Ryukyu Islands - Knowledge (XXG)

2984: 3021:, a group of thirty-six islands stretching from Japan to Formosa, in 26°–27°40′ N. lat., 126°10′–129°5′ E. long., and tributary to Japan. The largest, Tsju San ('middle island'), is about 60 miles long and 12 broad; others are Sannan in the and Sanbok in the . Nawa, the chief port of Tsju San, is open to foreign commerce. The islands enjoy a magnificent climate and are highly cultivated and very productive. Among the productions are tea, rice, sugar, tobacco, camphor, fruits, and silk. The principal manufactures are cotton, paper, porcelain, and lacquered ware. The people, who are small, seem a link between the Chinese and Japanese. 6267: 644: 133: 3435: 5786: 2787: 3244: 3466: 3906: 3343: 3089:. But nowadays, the residents of these Ryukyu Islands do not identify themselves as such, although they share the notion that they are somewhat different from Japanese, whom they call "Yamato" or "Naicha". Now, they usually express self-identity as the native of a particular island. Their identity can extend to an island and then to Japan as a whole, but rarely to intermediate regions. 663: 2193: 2707: 3892: 269: 2484:

centuries and at its height from the second half of the 11th to the first half of the 12th century. It was characterized by a near-total absence of the native Kaneku Type pottery, which prevailed in coastal communities. What were found instead were goods imported from mainland Japan, China and Korea. Also found was the

2832:. During this period, Ryukyu kings were selected by a Japanese clan, unbeknownst to the Chinese, who believed the Ryukyus to be a loyal tributary. In 1655, the tributary relations between Ryukyu and Qing were formally approved by the shogunate. In 1874, the Ryukyus terminated tribute relations with China. 2684:

of the Twelve Islands among others. After the Kamakura shogunate was destroyed, the Shimazu clan increased its rights. In 1364, it claimed the "eighteen islands" of Kawanabe District. In the same year, the clan's head Shimazu Sadahisa gave his son Morohisa properties in Satsuma Province including the

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Outside of Okinawa Prefecture, the word "Okinawa" is used to refer to Okinawa Prefecture and does not include Kagoshima Prefecture. (People from the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture object to being included in "Okinawa".) Inside Okinawa Prefecture, "Okinawa" is used to refer to Okinawa Island, and

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Humanities scholars generally agree that the Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama Islands share much cultural heritage, though they are characterized by a great degree of internal diversity as well. There is, however, no good name for the group. The native population do not have their own name, since

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described the comments by said scholars as well as military figures as appearing to constitute "a semiofficial campaign in China to question Japanese rule of the islands", noting that "almost all the voices in China pressing the Okinawa issue are affiliated in some way with the government". Taiwan

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on the route, which may refer to modern-day Okinawa Island. An article of 754 states that the government repaired mileposts that had originally been set in the southern islands in 735. However, the missions from 777 onward chose another route that directly connected Kyūshū to China. Thereafter the

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Ancient Japan's commitment to the southern islands is attributed to ideological and strategic factors. Japan applied to herself the Chinese ideology of emperorship that required "barbarian people" who longed for the great virtue of the emperor. Thus Japan treated people on its periphery, i.e., the

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is the principal candidate because it roughly corresponds to the maximum extent of the Ryūkyū Kingdom. However, it is not necessarily considered neutral by the people of Amami, Miyako, and Yaeyama, who were marginalized under the Okinawa-centered kingdom. The Ōsumi Islands are not included because

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Tanegashima is known in Japanese history for the introduction of European firearms to Japan. Around 1543, a Chinese junk with Portuguese merchants on board was driven to Tanegashima. Tanegashima Tokitaka succeeded in reproducing matchlock rifles obtained from the Portuguese. Within a few decades,

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Some scholars group the Amami and Okinawa Islands together because in some respects (e.g. from a linguistic point of view) Amami is closer to Okinawa than to Miyako and Yaeyama, but there is no established single-word term for the group since the native population had not felt the need for such a

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During the American occupation of Amami, the Japanese government objected to the islands being included under the name "Ryukyu" in English because they worried that this might mean that the return of the Amami Islands to Japanese control would be delayed until the return of Okinawa. However, the

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The literature-based theory that Kikai Island was Japan's trade center of the southern islands is supported by the discovery of the Gusuku Site Complex in 2006. The group of archaeological sites on the plateau of Kikai Island is one of the largest sites of the era. It lasted from 9th to 13th

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The Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, another government organization that is responsible for standardization of place names, disagrees with the Japan Coast Guard over some names and their extent, but the two are working on standardization. They agreed on February 15, 2010, to use

3423:", but there is variation throughout the Tokaras, with multiple inter-island gaps having similar influence. Species diffusion among the Tokara islands is thought to have been over sea, not via land bridge, and their faunal composition also depends on other factors such as island size. 686:

or geographically, with the islands north of the Tokara Strait (Ōsumi and Tokara) being the Northern Ryukyus, those between the Tokara Strait and Kerama Gap (Amami and Okinawa) being the Central Ryukyus, and those south of the Kerama Gap (Miyako and Yaeyama) being the Southern

1806:. This term was originally used by the imperial court of Ancient Japan. Yanagita hypothesized that the southern islands were the origin of the Japanese people and preserved many elements that were subsequently lost in Japan. The term is outdated today. 2697:

came to rule Tanegashima on behalf of the Nagoe family but soon became autonomous. It usually allied with, sometimes submitted itself to, and sometimes antagonized the Shimazu clan on mainland Kyūshū. The Tanegashima clan was given Yakushima and

1852:). They noted that the people were small but pugnacious. The Chinese could not understand the local language and returned to China. In 607, they sent another expedition to trade, and brought back one of the islanders. A Japanese embassy was in 2075:

was established around 702. Tane Province consisted of four districts and covered Tanegashima and Yakushima. Although the tiny province faced financial difficulties from the very beginning, it was maintained until 824 when it was merged into

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either administratively, with the Northern Ryukyus being the islands in Kagoshima Prefecture (known in Japanese as the "Satsunan Islands") and the Southern Ryukyus being the islands in Okinawa Prefecture (known in Japanese as the "Ryukyu

2204:(630–840). The 702 mission seems to have been the first to successfully switch from the earlier route via Korea to the southern island route. The missions of 714, 733 and 752 probably took the same route. In 754 the Chinese monk 1378:, a kingdom that originated from the Okinawa Islands and subjugated the Sakishima and Amami Islands. The name is generally considered outdated in Japanese although some entities of Okinawa still bear the name, such as the local 1268:

The English and Japanese uses of the term "Ryukyu" differ. In English, the term Ryukyu may apply to the entire chain of islands, while in Japanese Ryukyu usually refers only to the islands that were previously part of the

5650: 1841:, some scholars believe that these expeditions succeeded in reaching Japan and launched a social and agricultural revolution there. The Eastern Islands are again mentioned as the land of immortals in the Annals of the 2768:'s conquest of Kikai Island in 1466, a failed Satsuma invasion of Amami Ōshima in 1493, and two rebellions on Amami Ōshima during the 16th century. The islands were finally conquered by Satsuma during the 1609 3279:(more accurately termed "ancestor respect") and the respecting of relationships between the living, the dead, and the gods and spirits of the natural world. Some of its beliefs are indicative of its ancient 2702:

by Shimazu Motohisa in 1415. In 1436, it was given the Seven Islands of Kawanabe District, Satsuma Province (the Tokara Islands) and other two islands by Shimazu Mochihisa, the head of a branch family.

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of mainland Kyūshū in 1595. Although it moved back to Tanegashima in 1599, Yakushima and Kuchinoerabu Island fall under the direct control of the Shimazu clan. These islands all constituted

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The Amami Islands were a focal point for dispute between the southward-expanding Satsuma Domain and the northward-expanding Ryukyu Kingdom. In 1453, a group of Koreans were shipwrecked on

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are traditionally spoken on these islands, and the major islands have their own distinct languages. In modern times, the Japanese language is the primary language of the islands, with the

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The islands other than Tanegashima were grouped as the Twelve Islands and treated as part of Kawanabe District, Satsuma Province. The Twelve Islands were subdivided into the Near Five

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from the 11th to 14th centuries. The skewed distribution of Kamuiyaki peaked at Kikai and Tokunoshima suggests that the purpose of Kamuiyaki production was to serve it to Kikai.

2301:, a fictional work written in the mid-11th century, introduced a merchant named Hachirō-mauto, who traveled all the way to the land of the Fushū in the east and to Kika Island 6668: 1977:. In 679, the imperial court sent a mission to Tane Island. The mission carried some people from the southern islands who were described as the peoples of Tane, Yaku, and 1417:

cover only the Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama Islands, while in English it includes the Amami and Daitō Islands. The northern half of the island chain is referred to as the

2925:. Some natives of the Ryukyus claim that the central government is discriminating against the islanders by allowing so many American soldiers to be stationed on bases in 2983: 521:

The Ōsumi and Tokara Islands, the northernmost of the islands, fall under the cultural sphere of the Kyushu region of Japan; local inhabitants speak a variation of the

6673: 4081: 3481: 3411:. A deep undersea canyon, the Tokara Gap, lies to the east of the Tokara islands, but where the line crosses the island chain is disputed. It has been "placed between 1336:

American occupational government on Amami continued to be called the "Provisional Government for the Northern Ryukyu Islands" in English, though it was translated as

2143:. This statement should have been based on a report by Japanese envoys in the early 8th century who would have claimed the Japanese emperor's virtue. At the site of 6817: 2287:

recorded that in the 1020s, local governors of southern Kyūshū presented to the author, a court aristocrat, local specialties of the southern islands including the

5161:"The widespread misconception about the Japanese major biogeographic boundary, the Watase Line (Tokara Gap), revealed by bibliographic and beta diversity analysis" 6708: 5615: 4240: 2283:. In fact, historians hypothesize that the Amami Islands were incorporated into a trade network that connected it to Kyūshū, Song China and Goryeo. In fact, the 2071:

In the early 8th century, the northern end of the island chain was formally incorporated into the Japanese administrative system. After a rebellion was crushed,

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under the jurisdiction of the Foreign Ministry. In 1875, jurisdiction over the Ryukyus changed from the Foreign Ministry to the Home Ministry. In 1879, the

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created a set of inheritance documents that made reference to various southern islands. The islands mentioned were not limited to the Twelve but included

4951: 2584:(especially its Nagoe branch). The Nagoe family sent the Higo clan to rule Ōsumi. A branch family of the Higo clan settled in Tanegashima and became the 1919:

in historical sources was not limited to modern-day Yakushima but seems to have covered a broader area of the island chain. In 657, several persons from

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Today, numerous issues arise from Okinawan history. Some Ryukyuans and some Japanese feel that people from the Ryukyus are different from the majority

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is the official name for the whole island chain in Japanese. Japan has used the name on nautical charts since 1907. Based on the Japanese charts, the

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over the islands. They faced little opposition from the Ryukyuans, who lacked any significant military capabilities, and who were ordered by King

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does not include the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands. People in the Yaeyama Islands use the expression "go to Okinawa" when they visit Okinawa Island.

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Miyake's line for insects lies between Kyūshū and the Ōsumi island groups, and Hachisuka's line for birds between the Okinawa and Miyako groups.

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Articles of the late 7th century give a closer look at the southern islands. In 677, the imperial court gave a banquet to people from Tane Island

6751: 6688: 4489: 4389: 4360: 4277: 2772:. The Tokugawa shogunate granted Satsuma the islands in 1624. During the Edo Period, Ryukyuans referred to Satsuma's ships as "Tokara ships". 2279:

The series of reports suggest that there were groups of people with advanced sailing technology in Amami and that Dazaifu had a stronghold on

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also claims the Senkaku islands but made it clear on multiple occasions that they will not work with China over the Senkaku Islands dispute.

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literally means "southwest", the direction of the island chain relative to mainland Japan. Some humanities scholars prefer the uncommon term

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Scholars who recognize shared heritage among the native population of the Amami, Okinawa, Miyako and Yaeyama Islands label them as Ryukyuans

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era (1135–1141), Tanegashima became part of Shimazu Estate on southern Kyūshū. The Shimazu Estate was said to have established at Shimazu,

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and the Southern Islanders to the south, as "barbarians". The imperial court brought some of them to the capital to serve the emperor. The

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in 1951. In 1952, the U.S. was formally granted control over Ryukyu Islands south of 29°N latitude, and other Pacific islands, under the

1998:(797), the imperial court dispatched armed officers in 698 to explore the southern islands. As a result, people of Tane, Yaku, Amami and 6418: 612: 5187: 2669:

held by the Hōjō clan describes Amami as a "privately owned district". The Shimazu clan also claimed the rights to the Twelve. In 1227

2629:. The Near Five consisted of the Ōsumi Islands except Tanegashima while the Remote Seven corresponded to the Tokara Islands. After the 2147:, the administrative center of Kyushu, two wooden tags dated in the early 8th century were unearthed in 1984, which read "Amami Island" 6852: 4156: 172: 2930: 2446:

became another representative of the southern islands. It is noted by scholars that the character representing the first syllable of

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of the Amami Islands. An article of 714 reports that an investigative team returned to the capital, together with people of Amami,

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in the north, but there are problems about the ethnicity of the residents of the central and southern groups of the island chain.

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to surrender rather than to suffer the loss of precious lives. After that, the kings of the Ryukyus paid tribute to the Japanese

2722: 1478:) is the source of a never-ending scholarly debate about whether the name referred to Taiwan, Okinawa or both. Nevertheless, the 577: 480: 5450: 4754:

Economy, Elizabeth C. (July–August 2017). "History With Chinese Characteristics: How China's Imagined Past Shapes Its Present".

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Yakushima in Ōsumi is the southern limit of the Palearctic realm. It features millennium-old cedar trees. The island is part of

2392:. It was noted that the imperial court objected the military expedition claiming that it was beyond Japan's administration. The 1734:, known as Ryukyu's official poetry book. It was not until the 18th century that Okinawa was specified in its own script as 沖縄. 6965: 6809: 6175: 5510: 3360: 2802:. The kingdom conquered the Miyako and Yaeyama Islands. At its peak, it also subjected the Amami Islands to its rule. In 1609, 2201: 1391: 2736:'s reunification of Japan finalized the Tanegashima clan's status as a senior vassal of the Shimazu clan. It was relocated to 6862: 6799: 6774: 6660: 6413: 3364: 3320: 5555: 5482: 5383: 5345: 5050: 4248: 4073: 4808: 2764:. The Koreans noted that the Ryukyuans used guns "as advanced as in ". Other records of activity in the Amami Islands show 1856:

when the expedition returned, and one of the Japanese exclaimed that the islander wore the dress and spoke the language of

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of the Okinawa Islands. Around this time "Southern Islands" replaced Yaku as a collective name for the southern islands.

6970: 6870: 6593: 6383: 4761: 3683: 3594: 3571: 3446: 506:, the island chain has two major geologic boundaries, the Tokara Strait (between the Tokara and Amami Islands) and the 6761: 6558: 6508: 1053: 487: 5138: 2252:(982–1032 for the extant portion), pillaged a wide area of Kyūshū in 997. In response, Dazaifu ordered "Kika Island" 6975: 6934: 6924: 6832: 6827: 6168: 5598: 5365: 3842: 3803: 3705: 2200:

The southern islands had strategic importance for Japan because they were on one of the three major routes used by

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in Okinawan, is originally a native name for the largest island in the island chain. The island was referred to as

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Izumi Haraguchi 原口泉, Shūichi Nagayama 永山修一, Masamori Hinokuma 日隈正守, Chitoshi Matsuo 松尾千歳, Takeichi Minamura 皆村武一:

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in the definition but limits its scope to the Amami, Okinawa and Sakishima (Miyako and Yaeyama) in the content.

6443: 5671: 5659: 5533: 4112: 3929: 3848: 3747: 3711: 2941:-backed scholars published essays calling for a reexamination of Japan's sovereignty over the Ryukyus. In 2013 6553: 5714: 2531:, a retainer of the Fujiwara family, was appointed as a steward of Shimazu Estate in 1185. He was then named 1779:

concept. Japanese scholars use "Amami–Okinawa" while American and European scholars use "Northern Ryukyuan".

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Kerr, George H. (2000). Okinawa: the History of an Island People. (revised ed.) Boston: Tuttle Publishing.

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provides novel insights into Neogene to Recent western Pacific palaeobiogeographical dispersal patterns.

3771: 3626: 6741: 6603: 6548: 6293: 4111:(The geographical names and those extents of the wide areas in Japan), Kaiyō Jōhōbu Gihō, Vol. 27, 2009. 3824: 3818: 3699: 3675: 3434: 3305: 2956: 2854: 2514: 2423: 2419: 1771:

was chosen by the Meiji government for the new prefecture when they annexed the Ryukyu Kingdom in 1879.

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in the west. The goods he obtained from the southern islands included shells of Green Turban Shell and

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The following are the grouping and names used by the Hydrographic and Oceanographic Department of the

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of the Ōsumi portion of Shimazu Estate, both of which controlled Tanegashima, were succeeded by the

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The southern islands reappeared in written history at the end of the 10th century. According to the

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heard of "happy immortals" living on the Eastern Islands, so he sent expeditions there to find the

766: 562: 425: 5746: 5293: 4322: 1583:. An Okinawan man was recorded as having referred to himself as a "Doo Choo man" during Commodore 132: 6842: 6636: 6568: 6533: 6498: 6132: 6097: 6036: 6031: 6026: 5920: 5887: 5877: 5872: 5773: 5623: 5586: 5179: 4893: 4439: 4160: 3873: 3869: 3861: 3687: 3638: 3630: 3258: 2943: 2850: 2769: 2733: 1097: 620: 538: 296: 6117: 3671: 2786: 4350:古代の奄美・沖縄諸島と国際社会, Ikeda Yoshifumi ed., Kodai chūsei no kyōkai ryōiki 古代中世の境界領域, pp. 49–70, 2008. 4217:まえがき, Yoshinari Naoki ed., Ryūkyū-ko kasanariau rekishi ninshiki 琉球弧・重なりあう歴史認識, pp. 5–10, 2007. 3542: 2910:

between the Allied Powers and Japan. The Ryukyu Provisional Central Government then became the

6698: 6493: 6275: 6069: 6018: 5945: 5925: 5839: 5829: 5736: 5547: 5537: 5472: 5442: 5413: 5403: 5373: 5335: 5040: 4710:文献から見たキカイガシマ, Yoshifumi Ikeda ed., Kodai chūsei no kyōkai ryōiki 古代中世の境界領域, pp. 123–150, 2008. 4575: 4197: 4019: 3953: 3795: 3723: 3614: 3567: 3500: 3470: 3408: 3293: 3270: 3059: 2803: 2737: 2710: 2677: 2673: 2658: 2522: 2505: 2394: 2180: 2077: 1911:

followed the Chinese emperor's virtue. In 629, the imperial court dispatched an expedition to

1580: 1561: 1483: 1469: 994: 692: 542: 522: 445: 84: 53: 4779: 4776: 4059: 3555: 2329:(c. 1124) in northeastern Japan was decorated with tens of thousands of green turban shells. 6882: 6779: 6683: 6678: 6583: 6513: 6359: 6349: 6332: 6327: 6322: 6074: 5993: 5988: 5983: 5960: 5935: 5892: 5882: 5844: 5834: 5821: 5741: 5697: 5687: 5619: 5276: 5171: 5160: 4131: 3963: 3919: 3679: 3658: 3634: 3404: 3063: 3048: 2914:

which existed from 1952 to 1972. Administrative rights reverted to Japan in 1972, under the

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Narrative of the Expedition of an American Squadron to the China Seas and Japan (1852–1854)

3055:). Many ethnic Japanese migrated to the Ryukyu Islands and mixed with the Ryukyuan people. 1438:. There is a high degree of confusion in use of Ryukyu in English literature. For example, 6378: 6364: 6305: 6102: 6003: 5950: 5768: 5763: 5709: 5593: 5016: 4993: 4979: 4812: 4756: 4119: 3741: 3735: 3653: 3474: 3199: 3038: 2829: 2781: 2057: 2049: 1114: 1085: 1062: 1057: 935: 912: 628: 530: 526: 461: 453: 441: 348: 343: 314: 252: 6876: 5912: 5864: 5724: 5704: 5692: 3663: 2646: 2641:

family. The Tokusō family let its retainer Chikama clan rule Kawanabe District. In 1306,

2630: 2581: 2098:(1060) states at the end of the chapter of Japan that there were three little princes of 2003: 1260:

during the summer. Winter temperature is mild with optimal clearness of the ocean water.

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marks a major biogeographic boundary. The Ōsumi islands north of the line belong to the

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between China and Japan over the Senkaku Islands intensified in the early 21st century,

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of the Yaeyama Islands because Komi is an older name for Iriomote. Others consider that

6893: 6613: 6518: 6388: 6222: 5978: 5213:"Nature in Japan; 2-1) Topography; 2-1-1) Geographical Features and Geological History" 5019:, Vol. IV, Edinburgh-Scotland, Thomas C. Jack, Grange Publishing Works, retrieved from 4952:"Taiwan President Asserts Sovereignty Over Disputed Islands Claimed by Japan and China" 3911: 3618: 3610: 3586: 3519: 3496: 3420: 3237: 3108: 3067: 2992: 2952: 2926: 2795: 2761: 2741: 2727: 2642: 2551: 2297: 2241: 2144: 1834: 1788: 1422: 1375: 1329: 1014: 956: 951: 931: 883: 792: 534: 511: 469: 449: 433: 223: 160: 156: 4536: 3243: 6954: 6528: 6471: 6408: 6339: 6310: 5970: 5731: 5430: 4434: 3924: 3515: 3438: 3112: 3052: 2922: 2662: 2435: 2089: 2072: 1994: 1838: 1830: 1494:

who traveled to Song China in 1243. Later, some Chinese sources used "Great Ryukyu" (

1185: 1157: 1045: 987: 979: 844: 624: 495: 437: 5183: 3465: 3153:, as they consider themselves distinct from the Okinawans. Other terms used include 6461: 6393: 6373: 5628: 5498: 5426: 5020: 4786: 3897: 3622: 3602: 3579: 3575: 3563: 3416: 3301: 3047:, Ryukyuan ethnic identity, tradition, culture and language were suppressed by the 3044: 2960: 2929:

with a minimal presence on the mainland. Additionally, there is some discussion of

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American military control over Okinawa began in 1945 with the establishment of the

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Twelve Islands and the "extra five" islands. The latter must be the Amami Islands.

2650: 2547: 2339: 2334: 2280: 1241: 1041: 943: 939: 871: 835: 823: 811: 550: 465: 6089: 5758: 5431:"Language Conflict and Language Rights: The Ainu, Ryūkyūans, and Koreans in Japan" 4040: 2326: 1825:

The first mention of the islands in Chinese literature occur in the Annals of the

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From about 1829 until the mid-20th century, the islands' English name was spelled

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Race, Ethnicity and Migration in Modern Japan: Imagined and imaginary minorities

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The return of the Amami Islands: the reversion movement and U.S.–Japan relations

4074:"Climate of the Senkaku Islands (Climate Classification and Weather Conditions)" 3523: 3492: 3412: 3342: 3285: 2964: 2807: 2765: 2654: 2489: 2065: 2011: 1857: 1842: 1826: 1464: 1153: 1149: 1141: 1049: 879: 827: 758: 573: 554: 3545:) is based on specimens discovered in present-day shallow-water sediments from 2189:(927), Dazaifu was to offer when they were obtained from the southern islands. 6906: 6503: 6466: 6300: 3887: 3667: 3590: 3511: 2837: 2819: 2815: 2745: 2183:. These tags might have been attached to "red woods", which, according to the 1886: 1482:

shaped perceptions of Ryūkyū for a long time. Ryūkyū was considered a land of

1325: 1093: 1033: 983: 839: 662: 515: 507: 5446: 5417: 2248:(southern barbarians) pirates, who were identified as Amami islanders by the 1462:" is an exonym and is not a self-designation. The word first appeared in the 187: 174: 6822: 6403: 6266: 6212: 6191: 5551: 4985:

San&pg=PA169 kokf tsou ran to sets, ou Aperçu général des trois royaumes

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and aroused a feeling of dread among surrounding people, from Buddhist monk

1395: 1383: 1145: 1037: 887: 875: 867: 831: 770: 762: 4806:"The Ryukyus and Taiwan in the East Asian Seas: A Longue Durée Perspective" 2824: 2638: 2539: 2372: 5468:

Okinawa and the U.S. Military: Identity Making in the Age of Globalization

4671:喜界島城久遺跡群と古代南島社会, Kodai chūsei no kyōkai ryōiki 古代中世の境界領域, pp. 17–48, 2008. 1425:") Islands in Japanese, as opposed to Northern Ryukyu Islands in English. 678:

The Ryukyu islands are commonly divided into two or three primary groups:

6746: 6241: 5811: 5130: 4697:列島南縁における境界領域の様相, Kodai makki Nihon no kyōkai 古代末期・日本の境界, pp. 85–130, 2010 4273: 4244: 3309: 2757: 2517:. In the 12th century, Shimazu Estate expanded to a large portion of the 2205: 1868:

The island chain appeared in Japanese written history as Southern Islands

1701: 1257: 1109: 1105: 1089: 1081: 819: 671: 457: 5133:

The Unity of Government and Religion in the Ryukyu Islands to 1,500 A.D.

4438: 2890:

was formed, which evolved into the Ryukyu Provisional Central Government

2426:

of 1177. The island depicted, characterized by sulfur, is identified as

1938:

arrived at Kyushu, reporting that they had first drifted to Amami Island

1737:

The Japanese map series known as the Ryukyu Kuniezu lists the island as

6887: 6398: 6354: 6317: 6056: 5753: 5131:"Edward E. Bollinger. ([[Wiktionary:circa |c]]. 1965). 4862:"China criticizes Japan's protest over question of Okinawa sovereignty" 4595: 4449:. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 99. 4109:

Waga kuni no kōiki na chimei oyobi sono han'i ni tsuite no chōsa kenkyū

3649: 3527: 3367: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3280: 2811: 2560: 2510: 2501: 2415: 1884:. The first record of the Southern Islands is an article of 618 in the 1853: 1249: 499: 27:

Chain of Japanese islands that stretch southwest from Kyushu to Taiwan

17: 6256: 3488: 3480:

The south of Watase's Line is recognized by ecologists as a distinct

3454: 3407:

while the Amami islands south of it are at the northern limit of the

3313: 3297: 2318: 2085: 1521: 1503: 1487: 1435: 1253: 1245: 1135: 1101: 947: 667: 421: 2853:

and forcing the Ryukyu king to move to Tokyo. When China signed the

5175: 4312:(エスニシティとアイデンティティ), Kyōkai no jinruigaku 境界性の人類学, pp. 165–248, 2006. 1848:

In 601, the Chinese sent an expedition to the "Country of Liukiu" (

514:). The islands beyond the Tokara Strait are characterized by their 6229: 6217: 6207: 5897: 3550: 3464: 3433: 3249: 3242: 2982: 2968: 2785: 2705: 2533: 2191: 1131: 558: 417: 274: 4684:城久遺跡群とキカイガシマ, Nichiryū Bōeki no reimei 日琉交易の黎明, pp. 121–149, 2008 4635:南島人の來朝をめぐる基礎的考察, Higashi Ajia to Nihon 東アジアと日本, pp. 347–98, 1987. 3533:

The coral-reef related porcelaneous larger foraminiferal species

3092:

For example, the people of Okinawa Island refer to themselves as

2806:, Lord of Satsuma, invaded the Ryūkyū Kingdom with a fleet of 13 3148: 3062:. Labeling them as Japanese poses no problem with regard to the 37:"Southwest Islands" redirects here. For the Palauan region, see 6164: 5632: 5036:

Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia

4132:"Global Volcanism Program | Iwo-Tori-shima | Summary" 3275:

The indigenous Ryukyuan religion is generally characterized by

553:, when their development was started mainly by people from the 5400:

East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute

4780:

East Asia Before the West: Five Centuries of Trade and Tribute

4533:"Radar AMeDAS Live: Amami-Okinawa Region (レーダーアメダス実況奄美・沖縄地方)" 3487:. The flora and fauna of the islands have much in common with 3336: 3051:, which sought to assimilate the Ryukyuan people as Japanese ( 2228:

central government lost its interest in the southern islands.

5294:"Preliminary survey of the amphibians of the Riu Kiu Islands" 3975: 1624: 1621: 1618: 695:. The islands are listed from north to south where possible. 6160: 5606:, scroll illustrating procession of Ryukyu emissary to Edo, 5570:

This article incorporates text from the 1878 edition of the

3981: 2794:

Various polities of the Okinawa Islands were unified as the

2480:

from the end of the 12th century to the early 13th century.

5331:

Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945

5265:

2023. A new species of the larger porcelaneous foraminifer

3969: 3289:

and many other beings classified between gods and humans.

2537:

of Satsuma and Ōsumi (and later Hyūga) Provinces by first

1647:, as well as the Chinese pronunciation of the characters " 568:

The islands were held by the United States after the 1951

2244:, the administrative center of Kyushu, reported that the 1490:

who traveled to Tang China in 858 to an informant of the

1349:, Provisional Government for the Northern Nansei Islands) 4159:. Geospatial Information Agency of Japan. Archived from 2870:

United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands

2861:, China officially abandoned its claims to the Ryukyus. 2835:

In 1872, the Japanese government established the Ryukyu

5499:"Okinawan Perspectives on Japan's Imperial Institution" 4922:"Taiwan wants a say in Senkaku talks | DW | 09.04.2013" 2955:

come from Okinawa Prefecture. These include the groups

2866:

United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands

2006:) to pay tribute in the next year. Historians identify 1429:

they do not recognize themselves as a group this size.

4889:"Sentiment Builds in China to Press Claim for Okinawa" 4535:. Weather Service Inc. (ウェザー・サービス株式会社). Archived from 1324:

for the entire island chain. In geology, however, the

647:

Satellite photo of the Ryukyu islands (Nansei islands)

587:

Administratively, the islands are divided between two

3978: 498:

is very high and is affected by the rainy season and

4209: 4207: 3966: 2872:. Also in 1950, the Interim Ryukyus Advisory Council 1615: 6915: 6861: 6808: 6760: 6722: 6655: 6622: 6434: 6274: 6198: 6088: 6055: 6017: 5969: 5911: 5863: 5820: 5802: 5793: 5670: 4521:. Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain). 1895. 3972: 3693:Various venomous species of viper known locally as 3319:Roman Catholics are pastorally served by their own 3292:Ryukyuan religious practice has been influenced by 2442:made sulfur Japan's major export, Sulfur Island or 1612: 1244:. It is significantly warmer than the main islands 336: 328: 320: 310: 305: 282: 258: 248: 240: 232: 211: 203: 166: 151: 146: 51: 4039: 2196:Sea routes used by Japanese missions to Tang China 1632:. These spellings were based on the Okinawan form 4819:. October 27, 2006, translated and abridged from 2554:was overthrown in 1203. He lost the positions of 2550:. Tadahisa lost power when his powerful relative 2496:Shimazu Estate and Kamakura shogunate's expansion 619:), while the southern part of the chain makes up 529:have a native population collectively called the 6674:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia 4669:Kikai-jima Gusuku isekigun to kodai nantō shakai 4645: 4643: 4641: 4304: 4302: 4300: 4298: 4296: 4294: 3553:). This is the northernmost record of the genus 2179:respectively. The latter seems to correspond to 591:: the northern islands, collectively called the 6818:Association of East Asian Research Universities 5272:Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 4473: 3222: 3203: 3184: 3169: 3154: 3135: 3116: 3093: 3082: 2899: 2881: 2622: 2606: 2466: 2451: 2407: 2385: 2355: 2310: 2261: 2213: 2172: 2156: 2129: 2114: 2099: 2030: 2015: 1978: 1970: 1947: 1920: 1891: 1877: 1792: 1753: 1738: 1720: 1705: 1686: 1667: 1633: 1565: 1546: 1531: 1410: 1360: 1337: 1310: 1281: 1218: 1203: 1177: 1125: 1073: 1025: 1005: 967: 923: 903: 855: 803: 748: 728: 708: 409: 390: 371: 108: 89: 58: 5526:Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric; Roth, Käthe (2005). 5093: 5010:"Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information" 4633:Nantō-jin no raichō wo meguru kisoteki kōsatsu 4480: 4348:Kodai no Amami Okinawa shotō to kokusai shakai 3229: 3210: 3191: 3176: 3161: 3142: 3123: 3100: 3076: 2893: 2875: 2616: 2594: 2572:of the Satsuma portion of Shimazu Estate. The 2473: 2458: 2401: 2379: 2349: 2304: 2255: 2220: 2166: 2150: 2136: 2121: 2106: 2037: 2022: 1985: 1964: 1941: 1927: 1898: 1871: 1799: 1760: 1745: 1727: 1712: 1693: 1674: 1649: 1640: 1572: 1553: 1538: 1404: 1367: 1344: 1317: 1288: 1225: 1210: 1171: 1119: 1067: 1019: 999: 961: 917: 897: 849: 797: 742: 722: 702: 403: 384: 365: 115: 96: 65: 6770:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting 6176: 5644: 5624:Ryukyu Retto 1:50,000 Series L791, 1943–1945 5587:A Brief History of the Uchinanchu (Okinawans) 4663: 4661: 4659: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 2637:of Kawanabe District was assumed by the Hōjō 2597: 2276:, which is often used in subsequent sources. 1901: 1837:, to no avail. Based on Ryukyuan folklore on 1530:) for Taiwan. Okinawan forms of "Ryūkyū" are 1473: 525:of Japanese. The Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and 30:"Ryukyu" redirects here. For other uses, see 8: 5572:Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information 5362:"The making of imperial subjects in Okinawa" 3473:, a rock formation along the south coast of 3333:Nansei Islands subtropical evergreen forests 3006:Globe Encyclopaedia of Universal Information 46: 5425:Dubinsky, Stanley; Davies, William (2013). 4695:Rettō nan'en ni okeru kyōkai ryōiki no yōsō 4190:"Ryukyu Islands North and South of Okinawa" 1328:includes subsurface structures such as the 236:4,642.11 km (1,792.33 sq mi) 6183: 6169: 6161: 5799: 5651: 5637: 5629: 4835:"OKINAWA: Between a rock and a hard place" 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 2376:, dispatched troops to pacify Kikai Island 1394:and has played as high as the second-tier 45: 6669:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 4429: 4427: 3721:. Other snakes native to the Ryukyus are 3383:Learn how and when to remove this message 2987:Ryukyu delegates in Peking in 1761. 万国来朝图 2325:was not mere fiction; the Golden Hall of 1442:equates the Ryukyu Islands with Japanese 658:List of islands in the Ryukyu Archipelago 545:dialect prevalently spoken. The outlying 5004: 5002: 4733:The Samurai Capture a King: Okinawa 1609 4276:dictionary / Yahoo Japan. Archived from 4247:dictionary / Yahoo Japan. Archived from 3514:ecoregions. The reefs are endangered by 3253:(Harimizu Shrine), a Ryukyuan shrine in 2790:Okinawa Islands during the Sanzan Period 1992:in the article of 682. According to the 1587:'s visit to the Ryūkyū Kingdom in 1852. 1390:representative of the prefecture in the 661: 642: 576:. They were returned to Japan under the 5402:. New York: Columbia University Press. 5159:Komaki, Shohei; Igawa, Takeshi (2017). 5069: 4006: 3941: 3585:Birds found in the Ryukyus include the 3562:Mammals endemic to the islands include 3559:in the western Indo-Pacific Warm Pool. 475:The climate of the islands ranges from 460:the westernmost. The larger are mostly 6689:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research 5616:Perry–Castañeda Library Map Collection 5300:. The Field Museum. pp. 297–352. 5105: 5081: 4760:. Vol. 96, no. 4. New York: 4606:from the original on 25 September 2016 4103: 4101: 4099: 4016:Nihon-dai-chizuchō (Grand Atlas Japan) 3802:Lizards native to the islands include 3130:, while referring to the Okinawans as 3058:The residents of the island chain are 3004:An article in the 1878 edition of the 2689:Tanegashima under the Tanegashima clan 2546:in 1197. He became the founder of the 2208:managed to reach Japan. His biography 2052:of the Yaeyama Islands. Some identify 1217:for the Amami Islands; prior to that, 5604:Ryukyu Chuzano ryoshisha tojogyoretsu 5117: 4901:from the original on January 27, 2017 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 3952: 3876:are native to the islands, as is the 1954:, which is the first attested use of 1240:The climate of the Ryukyu islands is 561:, with the people there speaking the 7: 5304:from the original on 6 November 2012 5193:from the original on 4 December 2021 4060:participating institution membership 3697:also inhabit the Ryukyus, including 3365:adding citations to reliable sources 2398:(13th century) depicted Kikai Island 2272:. This is the first attested use of 420:islands that stretch southwest from 5513:from the original on 12 August 2020 3461:Amami, Okinawa, Miyako, and Yaeyama 1704:(唐大和上東征傳). It is also specified as 1512:) for Okinawa and "Lesser Ryukyu" ( 6981:Archipelagoes of the Pacific Ocean 5334:. University of Washington Press. 4868:from the original on March 4, 2016 4860:Rajagopalan, Megha (May 9, 2013). 4841:from the original on July 23, 2012 4558:Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages 4325:. Britannica Online Encyclopedia. 4270:"Ryūkyū Shotō (りゅうきゅう-しょとう【琉球諸島】)" 4084:from the original on July 11, 2022 3482:subtropical moist broadleaf forest 2953:popular singers and musical groups 1890:(720) which states that people of 1468:(636). Its obscure description of 25: 4817:Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 4682:Gusuku isekigun to Kikai-ga-shima 4459:G. Marin (1939) tounz in luːtʃu. 4107:Ajiro Tatsuhiko and Warita Ikuo, 4078:the opri center of island studies 3878:Ryukyu black-breasted leaf turtle 3652:. Endemic amphibians include the 1719:in hiragana in the collection of 1401:In Japanese, the "Ryukyu Islands" 6853:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute 6265: 5784: 4735:. Osprey Publishing, 2009. Pp 9. 3962: 3904: 3890: 3682:. Other rare amphibians include 3341: 3283:roots, such as those concerning 2916:1971 Okinawa Reversion Agreement 2912:Government of the Ryukyu Islands 1864:Ancient Japan's Southern Islands 1863: 1700:in the 8th century biography of 1608: 1374:is strongly associated with the 1339:Rinji Hokubu Nansei-shotō Seichō 578:1971 Okinawa reversion agreement 267: 131: 5558:from the original on 2016-11-21 5497:Rabson, Steve (February 2008). 5485:from the original on 2017-02-17 5453:from the original on 2018-10-23 5386:from the original on 2021-05-19 5348:from the original on 2021-05-19 5229:from the original on 2016-03-03 5141:from the original on 2014-04-24 5053:from the original on 2020-06-07 4962:from the original on 2021-05-06 4932:from the original on 2021-05-06 4574:. World Scientific publishing. 4572:Japan: Between Myth and Reality 4329:from the original on 2015-04-30 4138:from the original on 2018-09-28 3352:needs additional citations for 3001:, which was published in 1785. 2975:Historical description of the " 2564:and only regained the posts of 2488:pottery, which was produced in 2202:Japanese missions to Tang China 1392:Japanese football league system 490:(Köppen climate classification 6800:EAFF E-1 Football Championship 6775:East Asian Football Federation 5039:, ABC-CLIO, pp. 231–233, 4920:Welle (www.dw.com), Deutsche. 4887:Perlez, Jane (June 13, 2013). 4196:. July 1, 2020. Archived from 3644:Approximately one half of the 3506:The coral reefs are among the 3321:Roman Catholic Diocese of Naha 2991:The islands were described by 2798:in 1429, a tributary state of 1849: 1526: 1508: 1: 6848:Journal of East Asian Studies 6785:East Asian Judo Championships 6632:East Asia Climate Partnership 5574:, a work in the public domain 5471:. Columbia University Press. 4708:Bunken kara mita Kikaigashima 4596:"Okinawa Hai – Kudaka Island" 4463:, vol. 17 (54), no. 68, p. 66 2857:after its 1895 defeat in the 2438:. Since China's invention of 2332:Some articles of 1187 of the 1821:The Eastern Islands of Liukiu 1816:History of the Ryukyu Islands 582:disputing the Senkaku Islands 481:Köppen climate classification 332:333.93/km (864.87/sq mi) 6871:Horses in East Asian warfare 6414:other ethnic groups in China 5465:Inoue, Masamichi S. (2017). 5281:10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111764 5008:Ross, J.M. (editor) (1878). 4762:Council on Foreign Relations 3595:Japanese paradise flycatcher 3572:Ryukyu long-tailed giant rat 3447:Kirishima-Yaku National Park 1434:they are culturally part of 635:part of Okinawa Prefecture. 623:. The divide is between the 537:that ruled them. The varied 155:On the boundary between the 5108:, p. 49–50, 63, 66–67. 4833:Masami Ito (May 12, 2009). 4823:, No. 1084. 24 August 2006. 4474: 3648:species of the islands are 3549:, southern Ryukyu Islands ( 3223: 3204: 3185: 3170: 3155: 3136: 3117: 3094: 3083: 2900: 2882: 2868:, which in 1950 became the 2623: 2607: 2467: 2452: 2408: 2386: 2356: 2311: 2262: 2214: 2173: 2157: 2130: 2115: 2100: 2031: 2016: 1979: 1971: 1948: 1921: 1892: 1878: 1793: 1754: 1739: 1721: 1706: 1687: 1668: 1634: 1566: 1547: 1532: 1411: 1361: 1338: 1311: 1282: 1219: 1204: 1178: 1126: 1074: 1026: 1006: 968: 924: 904: 856: 804: 787:in the North-Western Group. 773:in the North-Eastern Group, 749: 729: 709: 549:were uninhabited until the 488:tropical rainforest climate 410: 395:, lit. "Southwest Islands") 391: 372: 244:1,936 m (6352 ft) 109: 90: 59: 6997: 6925:Needham Research Institute 6833:East Asia Image Collection 6828:East Asian Economic Review 6263: 5599:National Archives of Japan 5094:Dubinsky & Davies 2013 5033:Minahan, James B. (2014), 4226:Robert D. Eldridge, 2004. 4014:Tsuneyoshi, Ukita (1993). 3843:Ateuchosaurus pellopleurus 3706:Protobothrops flavoviridis 3330: 3268: 3036: 2963:, as well as solo singers 2908:San Francisco Peace Treaty 2883:Rinji Ryūkyū Shijun Iinkai 2779: 2508:in 1020s and dedicated to 2422:were exiled following the 2362:sometime around 1160. The 2291:, redwoods, and shells of 2240:(c. 11th–12th centuries), 2232:Kikaigashima and Iōgashima 2002:visited the capital (then 1813: 1297:international chart series 655: 448:(further divided into the 137:Location of Ryukyu Islands 36: 29: 6704:Human rights in East Asia 6589:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 6145: 5782: 5360:Christy, Alan S. (2004). 5292:Inger, Robert F. (1947). 4556:Heinrich, Patrick et al. 4494:University of the Ryukyus 4481: 4440:"Luchu Archipelago" 4394:University of the Ryukyus 4365:University of the Ryukyus 4047:Oxford English Dictionary 3748:Cyclophiops semicarinatus 3684:Anderson's crocodile newt 3230: 3211: 3192: 3177: 3162: 3143: 3124: 3101: 3077: 2894: 2876: 2847:annexation of the Ryukyus 2617: 2598: 2595: 2495: 2474: 2459: 2418:, Taira no Yasuyori, and 2402: 2380: 2366:also states that in 1188 2350: 2305: 2256: 2221: 2212:(779) makes reference to 2167: 2151: 2137: 2122: 2107: 2038: 2023: 1986: 1965: 1942: 1928: 1902: 1899: 1872: 1800: 1761: 1746: 1728: 1713: 1694: 1675: 1650: 1641: 1573: 1554: 1539: 1517: 1499: 1474: 1405: 1368: 1345: 1318: 1289: 1226: 1211: 1172: 1120: 1068: 1020: 1000: 962: 918: 898: 850: 798: 743: 723: 703: 510:(between the Okinawa and 477:humid subtropical climate 404: 385: 366: 263: 142: 130: 116: 97: 67: 66: 39:Southwest Islands (Palau) 5534:Harvard University Press 5503:The Asia-Pacific Journal 5372:. Taylor & Francis. 4651:Kagoshima-ken no rekishi 4570:Lee, Khoon Choy (1995). 4519:The Geographical Journal 3930:Tanegashima Space Center 3849:Cryptoblepharus boutonii 3712:Protobothrops tokarensis 3396:Biogeographic boundaries 2752:Amami and Tokara Islands 2720:firearms, then known as 2608:Kuchigoshima/Hajigoshima 2568:of Satsuma Province and 1655:", which in Mandarin is 6790:East Asian martial arts 6737:Archaeological cultures 5398:Kang, David C. (2010). 5298:Fieldiana:Zool. Vol. 32 4774:Kang, David C. (2010). 4706:Shūichi Nagayama 永山修一, 4446:Encyclopædia Britannica 4310:Esunishiti to aidentiti 4308:Takahashi Takayo 高橋孝代, 4052:Oxford University Press 3804:Kishinoue's giant skink 3008:describes the islands: 2939:Chinese Communist Party 2901:Ryūkyū Rinji Chūō Seifu 2859:First Sino-Japanese War 2814:, thereby establishing 2525:including Tanegashima. 1791:and his followers used 1440:Encyclopædia Britannica 1332:and extends to Kyushu. 1256:. There are occasional 570:Treaty of San Francisco 533:, named for the former 464:and the smaller mostly 32:Ryukyu (disambiguation) 6966:Archipelagoes of Japan 6917:Science and technology 6901:The Book of Five Rings 6795:East Asian Youth Games 4821:Academia Sinica Weekly 4722:鹿兒島縣史 Vol.1, pp. 1933. 4667:Yasutami Suzuki 鈴木靖民, 4631:Yasutani Suzuki 鈴木靖民, 4213:Yoshinari Naoki 吉成直樹, 3837:Scincella vandenburghi 3808:Kuroiwa's ground gecko 3790:Laticauda semifasciata 3537:Bassi and Iryu, 2023 ( 3499:, and are part of the 3477: 3449:and was designated as 3442: 3261: 3183:in the Amami Islands, 3033:Ryukyuan native people 3023: 2998:Sangoku Tsūran Zusetsu 2988: 2791: 2716: 2576:of Ōsumi Province and 2370:, who soon became the 2197: 1010:, the "Further Isles") 675: 670:in Japan is seen from 648: 502:. Except the outlying 241:Highest elevation 6200:Countries and regions 5614:Historic maps in the 5328:Caprio, Mark (2014). 4693:Osamu Takanashi 高梨修, 4680:Osamu Takanashi 高梨修, 4080:. February 17, 2015. 3825:Plestiodon marginatus 3819:Plestiodon stimpsonii 3760:Dinodon semicarinatum 3700:Protobothrops elegans 3676:Ryukyu tip-nosed frog 3468: 3437: 3246: 3012: 2986: 2971:, among many others. 2855:Treaty of Shimonoseki 2849:, establishing it as 2789: 2726:, were spread across 2709: 2515:Fujiwara no Yorimichi 2424:Shishigatani Incident 2420:Fujiwara no Naritsune 2195: 1835:source of immortality 1804:, "Southern Islands") 1767:after 1702. The name 665: 646: 6940:Traditional medicine 6838:East Asia Law Review 6694:East Asian Community 6384:Indigenous Taiwanese 5664:prefectures of Japan 5435:Japan Studies Review 4804:Lin, Man-houng Lin. 4461:Le Maître Phonétique 4241:"(りゅうきゅう〔リウキウ〕【琉球】)" 3856:Apeltonotus dorsalis 3784:Calliophis japonicus 3754:Cyclophiops herminae 3730:Achalinus formosanus 3599:narcissus flycatcher 3522:, which result from 3361:improve this article 3115:call themselves the 3105:, people of Okinawa) 2613:and the Remote Seven 2544:Minamoto no Yoritomo 2529:Koremune no Tadahisa 2368:Minamoto no Yoritomo 2346:fled to Kikai Island 2088:to the east and the 1492:Hyōtō Ryūkyū-koku ki 1232:had also been used. 613:Ōshima Subprefecture 605:Kumage Subprefecture 597:Kagoshima Prefecture 378:, also known as the 292:Kagoshima Prefecture 6971:Ecoregions of Japan 6365:Khalkha in Mongolia 4837:. The Japan Times. 4731:Turnbull, Stephen. 4346:Tanaka Fumio 田中史生, 4050:(Online ed.). 3954:[ɾʲɯːkʲɯꜜː] 3831:Scincella boettgeri 3813:Japalura polygonata 3772:Calamaria pfefferri 3766:Lycodon rufozonatus 3718:Ovophis okinavensis 3508:World Wildlife Fund 3451:World Heritage Site 2935:territorial dispute 2933:from Japan. As the 2800:Ming Imperial China 2700:Kuchinoerabu Island 2680:'s position as the 2434:, which is part of 2210:Tō Daiwajō Tōseiden 1380:national university 184: / 48: 6843:East Asian studies 6539:Hip-and-gable roof 6534:Chinese characters 5592:2016-08-25 at the 5529:Japan encyclopedia 5072:, p. 173–175. 5015:2016-06-24 at the 4992:2016-06-04 at the 4894:The New York Times 4811:2014-11-09 at the 4134:. Volcano.si.edu. 4118:2019-05-18 at the 3874:yellow pond turtle 3870:Chinese box turtle 3868:Subspecies of the 3862:Takydromus toyamai 3688:Kampira Falls frog 3639:Okinawa woodpecker 3631:Ryukyu wood pigeon 3478: 3443: 3421:Tokara archipelago 3262: 3259:Okinawa Prefecture 3128:, people of Erabu) 3107:and the people of 2989: 2944:The New York Times 2851:Okinawa Prefecture 2828:as well as to the 2792: 2770:Invasion of Ryukyu 2734:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2717: 2293:Green Turban Shell 2198: 676: 649: 621:Okinawa Prefecture 601:Kagoshima District 539:Ryukyuan languages 486:) in the north to 297:Okinawa Prefecture 249:Highest point 6976:Marine ecoregions 6948: 6947: 6699:Four Asian Tigers 6158: 6157: 6141: 6140: 5543:978-0-674-01753-5 5532:. Cambridge, MA: 5478:978-0-231-51114-8 5379:978-0-415-20857-4 5341:978-0-295-99040-8 5263:Johannes Pignatti 5255:Sunichi Kinoshita 5046:978-1-61069-018-8 4950:Aspinwall, Nick. 4720:Kagoshima-ken shi 4581:978-981-02-1865-2 4560:. 2015. Pp 13–15. 4417:Hawk, Francis L. 4200:on March 2, 2021. 4194:Facts and Details 4058:(Subscription or 4025:978-4-582-43402-6 3796:Hydrophis ornatus 3724:Achalinus werneri 3615:Ryukyu kingfisher 3568:Ryukyu flying fox 3501:Indomalayan realm 3471:Yonaguni Monument 3409:Indomalayan realm 3393: 3392: 3385: 3294:Chinese religions 3271:Ryukyuan religion 3060:Japanese citizens 3015:Loo-Choo, Lu-Tchu 2804:Shimazu Tadatsune 2678:Shimazu Tadayoshi 2659:Okinoerabu Island 2395:Tale of the Heike 2181:Okinoerabu Island 2163:and "Iran Island" 1606:, all pronounced 1581:Kunigami language 1264:Names and extents 995:Sakishima Islands 693:Japan Coast Guard 543:Okinawan Japanese 523:Kagoshima dialect 468:. The largest is 446:Sakishima Islands 416:, are a chain of 357: 356: 103:Southwest Islands 85:Japanese language 54:Okinawan language 16:(Redirected from 6988: 6883:Miyamoto Musashi 6780:East Asian Games 6752:Former countries 6684:East Asia Summit 6514:Chinese knotting 6269: 6185: 6178: 6171: 6162: 5800: 5788: 5653: 5646: 5639: 5630: 5620:Army Map Service 5566: 5564: 5563: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5461: 5459: 5458: 5421: 5394: 5392: 5391: 5356: 5354: 5353: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5289: 5283: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5238: 5237: 5235: 5234: 5228: 5217: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5192: 5165: 5156: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5127: 5121: 5115: 5109: 5103: 5097: 5096:, p. 15–16. 5091: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5061: 5060: 5059: 5058: 5030: 5024: 5006: 4997: 4980:Klaproth, Julius 4977: 4971: 4970: 4968: 4967: 4947: 4941: 4940: 4938: 4937: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4884: 4878: 4877: 4875: 4873: 4857: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4830: 4824: 4802: 4789: 4772: 4766: 4765: 4751: 4745: 4742: 4736: 4729: 4723: 4717: 4711: 4704: 4698: 4691: 4685: 4678: 4672: 4665: 4654: 4647: 4636: 4629: 4616: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4602:. 10 June 2013. 4592: 4586: 4585: 4567: 4561: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4544: 4529: 4523: 4522: 4515: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4505: 4496:. Archived from 4490:"語彙詳細 ― 首里・那覇方言" 4486: 4484: 4483: 4477: 4470: 4464: 4457: 4451: 4450: 4442: 4431: 4422: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4405: 4396:. Archived from 4386: 4380: 4379: 4377: 4376: 4367:. Archived from 4361:"語彙詳細 ― 首里・那覇方言" 4357: 4351: 4344: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4323:"Ryukyu Islands" 4319: 4313: 4306: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4256: 4237: 4231: 4224: 4218: 4211: 4202: 4201: 4186: 4173: 4172: 4170: 4168: 4157:"『奄美群島』を決定地名に採用" 4153: 4147: 4146: 4144: 4143: 4128: 4122: 4105: 4094: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4070: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4043: 4036: 4030: 4029: 4011: 3989: 3988: 3987: 3984: 3983: 3980: 3977: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3914: 3909: 3908: 3900: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3778:Amphiesma pryeri 3659:Hyla hallowellii 3635:Amami woodpecker 3627:Ryūkyū scops owl 3535:Borelis matsudai 3405:Palearctic realm 3388: 3381: 3377: 3374: 3368: 3345: 3337: 3277:ancestor worship 3235: 3233: 3232: 3226: 3216: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3126: 3120: 3106: 3104: 3103: 3097: 3088: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3049:Meiji government 2905: 2903: 2897: 2896: 2889: 2888: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2843:Meiji government 2695:Tanegashima clan 2628: 2626: 2620: 2619: 2612: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2586:Tanegashima clan 2479: 2477: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2462: 2461: 2455: 2413: 2411: 2405: 2404: 2391: 2389: 2383: 2382: 2361: 2359: 2353: 2352: 2344:Satsuma Province 2316: 2314: 2308: 2307: 2289:Chinese fan palm 2267: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2226: 2224: 2223: 2217: 2178: 2176: 2170: 2169: 2162: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2142: 2140: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2112: 2110: 2109: 2103: 2095:New Book of Tang 2064:corresponded to 2043: 2041: 2040: 2034: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2019: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1982: 1976: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1953: 1951: 1945: 1944: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1924: 1910: 1908: 1907: 1905: 1904: 1895: 1883: 1881: 1875: 1874: 1851: 1805: 1803: 1802: 1796: 1783:Southern Islands 1766: 1764: 1763: 1757: 1751: 1749: 1748: 1742: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1724: 1718: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1699: 1697: 1696: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1677: 1671: 1654: 1653: 1652: 1646: 1644: 1643: 1637: 1631: 1630: 1627: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1585:Matthew C. Perry 1578: 1576: 1575: 1569: 1559: 1557: 1556: 1550: 1544: 1542: 1541: 1535: 1528: 1519: 1510: 1501: 1477: 1476: 1454:Historical usage 1416: 1414: 1408: 1407: 1373: 1371: 1370: 1364: 1350: 1348: 1347: 1341: 1323: 1321: 1320: 1314: 1294: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1231: 1229: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1214: 1213: 1207: 1183: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1139: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1079: 1077: 1071: 1070: 1031: 1029: 1023: 1022: 1011: 1009: 1003: 1002: 973: 971: 965: 964: 929: 927: 921: 920: 909: 907: 901: 900: 861: 859: 853: 852: 809: 807: 801: 800: 754: 752: 746: 745: 734: 732: 726: 725: 718:Satsunan Islands 714: 712: 706: 705: 652:Island subgroups 593:Satsunan Islands 563:Hachijō language 494:) in the south. 462:volcanic islands 415: 413: 407: 406: 396: 394: 388: 387: 377: 375: 369: 368: 324:1,550,161 (2005) 273: 271: 270: 199: 198: 196: 195: 194: 189: 185: 182: 181: 180: 177: 135: 125: 123: 119: 118: 112: 106: 104: 100: 99: 93: 82: 80: 79: 78: 62: 49: 21: 6996: 6995: 6991: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6944: 6911: 6857: 6804: 6756: 6718: 6714:Stock exchanges 6651: 6618: 6430: 6270: 6261: 6194: 6189: 6159: 6154: 6137: 6084: 6051: 6013: 5965: 5907: 5859: 5816: 5789: 5780: 5675: 5666: 5657: 5594:Wayback Machine 5583: 5578: 5561: 5559: 5544: 5525: 5516: 5514: 5496: 5488: 5486: 5479: 5464: 5456: 5454: 5424: 5410: 5397: 5389: 5387: 5380: 5366:Weiner, Michael 5359: 5351: 5349: 5342: 5327: 5323: 5318: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5291: 5290: 5286: 5262: 5259:Kazuhiko Fujita 5258: 5254: 5250: 5246: 5245: 5241: 5232: 5230: 5226: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5163: 5158: 5157: 5153: 5144: 5142: 5129: 5128: 5124: 5116: 5112: 5104: 5100: 5092: 5088: 5080: 5076: 5068: 5064: 5056: 5054: 5047: 5032: 5031: 5027: 5017:Wayback Machine 5007: 5000: 4994:Wayback Machine 4978: 4974: 4965: 4963: 4956:thediplomat.com 4949: 4948: 4944: 4935: 4933: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4886: 4885: 4881: 4871: 4869: 4859: 4858: 4854: 4844: 4842: 4832: 4831: 4827: 4813:Wayback Machine 4803: 4792: 4773: 4769: 4757:Foreign Affairs 4753: 4752: 4748: 4743: 4739: 4730: 4726: 4718: 4714: 4705: 4701: 4692: 4688: 4679: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4648: 4639: 4630: 4619: 4609: 4607: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4582: 4569: 4568: 4564: 4555: 4551: 4542: 4540: 4531: 4530: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4503: 4501: 4488: 4478: 4471: 4467: 4458: 4454: 4433: 4432: 4425: 4421:. 1856. Pp 159. 4416: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4388: 4387: 4383: 4374: 4372: 4359: 4358: 4354: 4345: 4341: 4332: 4330: 4321: 4320: 4316: 4307: 4292: 4283: 4281: 4268: 4267: 4263: 4254: 4252: 4239: 4238: 4234: 4225: 4221: 4212: 4205: 4188: 4187: 4176: 4166: 4164: 4163:on 31 July 2012 4155: 4154: 4150: 4141: 4139: 4130: 4129: 4125: 4120:Wayback Machine 4106: 4097: 4087: 4085: 4072: 4071: 4067: 4057: 4038: 4037: 4033: 4026: 4013: 4012: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3965: 3959: 3958: 3949: 3948:Pronunciation: 3947: 3943: 3938: 3910: 3903: 3896: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3742:Elaphe taeniura 3736:Elaphe carinata 3672:Ishikawa's frog 3654:sword-tail newt 3475:Yonaguni Island 3463: 3432: 3419:islands of the 3398: 3389: 3378: 3372: 3369: 3358: 3346: 3335: 3329: 3273: 3267: 3227: 3208: 3200:Yaeyama Islands 3189: 3174: 3159: 3140: 3121: 3098: 3074: 3041: 3039:Ryukyuan people 3035: 3030: 2981: 2891: 2886: 2873: 2830:Chinese emperor 2784: 2782:Okinawa Islands 2778: 2776:Okinawa Islands 2754: 2691: 2614: 2592: 2523:Ōsumi Provinces 2498: 2471: 2456: 2399: 2377: 2347: 2302: 2253: 2234: 2218: 2164: 2148: 2134: 2119: 2104: 2058:Iriomote Island 2050:Ishigaki Island 2035: 2020: 1983: 1962: 1939: 1925: 1896: 1869: 1866: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1797: 1787:The folklorist 1785: 1758: 1743: 1725: 1710: 1691: 1672: 1665: 1648: 1638: 1611: 1607: 1570: 1551: 1536: 1456: 1402: 1386:is the maximum 1365: 1357: 1342: 1322:, "Ryukyu Arc") 1315: 1286: 1279: 1266: 1238: 1223: 1208: 1169: 1117: 1115:Senkaku Islands 1065: 1063:Yaeyama Islands 1017: 1007:Sakishima-shotō 997: 959: 915: 913:Okinawa Islands 895: 847: 795: 740: 720: 700: 660: 654: 641: 629:Okinawa Islands 531:Ryukyuan people 527:Yaeyama Islands 454:Yaeyama Islands 401: 382: 363: 353: 301: 278: 268: 266: 253:Mount Miyanoura 228: 192: 190: 186: 183: 178: 175: 173: 171: 170: 138: 126: 121: 113: 107: 102: 94: 88: 83: 63: 57: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6994: 6992: 6984: 6983: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6961:Ryukyu Islands 6953: 6952: 6946: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6913: 6912: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6897: 6894:The Art of War 6890: 6885: 6880: 6873: 6867: 6865: 6859: 6858: 6856: 6855: 6850: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6812: 6806: 6805: 6803: 6802: 6797: 6792: 6787: 6782: 6777: 6772: 6766: 6764: 6758: 6757: 6755: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6728: 6726: 6720: 6719: 6717: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6665: 6663: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6649: 6644: 6639: 6634: 6628: 6626: 6620: 6619: 6617: 6616: 6614:Chinese zodiac 6611: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6521: 6519:Chinese dragon 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6486: 6481: 6479:Blepharoplasty 6476: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6464: 6459: 6451: 6446: 6440: 6438: 6432: 6431: 6429: 6428: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6391: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6368: 6367: 6362: 6347: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6315: 6314: 6313: 6303: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6286: 6280: 6278: 6272: 6271: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6259: 6254: 6249: 6244: 6239: 6238: 6237: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6204: 6202: 6196: 6195: 6190: 6188: 6187: 6180: 6173: 6165: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6146: 6143: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6136: 6135: 6130: 6125: 6120: 6115: 6110: 6105: 6100: 6094: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6082: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6061: 6059: 6053: 6052: 6050: 6049: 6044: 6039: 6034: 6029: 6023: 6021: 6015: 6014: 6012: 6011: 6006: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5986: 5981: 5975: 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5915: 5909: 5908: 5906: 5905: 5900: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5869: 5867: 5861: 5860: 5858: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5842: 5837: 5832: 5826: 5824: 5818: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5808: 5806: 5797: 5791: 5790: 5783: 5781: 5779: 5778: 5777: 5776: 5771: 5766: 5756: 5751: 5750: 5749: 5744: 5734: 5729: 5728: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5702: 5701: 5700: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5668: 5667: 5658: 5656: 5655: 5648: 5641: 5633: 5627: 5626: 5612: 5596: 5582: 5581:External links 5579: 5577: 5576: 5567: 5542: 5523: 5494: 5477: 5462: 5422: 5408: 5395: 5378: 5357: 5340: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5315: 5284: 5239: 5204: 5176:10.1101/186775 5151: 5122: 5110: 5098: 5086: 5074: 5062: 5045: 5025: 4998: 4972: 4942: 4912: 4879: 4852: 4825: 4790: 4767: 4746: 4737: 4724: 4712: 4699: 4686: 4673: 4655: 4653:鹿兒島縣の歴史, 1999. 4637: 4617: 4587: 4580: 4562: 4549: 4524: 4510: 4465: 4452: 4437:, ed. (1911). 4435:Chisholm, Hugh 4423: 4410: 4390:"語彙詳細 ― 今帰仁方言" 4381: 4352: 4339: 4314: 4290: 4261: 4232: 4219: 4203: 4174: 4148: 4123: 4113:online edition 4095: 4065: 4031: 4024: 4005: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3940: 3939: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3912:Islands portal 3901: 3885: 3882: 3851:nigropunctatus 3629:, the extinct 3619:Ryukyu minivet 3587:Amami woodcock 3547:Sekisei Lagoon 3520:eutrophication 3497:Southeast Asia 3462: 3459: 3431: 3428: 3397: 3394: 3391: 3390: 3349: 3347: 3340: 3328: 3325: 3269:Main article: 3266: 3263: 3238:Miyako Islands 3109:Okinoerabujima 3068:Tokara Islands 3037:Main article: 3034: 3031: 3029: 3026: 3025: 3024: 2993:Hayashi Shihei 2980: 2973: 2845:announced the 2796:Ryūkyū Kingdom 2780:Main article: 2777: 2774: 2762:Kagoshima City 2753: 2750: 2742:Satsuma Domain 2690: 2687: 2674:Kujō Yoritsune 2657:(and possibly 2643:Chikama Tokiie 2552:Hiki Yoshikazu 2506:Hyūga Province 2497: 2494: 2323:Shinsarugakuki 2298:Shinsarugakuki 2268:to arrest the 2233: 2230: 2078:Ōsumi Province 2044:among others. 1865: 1862: 1822: 1819: 1814:Main article: 1811: 1808: 1789:Kunio Yanagita 1784: 1781: 1740:Wokinaha Shima 1664: 1661: 1455: 1452: 1376:Ryukyu Kingdom 1356: 1353: 1330:Okinawa Trough 1278: 1277:Nansei Islands 1275: 1271:Ryūkyū Kingdom 1265: 1262: 1237: 1234: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1196: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1161: 1160: 1112: 1060: 1015:Miyako Islands 992: 991: 990: 957:Kerama Islands 932:Okinawa Island 894:Ryukyu Islands 892: 891: 890: 884:Okinoerabujima 842: 793:Tokara Islands 790: 789: 788: 774: 730:Satsunan-shotō 699:Nansei Islands 689: 688: 684: 656:Main article: 653: 650: 640: 637: 599:(specifically 595:, are part of 572:concluded the 535:Ryukyu Kingdom 512:Miyako Islands 470:Okinawa Island 380:Nansei Islands 361:Ryukyu Islands 355: 354: 352: 351: 346: 340: 338: 334: 333: 330: 326: 325: 322: 318: 317: 312: 308: 307: 303: 302: 300: 299: 294: 288: 286: 280: 279: 264: 261: 260: 259:Administration 256: 255: 250: 246: 245: 242: 238: 237: 234: 230: 229: 227: 226: 224:Okinawa Island 221: 215: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 188:26.5°N 127.9°E 168: 164: 163: 161:Philippine Sea 157:East China Sea 153: 149: 148: 144: 143: 140: 139: 136: 128: 127: 122:Ryukyu Islands 77: 74: 71: 52: 47:Ryukyu Islands 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6993: 6982: 6979: 6977: 6974: 6972: 6969: 6967: 6964: 6962: 6959: 6958: 6956: 6941: 6938: 6936: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6914: 6908: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6898: 6896: 6895: 6891: 6889: 6886: 6884: 6881: 6879: 6878: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6854: 6851: 6849: 6846: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6815: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6801: 6798: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6767: 6765: 6763: 6759: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6666: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6629: 6627: 6625: 6621: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6550: 6547: 6545: 6542: 6540: 6537: 6535: 6532: 6530: 6527: 6525: 6522: 6520: 6517: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6450: 6449:Architecture‎ 6447: 6445: 6444:Age reckoning 6442: 6441: 6439: 6437: 6433: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6416: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6366: 6363: 6361: 6358: 6357: 6356: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6346: 6343: 6341: 6338: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6320: 6319: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6308: 6307: 6304: 6302: 6299: 6295: 6292: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6279: 6277: 6276:Ethnic groups 6273: 6268: 6258: 6255: 6253: 6250: 6248: 6245: 6243: 6240: 6236: 6233: 6232: 6231: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6210: 6209: 6206: 6205: 6203: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6186: 6181: 6179: 6174: 6172: 6167: 6166: 6163: 6151: 6148: 6147: 6144: 6134: 6131: 6129: 6126: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6116: 6114: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6104: 6101: 6099: 6096: 6095: 6093: 6091: 6087: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6071: 6068: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6060: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6024: 6022: 6020: 6016: 6010: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5968: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5910: 5904: 5901: 5899: 5896: 5894: 5891: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5870: 5868: 5866: 5862: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5843: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5813: 5810: 5809: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5798: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5755: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5743: 5740: 5739: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5730: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5707: 5706: 5703: 5699: 5698:Nanpō Islands 5696: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5673: 5669: 5665: 5661: 5654: 5649: 5647: 5642: 5640: 5635: 5634: 5631: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5611: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5575: 5571: 5568: 5557: 5553: 5549: 5545: 5539: 5535: 5531: 5530: 5524: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5495: 5484: 5480: 5474: 5470: 5469: 5463: 5452: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5409:9780231153188 5405: 5401: 5396: 5385: 5381: 5375: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5358: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5320: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5285: 5282: 5278: 5274: 5273: 5268: 5251:Yasufumi Iryu 5243: 5240: 5225: 5221: 5220:www.env.go.jp 5214: 5208: 5205: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5162: 5155: 5152: 5140: 5136: 5134: 5126: 5123: 5119: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5102: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5066: 5063: 5052: 5048: 5042: 5038: 5037: 5029: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5011: 5005: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4988: 4987:, pp. 169–180 4986: 4981: 4976: 4973: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4946: 4943: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4916: 4913: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4890: 4883: 4880: 4867: 4863: 4856: 4853: 4840: 4836: 4829: 4826: 4822: 4818: 4814: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4791: 4788: 4784: 4783: 4778: 4777: 4771: 4768: 4763: 4759: 4758: 4750: 4747: 4741: 4738: 4734: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4716: 4713: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4696: 4690: 4687: 4683: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4618: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4588: 4583: 4577: 4573: 4566: 4563: 4559: 4553: 4550: 4539:on 2011-07-22 4538: 4534: 4528: 4525: 4520: 4514: 4511: 4500:on 2012-01-11 4499: 4495: 4491: 4476: 4469: 4466: 4462: 4456: 4453: 4448: 4447: 4441: 4436: 4430: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4414: 4411: 4400:on 2012-11-30 4399: 4395: 4391: 4385: 4382: 4371:on 2012-01-11 4370: 4366: 4362: 4356: 4353: 4349: 4343: 4340: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4315: 4311: 4305: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4280:on 2012-07-09 4279: 4275: 4271: 4265: 4262: 4251:on 2012-07-22 4250: 4246: 4242: 4236: 4233: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4210: 4208: 4204: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4175: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4149: 4137: 4133: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4083: 4079: 4075: 4069: 4066: 4061: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4042: 4035: 4032: 4027: 4021: 4018:. Heibonsha. 4017: 4010: 4007: 4000: 3995: 3986: 3955: 3945: 3942: 3935: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3925:Ryukyu Trench 3923: 3921: 3920:Nanpō Islands 3918: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3888: 3883: 3881: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3866: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3857: 3852: 3850: 3845: 3844: 3839: 3838: 3833: 3832: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3820: 3815: 3814: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3798: 3797: 3792: 3791: 3786: 3785: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3773: 3768: 3767: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3755: 3750: 3749: 3744: 3743: 3738: 3737: 3732: 3731: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3719: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3707: 3702: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3680:Namiye's frog 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3647: 3642: 3640: 3636: 3632: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3607:yanbaru kuina 3604: 3600: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3558: 3557: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3539:Alveolinoidea 3536: 3531: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3516:sedimentation 3513: 3509: 3504: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3483: 3476: 3472: 3467: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3427: 3424: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3401:Watase's Line 3395: 3387: 3384: 3376: 3366: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3350:This section 3348: 3344: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3312:and Japanese 3311: 3307: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3288: 3287: 3286:local spirits 3282: 3278: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3245: 3241: 3239: 3225: 3220: 3206: 3201: 3187: 3172: 3157: 3150: 3138: 3133: 3119: 3114: 3113:Amami Islands 3110: 3096: 3090: 3085: 3071: 3069: 3065: 3064:Ōsumi Islands 3061: 3056: 3054: 3050: 3046: 3040: 3032: 3027: 3022: 3020: 3016: 3011: 3010: 3009: 3007: 3002: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2985: 2978: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2924: 2923:Yamato people 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2884: 2871: 2867: 2862: 2860: 2856: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2839: 2833: 2831: 2827: 2826: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2805: 2801: 2797: 2788: 2783: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2731: 2729: 2728:Sengoku Japan 2725: 2724: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2701: 2696: 2688: 2686: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2663:Amami Islands 2660: 2656: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2633:in 1221, the 2632: 2625: 2609: 2589: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2542: 2541: 2536: 2535: 2530: 2526: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2513: 2512: 2507: 2503: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2469: 2454: 2450:changed from 2449: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2436:Kikai Caldera 2433: 2432:Ōsumi Islands 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2410: 2397: 2396: 2388: 2375: 2374: 2369: 2365: 2358: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2336: 2330: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2300: 2299: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2275: 2271: 2264: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2238:Nihongi ryaku 2231: 2229: 2216: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2194: 2190: 2188: 2187: 2182: 2175: 2174:Iran no Shima 2159: 2146: 2132: 2117: 2102: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2074: 2073:Tane Province 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2033: 2018: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1995:Shoku Nihongi 1981: 1973: 1959: 1957: 1950: 1935: 1923: 1918: 1914: 1894: 1889: 1888: 1880: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1846: 1844: 1840: 1839:Kudaka Island 1836: 1832: 1831:Qin Shi Huang 1828: 1820: 1817: 1809: 1807: 1795: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1769:Okinawa Shima 1756: 1755:Okinawa Shima 1741: 1735: 1723: 1722:Umuru U Sōshi 1708: 1703: 1689: 1684: 1670: 1662: 1660: 1658: 1636: 1629: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1588: 1586: 1582: 1568: 1563: 1549: 1534: 1529: 1523: 1515: 1511: 1505: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1471: 1467: 1466: 1461: 1453: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1413: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1363: 1354: 1352: 1351:in Japanese. 1340: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1313: 1308: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1284: 1276: 1274: 1272: 1263: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1235: 1233: 1221: 1206: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1180: 1168: 1167:Daitō Islands 1165: 1159: 1158:Minami Kojima 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1137: 1133: 1130:, claimed by 1128: 1127:Senkaku-shotō 1116: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1100:, Aragusuku, 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1083: 1076: 1075:Yaeyama-rettō 1064: 1061: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1028: 1016: 1013: 1012: 1008: 996: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 970: 958: 955: 954: 953: 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 926: 925:Okinawa-shotō 914: 911: 910: 906: 893: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 865: 858: 846: 845:Amami Islands 843: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 806: 794: 791: 786: 782: 778: 775: 772: 768: 764: 760: 757: 756: 751: 739: 738:Ōsumi Islands 736: 735: 731: 719: 716: 715: 711: 698: 697: 696: 694: 685: 681: 680: 679: 673: 669: 664: 659: 651: 645: 638: 636: 634: 633:Daitō Islands 630: 626: 622: 618: 614: 610: 606: 602: 598: 594: 590: 585: 583: 580:, with China 579: 575: 571: 566: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 547:Daitō Islands 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 519: 517: 513: 509: 505: 504:Daitō Islands 501: 497: 496:Precipitation 493: 489: 485: 482: 478: 473: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 419: 412: 400: 393: 381: 374: 362: 350: 347: 345: 342: 341: 339: 337:Ethnic groups 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 316: 313: 309: 304: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 287: 285: 281: 277: 276: 262: 257: 254: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 225: 222: 220: 217: 216: 214: 212:Major islands 210: 206: 204:Total islands 202: 197: 169: 165: 162: 158: 154: 150: 145: 141: 134: 129: 111: 92: 86: 75: 72: 69: 61: 55: 50: 44: 40: 33: 19: 6899: 6892: 6877:Bansenshūkai 6875: 6642:Rainy season 6419:unrecognized 6234: 5607: 5603: 5573: 5569: 5560:. Retrieved 5528: 5515:. Retrieved 5506: 5502: 5487:. Retrieved 5467: 5455:. Retrieved 5438: 5434: 5427:Steven Heine 5399: 5388:. Retrieved 5369: 5350:. Retrieved 5330: 5306:. Retrieved 5297: 5287: 5270: 5266: 5247:Davide Bassi 5242: 5231:. Retrieved 5219: 5207: 5195:. Retrieved 5167: 5154: 5143:. Retrieved 5132: 5125: 5120:, p. 3. 5113: 5101: 5089: 5084:, p. 4. 5077: 5070:Christy 2004 5065: 5055:, retrieved 5035: 5028: 5021:Google Books 4984: 4975: 4964:. Retrieved 4955: 4945: 4934:. Retrieved 4925: 4915: 4903:. Retrieved 4892: 4882: 4870:. Retrieved 4855: 4843:. Retrieved 4828: 4820: 4816: 4787:Google Books 4785:, p. 81, at 4781: 4775: 4770: 4755: 4749: 4740: 4732: 4727: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4702: 4694: 4689: 4681: 4676: 4668: 4650: 4632: 4608:. Retrieved 4599: 4590: 4571: 4565: 4557: 4552: 4541:. Retrieved 4537:the original 4527: 4518: 4513: 4502:. Retrieved 4498:the original 4472:Or, rarely, 4468: 4460: 4455: 4444: 4418: 4413: 4402:. Retrieved 4398:the original 4384: 4373:. Retrieved 4369:the original 4355: 4347: 4342: 4331:. Retrieved 4317: 4309: 4282:. Retrieved 4278:the original 4264: 4253:. Retrieved 4249:the original 4235: 4227: 4222: 4214: 4198:the original 4193: 4165:. Retrieved 4161:the original 4151: 4140:. Retrieved 4126: 4108: 4086:. Retrieved 4077: 4068: 4045: 4034: 4015: 4009: 3944: 3898:Japan portal 3867: 3860: 3854: 3847: 3841: 3835: 3829: 3823: 3817: 3811: 3801: 3794: 3788: 3782: 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3752: 3746: 3740: 3734: 3728: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3694: 3692: 3664:Holst's frog 3657: 3643: 3623:Ryukyu robin 3606: 3603:Okinawa rail 3584: 3580:Iriomote cat 3578:and perhaps 3576:Ryukyu shrew 3564:Amami Rabbit 3561: 3554: 3534: 3532: 3505: 3479: 3444: 3441:in Yakushima 3425: 3417:Kodakarajima 3399: 3379: 3370: 3359:Please help 3354:verification 3351: 3318: 3306:folk beliefs 3302:Confucianism 3291: 3284: 3274: 3247: 3147:, people of 3131: 3091: 3072: 3057: 3045:Meiji Period 3042: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3005: 3003: 2996: 2990: 2976: 2961:Orange Range 2950: 2942: 2920: 2863: 2836: 2834: 2823: 2793: 2755: 2732: 2721: 2718: 2692: 2681: 2670: 2667:map of Japan 2665:. An extant 2651:Kikai Island 2647:Amami Ōshima 2634: 2624:Okunanashima 2590: 2577: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2548:Shimazu clan 2538: 2532: 2527: 2509: 2499: 2482: 2447: 2443: 2393: 2371: 2364:Azuma Kagami 2363: 2340:Ata Tadakage 2335:Azuma Kagami 2333: 2331: 2322: 2296: 2284: 2281:Kikai Island 2278: 2274:Kikaigashima 2273: 2269: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2235: 2209: 2199: 2184: 2093: 2082: 2070: 2061: 2053: 2045: 2007: 2004:Fujiwara-kyō 1999: 1993: 1960: 1955: 1916: 1912: 1885: 1867: 1847: 1824: 1786: 1777: 1773: 1768: 1752:in 1644 and 1736: 1682: 1666: 1656: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1589: 1525: 1507: 1491: 1479: 1463: 1459: 1457: 1448:Nansei-shotō 1447: 1444:Ryūkyū-shotō 1443: 1430: 1427: 1412:Ryūkyū-shotō 1400: 1359:The name of 1358: 1334: 1306: 1305: 1301:Nansei Shoto 1300: 1283:Nansei-shotō 1280: 1273:after 1624. 1267: 1242:sub-tropical 1239: 1200: 1190:Minami Daitō 1104:, Yubujima, 1027:Miyako-rettō 969:Kerama-shotō 905:Ryūkyū-shotō 878:, Ukeshima, 872:Kakeromajima 864:Amami Ōshima 836:Kodakarajima 824:Suwanosejima 812:Kuchinoshima 805:Tokara-rettō 767:Kuchinoerabu 710:Nansei-shotō 690: 677: 586: 567: 551:Meiji period 520: 491: 483: 474: 398: 392:Nansei-shotō 379: 373:Ryūkyū-rettō 360: 358: 329:Pop. density 306:Demographics 265: 219:Amami Ōshima 110:Ryūkyū-rettō 91:Nansei-shotō 43: 6732:Archaeology 6624:Environment 6489:Calligraphy 6333:in Sakhalin 6289:Han Chinese 6252:South Korea 6247:North Korea 5795:Prefectures 5715:Kōshin'etsu 5308:8 September 5168:biorxiv.org 5106:Caprio 2014 5082:Rabson 2008 4864:. Reuters. 4610:14 November 4600:Okinawa Hai 4167:23 November 3611:Lidth's Jay 3526:as well as 3524:agriculture 3493:Philippines 3413:Akusekijima 3224:Myaakunchuu 3186:Yeeyamabitu 3132:Uchinaanchu 3095:Uchinaanchu 3043:During the 2965:Namie Amuro 2758:Gaja Island 2744:during the 2723:tanegashima 2711:Tanegashima 2655:Tokunoshima 2500:Around the 2490:Tokunoshima 2338:state that 2312:Kikanoshima 2066:Kume Island 2012:Tokunoshima 1932:, possibly 1858:Yaku Island 1843:Han dynasty 1827:Qin dynasty 1527:Xiǎo Liúqiú 1480:Book of Sui 1465:Book of Sui 1421:("South of 1220:Amami-shotō 1205:Amami-guntō 1179:Daitō-shotō 1154:Kita Kojima 1150:Taisho Jima 1142:Uotsurijima 1050:Kurima-jima 952:Iōtorishima 948:Ie (Iejima) 880:Tokunoshima 857:Amami-guntō 828:Akusekijima 816:Nakanoshima 759:Tanegashima 750:Ōsumi-shotō 631:, with the 589:prefectures 574:Pacific War 555:Izu Islands 516:coral reefs 193:26.5; 127.9 191: / 167:Coordinates 6955:Categories 6907:Yi Sun-sin 6742:Bronze Age 6679:Capitalism 6604:Typography 6599:Television 6569:Philosophy 6554:Mādhyamaka 6549:Literature 6504:Sinosphere 6424:historical 5676:subregions 5562:2015-10-18 5517:8 February 5489:2020-07-15 5457:2020-07-15 5390:2020-07-15 5352:2020-07-15 5233:2022-03-09 5197:4 December 5145:2017-08-21 5118:Inoue 2017 5057:2019-10-18 5023:2009-03-18 4982:. (1832). 4966:2021-05-05 4936:2021-05-05 4543:2007-05-06 4504:2012-01-01 4404:2012-02-08 4375:2012-01-01 4333:2012-01-04 4284:2007-05-04 4255:2007-05-06 4142:2013-05-09 4062:required.) 3996:References 3668:Otton frog 3591:Izu thrush 3512:Global 200 3439:Jōmon Sugi 3331:See also: 3255:Miyakojima 3028:Population 2816:suzerainty 2810:and 2,500 2746:Edo period 2409:Kikaishima 2387:Kikaishima 2357:Kikaishima 2048:should be 1887:Nihonshoki 1346:臨時北部南西諸島政庁 1326:Ryukyu Arc 1186:Kita Daitō 1034:Miyakojima 840:Takarajima 683:Islands"), 508:Kerama Gap 399:Ryukyu Arc 321:Population 284:Prefecture 6823:CrossAsia 6810:Education 6564:Mythology 6544:Languages 6524:Festivals 6472:Taiwanese 6379:Ryukyuans 6294:subgroups 6213:Hong Kong 6192:East Asia 6128:Kagoshima 6065:Tokushima 6047:Yamaguchi 6042:Hiroshima 5941:Yamanashi 5855:Fukushima 5720:Shin'etsu 5447:1550-0713 5418:562768984 4001:Citations 3960:English: 3950:Japanese: 3646:amphibian 3543:Borelinae 3485:ecoregion 3457:in 1993. 3430:Yakushima 3373:June 2017 3281:animistic 3248:Harimizu 3219:Yoronjima 3205:Yunnunchu 3171:Shimanchu 3156:Amaminchu 3137:Naafanchu 3118:Erabunchu 3084:Ryūkyūjin 3019:Lieu-Kieu 2979:" islands 2931:secession 2877:臨時琉球諮詢委員会 2714:matchlock 2676:affirmed 2661:) of the 2631:Jōkyū War 2582:Hōjō clan 2486:Kamuiyaki 2444:Iōgashima 2440:gunpowder 2327:Chūson-ji 2263:Kikashima 2186:Engishiki 2158:Amamijima 1949:Amamijima 1934:Dvaravati 1509:Dà Liúqiú 1484:cannibals 1396:J2 League 1384:FC Ryukyu 1312:Ryūkyū-ko 1194:Oki Daitō 1146:Kuba Jima 1098:Kuroshima 1040:, Ōgami, 976:Tokashiki 938:, Iheya, 888:Yoronjima 876:Yoroshima 868:Kikaijima 832:Tairajima 785:Kuroshima 777:Takeshima 771:Mageshima 763:Yakushima 666:The last 639:Geography 557:south of 411:Ryūkyū-ko 315:Ryukyuans 147:Geography 6930:Printing 6863:Military 6747:Iron Age 6661:Politics 6609:Yogācāra 6594:Surnames 6574:Religion 6484:Buddhism 6462:Japanese 6389:Tibetans 6360:in China 6350:Mongolic 6328:in Japan 6323:in China 6306:Japanese 6242:Mongolia 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