, Danny; Engelen, Peter-Jan; Reyntjens, Filip (2013).
510:
the National Republican Movement for Democracy and Development
392:
377:
monarchy, that existed before European colonization. When the
29:
2825:
Shake Hands With the Devil: The Failure of Humanity in Rwanda
2207:"Rwanda « World Without Genocide – Making It Our Legacy"
1451:, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 253–271,
1449:
The Governance, Security and Development Nexus: Africa Rising
2901:
A People Betrayed: The Role of the West in Rwanda's Genocide
1750:"Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front"
1157:"Exile, Reform, and the Rise of the Rwandan Patriotic Front"
475:
commander-in-chief, second only to Museveni in the military
2730:"Rethinking the Rwandan Narrative for the 25th Anniversary"
1289:"Seven reasons why RPF-Inkotanyi remains on the right path"
258:
3106:
1658:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 36–69,
2405:"Rwanda President Kagame wins election with 93% of vote"
3059:
Media and Mass Atrocity: The Rwanda Genocide and Beyond
2071:"Frontline Districts and Success of RPF Liberation War"
1900:"Fred Rwigyema, the military genius from two countries"
1613:"The precolonial kingdom of Rwanda: a reinterpretation"
622:, and in March 2000 he became the national president.
2069:
Ngabonziza, Dan; Nshimiyimana, Leonard (2017-07-03).
2936:
Intent to Deceive: Denying the Genocide of the Tutsi
2602:
As We Forgive: Stories of Reconciliation from Rwanda
2120:
Intent to Deceive: Denying the Genocide of the Tutsi
3331:
3300:
3245:
3206:
3165:
3156:
2828:(first paperback edition). London: Vintage Canada.
618:Kagame was elected president of the RPF, replacing
251:
237:
223:
210:
198:
158:
148:
138:
128:
118:
108:
87:
2706:Campioni, Maddalena; Noack, Patrick, eds. (2012).
2505:"Ten things to know about Rwandans' self-reliance"
2430:"With elections over, it's time to walk the talk"
2381:"The Millennium Development Goals Advocacy Group"
2252:"Remembering the Rwandan genocide on 4th of July"
504:On 1 October 1990, the Rwandan government led by
2299:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
1944:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
1590:Imbonezamuryango = Famille, Santé, Développement
319:The RPF was founded in December 1987 by Rwandan
3318:National Revolutionary Movement for Development
2301:"Refworld | Freedom in the World 2012 – Rwanda"
581:was captured by the RPF wing army on 4th July.
49:for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling
3339:Association for Social Promotion of the Masses
3313:Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda
2526:"Who are the new RPF-Inkotanyi Commissioners?"
3127:
8:
2991:Political Governance in Post-Genocide Rwanda
1187:"Rwanda: It's a Landslide for RPF-Inkotanyi"
637:, winning 40 of the 53 elected seats in the
1540:Journal of Public and International Affairs
327:in 1959–1962. In 1990, the RPF started the
3162:
3134:
3120:
3112:
2918:Conspiracy to Murder: The Rwandan Genocide
243:
84:
3308:Coalition for the Defence of the Republic
3082:Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace
3029:
2971:
2920:(first edition). London New York: Verso.
2745:
2326:"Rwanda's ex-president freed from prison"
1419:
1343:Rwanda: From Genocide to Precarious Peace
431:resulting in many Tutsi refugees joining
73:Learn how and when to remove this message
949:
814:
786:campaigning for unity and reconciliation
588:
2599:Larson, Catherine Claire (2009-05-26).
1994:Tabaro, Jean de la Croix (2018-02-01).
1829:"RPF: Political and cultural awakening"
1147:
585:Post-1994 genocide in Rwanda governance
3185:Democratic Union of the Rwandan People
2576:"Kagame meets new RPF party executive"
1346:. Yale University Press. p. 185.
3408:Political parties established in 1987
3263:Rwanda Movement for Democratic Change
1754:The Journal of Modern African Studies
1656:From Classrooms to Conflict in Rwanda
1314:"RPF ideology supersedes individuals"
1161:The Journal of Modern African Studies
712:Secretary General: Wellars Gasamagera
7:
2046:"Menya amateka ya Fred Gisa Rwigema"
641:. The coalition won 42 seats in the
447:in 1979, Obote denounced Museveni's
413:Rwandese Alliance for National Unity
407:Rwandese Alliance for National Unity
2679:Review of African Political Economy
1996:"Rwanda Pays Tribute to Her Heroes"
312:) is the ruling political party in
3285:United Democratic Forces of Rwanda
2841:Journal of Eastern African Studies
2632:Journal of Eastern African Studies
1369:Journal of Eastern African Studies
1239:"Rwanda's struggle for liberation"
649:in 2010 with 93% of the vote. The
419:) was created in December 1979 in
25:
2324:Asiimwe, Arthur (April 6, 2007).
2227:"July 4 is Rwanda Liberation Day"
1827:Kimonyo, Jean-Paul (2014-07-28).
1693:"East Africa Living Encyclopedia"
709:Vice-Chairwoman: Consolee Uwimana
3226:Democratic Green Party of Rwanda
3146:
2454:Dahir, Abdi Latif (2017-08-05).
2044:Marcellin, Yanditswe na Gasana.
1126:
1125:
1093:
1092:
1060:
1059:
1028:
1027:
932:
906:
880:
854:
767:Jean Nepo Abdallah Utumatwishima
100:
34:
3258:Prosperity and Solidarity Party
2524:Iribagiza, Glory (2023-04-11).
2354:Ruhumuliza, Gatete Nyiringabo.
1617:Transafrican Journal of History
1559:Reyntjens, Filip (2021-11-24).
467:government was formed in 1986,
3323:Republican Democratic Movement
3197:Party for Progress and Concord
2993:. Cambridge University Press.
2903:. London New York: Zed Books.
2734:Genocide Studies International
2574:Reporter, Times (2023-09-01).
1312:Reporter, Times (2014-07-07).
1287:DIVINE, ISHIMWE (2023-04-02).
1237:Reporter, Times (2011-07-01).
747:Sandrine Uwimbabazi Maziyateke
1:
3398:1987 establishments in Rwanda
3022:10.1080/14623528.2016.1120464
2964:10.1080/01436597.2017.1369036
2882:10.1080/02533952.2019.1690759
2691:10.1080/03056244.2015.1128407
2549:Kagire, Edmund (2023-04-02).
2118:Melvern, Linda (2020-02-25).
1650:King, Elisabeth, ed. (2013),
1155:Cyrus Reed (September 1996).
946:Chamber of Deputies elections
733:Jean Nepomuscene Sindikubwabo
3057:. In Thompson, Allan (ed.).
3010:Journal of Genocide Research
2853:10.1080/17531055.2014.891783
2772:Crime, Law and Social Change
2644:10.1080/17531055.2014.892672
1664:10.1017/CBO9781139600217.005
1457:10.1007/978-3-030-49348-6_13
651:2013 parliamentary elections
643:2008 parliamentary elections
635:2003 parliamentary elections
562:Kigali International Airport
524:from a bullet on 2 October.
3413:Political parties in Rwanda
3143:Political parties in Rwanda
2276:"42. Rwanda (1962–present)"
1923:Foyart, Paul (2018-04-01).
1858:Issue: A Journal of Opinion
1804:"What does RANU stand for?"
552:On 6 April 1994, President
3449:
2938:. London New York: Verso.
2122:. London New York: Verso.
343:, and its current leader,
306:Front patriotique rwandais
93:Front Patriotique Rwandais
3367:List of political parties
3357:
3179:Centrist Democratic Party
3085:. Yale University Press.
3031:10067/1311820151162165141
2989:Reyntjens, Filip (2013).
2973:10067/1479870151162165141
2784:10.1007/s10611-012-9397-7
1766:10.1017/S0022278X00055567
1584:Tallon, F. (1988-04-01).
1381:10.1080/17531050903550066
980:
839:
763:Marie Rose Mureshyankwano
627:constitutional referendum
267:
256:
242:
99:
27:Political party in Rwanda
3275:Rwanda National Congress
2250:edu-admin (2017-05-25).
1925:"Paul Kagame (1957– ) •"
1852:Reed, Wm. Cyrus (1995).
1748:Reed, Wm. Cyrus (1996).
1402:Matfess, Hilary (2015).
453:National Resistance Army
449:National Resistance Army
18:Rwandese Patriotic Front
3423:Rwanda–Uganda relations
3403:Guerrilla organizations
3393:Rwandan Patriotic Front
3349:Rwandese National Union
3280:Rwandan Socialist Party
3232:Social Party Imberakuri
3214:Social Democratic Party
3173:Rwandan Patriotic Front
1970:"Why the RPF succeeded"
798:was a prerequisite for
647:re-elected as president
548:1994 genocide in Rwanda
490:Rwandan Patriotic Front
488:and renamed itself the
325:Rwandan Hutu Revolution
294:Rwandan Patriotic Front
200:Political position
90:Rwandan Patriotic Front
3418:Rebel groups in Rwanda
3191:Ideal Democratic Party
2710:. Palgrave Macmillan.
2149:Human Rights Quarterly
1611:Rennie, J. K. (1972).
1408:African Studies Review
811:Presidential elections
787:
741:Assoumpta Mbarushimana
730:Abdul Karim Harerimana
606:
516:, the starting of the
305:
3166:Ruling coalition (40)
2952:Third World Quarterly
2161:10.1353/hrq.2018.0052
2143:Reydams, Luc (2018).
782:
717:General commissioners
592:
2813:10.1093/afraf/adz017
2503:Igihe (2022-06-27).
2231:USC Shoah Foundation
1697:www.africa.upenn.edu
1652:"Colonial Schooling"
1134:Government coalition
1101:Government coalition
1068:Government coalition
1036:Government coalition
1003:Government coalition
629:in 2003, Kagame was
142:December 1979 (RANU)
2747:10.3138/gsi.12.2.03
1421:10.1017/asr.2015.43
759:Gaspard Twagirayezu
726:Jeanne D'Arc Gakuba
639:Chamber of Deputies
568:, the President of
558:plane was shot down
554:Juvénal Habyarimana
506:Juvénal Habyarimana
225:Chamber of Deputies
173:Economic liberalism
144:December 1987 (RPF)
3372:Politics of Rwanda
3207:Other parties (12)
2434:www.newtimes.co.rw
1193:. 4 September 2018
788:
756:Christelle Kwizera
753:Charles Habonimana
663:Rwandan government
620:Alexis Kanyarengwe
607:
566:Cyprien Ntaryamira
564:, killing him and
532:, focusing on the
272:Politics of Rwanda
124:Wellars Gasamagera
53:You can assist by
3380:
3379:
3241:
3240:
3092:978-0-300-23591-3
3068:978-1-928096-72-6
3000:978-1-107-04355-8
2944:978-1-78873-328-1
2926:978-1-85984-588-2
2909:978-1-85649-830-2
2834:978-0-09-947893-5
2717:978-0-230-36048-8
2612:978-0-310-56029-6
2379:Nations, United.
2129:978-1-78873-328-1
1673:978-1-107-03933-9
1565:African Arguments
1466:978-3-030-49348-6
1353:978-0-300-23591-3
1217:www.sciencespo.fr
1139:
1138:
943:
942:
806:Electoral history
645:, and Kagame was
631:elected president
611:Pasteur Bizimungu
530:guerrilla attacks
518:Rwandan Civil War
514:Fred Gisa Rwigema
500:Rwandan Civil War
371:Kingdom of Rwanda
353:genocide ideology
329:Rwandan Civil War
290:
289:
277:Political parties
168:Civic nationalism
120:Secretary-General
83:
82:
75:
16:(Redirected from
3440:
3428:Rwandan genocide
3163:
3151:
3150:
3136:
3129:
3122:
3113:
3107:Official website
3096:
3072:
3056:
3048:Reyntjens, Filip
3043:
3033:
3004:
2985:
2975:
2893:
2864:
2816:
2807:(474): 115–140.
2795:
2769:
2759:
2749:
2721:
2702:
2685:(150): 630–647.
2664:
2663:
2623:
2617:
2616:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2571:
2565:
2564:
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2376:
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2351:
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2338:
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2321:
2315:
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2296:
2290:
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2286:
2272:
2266:
2265:
2263:
2262:
2247:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2172:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2082:
2081:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2031:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1982:
1981:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1932:
1931:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1910:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1849:
1843:
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1840:
1839:
1824:
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1800:
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1745:
1739:
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1689:
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1647:
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1608:
1602:
1601:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1571:
1556:
1550:
1549:
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1532:
1526:
1525:
1523:
1522:
1507:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1497:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1423:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1324:
1309:
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1284:
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1259:
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1234:
1228:
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1209:
1203:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1183:
1177:
1176:
1152:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1121:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1088:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1055:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1023:
1004:
995:
950:
939:
936:
935:
913:
910:
909:
887:
884:
883:
861:
858:
857:
821:Party candidate
815:
737:Nelly Mukazayire
698:National leaders
694:five-year term.
667:Community work (
599:Community work (
574:Rwandan genocide
477:chain of command
437:Ugandan Bush War
435:in fighting the
429:election of 1980
399:, or modern-day
373:, governed by a
337:Rwandan genocide
335:. Later on, the
263:
260:
247:
232:
216:
121:
104:
85:
78:
71:
67:
64:
58:
38:
37:
30:
21:
3448:
3447:
3443:
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3441:
3439:
3438:
3437:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3376:
3362:Portal:Politics
3353:
3327:
3296:
3237:
3202:
3152:
3145:
3140:
3103:
3093:
3075:
3069:
3054:
3046:
3007:
3001:
2988:
2949:
2870:Social Dynamics
2867:
2838:
2820:Dallaire, Romeo
2801:African Affairs
2798:
2767:
2762:
2724:
2718:
2705:
2676:
2673:
2671:Further reading
2668:
2667:
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2593:
2584:
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2573:
2572:
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2518:
2509:
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2428:
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2220:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2200:
2191:
2189:
2181:
2180:
2176:
2155:(4): 989–1013.
2142:
2141:
2137:
2130:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2079:
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2068:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2052:
2043:
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2029:
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2018:
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2013:
2004:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1988:
1979:
1977:
1968:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1922:
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1917:
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1898:
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1870:10.2307/1166507
1851:
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1826:
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1802:
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1471:
1469:
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1401:
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1396:
1366:
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1361:
1354:
1336:
1335:
1331:
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1320:
1311:
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1297:
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1286:
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1281:
1272:
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1261:
1260:
1256:
1247:
1245:
1236:
1235:
1231:
1222:
1220:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1196:
1194:
1185:
1184:
1180:
1154:
1153:
1149:
1144:
1133:
1122:
1119:
1100:
1089:
1086:
1067:
1056:
1053:
1035:
1024:
1021:
1002:
996:
993:
948:
937:
933:
911:
907:
885:
881:
859:
855:
813:
808:
777:
770:Juliana Muganza
750:Yves Iradukunda
744:Celestin Kabano
722:Tito Rutaremara
719:
700:
688:
686:Current leaders
683:
587:
550:
502:
461:
433:Yoweri Museveni
409:
366:
361:
341:one-party state
286:
257:
233:
230:
214:
194:
143:
119:
95:
94:
91:
79:
68:
62:
59:
52:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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3395:
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3364:
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3333:
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3326:
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3310:
3304:
3302:
3298:
3297:
3295:
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3292:
3282:
3277:
3272:
3271:
3270:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3239:
3238:
3236:
3235:
3229:
3223:
3217:
3210:
3208:
3204:
3203:
3201:
3200:
3194:
3188:
3182:
3176:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3154:
3153:
3141:
3139:
3138:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3102:
3101:External links
3099:
3098:
3097:
3091:
3077:Thomson, Susan
3073:
3067:
3044:
3005:
2999:
2986:
2958:(1): 158–174.
2947:
2934:(2020-02-25).
2932:Melvern, Linda
2929:
2916:(2004-04-17).
2914:Melvern, Linda
2911:
2899:(2000-08-01).
2897:Melvern, Linda
2894:
2876:(3): 382–394.
2865:
2847:(2): 214–230.
2836:
2822:(2004-01-01).
2817:
2796:
2760:
2740:(2): 152–190.
2726:Caplan, Gerald
2722:
2716:
2703:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2665:
2638:(2): 294–310.
2618:
2611:
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2446:
2421:
2396:
2371:
2346:
2316:
2291:
2267:
2242:
2218:
2198:
2187:Survivors Fund
2174:
2135:
2128:
2110:
2086:
2061:
2036:
2011:
1986:
1961:
1936:
1915:
1891:
1844:
1819:
1795:
1760:(3): 479–501.
1740:
1719:
1708:
1684:
1672:
1642:
1603:
1576:
1551:
1527:
1502:
1477:
1465:
1435:
1414:(2): 181–204.
1394:
1359:
1352:
1338:Thomson, Susan
1329:
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542:Arusha Accords
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3250:
3248:
3246:Unrepresented
3244:
3233:
3230:
3227:
3224:
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3220:Liberal Party
3218:
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2622:
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2608:
2605:. Zondervan.
2604:
2603:
2595:
2592:
2581:
2580:The New Times
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2556:
2552:
2545:
2542:
2531:
2530:The New Times
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2090:
2087:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2040:
2037:
2025:
2021:
2015:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1990:
1987:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1962:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1937:
1926:
1919:
1916:
1905:
1901:
1895:
1892:
1887:
1883:
1879:
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1871:
1867:
1863:
1859:
1855:
1848:
1845:
1834:
1833:The New Times
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1607:
1604:
1599:
1595:
1592:(11): 29–33.
1591:
1587:
1580:
1577:
1566:
1562:
1555:
1552:
1541:
1537:
1531:
1528:
1516:
1515:reliefweb.int
1512:
1506:
1503:
1491:
1490:Bloomberg.com
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1330:
1319:
1318:The New Times
1315:
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1243:The New Times
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2483:
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2459:
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2438:. Retrieved
2436:. 2013-09-21
2433:
2424:
2413:. Retrieved
2411:. 2010-08-11
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2186:
2183:"Statistics"
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2053:. Retrieved
2050:Kigali Today
2049:
2039:
2028:. Retrieved
2026:. 2023-04-11
2023:
2014:
2003:. Retrieved
1999:
1989:
1978:. Retrieved
1976:. 2021-02-02
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1949:
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1928:. Retrieved
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1903:
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1864:(2): 48–53.
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1808:AcronymAttic
1807:
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1732:. Retrieved
1730:. 2020-04-12
1722:
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1519:. Retrieved
1517:. 2010-08-31
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1492:. 2024-01-25
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1293:INGENZI NEWS
1292:
1282:
1271:. Retrieved
1269:. 2023-04-11
1266:
1257:
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1221:. Retrieved
1219:. 2016-01-25
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625:Following a
624:
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551:
522:Fred Rwigema
503:
493:
489:
479:for Uganda.
469:Fred Rwigema
462:
439:. Following
425:Milton Obote
416:
412:
410:
379:colonialists
367:
349:
318:
309:
297:
293:
291:
259:rpfinkotanyi
177:
149:Headquarters
133:Fred Rwigema
69:
60:
47:copy editing
45:may require
44:
3268:PDR-Ihumure
1375:(1): 1–19.
982:Paul Kagame
971:Government
841:Paul Kagame
705:Paul Kagame
691:Paul Kagame
615:Paul Kagame
595:Paul Kagame
526:Paul Kagame
481:Paul Kagame
345:Paul Kagame
113:Paul Kagame
3387:Categories
3158:Parliament
2585:2023-11-16
2560:2023-11-16
2535:2023-11-16
2510:2023-11-15
2489:2023-11-15
2465:2023-11-19
2440:2023-11-17
2415:2023-11-17
2390:2023-11-17
2385:www.un.org
2365:2023-11-17
2360:Al Jazeera
2310:2023-11-17
2285:2023-11-17
2261:2023-11-18
2256:EDU Africa
2236:2023-11-18
2212:2023-11-18
2192:2023-11-18
2104:2023-11-18
2080:2023-11-18
2055:2023-11-18
2030:2023-11-18
2005:2023-11-18
1980:2023-11-17
1955:2023-11-17
1930:2023-11-17
1909:2023-11-17
1904:New Vision
1838:2023-11-17
1813:2023-11-20
1734:2023-11-15
1702:2023-11-15
1679:2023-11-15
1570:2024-06-18
1545:2024-03-13
1521:2024-03-13
1496:2024-03-13
1472:2024-03-13
1323:2023-11-15
1298:2023-11-15
1273:2023-11-15
1248:2023-11-15
1223:2023-11-15
1197:22 January
1191:All Africa
1167:(3): 484.
1142:References
1112:6,126,433
1079:4,926,366
1014:3,655,956
986:2,774,661
968:+/−
923:8,822,794
897:6,675,472
871:4,638,560
845:3,544,777
703:Chairman:
681:Leadership
658:democratic
593:President
463:After the
364:Before RPF
238:Party flag
178:Historical
55:editing it
3344:Parmehutu
3040:147287804
2982:158329591
2890:213991916
2861:144236225
2792:145263108
2756:167056377
2699:155791943
2660:145698264
2652:1753-1055
2335:April 29,
2169:158033062
1878:0047-1607
1790:154818798
1774:0022-278X
1629:0251-0391
1430:143013060
1389:154910536
953:Election
818:Election
538:Ruhengeri
397:Abyssinia
282:Elections
190:Socialism
186:interests
109:President
63:June 2024
3079:(2018).
3050:(2019).
2728:(2018).
2555:KT PRESS
2409:BBC News
2305:Refworld
2075:KT PRESS
2024:KT PRESS
2000:KT PRESS
1950:Refworld
1637:24520214
1598:12315405
1340:(2018).
1267:KT PRESS
796:Rwandans
775:Ideology
669:Umuganda
601:Umuganda
465:Museveni
445:Idi Amin
401:Ethiopia
384:Rwandans
218:Sky blue
205:Big tent
160:Ideology
3332:Defunct
2330:Reuters
2280:uca.edu
1974:Monitor
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1120:37 / 80
1115:68.83%
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1082:73.95%
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1017:78.76%
994:33 / 80
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900:98.80%
878:Elected
874:93.08%
852:Elected
848:95.06%
830:Result
605:in 2016
570:Burundi
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421:Nairobi
359:History
252:Website
231:37 / 80
211:Colours
139:Founded
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534:Byumba
391:, and
314:Rwanda
302:French
215:
153:Kigali
3433:Tutsi
3055:(PDF)
3036:S2CID
2978:S2CID
2886:S2CID
2857:S2CID
2788:S2CID
2768:(PDF)
2752:S2CID
2695:S2CID
2656:S2CID
2165:S2CID
1882:JSTOR
1786:S2CID
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560:near
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321:Tutsi
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1461:ISBN
1348:ISBN
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