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political elites that became known either officially or informally as Tutsi. Previously, they had mostly been local chieftains who were now finding themselves as part of a complex network that allowed the Mwami to build national cohesion in newly acquired regions. The appointed chieftains were occasionally met with local resistance. For example, in the
Northwest region the Balera group challenged the power of the Nduga who had been appointed to the region by the royal court. The contestation was along clan, rather than ethnic, lines, as both groups were considered Tutsi under the then ethnic understanding. During this period, there was an increase in the long-standing traditions of
284:, a practice of vassalage under which labor and resources are exchanged for political favor. Many of the lands that Rwabugiri had annexed, such as Bugoyi, Bwishaza and Kingogo in the east had no previous contact with Tutsi pastoralists and had been entirely inhabited by Hutu. The period following annexation saw a heavy influx of Tutsi into these areas. At first, the relationship between Tutsi and Hutu in these areas were mostly peaceful and commercial. After Rwabugiri instated a stronger administrative machinery, however, he used force to pacify resistance which led to a series of brutal encounters between Hutu and Rwabugiri's forces.
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old and new mwami belonged, was also weak at this particular time because Kigeli IV had killed chiefs from this lineage of clans who had showed too much independence. As such, the Bega clan was in a unique position after the death of Kigeli IV to change the status quo and assume power. Together with her brother Kabare, chief of the Bega clan, Kanjogera carried out a coup d'Ă©tat at
Rucunshu where Rutalindwa was killed and Kanjogera's own son, Musinga, was named king under the name
879:
40:
325:. Kanjogera and her brother were effectively in charge at his point, as Musinga was still too young to rule. The two continued to purge the Nyinga who had survived Kigeli IV's purge, as to avoid the possibility that they would return to power. It was under this conflict that German colonialists began to exercise control over the Mwami by supporting their royal forces.
312:. Germany had made little effort to establish a colonial administration at the time, as they had limited forces in East Africa, and Rwanda was a densely populated territory with an existing strict administrative network. The death of Kigeli IV, however, and the subsequent coup weakened the state and opened a window for German direct colonization in 1897.
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chieftainships which were conglomerated during the 10th century by Tutsi pastoralists from the North who brought ideas of caste systems and a political society. By the 19th century, the state had become much more centralized. Rwabugiri established a royal court that collected labor dues and claimed
320:
After Kigeli IV died, his son
Rutalindwa was declared king. The new monarch's queen mother, however, was not his biological mother but was another wife of Kigeli IV; Kanjogera of the Bega clan. Rutalindwa's birth mother was from a politically weak clan, the Abakono. The Nyiginya Clan, to which the
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around 1870. This served the purpose of channeling food across the country and becoming a center of commerce. During periods of food shortages, most of the country would suffer while the very rich Tutsi who resided in
Rubengera would be able to find food and livestock. The royal court was prepared
275:
Ethnicity became an important factor during the period of state expansion that began in the late 19th century. Rwabugiri gained increasing control over land, cattle, and people in
Central Africa. Rwabugiri not only saw a personal increase in power over the land, but also consolidated power among
229:
He defended the borders of the
Rwandan kingdom against invading neighboring kingdoms, slave traders, and Europeans. Rwabugiri was a warrior king and is regarded as one of Rwanda's most powerful kings. Some Rwandans see him as the last true King of Rwanda due to the tragic assassination of his
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for this situation usually, however, and controlled the production of produce as to always create a surplus. This was meant to serve as a famine strategy. This surplus would then be distributed by the king's order to the poorest citizens in exchange for their labor
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was divided into a standardized structure of provinces, districts, hills, and neighborhoods, administered by a hierarchy of chiefs. The chiefs were predominantly Tutsi at the higher levels and with a greater degree of mutual participation by
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Généalogies de la noblesse (les
Batutsi) du Ruanda : dans l'Afrique centrale, région du Lac Kivu, une des sources du Congo and du fleuve Kagera, la source du Nil
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730:
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Vansina, Jan. 2004. Antecedents to Modern Rwanda : The
Nyiginya Kingdom. Africa and the Diaspora. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
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Pottier, Johan P. (April 1986). "The
Politics of Famine Prevention: Ecology, Regional Production and Food Complementarity in Western Rwanda".
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191:. He was the first king in Rwanda's history to come into contact with Europeans. He established an army equipped with guns he obtained from
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Rwanda was unlike other
African states as it was initially not divided among the colonial powers during the
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234:. By the beginning of the 20th century, Rwanda was a unified state with a centralized military structure.
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Rwabugiri held authority from 1867 to 1895. He died in September 1895, during an expedition in modern-day
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Lemarchand, René (April 1998). "Genocide in the Great Lakes: Which Genocide? Whose Genocide?".
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We Wish to Inform You That Tomorrow We Will be Killed With Our Families: Stories from Rwanda
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Courts in Conflict: Interpreting the Layers of Justice in Post-Genocide Rwanda Front Cover
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The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience
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304:. Still, there were no expeditions made until 1894, when the German explorer, Count
602:
Lemarchand, René (1966). "Power and Stratification in Rwanda: A Reconsideration".
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successor Rutarindwa and coup by his stepmother Kanjogera who installed her son
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Annalen - Koninklijke Museum voor Midden-Afrika, Tervuren, België. Reeks in-80
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kings in a ruling dynasty that had traced its lineage back four centuries to
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Cambridge University Press (1946). "Abstracts of Some Recent Papers".
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Rwabugiri is sometimes attributed for the tactics used by the
574:. Manhattan, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 29.
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in the mid-nineteenth century. He was among the last
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440:. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. pp.
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296:in 1884. Instead, Rwanda was assigned to the
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364:Centrale, Musée Royal de l'Afrique (1964).
195:and prohibited most foreigners, especially
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165:(1840? - September 1895) was the king (
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257:was originally occupied by a number of
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253:Tradition has it that the kingdom of
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676:Généalogie de la Noblesse du Ruanda.
547:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a097775
957:Mibamwe II Sekarongoro II Gisanura
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992:Mibambwe III Mutabazi II Sentabyo
902:Mibambwe I Sekarongoro I Mutabazi
245:to retain unity among Rwandans .
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402:"RwandaNet - Documents histoire"
300:in the later 1890 conference in
217:By the end of Rwabugiri's rule,
214:, was proclaimed the next king.
1095:19th-century monarchs in Africa
640:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
417:International African Institute
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637:Twagilimana, Aimable (2007).
208:Count Gustav Adolf von Götzen
199:, from entering his kingdom.
158:Diadem of Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
943:Mutara I Nsoro III Semugeshi
691:, see Historical Perspective
604:Cahiers d'Études Africaines
434:Gourevitch, Philip (1999).
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288:German Colonial influence
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466:"UF Digital Collections"
423:: 126 – via JSTOR.
148:Nyirakigeri Murorunkwere
568:Palmer, Nicola (2015).
308:led an expedition into
306:Gustav Adolf von Götzen
1020:Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa
950:Kigeli II Nyamuheshera
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723:Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa
500:African Studies Review
212:Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa
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79:Mibambwe IV Rutarindwa
616:10.3406/cea.1966.3083
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60:1867 - September 1895
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1041:Kigeli V Ndahindurwa
1034:Mutara III Rudahigwa
985:Kigeli III Ndabarasa
916:Ndahiro II Cyamatare
909:Yuhi wa II Gahima II
187:with the birth name
1013:Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
978:Cyilima II Rujugira
316:Last True Rwabugiri
249:Pre-colonial Rwanda
210:. His adopted son,
163:Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
33:Kigeli IV Rwabugiri
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895:Kigeli I Mukobanya
262:tributary food in
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384:|work=
241:during the
130:Abanyiginya
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1051:Pretenders
717:1867–1895
475:2022-10-25
329:References
386:ignored (
376:cite book
282:ubureetwa
271:Expansion
264:Rubengera
171:) of the
75:Successor
44:Kigeli IV
18:Rwabugiri
678:Kabgaye.
656:28 April
587:28 April
310:Tanzania
302:Brussels
177:Nyiginya
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145:Mother
135:Father
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551:JSTOR
516:JSTOR
259:Bantu
224:Hutus
204:Congo
197:Arabs
185:Tutsi
168:mwami
114:Issue
57:Reign
658:2019
645:ISBN
589:2019
576:ISBN
446:ISBN
388:help
280:and
126:Clan
101:Died
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