641:. However, the report also acknowledged that the RCMP rarely followed ordinances that required dogs to first be captured and owners to be notified before killings, that owners had no recourse against unreasonable killings, and that the justification for killings were not always explained to the Inuit. The report denies that any dogs were killed as part of a plot against the Inuit. The Qikiqtani Inuit Association denounced the report as "biased, flawed and incomplete." The association later commissioned its own report, which criticized the RCMP's killing of dogs heavily while still finding no deliberate conspiracy against the Inuit.
484:
637:. The Inuit refer to this as the qimmiijaqtauniq. Estimates of the number of dogs killed range from 1,200 to 20,000. In some communities, elders have alleged that this destruction was conducted in order to intimidate the Inuit and to intentionally disrupt their way of life. In response to these allegations, in 2005 the RCMP conducted an internal investigation on the killings. Its report concluded that dogs were indeed killed, but for public health purposes – to remove sick, dangerous, and
1574:
390:
colour or colour pattern should dominate. Solid white dogs are often seen, as well as white dogs with patches of another colour on the head or both body and head. Solid silver or black coloured dogs are common as well. Many of the solid coloured dogs have white mask-like markings on the face, sometimes with spots over the eyes. Others might have white socks and nose stripes with no eye spots or mask.
335:, are now extinct. The group includes the dogs brought by Paleo-Eskimos 4,500 years ago. The Canadian Eskimo dogs, brought in a later wave by the Thule people, belong to the neighbouring group of Arctic dogs. A 2019 study confirms that these later Arctic dogs were dispersed by the Inuit across North America 2000 years ago, replacing the first wave of PCDs where they go.
469:
403:
369:. They noted that the ears of the Eskimo dogs they encountered were similar to those of American wolves, and their forelegs lacked the black mark above the wrist characteristic of European wolves. The most sure way to distinguish the two species was said to be through the length and posture of the tail, which was shorter and more curved in the dog.
589:
562:(CKC); however, in 1959 the AKC dropped the breed from its registry because of extremely low numbers. The Canadian Eskimo Dog and Greenland Dog are sometimes considered the same breed by authorities, although the Greenland Dog can be criticized for lacking any proper breeding program, questioning its validity as a pure breed.
51:
344:
612:
The
Canadian Eskimo Dog is currently used in sled dog teams that entertain tourists and for commercial polar bear hunting. By law, polar bear hunting in the Northwest Territories and Nunavut must be conducted by dog team or on foot. The requirement is partly for safety reasons; the working dogs can
549:
The breed is currently threatened with extinction. In the 19th century and early 20th century, this breed was still in demand for polar expeditions, and approximately 20,000 dogs lived in the
Canadian Arctic in the 1920s. However, the breed had declined significantly by the 1960s. The breed had once
926:
Nà Leathlobhair, Máire; Perri, Angela R; Irving-Pease, Evan K; Witt, Kelsey E; Linderholm, Anna; Haile, James; Lebrasseur, Ophelie; Ameen, Carly; Blick, Jeffrey; Boyko, Adam R; Brace, Selina; Cortes, Yahaira Nunes; Crockford, Susan J; Devault, Alison; Dimopoulos, Evangelos A; Eldridge, Morley; Enk,
459:
Historically, Inuit would put their dogs to the harness as soon as they could walk, and would acquire the habit of pulling sledges in their attempts to break free. At the age of two months, the pups would be placed with adult dogs. Sometimes, ten pups would be put under the lead of an older animal,
422:
The
Canadian Eskimo Dog's temperament reflects its original work and environment. It is loyal, tough, brave, intelligent, and alert. It is affectionate and gentle, and develops a deep bond with its owner and is intensely loyal. When used as sled dogs, they were often required to forage and hunt for
316:
In 2015, a study using a number of genetic markers indicated that these were both the same dog and should not be treated as separate breeds, that they maintain an indigenous heritage that predates colonization and the timing of which corresponds with the arrival of the Thule people, and that they
389:
is very thick and dense, with a soft undercoat and stiff, coarse guard hairs. The Eskimo Dog has a mane of thick fur around its neck, which is quite impressive in the males and adds an illusion of additional size. This mane is smaller in females. Eskimo Dogs can be almost any colour, and no one
989:
Ameen, Carly; Feuerborn, Tatiana R.; Brown, Sarah K.; Linderholm, Anna; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Sinding, Mikkel-Holger S.; Lounsberry, Zachary T.; Lin, Audrey T.; Appelt, Martin; Bachmann, Lutz; Betts, Matthew; Britton, Kate; Darwent, John; Dietz, Rune; Fredholm, Merete;
990:
Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Goriunova, Olga I.; Grønnow, Bjarne; Haile, James; Hallsson, Jón
Hallsteinn; Harrison, Ramona; Heide-Jørgensen, Mads Peter; Knecht, Rick; Losey, Robert J.; Masson-Maclean, Edouard; McGovern, Thomas H.; McManus-Fry, Ellen; Meldgaard, Morten; et al. (2019).
608:
to the CEDs, and after breeding for 30 years still has the largest genetic stock colony of
Canadian Eskimo Dogs in the world. The modern breed originated from a relatively high number of founders, thus ensuring sufficient genetic variability to avoid inbreeding.
378:
927:
Jacob; Gopalakrishnan, Shyam; Gori, Kevin; Grimes, Vaughan; Guiry, Eric; Hansen, Anders J; Hulme-Beaman, Ardern; Johnson, John; Kitchen, Andrew; Kasparov, Aleksei K; Kwon, Young-Mi; Nikolskiy, Pavel A; Lope, Carlos Peraza; et al. (2018).
398:
The size of
Canadian Eskimo dogs depends on their sex. Males weigh 30–40 kg (66–88 lb) and stand 58–70 cm (23–28 in) at the shoulder. Females weigh 18–30 kg (40–66 lb) and stand 50–60 cm (20–24 in).
435:
Canadian Eskimo Dogs need a very large amount of exercise. They cannot just be walked, they need higher intensity work, requiring more exercise than many dog owners can give. This need for work and stimulation makes them well-suited for
1054:
Fauna
Boreali-americana, Or, The Zoology of the Northern Parts of British America: Containing Descriptions of the Objects of Natural History Collected on the Late Northern Land Expeditions, Under Command of Captain Sir John Franklin,
356:
The
Canadian Eskimo Dog should always be powerfully built, athletic, and imposing in appearance. It should be of "powerful physique giving the impression that he is not built for speed but rather for hard work." As is typical of
361:
breeds, it has erect, triangular ears, and a heavily feathered tail that is carried over its back. Males should be distinctly more masculine than females, who are finer boned, smaller, and often have a slightly shorter coat.
1120:
by James Rennie, Society for the
Diffusion of Useful Knowledge (Great Britain). Contributor Charles Knight, William Clowes, Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, Oliver & Boyd, published by Charles Knight,
456:. Its coat is fairly easy to care for most times of the year, needing brushing only one or two times a week. However, when it sheds (which happens once a year) it will need grooming every day.
427:
than some other breeds. Owing to their original environment, they take pure delight in cold weather, often preferring to sleep outside in winter. Like most spitz breeds they can be very vocal.
565:
Since the 1970s interested parties that include the Eskimo Dog
Research Foundation (EDRF) have worked to increase the breed's numbers. The EDRF was founded in 1972 and largely funded by the
2170:
596:
Brian Ladoon also bought dogs in the 1970s from the northern communities of Canada and started breeding after being given the mission of saving them by Bishop Omer Alfred Robidoux of the
526:
fearfully at their approach. Frozen dog urine was used by Inuit as a medicine, and their fur was more prized than that of wolves, due to its greater resistance to wear. In times of
499:
and other Arctic game, and hauling supplies and people. Explorers noted that the dogs were capable of tracking a seal hole from a great distance, and were occasionally used to hunt
328:
A31 that indicates a common female ancestor. This haplotype could not be found in other modern dogs; the nearest match was with the 1,000 year–old remains of a dog from Florida.
184:
262:
is considered the same breed as the Canadian Eskimo Dog since they have not yet diverged enough genetically to be considered separate breeds, despite their geographic isolation.
597:
1231:
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Government, with some support from the CKC. The EDRF purchased dogs from the small (about 200 dogs) population remaining in the Canadian Arctic from remote Inuit camps on
495:), but merely as a tool for human existence. It was, and still is (to a very limited extent), used by the Canadian Inuit as multi-purpose dogs, often put to work hunting
301:
The first dogs arrived in the Americas 12,000 years ago. However, people and their dogs did not settle in the Arctic until the arrival of two groups from Siberia, the
281:, by the 1960s traditional working dog teams became increasingly rare in the North. Contributing factors to the breed's decline include the increasing popularity of
452:. They are very trainable and submissive, unlike many spitz breeds, as well as intelligent. The Canadian Eskimo Dog is best kept in a cold climate, and is prone to
613:
better sense when a polar bear is around, whereas the sound of a snowmobile motor masks any sign of a polar bear. On May 1, 2000, the Canadian territory of
655:, including for the slaughter and forced decline of Inuit dogs. This was the third of a series of apologies made for the historic abuse, mistreatment, and
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A 2018 study found that all indigenous dogs originally brought by the first wave of human migration into the Americas, termed the "pre-contact dog" (PCD)
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for transportation and the spread of infectious canine diseases. Controversy surrounds the intentional killings of a debated number of Inuit
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843:"Using multiple markers to elucidate the ancient, historical and modern relationships among North American Arctic dog breeds"
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749:"Legislative assembly of Nunavut: The Canadian Inuit Dog (CANIS FAMILIARIS BOREALIS) - Official Animal of Nunavut"
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313:) descended from dogs associated with the Thule people, who relied on them for transportation from Siberia.
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of the territory, thus sealing the name of their traditional dog (qimmiq) in the Inuktitut language.
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27:"Qimmit" and "Qimmiq" redirect here. For the documentary about the killing of the dogs, see
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1432:"Federal government apologizes to Baffin Inuit for sled dog killings, forced relocations"
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were distinct from Siberian Huskies, Alaskan huskies and Alaskan Malamutes. The maternal
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thick and dense, soft undercoat, stiff guard hairs, mane of thicker fur around the neck
992:"Specialized sledge dogs accompanied Inuit dispersal across the North American Arctic"
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by John Richardson, William Swainson, William Kirby, published by J. Murray, 1829
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coupled with frequent beatings from their masters, which would educate the pups.
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1,000 years ago. The Inuit dogs from Canada (Canadian Eskimo Dog) and Greenland (
17:
1935:
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Inuit Association, of which $ 700,000 will go towards the annual Nunavut Quest
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Its superficial similarity to wolves was often noted by explorers during the
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Dogs: a Startling New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution
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Population Genetic Analyses of the Greenland dog and Canadian Inuit dog
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Canadian Eskimo Dog carrying gear during the Canadian Arctic Expedition
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their own food. Consequently, many Canadian Eskimo Dogs have stronger
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dogs. Although once used as the preferred method of transportation by
50:
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The Menageries: Quadrupeds, Described and Drawn from Living Subjects
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Final Report: RCMP Review of Allegations Concerning Inuit Sled Dogs
585:. The EDRF then began breeding dogs in order to increase numbers.
2119:
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891:"News | Canadian Eskimo Dog Foundation - Churchill MB Canada"
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The Inuit never considered the dog as part of the animal kingdom (
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401:
376:
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32:
1164:
The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication Part One
519:
293:, as well as recent efforts to increase the breed's population.
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1500:
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at the Inuktitut Living Dictionary Retrieved December 23, 2012.
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at the Inuktitut Living Dictionary Retrieved December 23, 2012.
733:
New Zealand Kennel Club: Canadian Eskimo Dog breed standard
546:
has shown that the Eskimo dog has no recent wolf ancestry.
1486:
841:
Brown, S K; Darwent, C M; Wictum, E J; Sacks, B N (2015).
1039:
Canadian Kennel Club: Canadian Eskimo Dog breed standard.
1487:
The Fan Hitch, Website and Journal of the Inuit Sled Dog
1464:
996:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1492:
The Inuit Dog: Its Provenance, Environment and History
542:
due to similarities in appearance and vocalisations,
472:
A print of an illustration of "Esquimaux dogs" after
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They are sometimes used for recreational hunting of
2061:
1989:
1908:
1850:
1732:
1654:
1582:
1535:
617:officially adopted the "Canadian Inuit Dog" as the
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149:
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107:
102:
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43:
1132:
929:"The evolutionary history of dogs in the Americas"
816:Greenland Dog / Inuit Dog…. it makes no difference
790:Inuit Sled Dogs in the Baffin Region, 1950 to 1975
511:name for the bear) to encourage them when pulling
161:about any colour, with or without special markings
598:Roman Catholic Diocese of Churchill-Baie d'Hudson
2171:Dog breeds originating from Indigenous Americans
1287:, Monday May 1, 2000, Nunavut Hansard, Page 2049
1324:"What really happened to the Inuit sled dogs?"
1631:
1512:
1113:
1111:
8:
651:made a wide ranging apology to the Inuit of
534:. Though once assumed to be a tamed wolf or
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1084:
1082:
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824:Journal of the Inuit Sled Dog International
814:by Hanne Friis Andersen, page 39. See also
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1505:
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1424:
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99:
49:
40:
1460:Canadian Eskimo Dog Club of Great Britain
1379:"RCMP: Dogs killed for health and safety"
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965:
955:
866:
743:
741:
1266:2012-2013 Summary of Hunting Regulations
1247:Summary of Hunting Regulations 2010/2011
1049:
1047:
1224:
1222:
716:
1229:Canadian Eskimo Dog Foundation - About
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
646:Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations
785:
783:
781:
324:of the Inuit dogs were classified as
192:Fédération Cynologique Internationale
7:
807:
805:
822:Volume 7, Number 4, September 2005
269:, with a 2008 estimate of only 300
1563:Nova Scotia Duck Tolling Retriever
1285:Motion 25 – 1(3): Official Emblems
518:The dogs however would not pursue
367:Coppermine Expedition of 1819–1822
25:
1465:Canadian Inuit/Eskimo Dog Network
2161:Dog breeds originating in Canada
1572:
1349:"Qimmit: A Clash of Two Truths"
530:, the dogs would be used as an
478:The Quadrupeds of North America
305:people 4,500 years ago and the
2166:Territorial symbols of Nunavut
1377:Bell, Jim (December 8, 2006).
1347:Ole Gjerstad; Joelie Sanguya.
1297:Michelin, Ossie (2019-11-28).
1139:. Simon and Schuster. p.
659:of the Inuit, and came with a
1:
1357:National Film Board of Canada
826:. Retrieved December 23, 2012
735:. Retrieved December 23, 2012
631:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
291:Royal Canadian Mounted Police
289:between 1950 and 1970 by the
265:The breed is threatened with
145:18–30 kg (40–66 lb)
135:30–40 kg (66–88 lb)
124:50–60 cm (20–24 in)
114:58–70 cm (23–28 in)
29:Qimmit, a Clash of Two Truths
1470:Inuit Sled Dog International
1176:Inuit Sled Dog International
663:20 million donation to the
644:In August of 2019, Canadian
1482:Canadian Inuit (Eskimo) Dog
1197:Retrieved December 23, 2012
1195:The Seven Wonders - Animals
1185:Retrieved December 23, 2012
1093:Retrieved December 23, 2012
1076:Retrieved December 23, 2012
915:Canadian Inuit Dogs History
629:Between 1950 and 1970, the
592:A Canadian Eskimo Dog puppy
2187:
1322:Makin, Kirk (2005-07-09).
1216:Retrieved January 17, 2007
799:Qikiqtani Truth Commission
26:
2104:
1569:
1303:The Canadian Encyclopedia
206:
195:
183:
169:
160:
152:
98:
48:
1742:Black Norwegian Elkhound
1041:Retrieved April 28, 2007
538:by explorers, including
1166:by Charles Darwin, 1885
1131:Coppinger, Ray (2001).
957:10.1126/science.aao4776
1008:10.1098/rspb.2019.1929
593:
488:
480:
414:
382:
348:
258:word for "dog"). The
242:. Other names include
75:C. familiaris borealis
1704:Mackenzie River husky
1553:Mackenzie River husky
591:
571:Northwest Territories
532:emergency food source
486:
471:
405:
381:A Canadian Eskimo Dog
380:
347:A Canadian Eskimo Dog
346:
174:Kennel club standards
1890:Pembroke Welsh Corgi
1880:Nenets Herding Laika
1860:Cardigan Welsh Corgi
1812:Russo-European Laika
1782:Karelo-Finnish Laika
1605:St. John's water dog
1527:Dogs originating in
1299:"Canadian Inuit Dog"
701:Northern Breed Group
686:Native American dogs
560:Canadian Kennel Club
556:American Kennel Club
180:Canadian Kennel Club
31:. For the milk, see
2071:Argentine polar dog
2004:American Eskimo Dog
1837:West Siberian Laika
1802:Norwegian Lundehund
1747:East Siberian Laika
1674:Canadian Eskimo Dog
1543:Canadian Eskimo Dog
948:2018Sci...361...81N
859:10.1038/hdy.2015.49
696:American Eskimo Dog
600:. He switched from
567:Canadian Government
224:Canadian Eskimo Dog
44:Canadian Eskimo Dog
2038:Northern Inuit Dog
1870:Icelandic Sheepdog
1797:Norwegian Elkhound
1757:Hällefors Elkhound
1699:Kamchatka Sled Dog
1475:2014-07-19 at the
1415:2014-04-16 at the
1328:The Globe and Mail
1271:2012-09-04 at the
1252:2013-05-20 at the
1234:2014-02-01 at the
1212:2007-10-16 at the
1181:2014-07-19 at the
1072:2008-05-30 at the
1002:(1916): 20191929.
795:2011-07-15 at the
633:slaughtered Inuit
594:
583:Melville Peninsula
550:been accepted for
489:
481:
474:John James Audubon
415:
383:
349:
228:Canadian Inuit Dog
72:Canadian Inuit Dog
2128:
2127:
1981:Thai Bangkaew Dog
1941:Hmong bobtail dog
1777:Karelian Bear Dog
1684:Chukotka sled dog
1613:
1612:
1438:. August 14, 2019
1067:Polar Controversy
657:forced relocation
639:suffering animals
625:RCMP dog killings
579:Boothia Peninsula
431:Care and training
220:
219:
202:
201:
165:
164:
18:RCMP dog killings
16:(Redirected from
2178:
2096:Tahltan Bear Dog
2053:Volpino Italiano
1999:Alaskan Klee Kai
1900:Swedish Vallhund
1895:Swedish Lapphund
1885:Norwegian Buhund
1875:Lapponian Herder
1865:Finnish Lapphund
1669:Alaskan Malamute
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942:(6397): 81–85.
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853:(#6): 488–495.
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797:Wayback Machine
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649:Carolyn Bennett
627:
544:genetic testing
536:wolf-dog hybrid
466:
433:
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373:Coat and colour
354:
341:
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279:Canadian Arctic
211:
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78:Exquimaux Husky
58:
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22:
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2063:Extinct breeds
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2035:
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2033:
2027:
2016:
2011:
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2001:
1995:
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1991:Companion dogs
1987:
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1978:
1973:
1968:
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1958:
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1951:Japanese Spitz
1948:
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1726:
1724:Sakhalin Husky
1721:
1719:Yakutian Laika
1716:
1714:Siberian Husky
1711:
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1454:External links
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1384:Nunatsiaq News
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706:Siberian Husky
703:
698:
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671:for 7 years.
626:
623:
558:(AKC) and the
540:Charles Darwin
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256:Inuit language
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69:Canadian Husky
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37:
24:
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1961:Kintamani dog
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1752:Finnish Spitz
1750:
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1697:
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1694:Greenland Dog
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1677:
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1664:Alaskan husky
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1391:on 2012-03-06
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1150:0-684-85530-5
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1091:Qimmiq — Dogs
1087:
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897:on 2014-02-03
896:
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869:
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837:
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829:
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821:
820:The Fan Hitch
817:
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769:
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755:on 2021-05-14
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669:dog sled race
666:
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653:Baffin Island
650:
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624:
622:
620:
619:animal symbol
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575:Baffin Island
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329:
327:
323:
322:DNA sequences
320:
319:mitochondrial
314:
312:
311:Greenland Dog
308:
304:
296:
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284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
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260:Greenland Dog
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42:
34:
30:
19:
2141:Spitz breeds
2108:
2048:Tonya Finosu
2032:(Zwergspitz)
2019:German Spitz
2009:Danish Spitz
1946:Indian Spitz
1909:Asian breeds
1852:Herding dogs
1734:Hunting dogs
1673:
1558:Newfoundland
1542:
1442:November 12,
1440:. Retrieved
1435:
1405:
1395:December 23,
1393:. Retrieved
1389:the original
1382:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1352:
1342:
1331:. Retrieved
1327:
1317:
1306:. Retrieved
1302:
1292:
1280:
1261:
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1202:
1190:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1134:
1126:
1117:
1098:
1062:
1053:
1034:
999:
995:
984:
939:
935:
921:
910:
899:. Retrieved
895:the original
885:
850:
846:
823:
819:
811:
768:
757:. Retrieved
753:the original
643:
628:
611:
595:
564:
554:by both the
548:
522:, and would
517:
504:
492:
490:
477:
458:
434:
421:
397:
384:
364:
355:
330:
315:
307:Thule people
303:Paleo-Eskimo
300:
264:
250:
249:
244:
243:
227:
223:
221:
213:domestic dog
2026:(Wolfspitz)
1936:Donggyeongi
1807:Pungsan dog
681:Portal:Dogs
501:polar bears
418:Temperament
408:polar bears
339:Description
283:snowmobiles
236:working dog
59:Other names
2146:FCI breeds
2135:Categories
2076:Guejae Gae
2043:Schipperke
2030:Pomeranian
1971:Ryukyu dog
1921:Bắc Hà dog
1832:Taiwan Dog
1647:Spitz-type
1362:2 November
1333:2024-05-03
1308:2024-05-03
901:2014-05-05
759:2020-05-24
712:References
454:heatstroke
440:, such as
438:dog sports
425:prey drive
352:Appearance
267:extinction
2156:Sled dogs
2086:HĂĽtespitz
1926:Chow Chow
1817:Shiba Inu
1787:Kishu Ken
1689:Eurohound
1656:Sled dogs
665:Qikiqtani
635:sled dogs
602:Malamutes
509:Inuktitut
450:skijoring
326:haplotype
287:sled dogs
238:from the
38:Dog breed
2024:Keeshond
2014:Eurasier
1976:Shar Pei
1966:Nureongi
1956:Jeju dog
1931:Dikkulak
1827:Jämthund
1762:Hokkaido
1548:Landseer
1473:Archived
1413:Archived
1269:Archived
1250:Archived
1232:Archived
1210:Archived
1179:Archived
1070:Archived
1026:31771471
976:29976825
877:26103948
847:Heredity
793:Archived
675:See also
569:and the
493:uumajuit
271:purebred
197:standard
185:standard
1842:Zerdava
1822:Shikoku
1772:Kai Ken
1709:Samoyed
1679:Chinook
1583:Extinct
1275:page 20
1017:6939252
967:7116273
944:Bibcode
936:Science
868:4806895
615:Nunavut
606:Huskies
552:showing
513:sledges
464:History
446:mushing
442:carting
297:Lineage
277:in the
142:Females
121:Females
81:Kingmik
2109:Types:
1536:Extant
1529:Canada
1256:page 7
1147:
1024:
1014:
974:
964:
875:
865:
773:qimmiq
581:, and
528:famine
520:wolves
448:, and
412:Canada
251:qimmit
245:qimmiq
240:Arctic
158:Colour
129:Weight
108:Height
103:Traits
93:Canada
89:Origin
66:Qimmiq
2120:Tugou
2116:Laika
2112:Husky
1916:Akita
1767:Jindo
1103:nanuq
932:(PDF)
505:nanuq
497:seals
476:from
359:spitz
333:clade
275:Inuit
232:breed
230:is a
132:Males
111:Males
33:QimiQ
1649:dogs
1444:2020
1397:2012
1364:2011
1145:ISBN
1121:1829
1055:R.N.
1022:PMID
972:PMID
873:PMID
661:CA$
604:and
524:howl
394:Size
387:coat
385:The
222:The
150:Coat
1436:CBC
1141:352
1012:PMC
1004:doi
1000:286
962:PMC
952:doi
940:361
863:PMC
855:doi
851:115
818:in
507:" (
410:in
248:or
234:of
226:or
208:Dog
2137::
2118:,
2114:,
1434:.
1423:^
1381:.
1355:.
1351:.
1326:.
1301:.
1221:^
1143:.
1110:^
1081:^
1046:^
1020:.
1010:.
998:.
994:.
970:.
960:.
950:.
938:.
934:.
871:.
861:.
849:.
845:.
831:^
804:^
780:^
740:^
719:^
577:,
515:.
444:,
1639:e
1632:t
1625:v
1520:e
1513:t
1506:v
1446:.
1399:.
1366:.
1336:.
1311:.
1153:.
1028:.
1006::
978:.
954::
946::
904:.
879:.
857::
762:.
254:(
216:)
210:(
35:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
