2697:- Returns an iterator over all the triples (within the conjunctive graph or just the given context) matching the given pattern. The pattern is specified by providing explicit statement terms (which are used to match against nodes in the underlying store), or None - which indicates a wildcard. NOTE: This interface is expected to return an iterator of tuples of length 3, corresponding to the 3 terms of matching statements, which can be either of : URIRef, Blank Node, Literal, Formula, Variable, or (perhaps) a Context.
3094:
224:
156:
2015:
317:
2108:
part, the core RDF model is adhered to as well as terminology that is consistent with the RDF Model specifications. However, this suggested interface also extends an RDF store with additional requirements necessary to facilitate the aspects of
Notation 3 that go beyond the RDF model to provide a framework for First Order Predicate Logic processing and persistence.
2686:- Adds the given statement to a specific context or to the model. The quoted argument is interpreted by formula-aware stores to indicate this statement is quoted/hypothetical. It should be an error to not specify a context and have the quoted argument be True. It should also be an error for the quoted argument to be True when the store is not formula-aware.
25:
2796:. This boundary is equivalent to that of the store instance (which is itself uniquely identified and distinct from other instances of Store that signify other Conjunctive Graphs). It is equivalent to all the named graphs within it and associated with a _default_ graph which is automatically assigned a BNode for an identifier - if one isn't given.
244:, a simple yet powerful language for representing information. This library contains parsers/serializers for almost all of the known RDF serializations, such as RDF/XML, Turtle, N-Triples, & JSON-LD, many of which are now supported in their updated form (e.g. Turtle 1.1). The library also contains both in-memory and persistent
70:
2654:- Opens the store specified by the configuration string. If create is True a store will be created if it does not already exist. If create is False and a store does not already exist an exception is raised. An exception is also raised if a store exists, but there is insufficient permissions to open the store.
2374:
Nodes are a subset of the Terms that the underlying store actually persists. The set of such Terms depends on whether or not the store is formula-aware. Stores that aren't formula-aware would only persist those terms core to the RDF Model, and those that are formula-aware would be able to persist the
2155:
From a store perspective, closed world assumptions also provide the benefit of better query response times due to the explicit closed world boundaries. Closed world boundaries can be made transparent by federated queries that assume each
ConjunctiveGraph is a section of a larger, unbounded universe.
2670:
The configuration string is understood by the store implementation and represents all the necessary parameters needed to locate an individual instance of a store. This could be similar to an ODBC string, or in fact be an ODBC string if the connection protocol to the underlying database is ODBC. The
2165:
For the sake of persistence, Conjunctive Graphs must be distinguished by identifiers (that may not necessarily be RDF identifiers or may be an RDF identifier normalized - SHA1/MD5 perhaps - for database naming purposes ) which could be referenced to indicate conjunctive queries (queries made across
2107:
This document attempts to summarize some fundamental components of an RDF store. The motivation is to outline a standard set of interfaces for providing the necessary support needed in order to persist an RDF Graph in a way that is universal and not tied to any specific implementation. For the most
2701:
This function can be thought of as the primary mechanism for producing triples with nodes that match the corresponding terms and term pattern provided. A conjunctive query can be indicated by either providing a value of NULL/None/Empty string value for context or the identifier associated with the
2412:
These 2 additional concepts (formulae and variables) must be thought of as core extensions and distinguishable from the other terms of a triple (for the sake of the persistence roundtrip - at the very least). It's worth noting that the 'scope' of universal quantifiers (variables) and existential
2132:
It's worth noting that the concept of logically grouping triples within an addressable 'set' or 'subgraph' is just barely beyond the scope of the RDF model. The RDF model defines a graph as an arbitrary collection of triples and the semantics of these triples, but doesn't give guidance on how to
2406:
Such a store is responsible for maintaining this separation and ensuring that queries against the entire model (the aggregation of all the contexts - specified by not limiting a 'query' to a specifically name context) do not include quoted statements. Also, it is responsible for distinguishing
871:
datatype or language attribute. The class provides a mechanism to both convert Python literals (and their built-ins such as time/date/datetime) into equivalent RDF Literals and (conversely) convert
Literals to their Python equivalent. There is some support of considering datatypes in comparing
2143:
This refers to the 'top-level' Graph. It is the aggregation of all the contexts within it and is also the appropriate, absolute boundary for closed world assumptions / models. This distinction is the easily obtained part of RDF along the path to the semantic web and most of its value is in
2423:
Any query that doesn't limit the store to search within a named context only. Such a query expects a context-aware store to search the entire asserted universe (the conjunctive graph). A formula-aware store is expected not to include quoted statements when matching such a
2646:
An RDF store should provide standard interfaces for the management of database connections. Such interfaces are standard to most database management systems (Oracle, MySQL, Berkeley DB, Postgres, etc..) The following methods are defined to provide this capability:
2826:. The Graph class works with instances of this API (as the first argument to its constructor) for triple-based management of an RDF store including: garbage collection, transaction management, update, pattern matching, removal, length, and database management (
2671:
open function needs to fail intelligently in order to clearly express that a store (identified by the given configuration string) already exists or that there is no store (at the location specified by the configuration string) depending on the value of create.
2126:
literature and ontology are relevant to this concept. A context could be thought of as only the relationship between an RDF triple and a sub-graph (this is how the term context is used in the
Notation 3 Design Issues page) in which it is found or the sub-graph
2149:
There are at least two situations where the closed world assumption is used. The first is where it is assumed that a knowledge base contains all relevant facts. This is common in corporate databases. That is, the information it contains is assumed to be
360:
mean it is fairly simple for programmers with only junior Python skills to manipulate RDF. On the other hand, the Python idioms are simple enough that someone familiar with RDF, but not Python, can probably work out how to use rdflib quite easily.
2234:
A statement that isn't asserted but is referred to in some manner. Most often, this happens when we want to make a statement about another statement (or set of statements) without necessarily saying these quoted statements (are true). For
2300:
Context quoting can be thought of as very similar to reification. The main difference is that quoted statements are not asserted or considered as statements of truth about the universe and can be referenced as a group: a hypothetical RDF
368:
which is a Python dictionary used to store collections of RDF triples in memory. It redefines certain built-in Python object methods in order to exhibit simple graph behaviour, such as simple graph merging via addition (i.e.
2709:- Number of statements in the store. This should only account for non-quoted (asserted) statements if the context is not specified, otherwise it should return the number of statements in the formula or context given.
2390:
An RDF store capable of storing statements within contexts is considered context-aware. Essentially, such a store is able to partition the RDF model it represents into individual, named, and addressable
2133:
consistently address such arbitrary collections. Though a collection of triples can be thought of as a resource itself, the association between a triple and the collection it is a part of is not covered.
631:)) function. This function is a generator of triples that match the pattern given by the arguments. The arguments of these are RDF terms that restrict the triples that are returned. Terms that are
2166:
the entire conjunctive graph) or appear as nodes in asserted statements. In this latter case, such statements could be interpreted as being made about the entire 'known' universe. For example:
2807:
RDFLib graphs support an additional extension of RDF semantics for formulae. For the academically inclined, Graham Klyne's 'formal' extension (see external links) is probably a good read.
436:
class which takes (as its only argument) the Base URI of the namespace. Fully qualified URIs in the namespace can be constructed by attribute / dictionary access on
Namespace instances:
2434:
This refers to the requirements on a formula-aware RDF store's persistence mechanism necessary for it to be properly populated by a N3 parser and rendered as syntax by a N3 serializer.
2660:- This closes the database connection. The commit_pending_transaction parameter specifies whether to commit all pending transactions before closing (if the store is transactional).
2413:
quantifiers (BNodes) is the formula (or context - to be specific) in which their statements reside. Beyond this, a
Formula-aware store behaves the same as a Context-aware store.
3118:
2679:
An RDF store could provide a standard set of interfaces for the manipulation, management, and/or retrieval of its contained triples (asserted or quoted):
2375:
N3 extensions as well. However, utility terms that only serve the purpose for matching nodes by term-patterns probably will only be terms and not nodes.
3128:
2638:
They must also be distinguishable in persistence to ensure they can be round tripped. Other issues regarding the persistence of N3 terms.
2970:
There are a few high-level APIs that extend RDFLib graphs into other
Pythonic idioms. For more a more explicit Python binding, there are
379:
set([ (subject,predicate,object), (subject1,predicate1,object1), ... (subjectN,predicateN,objectN) ])
2810:
Formulae are represented formally by the 'QuotedGraph' class and disjoint from regular RDF graphs in that their statements are quoted.
2401:
An RDF store capable of distinguishing between statements that are asserted and statements that are quoted is considered formula-aware.
2842:) . Additional persistence mechanisms can be supported by implementing this API for a different store. Currently supported databases:
2049:
specification and includes a harness for the publicly available RDF DAWG test suite. Support for SPARQL is provided by two methods:
2876:
35:
256:
having been released on 20 December 2021. It was originally created by Daniel Krech with the first release in
November, 2002.
241:
237:
169:
433:
135:
2324:
Terms are the kinds of objects that can appear in a quoted/asserted triple. This includes those that are core to RDF:
109:
2725:- Generator over all contexts in the graph. If triple is specified, a generator over all contexts the triple is in.
421:
193:
416:
406:
365:
248:
back-ends for storing RDF information and numerous convenience functions for declaring graph namespaces, lodging
411:
3123:
2607:
Formulae and variables are distinguishable from URI references, Literals, and BNodes by the following syntax:
2530:
This statement would be asserted in the partition associated with quoted statements (in a formula named _:a)
2793:
3059:
Motik, Boris; Cuenca Grau, Bernardo; Horrocks, Ian; Wu, Zhe; Fokoue, Achille; Lutz, Carsten (2012-12-11),
245:
2792:
A Conjunctive Graph is the most relevant collection of graphs that are considered to be the boundary for
2157:
300:
287:
267:
2871:
2866:
2718:
These interfaces work on contexts and formulae (for stores that are formula-aware) interchangeably.
223:
188:
82:
Daniel Krech (creator), Gunnar
Grimnes, Joern Hees (past maintainers), Nicholas J. Car (maintainer)
2444:
An RDF store capable of providing transactional integrity to the RDF operations performed on it.
2380:"The set of nodes of an RDF graph is the set of subjects and objects of triples in the graph.
868:
200:
176:
2999:
2555:
Finally, these statements would be asserted in the same partition (in a formula named _:b)
876:
__. This mapping to and from Python literals is achieved with the following dictionaries:
599:
__ are overridden to support adding and subtracting Graphs to/from each other (in place):
376:
RDFLib graphs emulate container types and are best thought of as a set of 3-item triples:
3014:
395:
155:
3093:
2028:
Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
382:
RDFLib graphs are not sorted containers; they have ordinary Python set operations, e.g.
252:
queries and so on. It is in continuous development with the most recent stable release,
399:
181:
787:
of many kinds, but the most common is the serialization (in various formats: RDF/XML,
316:
3112:
2353:
And those that are primarily for matching against 'Nodes' in the underlying Graph:
402:
class, which extends Python unicode. Instances of these are nodes in an RDF graph.
2666:- This destroys the instance of the store identified by the configuration string.
2861:
2123:
291:
2823:
788:
432:
RDFLib provides mechanisms for managing namespaces. In particular, there is a
259:
A number of other Python projects use rdflib for RDF manipulation, including:
77:
2122:
A named, unordered set of statements. Also could be called a sub-graph. The
792:
513:
253:
2975:
807:
is the name of the graph into which the RDF serialization will be parsed.
739:# prints all the triples with the predicate being https://schema.org/name
3037:
69:
3060:
2684:
def add(self, (subject, predicate, object), context=None, quoted=False)
800:
2333:
Literals (which consist of a literal value, datatype and language tag)
3103:
2979:
2856:
2046:
867:
RDFLib 'Literal's essentially behave like
Unicode characters with an
249:
283:
273:
3099:
1997:
Maps WXS datatyped Literals to Python. This mapping is used by the
296:
263:
144:
2851:
2496:
Could cause the following statements to be asserted in the store:
357:
277:
2971:
3013:
Cyganiak, Richard; Wood, David; Lanthaler, Markus (2014-02-25),
386:
methods that search triples and return them in arbitrary order.
2819:
2008:
311:
18:
2695:
def triples(self, (subject, predicate, object), context=None)
2156:
So a closed world assumption does not preclude you from an
615:
RDFLib graphs support basic triple pattern matching with a
2306:
Universal Quantifiers / Variables. (relevant references):
2846:
3000:"rdflib/CHANGELOG.md at 6.2.0 · RDFLib/rdflib · GitHub"
2690:
def remove(self, (subject, predicate, object), context)
2240:
Chimezie said "higher-order statements are complicated"
581:"Iterator / Container Protocols are Broken!!"
327:
42:
16:
Python library to serialize, parse and process RDF data
2295:
A context whose statements are quoted or hypothetical.
3087:
3062:
OWL 2 Web Ontology Language Profiles (Second Edition)
214:
2078:- used to change graph content or return RDF using
872:
Literal instances, implemented as an override to __
745:
RDF convenience APIs (RDF collections / containers)
209:
199:
187:
175:
165:
134:
108:
86:
76:
799:parameter is one of turtle, n3, xml, n-triples or
394:The following RDFLib classes (listed below) model
2658:def close(self, commit_pending_transaction=False)
1171:Maps Python instances to WXS datatyped Literals
2238:
839:Similarly, triples can be removed by a call to
2740:RDFLib defines the following kinds of Graphs:
783:="xml") function. The first argument can be a
803:(this last when the JSON-LD plugin is used).
8:
3036:Harris, Steve; Seaborne, Andy (2013-03-21),
2001:() method defined on all Literal instances.
62:
2927:'.. one of the supported Stores ..'
2144:(corporate/enterprise) real-world problems:
3092:
2652:def open(self, configuration, create=True)
2045:RDFLIb supports a majority of the current
222:
154:
68:
61:
2340:Those that extend the RDF model into N3:
2095:Serialization (NTriples, N3, and RDF/XML)
2882:Store instances can be created with the
3119:Python (programming language) libraries
2991:
2211:<urn:uuid:conjunctive-graph-foo>
2190:<urn:uuid:conjunctive-graph-foo>
2172:<urn:uuid:conjunctive-graph-foo>
2346:Universal Quantifications (Variables)
398:in a graph and inherit from a common
7:
3016:RDF 1.1 Concepts and Abstract Syntax
2818:RDFLib provides an abstracted Store
2729:def remove_context(self, identifier)
2453:The following Notation 3 document:
810:Triples can also be added with the
685:"https://schema.org/name"
2965:
2407:universal quantifiers (variables).
795:of an RDF graph as a string). The
759:Triples can be added in two ways:
286:- an add-on module for the Python
14:
2877:Redland RDF Application Framework
2736:Named graphs / conjunctive graphs
266:- A simple implementation of the
45:and remove advice or instruction.
2664:def destroy(self, configuration)
2604:Formulae and Variables as Terms
2309:OWL Definition of SWRL. (browse)
2245:Which can be written as (in N3):
2104:A Universal RDF Store Interface
2013:
315:
115:6.2.0 / July 16, 2022
23:
2723:def contexts(self, triple=None)
2707:def __len__(self, context=None)
587:Set operations on RDFLib graphs
471:"https://schema.org/"
356:RDFLib's use of various Python
3129:Resource Description Framework
508:RDFLib graphs also override __
1:
270:RL Profile (reasoning engine)
2714:Formula / context interfaces
1575:'nonNegativeInteger'
1515:'nonPositiveInteger'
516:over the contained triples:
364:The core class in RDFLib is
2822:for persistence of RDF and
763:They may be added with the
635:are treated as a wildcard.
3145:
1314:'normalizedString'
3039:SPARQL 1.1 Query Language
2022:This section needs to be
1695:'positiveInteger'
1605:'negativeInteger'
489:https://schema.org/Person
240:library for working with
130:
104:
67:
2888:
2794:closed world assumptions
2609:
2557:
2532:
2498:
2455:
2248:
2169:
1173:
878:
637:
518:
438:
352:RDFLib and Python idioms
2064:queries to a graph (or
1815:'unsignedShort'
512:__ in order to support
2242:
2056:- used to pose SPARQL
1935:'base64Binary'
1845:'unsignedByte'
1665:'unsignedLong'
498:https://schema.org/url
324:This section is empty.
92:; 22 years ago
2966:'Higher-order' idioms
2266:higherOrderStatements
2158:open-world assumption
2076:rdflib.graph.update()
1755:'unsignedInt'
611:Basic triple matching
301:Web Ontology Language
117:; 2 years ago
2872:Random-access memory
2867:Zope Object Database
2771:'ConjunctiveGraph'(_
2312:SWRL/RuleML Variable
2054:rdflib.graph.query()
43:rewrite this article
2702:Conjunctive Graph.
2642:Database management
2449:Interpreting syntax
2440:Transactional Store
863:RDF Literal support
504:Graphs as iterators
428:Namespace utilities
288:Flask web framework
64:
1374:'language'
1254:'dateTime'
1160:'dateTime'
308:History and status
303:documentation tool
2675:Triple interfaces
2419:Conjunctive Query
2356:REGEX Expressions
2139:Conjunctive Graph
2100:The RDF store API
2090:SPARQL statements
2043:
2042:
1485:'integer'
1455:'decimal'
1404:'boolean'
1025:'boolean'
344:
343:
231:
230:
90:June 4, 2002
60:
59:
36:a manual or guide
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3088:Official website
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2362:Numerical Ranges
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2230:Quoted Statement
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2187:ConjunctiveGraph
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1971:'anyURI'
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1905:'double'
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1785:'byte'
1545:'long'
1269:_strToDateTime
1224:'date'
1194:'time'
1174:
1115:'time'
1070:'date'
995:'long'
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755:Adding triples
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2430:N3 Round Trip
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2397:Formula-aware
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2386:Context-aware
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1635:'int'
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965:'int'
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492:>>>
477:>>>
456:>>>
441:>>>
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32:This article
30:
21:
20:
3067:, retrieved
3061:
3054:
3044:, retrieved
3038:
3031:
3021:, retrieved
3015:
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2969:
2906:rdflib.store
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2550:N3Programmer
2529:
2495:
2470:N3Programmer
2452:
2439:
2429:
2418:
2396:
2385:
2369:
2319:
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2229:
2138:
2124:named graphs
2117:
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2034:October 2019
2031:
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1998:
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1950:decodestring
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371:g3 = g1 + g2
363:
355:
332:
328:adding to it
323:
258:
254:rdflib 6.1.1
233:
232:
78:Developer(s)
48:
41:Please help
33:
2951:conjunctive
2862:Berkeley DB
2814:Persistence
2391:sub-graphs.
2359:Date Ranges
2327:Blank Nodes
2281:complicated
2217:persistedBy
2112:Terminology
1176:XSDToPython
881:PythonToXSD
292:Linked Data
276:- a Python
3113:Categories
3069:2020-04-18
3046:2020-04-18
3023:2020-04-18
2986:References
2939:identifier
2886:function:
2824:Notation 3
2781:identifier
2764:identifier
2751:identifier
2047:SPARQL 1.1
1239:_strToDate
1209:_strToTime
890:basestring
869:XML Schema
814:function:
789:Notation 3
400:Identifier
166:Written in
136:Repository
122:2022-07-16
97:2002-06-04
2745:'Graph'(_
2088:CONSTRUCT
1145:isoformat
1100:isoformat
1055:isoformat
853:predicate
824:predicate
793:N-Triples
709:has name
661:someGraph
649:predicate
625:predicate
595:__ and __
575:someGraph
560:predicate
542:someGraph
530:predicate
514:iteration
465:Namespace
453:Namespace
434:Namespace
396:RDF terms
335:July 2010
280:validator
51:July 2021
2803:Formulae
2633:Variable
2599:Migraine
2343:Formulae
2254:chimezie
2235:example:
2150:complete
1999:toPython
1121:datetime
805:publicID
773:publicID
606:G2 -= G2
603:G1 += G1
422:Variable
347:Overview
2838:destroy
2777:default
2624:Formula
2516:implies
2291:Formula
2127:itself.
2118:Context
2024:updated
849:subject
820:subject
801:JSON-LD
667:triples
655:object_
643:subject
621:subject
617:triples
566:object_
554:subject
536:object_
524:subject
417:Literal
284:pyLDAPI
274:pySHACL
210:Website
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