Coaxial cable - Knowledge

6439:, with frequencies extending well into the UHF range, a foil shield is normally provided, and will provide total coverage as well as high effectiveness against high-frequency interference. Foil shielding is ordinarily accompanied by a tinned copper or aluminum braid shield, with anywhere from 60 to 95% coverage. The braid is important to shield effectiveness because (1) it is more effective than foil at preventing low-frequency interference, (2) it provides higher conductivity to ground than foil, and (3) it makes attaching a connector easier and more reliable. "Quad-shield" cable, using two low-coverage aluminum braid shields and two layers of foil, is often used in situations involving troublesome interference, but is less effective than a single layer of foil and single high-coverage copper braid shield such as is found on broadcast-quality precision video cable. 384:

moisture—especially at its many surfaces—in humid environments, significantly increasing the loss. Supports shaped like stars or spokes are even better but more expensive and very susceptible to moisture infiltration. Still more expensive were the air-spaced coaxials used for some inter-city communications in the mid-20th century. The center conductor was suspended by polyethylene discs every few centimeters. In some low-loss coaxial cables such as the RG-62 type, the inner conductor is supported by a spiral strand of polyethylene, so that an air space exists between most of the conductor and the inside of the jacket. The lower

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better shield performance, some cables have a double-layer shield. The shield might be just two braids, but it is more common now to have a thin foil shield covered by a wire braid. Some cables may invest in more than two shield layers, such as "quad-shield", which uses four alternating layers of foil and braid. Other shield designs sacrifice flexibility for better performance; some shields are a solid metal tube. Those cables cannot be bent sharply, as the shield will kink, causing losses in the cable. When a foil shield is used a small wire conductor incorporated into the foil makes soldering the shield termination easier.

2896:. The magnitude of an alternating current in a conductor decays exponentially with distance beneath the surface, with the depth of penetration being proportional to the square root of the resistivity. This means that, in a shield of finite thickness, some small amount of current will still be flowing on the opposite surface of the conductor. With a perfect conductor (i.e., zero resistivity), all of the current would flow at the surface, with no penetration into and through the conductor. Real cables have a shield made of an imperfect, although usually very good, conductor, so there must always be some leakage. 2977:. However, ladder line is extremely sensitive to surrounding metal objects, which can enter the fields before they completely cancel. Coax does not have this problem, since the field is enclosed in the shield. However, it is still possible for a field to form between the shield and other connected objects, such as the antenna the coax feeds. The current formed by the field between the antenna and the coax shield would flow in the same direction as the current in the center conductor, and thus not be canceled. Energy would radiate from the coax itself, affecting the 3113: 2309: 5837: 6242:

flanges is used outdoors on antenna masts, etc. In the interests of saving weight and costs, on masts and similar structures the outer line is often aluminium, and special care must be taken to prevent corrosion. With a flange connector, it is also possible to go from rigid line to hard line. Many broadcasting antennas and antenna splitters use the flanged rigid line interface even when connecting to flexible coaxial cables and hard line. Rigid line is produced in a number of different sizes:

5829: 6460: 6476: 638: 6045: 630: 2034: 6202: 269: 9573: 569: 5821: 5810: 6370: 6066: 5859: 429: 9583: 6194: 9562: 2304:{\displaystyle Z_{\mathsf {o}}={\frac {1}{\ 2\pi \ }}{\sqrt {{\frac {\mu }{\ \epsilon \ }}\ }}\ \ln \left({\frac {D}{\ d\ }}\right)\approx {\frac {\ 59.96\ {\mathsf {\Omega }}\ }{\sqrt {\epsilon _{\mathsf {r}}\ }}}\ln \left({\frac {D}{\ d\ }}\right)\approx {\frac {\ 138\ {\mathsf {\Omega }}\ }{\sqrt {\epsilon _{\mathsf {r}}\ }}}\log _{10}\left({\frac {D}{\ d\ }}\right)~.} 2961:. Because of this 1:1 transformer, the aforementioned voltage across the outer conductor is transformed onto the inner conductor so that the two voltages can be cancelled by the receiver. Many senders and receivers have means to reduce the leakage even further. They increase the transformer effect by passing the whole cable through a ferrite core one or more times. 585: 9593: 2627: 185: 1334: 40: 2889:

cables must make compromises between shield efficacy, flexibility, and cost, such as the corrugated surface of flexible hardline, flexible braid, or foil shields. Since shields cannot be perfect conductors, current flowing on the inside of the shield produces an electromagnetic field on the outer surface of the shield.

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increasing the diameter of the cable. A cable with twice the diameter will have half the skin effect resistance. Ignoring dielectric and other losses, the larger cable would halve the dB/meter loss. In designing a system, engineers consider not only the loss in the cable but also the loss in the connectors.

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whose bullet and flange sizes match the standard line diameters. For each outer diameter, either 75 or 50 ohm inner tubes can be obtained. Rigid line is commonly used indoors for interconnection between high-power transmitters and other RF-components, but more rugged rigid line with weatherproof

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systems is regulated by the FCC, since cable signals use the same frequencies as aeronautical and radionavigation bands. CATV operators may also choose to monitor their networks for leakage to prevent ingress. Outside signals entering the cable can cause unwanted noise and picture ghosting. Excessive

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Coaxial cable conducts electrical signals using an inner conductor (usually a solid copper, stranded copper or copper-plated steel wire) surrounded by an insulating layer and all enclosed by a shield, typically one to four layers of woven metallic braid and metallic tape. The cable is protected by an

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is available in four different types designed for various applications. In addition, the core may be copper clad steel (CCS) or bare solid copper (BC). "Plain" or "house" RG-6 is designed for indoor or external house wiring. "Flooded" cable is infused with water-blocking gel for use in underground

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is more often used than hard line for transmitter-to-antenna, or antenna-to-receiver applications. The various shields used in hard line also differ; some forms use rigid tubing, or pipe, while others may use a corrugated tubing, which makes bending easier, as well as reduces kinking when the cable

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MIL-C-17. MIL-C-17 numbers, such as "M17/75-RG214", are given for military cables and manufacturer's catalog numbers for civilian applications. However, the RG-series designations were so common for generations that they are still used, although critical users should be aware that since the handbook

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in free space (i.e., a dipole without ground reflections) is 73 Ω, so 75 Ω coax was commonly used for connecting shortwave antennas to receivers. These typically involve such low levels of RF power that power-handling and high-voltage breakdown characteristics are unimportant when compared

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While many cables have a solid dielectric, many others have a foam dielectric that contains as much air or other gas as possible to reduce the losses by allowing the use of a larger diameter center conductor. Foam coax will have about 15% less attenuation but some types of foam dielectric can absorb

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or desiccated air (dried air). In gas-charged lines, hard plastics such as nylon are used as spacers to separate the inner and outer conductors. The addition of these gases into the dielectric space reduces moisture contamination, provides a stable dielectric constant, and provides a reduced risk

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A continuous current, even if small, along the imperfect shield of a coaxial cable can cause visible or audible interference. In CATV systems distributing analog signals the potential difference between the coaxial network and the electrical grounding system of a house can cause a visible "hum bar"

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Signal leakage is the passage of electromagnetic fields through the shield of a cable and occurs in both directions. Ingress is the passage of an outside signal into the cable and can result in noise and disruption of the desired signal. Egress is the passage of signal intended to remain within the

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in the image; multiple reflections may cause the original signal to be followed by more than one echo. If a coaxial cable is open (not connected at the end), the termination has nearly infinite resistance, which causes reflections. If the coaxial cable is short-circuited, the termination resistance

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cable is a coaxial form using a solid copper outer sheath. This type of coax offers superior screening compared to cables with a braided outer conductor, especially at higher frequencies. The major disadvantage is that the cable, as its name implies, is not very flexible, and is not intended to be

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Common mode current occurs when stray currents in the shield flow in the same direction as the current in the center conductor, causing the coax to radiate. They are the opposite of the desired "push-pull" differential signalling currents, where the signal currents on the inner and outer conductor

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of the outside of the outer conductor between sender and receiver. The effect is less when there are several parallel cables, as this reduces the inductance and, therefore, the voltage. Because the outer conductor carries the reference potential for the signal on the inner conductor, the receiving

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The gaps or holes, allow some of the electromagnetic field to penetrate to the other side. For example, braided shields have many small gaps. The gaps are smaller when using a foil (solid metal) shield, but there is still a seam running the length of the cable. Foil becomes increasingly rigid with

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Many conventional coaxial cables use braided copper wire forming the shield. This allows the cable to be flexible, but it also means there are gaps in the shield layer, and the inner dimension of the shield varies slightly because the braid cannot be flat. Sometimes the braid is silver-plated. For

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Coaxial cable insulation may degrade, requiring replacement of the cable, especially if it has been exposed to the elements on a continuous basis. The shield is normally grounded, and if even a single thread of the braid or filament of foil touches the center conductor, the signal will be shorted

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is another form of coaxial cable which is constructed in a similar fashion to hard line, however it is constructed with tuned slots cut into the shield. These slots are tuned to the specific RF wavelength of operation or tuned to a specific radio frequency band. This type of cable is to provide a

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in 1929 to be 77 Ω for low-attenuation, 60 Ω for high-voltage, and 30 Ω for high-power. For a coaxial cable with air dielectric and a shield of a given inner diameter, the attenuation is minimized by choosing the diameter of the inner conductor to give a characteristic impedance of

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per meter. This is dependent on the loss in the dielectric material filling the cable, and resistive losses in the center conductor and outer shield. These losses are frequency dependent, the losses becoming higher as the frequency increases. Skin effect losses in the conductors can be reduced by

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An ideal shield would be a perfect conductor with no holes, gaps, or bumps connected to a perfect ground. However, a smooth solid highly conductive shield would be heavy, inflexible, and expensive. Such coax is used for straight-line feeds to commercial radio broadcast towers. More economical

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are used to keep them away from parallel metal surfaces. Coaxial lines largely solve this problem by confining virtually all of the electromagnetic wave to the area inside the cable. Coaxial lines can therefore be bent and moderately twisted without negative effects, and they can be strapped to

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outside the shield. Further, electric and magnetic fields outside the cable are largely kept from interfering with signals inside the cable, if unequal currents are filtered out at the receiving end of the line. This property makes coaxial cable a good choice both for carrying weak signals that

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distribution systems use extensive networks of outdoor coaxial cable, often with in-line distribution amplifiers. Leakage of signals into and out of cable TV systems can cause interference to cable subscribers and to over-the-air radio services using the same frequencies as those of the cable

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is a coaxial line formed by two copper tubes maintained concentric every other meter using PTFE-supports. Rigid lines cannot be bent, so they often need elbows. Interconnection with rigid line is done with an inner bullet/inner support and a flange or connection kit. Typically, rigid lines are

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Coaxial cable design choices affect physical size, frequency performance, attenuation, power handling capabilities, flexibility, strength, and cost. The inner conductor might be solid or stranded; stranded is more flexible. To get better high-frequency performance, the inner conductor may be

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Superscreened cables for nuclear use are defined in IEC 96-4-1, 1990, however as there have been long gaps in the construction of nuclear power stations in Europe, many existing installations are using superscreened cables to the UK standard AESS(TRG) 71181 which is referenced in IEC 61917.

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is 48 Ω. The selection of 50 Ω as a compromise between power-handling capability and attenuation is in general cited as the reason for the number. 50 Ω also works out tolerably well because it corresponds approximately to the feedpoint impedance of a half-wave dipole, mounted

6163:" cabling is expensive and comes with a special Teflon-based outer jacket designed for use in ventilation ducts to meet fire codes. It was developed since the plastics used as the outer jacket and inner insulation in many "Plain" or "house" cabling gives off poisonous gas when burned. 2465: 2436: 6434:

Despite being shielded, interference can occur on coaxial cable lines. Susceptibility to interference has little relationship to broad cable type designations (e.g. RG-59, RG-6) but is strongly related to the composition and configuration of the cable's shielding. For

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tuned bi-directional "desired" leakage effect between transmitter and receiver. It is often used in elevator shafts, US Navy Ships, underground transportation tunnels and in other areas where an antenna is not feasible. One example of this type of cable is Radiax (

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The insulator surrounding the inner conductor may be solid plastic, a foam plastic, or air with spacers supporting the inner wire. The properties of the dielectric insulator determine some of the electrical properties of the cable. A common choice is a solid

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of the inner insulator and the radii of the inner and outer conductors. In radio frequency systems, where the cable length is comparable to the wavelength of the signals transmitted, a uniform cable characteristic impedance is important to minimize loss. The

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effect is sometimes used to mitigate the effect of currents induced in the shield. The inner and outer conductors form the primary and secondary winding of the transformer, and the effect is enhanced in some high-quality cables that have an outer layer of

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causing significant or total signal loss. This most often occurs at improperly installed end connectors and splices. Also, the connector or splice must be properly attached to the shield, as this provides the path to ground for the interfering signal.

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Conformable cable is a flexible reformable alternative to semi-rigid coaxial cable used where flexibility is required. Conformable cable can be stripped and formed by hand without the need for specialized tools, similar to standard coaxial cable.

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cannot tolerate interference from the environment, and for stronger electrical signals that must not be allowed to radiate or couple into adjacent structures or circuits. Larger diameter cables and cables with multiple shields have less leakage.

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Coaxial connectors are designed to maintain a coaxial form across the connection and have the same impedance as the attached cable. Connectors are usually plated with high-conductivity metals such as silver or tarnish-resistant gold. Due to the

1991: 549:. Power is transmitted through the radial electric field and the circumferential magnetic field in the TEM mode. This is the dominant mode from zero frequency (DC) to an upper limit determined by the electrical dimensions of the cable. 2846:). Such reflections may cause signal attenuation. They introduce standing waves, which increase losses and can even result in cable dielectric breakdown with high-power transmission. In analog video or TV systems, reflections cause 541:

also exists, but is effectively suppressed in coaxial cable of conventional geometry and common impedance. Electric field lines for this TM mode have a longitudinal component and require line lengths of a half-wavelength or longer.

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propagating down the line extends into the space surrounding the parallel wires. These lines have low loss, but also have undesirable characteristics. They cannot be bent, tightly twisted, or otherwise shaped without changing their

256:. This allows coaxial cable runs to be installed next to metal objects such as gutters without the power losses that occur in other types of transmission lines. Coaxial cable also provides protection of the signal from external 1862: 6086:

Larger varieties of hardline may have a center conductor that is constructed from either rigid or corrugated copper tubing. The dielectric in hard line may consist of polyethylene foam, air, or a pressurized gas such as

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is bent to conform. Smaller varieties of hard line may be used internally in some high-frequency applications, in particular in equipment within the microwave range, to reduce interference between stages of the device.

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also slows considerably. Thus we can expect coax cable impedances to be consistent at RF frequencies but variable across audio frequencies. This effect was manifested when trying to send a plain voice signal across the

3085: 2622:{\displaystyle f_{\mathsf {c}}\approx {\frac {1}{\ \pi \left({\frac {D+d}{2}}\right){\sqrt {\mu \epsilon \ }}}}={\frac {c}{\ \pi \left({\frac {D+d}{2}}\right){\sqrt {\mu _{\mathsf {r}}\epsilon _{\mathsf {r}}\ }}}}~.} 6011:

The most common impedances that are widely used are 50 or 52 ohms and 75 ohms, although other impedances are available for specific applications. The 50 / 52 ohm cables are widely used for industrial and commercial

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Assuming the dielectric properties of the material inside the cable do not vary appreciably over the operating range of the cable, the characteristic impedance is frequency independent above about five times the

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in the picture. This appears as a wide horizontal distortion bar in the picture that scrolls slowly upward. Such differences in potential can be reduced by proper bonding to a common ground at the house. See

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For high-power radio-frequency transmission up to about 1 GHz, coaxial cable with a solid copper outer conductor is available in sizes of 0.25 inch upward. The outer conductor is corrugated like a

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is coaxial cable with a third layer of shielding, insulation and sheathing. The outer shield, which is earthed (grounded), protects the inner shield from electromagnetic interference from outside sources.

415:. Flooded coaxial cables use a water-blocking gel to protect the cable from water infiltration through minor cuts in the jacket. For internal chassis connections the insulating jacket may be omitted. 2341: 2973:

Most of the shield effect in coax results from opposing currents in the center conductor and shield creating opposite magnetic fields that cancel, and thus do not radiate. The same effect helps

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is nearly zero, which causes reflections with the opposite polarity. Reflections will be nearly eliminated if the coaxial cable is terminated in a pure resistance equal to its impedance.

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is withdrawn there is no standard to guarantee the electrical and physical characteristics of a cable described as "RG-# type". The RG designators are mostly used to identify compatible

1329:{\displaystyle C={\frac {2\pi \epsilon }{\ \ln \left({\frac {\ D\ }{d}}\right)\ }}={\frac {2\pi \epsilon _{\mathsf {o}}\epsilon _{\mathsf {r}}}{\ \ln \left({\frac {\ D\ }{d}}\right)\ }}} 842: 281:, coaxial cable provides an advantage of equal push-pull currents on the inner conductor and inside of the outer conductor that restrict the signal's electric and magnetic fields to the 1770:

With increasing frequency, the reactive components take effect and the impedance of the line is complex-valued. At very low frequencies (audio range, of interest to telephone systems)

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because the dimensions of the cable and connectors are controlled to give a precise, constant conductor spacing, which is needed for it to function efficiently as a transmission line.

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Coaxial cable: a cylindrical assembly composed of a conductor center inside a metallic tube or shield, separated by a dielectric material and usually covered by an insulating jacket.

1091: 1053: 1514:{\displaystyle L={\frac {\mu }{\ 2\pi \ }}\ \ln \left({\frac {\ D\ }{d}}\right)={\frac {\ \mu _{\mathsf {o}}\mu _{\mathsf {r}}\ }{2\pi }}\ \ln \left({\frac {\ D\ }{d}}\right)} 940:

When the insulator is a mixture of different dielectric materials (e.g., polyethylene foam is a mixture of polyethylene and air), then the term effective dielectric constant

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AT&T coaxial cable trunkline installed between East Coast and Midwest in 1948. Each of the 8 coaxial subcables could carry 480 telephone calls or one television channel.

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signals to the majority of television receivers, and this purpose consumes the majority of coaxial cable production. In 1980s and early 1990s coaxial cable was also used in

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published in 1962. These designations are now obsolete. The RG designation stands for Radio Guide; the U designation stands for Universal. The current military standard is

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Applying this formula to typical 75 ohm coax we find the measured impedance across the audio spectrum will range from ~150 ohms to ~5K ohms, much higher than nominal. The

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To greatly reduce signal leakage into or out of the cable, by a factor of 1000, or even 10,000, superscreened cables are often used in critical applications, such as for

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Most coaxial cables have a characteristic impedance of either 50, 52, 75, or 93 Ω. The RF industry uses standard type-names for coaxial cables. Thanks to television,

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per unit length, in ohms per metre. The resistance per unit length is just the resistance of inner conductor and the shield at low frequencies. At higher frequencies,

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outer insulating jacket. Normally, the outside of the shield is kept at ground potential and a signal carrying voltage is applied to the center conductor. When using

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conductive supports without inducing unwanted currents in them, so long as provisions are made to ensure differential signalling push-pull currents in the cable.

7468: 380:(PTFE), polyethylene foam, and solid polyethylene. An inhomogeneous dielectric needs to be compensated by a non-circular conductor to avoid current hot-spots. 2456:

mode to propagate is that the wavelength in the dielectric is no longer than the average circumference of the insulator; that is that the frequency is at least

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can be used to couple a coaxial cable to equipment, where it is desirable to pass radio-frequency signals but to block direct current or low-frequency power.

9545: 9517: 9512: 8537: 8153: 7404: 7365: 7340: 7284: 2839:, adopted RG-62 as their coaxial cable standard. The cable has the lowest capacitance per unit-length when compared to other coaxial cables of similar size. 7168: 2452:

mode. This mode has one 'wave' (two reversals of polarity) in going around the circumference of the cable. To a good approximation, the condition for the TE

606:, the RF signal is only carried by the plating at higher frequencies and does not penetrate to the connector body. Silver however tarnishes quickly and the 372:

Coaxial cables require an internal structure of an insulating (dielectric) material to maintain the spacing between the center conductor and shield. The

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to permit flexibility and the inner conductor is held in position by a plastic spiral to approximate an air dielectric. One brand name for such cable is

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Used for interior lines for monitoring system, CCTV feeder lines, wiring between the camera and control unit and video signal transmission. PVC jacket.

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increasing thickness, so a thin foil layer is often surrounded by a layer of braided metal, which offers greater flexibility for a given cross-section.

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Signal leakage can be severe if there is poor contact at the interface to connectors at either end of the cable or if there is a break in the shield.

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applications but may also be used on some critical lower-power applications such as those in the microwave bands. However, in the microwave region,

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Low loss at high frequency for cable and satellite television. Used for long drops and underground conduit, similar to RG7 but generally lower loss.

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RG-62 is a 93 Ω coaxial cable originally used in mainframe computer networks in the 1970s and early 1980s (it was the cable used to connect

9539: 7949: 328:. Other important properties of coaxial cable include attenuation as a function of frequency, voltage handling capability, and shield quality. 7781: 2842:

All of the components of a coaxial system should have the same impedance to avoid internal reflections at connections between components (see

9534: 9524: 9504: 9306: 8091: 8002: 7933: 7844: 7815: 7127: 7010: 6744: 2448:) is the TEM mode, which has a cutoff frequency of zero; it propagates all the way down to DC. The mode with the next lowest cutoff is the TE 514: 7675: 3181: 6622: 6580:, with automatic booster stations every ten miles (16 km). Completed in December, it can transmit 240 telephone calls simultaneously. 1579: 9529: 9375: 7992: 7102:"IEC 61917 Cables, cable assemblies and connectors – Introduction to electromagnetic (EMC) screening measurements First edition 1998-06" 6016:

frequency applications (including radio, and telecommunications), although 75 ohms is commonly used for broadcast television and radio.

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1949 — On January 11, eight stations on the US East Coast and seven Midwestern stations are linked via a long-distance coaxial cable.

1095: 517:, which means that the electric and magnetic fields are both perpendicular to the direction of propagation. However, above a certain 388:

of air allows for a greater inner diameter at the same impedance and a greater outer diameter at the same cutoff frequency, lowering

9395: 8107: 7869: 7731: 6983: 6954: 6929: 6811: 6683: 6417: 5906: 3156: 3134: 468: 2431:{\displaystyle v={\frac {1}{\ {\sqrt {\epsilon \mu \ }}\ }}={\frac {c}{\ {\sqrt {\epsilon _{\mathsf {r}}\mu _{\mathsf {r}}\ }}\ }}} 7832: 9637: 9180: 8728: 8530: 7521: 9291: 7898: 7433: 4374: 1546:

per metre. The shunt conductance is usually very small because insulators with good dielectric properties are used (a very low

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cables. Some coaxial lines use air (or some other gas) and have spacers to keep the inner conductor from touching the shield.

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Micro coaxial cables are used in a range of consumer devices, military equipment, and also in ultrasound scanning equipment.

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of the antenna. With sufficient power, this could be a hazard to people near the cable. A properly placed and properly sized

525:. It is usually undesirable to transmit signals above the cutoff frequency, since it may cause multiple modes with different 450: 446: 321: 6699: 6625:

commissioned, carrying 3 x 1,260 simultaneous telephone connections, and-or simultaneous inter-city television transmission.

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terminals to IBM 3274/3174 terminal cluster controllers). Later, some manufacturers of LAN equipment, such as Datapoint for

6903: 493:, causing reflection of the signal back toward the source. They also cannot be buried or run along or attached to anything 9311: 6485: 3096: 2328:, in meters per second. The velocity of propagation depends on the dielectric constant and permeability (which is usually 610:

that is produced is poorly conductive, degrading connector performance, making silver a poor choice for this application.

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Hence, the cable is single-mode from DC up to this frequency, and might in practice be used up to 90% of this frequency.

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to nearby devices. Severe leakage usually results from improperly installed connectors or faults in the cable shield.

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conduit or direct burial. "Messenger" may contain some waterproofing but is distinguished by the addition of a steel

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silver-plated. Copper-plated steel wire is often used as an inner conductor for cable used in the cable TV industry.

403:, but some applications may require fire-resistant materials. Outdoor applications may require the jacket to resist 9435: 9357: 9296: 9003: 2828:

approximately a half-wave above "normal" ground (ideally 73 Ω, but reduced for low-hanging horizontal wires).

2002:. For typical coaxial cables, the shield cutoff frequency is 600 Hz (for RG-6A) to 2,000 Hz (for RG-58C). 943: 8018: 4335:

Large diameter, not very flexible, low-loss (2.5 dB/100 ft @ 400 MHz), 11 kV dielectric withstand.

847: 9627: 9207: 9168: 9013: 8913: 8842: 8775: 8602: 6539: 3674: 3347: 3006: 2928: 812: 623: 121: 8037: 9566: 8808: 8743: 8696: 8582: 8081: 6380: 5869: 5654: 3210: 3127: 3121: 1560: 490: 301: 6893:"White Bronze, Copper-Tin-Zinc Tri-metal: Expanding Applications and New Developments in a Changing Landscape" 6606:, Minnesota and Stevens Point, Wisconsin. L1 system with capacity of one TV channel or 480 telephone circuits. 4056:

Used for high-frequency signal transmission. 42.7 @ 900 MHz, Core material: Ag-plated Cu-clad Steel

396:. A rough surface extends the current path and concentrates the current at peaks, thus increasing ohmic loss. 7760: 1058: 200:

installations, but its theory was not described until 1880 by English physicist, engineer, and mathematician

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There are also other designation schemes for coaxial cables such as the URM, CT, BT, RA, PSF and WF series.

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is the most commonly used coaxial cable for home use, and the majority of connections outside Europe are by

2325: 1023: 439: 377: 286: 129: 6569:. The 300 km (190 mi) cable can carry one 8.5-kHz broadcast channel and seven telephone channels. 3715:

Similar physical characteristics as RG-59 and RG-59/U, but with a higher velocity factor. 8.9@700 MHz

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impedance drops down to a value between 52 and 64 Ω. Maximum power handling is achieved at 30 Ω.

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A thinner version, with some of the electrical characteristics of RG-8U in a diameter similar to RG-59.

2847: 1528: 984: 521:, transverse electric (TE) or transverse magnetic (TM) modes can also propagate, as they do in a hollow 502: 249: 7256: 6837: 6768: 1698:

the two reactive terms are zero, so the impedance is real-valued, and is extremely high. It looks like

7973: 2732:{\displaystyle V_{\mathsf {p}}=\ E_{\mathsf {d}}\ {\frac {d}{2}}\ \ln \left({\frac {\ D\ }{d}}\right)} 9143: 9103: 9073: 8830: 8765: 8656: 8317: 6547: 3392: 3299: 3198: 2882: 485: 253: 117: 7959: 9153: 9093: 8852: 8814: 8671: 8612: 8597: 7785: 6584: 6529: 6503: 6027:. In some cases, a single cable carries unidirectional power and bidirectional data/signals, as in 6024: 5990: 5828: 5736: 2022: 783: 777: 412: 325: 312: 7101: 6459: 9380: 9337: 9268: 9138: 9068: 9043: 8978: 8825: 8546: 8384: 8297: 8287: 8237: 5959: 2843: 1986:{\displaystyle Z_{\mathsf {o}}={\sqrt {{\frac {sL}{\ sC\ }}\ }}={\sqrt {{\frac {L}{\ C\ }}\ }}~.} 1535:

increases the effective resistance by confining the conduction to a thin layer of each conductor.

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distribution, RF and microwave transmission, and computer and instrumentation data connections.

683: 9420: 9342: 9256: 9239: 9202: 9088: 9048: 8878: 8847: 8713: 8607: 8461: 8152:. Military Standardization Handbook MIL-HDBK-216, U.S. Department of Defense, 4 January 1962. 8087: 7998: 7929: 7865: 7840: 7811: 7123: 7083: 7006: 7000: 6979: 6950: 6925: 6807: 6740: 6679: 6655: 6566: 6521: 6238: 6044: 5763: 3002: 2998: 2978: 2788: 990: 641:

Schematic representation of a coaxial transmission line, showing the characteristic impedance

637: 619: 530: 404: 392:. Inner conductors are sometimes silver-plated to smooth the surface and reduce losses due to 245: 221: 213: 142: 7735: 7682: 7646: 6100:

transmitters such as television or radio broadcasting, military transmitters, and high-power

3201:

that fit the inner conductor, dielectric, and jacket dimensions of the old RG-series cables.

9425: 9385: 9365: 9332: 9261: 9219: 9133: 8988: 8973: 8948: 8923: 8883: 8733: 8592: 8587: 8577: 7316: 6496: 6447: 6436: 5986: 5928: 3388: 3295: 3193: 2911: 2881:

can overwhelm the signal, making it useless. In-channel ingress can be digitally removed by

2878: 2873: 2805: 2445: 1999: 534: 518: 241: 201: 189: 162: 113: 83: 7069: 7030: 6201: 3793: 2865:

cable into the outside world and can result in a weaker signal at the end of the cable and

749: 718: 644: 629: 9053: 8908: 8676: 8639: 8499: 8395: 8242: 7954: 7051: 6588: 6097: 6023:

to a receiver. In many cases, the same cable carries power toward the antenna, to power a

6020: 5686: 3242: 3091: 2820: 174: 158: 154: 8651: 8160:

Details Specification MIL-DTL-17H, 19 August 2005 (superseding MIL-C-17G, 9 March 1990).

8111: 6676:

Oliver Heaviside: The Life, Work, and Times of an Electrical Genius of the Victorian Age

6159:

along its length to carry the tension involved in an aerial drop from a utility pole. "

497:, as the extended fields will induce currents in the nearby conductors causing unwanted 9251: 9123: 9098: 9058: 9028: 8903: 8738: 8624: 8504: 8476: 8357: 8302: 7493: 6172: 6156: 4936:

Low-loss communications, 0.144 dB/meter @ 2.4 GHz, Core material: Cu-clad Al

4860:

Low-loss communications, 0.223 dB/meter @ 2.4 GHz, Core material: Cu-clad Al

2824: 2809: 2800: 2793: 1695: 1691:

is the frequency. The "per unit length" dimensions cancel out in the impedance formula.

1543: 607: 526: 225: 178: 170: 132:

material); many coaxial cables also have a protective outer sheath or jacket. The term

27:

Electrical cable type with concentric inner conductor, insulator, and conducting shield

7525: 7144: 622:, so the circuit models developed for general transmission lines are appropriate. See 268: 9611: 9400: 9173: 9078: 8968: 8963: 8953: 8938: 8760: 8619: 8444: 8440: 8435: 8431: 8421: 8416: 8389: 8362: 8352: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8327: 8322: 8312: 8292: 8267: 8247: 6972: 6640: 6635: 6573: 6572:

1936 — AT&T installs experimental coaxial telephone and television cable between

6443: 6101: 6013: 5955: 5920: 4775: 4614: 4576: 4253: 3618: 3434: 233: 192:

showed how coaxial cable could eliminate signal interference between parallel cables.

7906: 5820: 5050:

Low-loss communications, 0.056 dB/meter @ 2.4 GHz, Core material: BC tube

5012:

Low-loss communications, 0.075 dB/meter @ 2.4 GHz, Core material: BC tube

4974:

Low-loss communications, 0.098 dB/meter @ 2.4 GHz, Core material: BC tube

9278: 9118: 9063: 8993: 8958: 8893: 8792: 8782: 8634: 8466: 8221: 6577: 6525: 6514: 6160: 6120: 6093: 5967: 5944: 5714: 3185: 2808:, although many broadcast TV installations and CATV headends use 300 Ω folded 1547: 1347: 568: 558: 385: 350: 342: 8167:"The Electromagnetic Theory of Coaxial Transmission Lines and Cylindrical Shields" 6082: in (41 mm) Heliax coaxial cable with FPE foamed polyethylene dielectric 5809: 1350:

per metre, considering the central conductor to be a thin hollow cylinder (due to

8062: 6731:

Silver, H. Ward; Wilson, Mark J., eds. (2010). "Chapter 20: Transmission Lines".

2638:

Peak Voltage. The peak voltage is set by the breakdown voltage of the insulator.:

9478: 9128: 9038: 9023: 8983: 8943: 8802: 8426: 8411: 8406: 8400: 8307: 8282: 8277: 8272: 8262: 8257: 7390: 6892: 6603: 6369: 6065: 5948: 5858: 3396: 3303: 3174: 2985:

can prevent common-mode radiation in coax. An isolating transformer or blocking

2974: 2953: 2893: 2444:

Single-mode band. In coaxial cable, the dominant mode (the mode with the lowest

1532: 1351: 1166: 603: 591: 575: 428: 393: 166: 4212:

PTFE jacket suitable for direct burial, Core material: Ag-plated Cu-clad steel

1857:{\displaystyle Z_{\mathsf {LowFreq}}\approx {\sqrt {{\frac {R}{\ sC\ }}\ }}\ ,} 9483: 9190: 8888: 8797: 8753: 8723: 8701: 8691: 8666: 7885: 6596: 6558: 6543: 6193: 2940: 1343: 933:{\displaystyle \ \epsilon =\epsilon _{\mathsf {r}}\ \epsilon _{\mathsf {o}}~.} 494: 373: 282: 150: 125: 60: 31: 533:

with each other. The outer diameter is roughly inversely proportional to the

138:

refers to the inner conductor and the outer shield sharing a geometric axis.

9468: 8933: 8748: 6562: 6532: 6468: 6134: 6106: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5963: 3753:

Used to carry television, video observation systems, and other. PVC jacket.

2986: 809:

The dielectric constant is often quoted as the relative dielectric constant

633:

Schematic representation of the elementary components of a transmission line

522: 510: 498: 481: 408: 8166: 7236: 5919:

Short coaxial cables are commonly used to connect home video equipment, in

3080:{\displaystyle Z_{\text{o}}={\sqrt {{\frac {R+j\omega L}{G+j\omega C}}\ }}} 1550:). At high frequencies, a dielectric can have a significant resistive loss. 8190: 7118:

Silver, H. Ward; Ford, Steven R.; Wilson, Mark J., eds. (2015). "23.1.2".

399:

The insulating jacket can be made from many materials. A common choice is

9463: 9453: 9370: 9195: 9018: 6088: 5994: 5932: 3670: 2958: 2832: 389: 252:

carrying the signal exists only in the space between the inner and outer

229: 217: 6806:. Newington, CT: American Radio Relay League. 1990. pp. 5.19–5.21. 584: 376:

losses increase in this order: Ideal dielectric (no loss), vacuum, air,

9458: 9443: 6551: 6507: 6492: 6206: 5940: 5936: 3622: 3438: 2907: 2318: 453: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 362: 184: 134: 5997:

networks, where it was later in late 1990s to early 2000s replaced by

5947:

cables have replaced them in most applications except in the consumer

2997:

The characteristic impedance formula above is a good approximation at

2812:

to receive off-the-air signals, 75 Ω coax makes a convenient 4:1

9488: 9448: 8770: 8562: 8515: 6592: 6028: 5841: 3855: 2836: 2792:

76.7 Ω. When more common dielectrics are considered, the lowest

346: 237: 146: 5954:

Long distance coaxial cable was used in the 20th century to connect

2787:

The best coaxial cable impedances were experimentally determined at

1646:{\displaystyle Z_{\mathsf {o}}={\sqrt {{\frac {R+sL\ }{G+sC\ }}\ }}} 17: 6706:. Quincy, Massachusetts: National Fire Protection Association. 2017 5966:

networks though this has largely been superseded by later methods (

4256:, EMC test antenna cables. Typically lower loss than RG58. Common. 1879:, and the cable impedance again becomes real-valued. That value is 204:, who patented the design in that year (British patent No. 1,407). 9473: 9410: 8718: 8182: 6613: 6474: 6458: 6200: 6192: 6064: 6043: 5835: 5827: 5819: 5808: 4175:

26.2 @ 1000 MHz, Core material: Ag-plated Cu-clad steel

4004: 3723: 3637: 3585: 2982: 2813: 1170: 636: 628: 267: 183: 43: 38: 3822:

Used for high-definition cable TV and high-speed cable Internet.

1759:{\displaystyle Z_{\mathsf {DC}}={\sqrt {{\frac {\ R\ }{G}}\ }}~.} 9415: 8471: 6736: 6645: 6146: 6061: in (41 mm) flexible line with (mostly) air dielectric 5813: 4418: 4008: 3313: 3261: 3170: 2778:

The calculated peak voltage is often reduced by a safety factor.

294: 39: 8519: 8194: 7145:"Transmission Lines at Audio Frequencies, and a Bit of History" 3180:

A series of standard types of coaxial cable were specified for

1144:{\displaystyle \ \mu =\mu _{\mathsf {r}}\ \mu _{\mathsf {o}}~.} 149:

with low losses. It is used in such applications as telephone

8661: 7084:"Superscreened co-axial cables for the nuclear power industry" 6363: 5852: 4134: 4097: 3106: 422: 400: 7806:"Coaxial cable used in first Transatlantic telegraph cable". 6005:

cables in Western Europe, both with 8P8C modular connectors.

5733:

VF is the Velocity Factor; it is determined by the effective

4007:

pigtails: more flexible but higher loss than RG58; used with

2816:

transformer for these as well as possessing low attenuation.

7862:

Werner von Siemens - Inventor and International Entrepreneur

4735:

Low-loss communications, 0.554 dB/meter @ 2.4 GHz

4693:

Low loss communications, 0.620 dB/meter @ 2.4 GHz

244:

signals. One advantage of coaxial over other types of radio

7974:"Gallery: An illustrated history of the transoceanic cable" 4655:

Low loss communications, 1.36 dB/meter @ 2.4 GHz

1871:

At higher frequencies, the reactive terms usually dominate

92: 3629:

electronics, Loss 1.056 dB/m @ 2.4 GHz. Common.

6612:

1956 — First transatlantic telephone coaxial cable laid,

5503:

Low-loss line, which replaced RG-11 in most applications

2799:

The approximate impedance required to match a centre-fed

537:. A propagating surface-wave mode that only involves the 320:

are chosen to match the impedance of the cable to ensure

196:

Coaxial cable was used in the first (1858) and following

98: 7899:"Early Electronic Television - The 1936 Berlin Olympics" 7469:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for 5 Core RG-179 (RGBHV)" 4575:

Lower loss at high frequency for radiocommunication and

349:(PTFE) is also used as an insulator, and exclusively in 6602:

1941 — First commercial use in US by AT&T, between

6096:. Gas-filled hardlines are usually used on high-power 2872:

For example, in the United States, signal leakage from

2759:

is the insulator's breakdown voltage in volts per meter

293:

Common applications of coaxial cable include video and

4613:

Low loss at high frequency for radiocommunication and

1669:

is the conductance per unit length of the dielectric,

216:

for radio frequency signals. Its applications include

6874:. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 244. 6019:

Coaxial cable is often used to carry signals from an

5766: 5739: 3184:

uses, in the form "RG-#" or "RG-#/U". They date from

3018: 2650: 2468: 2344: 2037: 1900: 1786: 1706: 1582: 1366: 1185: 1098: 1061: 1026: 993: 946: 887: 850: 815: 786: 752: 721: 686: 647: 104: 101: 89: 2823:

between 30 Ω and 77 Ω is 53.5 Ω; the

9497: 9434: 9356: 9320: 9277: 9218: 9152: 8861: 8553: 7068:. Microwaves 101. 14 September 2008. Archived from 4898:Low-loss communications, Core material: Cu-clad Al 86: 30:"Coax" redirects here. For the act of coaxing, see 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7209: 6971: 6557:1936 — Underwater coaxial cable installed between 5779: 5752: 3346:This is "quad shield RG-6". It has four layers of 3079: 2731: 2621: 2430: 2303: 1985: 1856: 1758: 1645: 1513: 1328: 1143: 1085: 1047: 1008: 973: 932: 874: 844:referred to the dielectric constant of free space 836: 801: 767: 736: 701: 676:In the following section, these symbols are used: 660: 7522:"RG195 Coax Cable | Allied Wire & Cable" 7207: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7197: 7195: 7193: 7191: 7189: 7050:. Microwaves 101. 13 January 2009. Archived from 345:(PE) insulator, used in lower-loss cables. Solid 8110:. National Archives of Australia. Archived from 6947:Noise Reduction Techniques in Electronic Systems 1151:The relative permeability will almost always be 7833:"3: The First Theory of the Electric Telegraph" 3001:however for frequencies below 100 kHz (such as 7042: 7040: 6520:1929 — First modern coaxial cable patented by 4137:RGBHV, Core material: Ag-plated Cu-clad steel 1570:of an infinite length of transmission line is: 484:transmission lines have the property that the 8531: 8206: 4297:Used for high-frequency signal transmission. 974:{\displaystyle \ \epsilon _{\mathsf {eff}}\ } 8: 7759:. Microwaves 101. 2010-03-30. Archived from 7494:"Harbour RG-188 Coaxial Cable Specification" 7005:. Iowa State University Press. p. 312. 6804:The ARRL UHF/Microwave Experimenter's Manual 2939:External fields create a voltage across the 2029:). The characteristic impedance is given by 2013:are determined from the ratio of the inner ( 1868:which has a phase value of -45 degrees. 875:{\displaystyle \ \epsilon _{\mathsf {o}}\ :} 509:In radio-frequency applications up to a few 9546:Global telecommunications regulation bodies 8158:Cables, Radio Frequency, Flexible and Rigid 8083:The worldwide history of telecommunications 7926:The worldwide history of telecommunications 7732:"Coaxial Cable Specifications Cables Chart" 6970:Elmore, William C.; Heald, Mark A. (1985). 6831:"CommScope product specifications-LDF4-50A" 6726: 6724: 6398:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 5887:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3005:) it becomes important to use the complete 1055:referred to the permeability of free space 837:{\displaystyle \ \epsilon _{\mathsf {r}}\ } 228:to their antennas, computer network (e.g., 95: 9582: 8538: 8524: 8516: 8213: 8199: 8191: 7120:ARRL Antenna Book for Radio Communications 6900:National Association for Surface Finishing 6797: 6795: 6793: 6791: 6789: 6733:The ARRL Handbook for Radio Communications 6484:1858 — Coaxial cable used in first (1858) 3203: 8495:Audio and video interfaces and connectors 7622:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG-400" 7597:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG-316" 7572:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG-214" 7547:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG-213" 7430:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG-178" 6860: 6858: 6418:Learn how and when to remove this message 5927:. While formerly common for implementing 5907:Learn how and when to remove this message 5771: 5765: 5744: 5738: 3157:Learn how and when to remove this message 3034: 3032: 3023: 3017: 2707: 2684: 2674: 2673: 2656: 2655: 2649: 2598: 2597: 2586: 2585: 2579: 2557: 2541: 2522: 2500: 2484: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2410: 2409: 2398: 2397: 2391: 2382: 2360: 2351: 2343: 2273: 2260: 2243: 2242: 2227: 2226: 2214: 2189: 2166: 2165: 2150: 2149: 2137: 2112: 2076: 2074: 2053: 2043: 2042: 2036: 1954: 1952: 1918: 1916: 1906: 1905: 1899: 1822: 1820: 1792: 1791: 1785: 1778:, so the impedance at low frequencies is 1727: 1725: 1712: 1711: 1705: 1600: 1598: 1588: 1587: 1581: 1489: 1455: 1454: 1443: 1442: 1432: 1407: 1373: 1365: 1298: 1276: 1275: 1264: 1263: 1250: 1219: 1192: 1184: 1128: 1127: 1113: 1112: 1097: 1070: 1069: 1060: 1035: 1034: 1025: 992: 955: 954: 945: 917: 916: 902: 901: 886: 859: 858: 849: 824: 823: 814: 785: 751: 720: 685: 652: 646: 545:Coaxial cable may be viewed as a type of 469:Learn how and when to remove this message 7405:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG-62" 7366:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG-59" 7341:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG-58" 7285:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG-11" 6825: 6823: 6244: 3120:This section includes a list of general 1673:is the capacitance per unit length, and 7169:"Coaxial Cable Specifications for RG-6" 6666: 4531:Single silver-plated copper-clad steel 3580:Rated to 8000 volts, rubber dielectric 2317:Attenuation (loss) per unit length, in 1086:{\displaystyle \ \mu _{\mathsf {o}}\ :} 515:transverse electric magnetic (TEM) mode 513:, the wave propagates primarily in the 157:networking cables, high-speed computer 8063:"1956 TAT-1 Silver Commemorative Dish" 7237:"Times Microwave Coax Loss Calculator" 5951:market for broadband Internet access. 5164:Heliax Cellflex low-loss semi-flexible 5126:Heliax Cellflex low-loss semi-flexible 5088:Heliax Cellflex low-loss semi-flexible 4534:Semi-rigid, 1.51 dB/m@5 GHz 4498:Semi-rigid, 0.91 dB/m@5 GHz 2675: 2657: 2599: 2587: 2475: 2411: 2399: 2244: 2228: 2167: 2151: 2044: 1907: 1811: 1808: 1805: 1802: 1799: 1796: 1793: 1716: 1713: 1589: 1456: 1444: 1277: 1265: 1129: 1114: 1071: 1048:{\displaystyle \ \mu _{\mathsf {r}}\ } 1036: 962: 959: 956: 918: 903: 860: 825: 618:Coaxial cable is a particular kind of 248:is that in an ideal coaxial cable the 120:surrounded by a concentric conducting 7391:"Cable Velocity Factor and Loss Data" 6924:. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. 2993:Higher impedance at audio frequencies 578:connector used with common RG-6 cable 7: 9592: 8183:"Transmission Line Zo vs. Frequency" 8080:Huurdeman, Anton A. (31 July 2003). 7920:Huurdeman, Anton A. (31 July 2003). 7676:"Times Microwave LMR-240 Data Sheet" 6546:pictures on coaxial cable, from the 6396:adding citations to reliable sources 5885:adding citations to reliable sources 5793:VF for foam PE is about 0.78 to 0.88 2944:circuit measures the wrong voltage. 1016:Permeability is often quoted as the 451:adding citations to reliable sources 272:Coaxial cable cutaway (not to scale) 7994:Broadcast engineer's reference book 7958:. December 14, 1936. Archived from 7831:Nahin, Paul J. (13 November 2002). 7624:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7599:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7574:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7549:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7471:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7432:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7407:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7368:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7343:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7287:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7171:. madaboutcable.com. Archived from 7122:(23rd ed.). Netwon, CT: ARRL. 6767:. Belden. p. 4. Archived from 6510:(Patent No. 28,978, 27 March 1884). 6217:flexed after initial forming. (See 4100:RGBHV, Core material: Ag-plated Cu 3350:; regular RG-6 has only one or two 1665:is the inductance per unit length, 1661:is the resistance per unit length, 1563:in ohms (Ω). The complex impedance 8150:RF Transmission Lines and Fittings 7088:International Atomic Energy Agency 6651:Radio frequency power transmission 6599:, providing 40 telephone channels. 6463:Early coaxial antenna feedline of 3126:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 8019:"Coaxial feeder or RF coax cable" 7257:"Technical Specifications - 9258" 6762:"Coaxial Cables and Applications" 6621:1962 — 960 km (600 mi) 6583:1936 — Coaxial cable laid by the 6491:1880 — Coaxial cable patented in 4778:, low-loss replacement for RG-8X 2965:Common mode current and radiation 1160:Fundamental electrical parameters 9591: 9581: 9572: 9571: 9560: 9181:Free-space optical communication 7860:Feldenkirchen, Wilfried (1994). 6909:from the original on 2022-03-06. 6881:from the original on 2021-10-27. 6704:NFPA 70 National Electrical Code 6368: 6360:Interference and troubleshooting 6205:Semi-rigid coax installed in an 5857: 3617:Used for radiocommunication and 3111: 583: 567: 427: 82: 7864:. Ohio State University Press. 6737:The American Radio Relay League 6623:Sydney–Melbourne co-axial cable 5925:Nuclear Instrumentation Modules 5832:RG-405 semi-rigid coaxial cable 5799:VF for solid PTFE is about 0.70 5676:Max. attenuation, 750 MHz 3858:and automotive radio antennas. 3387:Low loss at high frequency for 3294:Low loss at high frequency for 3232:Max. attenuation, 750 MHz 2771:is the outer diameter in meters 2765:is the inner diameter in meters 1774:is typically much smaller than 746:Inside diameter of the shield, 438:needs additional citations for 145:, used to carry high-frequency 8379:Variations and alternate names 8038:"The New-Media Crisis of 1949" 7150:. The Audio Systems Group, Inc 6999:Kizer, George Maurice (1990). 6218: 6209:N9344C 20GHz spectrum analyser 5840:High-end coaxial audio cable ( 5802:VF for foam PTFE is about 0.84 2804:to attenuation. Likewise with 124:, with the two separated by a 1: 8171:Bell System Technical Journal 8108:"Australia's Prime Ministers" 7991:Tozer, Edwin Paul J. (2004). 7810:(38): 447–448. May 12, 1894. 7090:(Catalogue record). May 1977. 6237:connected using standardised 5985:Shorter coaxials still carry 5790:VF for solid PE is about 0.66 5753:{\displaystyle \epsilon _{r}} 5729:ASP is air space polyethylene 4131:Single silver-covered copper 3097:transatlantic telegraph cable 1555:Derived electrical parameters 802:{\displaystyle \ \epsilon ~.} 9567:Telecommunication portal 9348:Telecommunications equipment 7315:. belden.com. Archived from 6865:Jackson, John David (1962). 6259:Outer diameter (not flanged) 6001:cables in North America and 4617:, 4.45 @ 1000 MHz 4495:Single silver-plated copper 2867:radio frequency interference 258:electromagnetic interference 188:In his 1880 British patent, 9084:Alexander Stepanovich Popov 6533:Bell Telephone Laboratories 4252:For radiocommunication and 212:Coaxial cable is used as a 141:Coaxial cable is a type of 9654: 8788:Telecommunications history 7922:"Copper-Line Transmission" 6446:and some other countries, 6170: 6144: 6118: 5710:FPE is foamed polyethylene 5706:Dielectric material codes 5642: 5607: 5572: 5537: 5502: 5049: 5011: 4973: 4935: 4897: 4859: 4774: 4734: 4692: 4654: 4612: 4574: 4533: 4497: 4462: 4416: 4372: 4334: 4296: 4251: 4133: 4096: 4055: 4002: 3961: 3924: 3888: 3853: 3821: 3787: 3752: 3714: 3668: 3616: 3579: 3545: 3511: 3478: 3433: 3386: 3345: 3293: 556: 501:and detuning of the line. 318:source and load impedances 29: 9555: 9396:Public Switched Telephone 9208:telecommunication circuit 9169:Fiber-optic communication 8914:Francis Blake (telephone) 8709:Optical telecommunication 8485: 8454: 8375: 8233: 8134:The Australasian Engineer 8086:. John Wiley & Sons. 7928:. John Wiley & Sons. 7734:. RF Cafe. Archived from 6868:Classical Electrodynamics 6802:"5: Transmission Media". 6760:van der Burgt, Martin J. 6700:"Article 100 Definitions" 6253: 6250: 6247: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5663: 5660: 5653: 5650: 3675:closed-circuit television 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3219: 3216: 3209: 3206: 702:{\displaystyle \ \ell ~.} 9307:Orbital angular-momentum 8744:Satellite communications 8583:Communications satellite 7997:. Taylor & Francis. 7310:"Belden 7731A RG11 Coax" 7264:static.dxengineering.com 6920:Pozar, David M. (1993). 6506:patent coaxial cable in 6197:Semi-rigid coax assembly 5796:VF for air is about 1.00 5780:{\displaystyle \mu _{r}} 4816:Low-loss communications 3962:Used for test equipment 2970:are equal and opposite. 1890:characteristic impedance 1561:Characteristic impedance 1009:{\displaystyle \ \mu ~.} 491:characteristic impedance 302:characteristic impedance 177:. It differs from other 165:signals, and connecting 9638:19th-century inventions 9186:Molecular communication 9009:Gardiner Greene Hubbard 8838:Undersea telegraph line 8573:Cable protection system 7002:Microwave communication 6978:. Courier Corporation. 6674:Nahin, Paul J. (2002). 5964:long-distance telephone 5724:polytetrafluoroethylene 5719:PF is polyethylene foam 4375:Sample RG-223 Datasheet 4373:Silver-plated shields. 3141:more precise citations. 3092:velocity of propagation 2326:Velocity of propagation 2000:shield cutoff frequency 378:polytetrafluoroethylene 311:) is determined by the 240:), and distribution of 116:consisting of an inner 9328:Communication protocol 9114:Charles Sumner Tainter 8929:Walter Houser Brattain 8874:Edwin Howard Armstrong 8682:Information revolution 6945:Ott, Henry W. (1976). 6480: 6472: 6210: 6198: 6083: 6062: 5993:, most prominently in 5845: 5833: 5825: 5817: 5781: 5754: 5468:Semi-flexible hardline 5430:Semi-flexible hardline 5392:Semi-flexible hardline 5354:Semi-flexible hardline 5316:Semi-flexible hardline 5278:Semi-flexible hardline 5240:Semi-flexible hardline 5202:Semi-flexible hardline 3081: 3007:telegrapher's equation 2733: 2623: 2432: 2305: 1987: 1858: 1760: 1647: 1515: 1330: 1145: 1087: 1049: 1010: 975: 934: 876: 838: 803: 769: 738: 703: 668: 662: 634: 624:Telegrapher's equation 322:maximum power transfer 279:differential signaling 273: 193: 70: 47:flexible coaxial cable 9302:Polarization-division 9034:Narinder Singh Kapany 8999:Erna Schneider Hoover 8919:Jagadish Chandra Bose 8899:Alexander Graham Bell 8630:online video platform 8253:Belling-Lee connector 8023:Radio-electronics.com 7886:U.S. patent 1,835,031 7066:"Coax power handling" 7027:"Coax power handling" 6922:Microwave Engineering 6517:(U.S. Patent 514,167) 6478: 6462: 6204: 6196: 6068: 6047: 5839: 5831: 5823: 5812: 5782: 5755: 3099:, with poor results. 3082: 2734: 2624: 2433: 2306: 1988: 1859: 1761: 1648: 1516: 1331: 1146: 1088: 1050: 1011: 985:Magnetic permeability 976: 935: 877: 839: 804: 770: 768:{\displaystyle \ D~.} 739: 737:{\displaystyle \ d~.} 704: 680:Length of the cable, 663: 661:{\displaystyle Z_{0}} 640: 632: 271: 250:electromagnetic field 187: 42: 9144:Vladimir K. Zworykin 9104:Almon Brown Strowger 9074:Charles Grafton Page 8729:Prepaid mobile phone 8657:Electrical telegraph 6548:1936 Summer Olympics 6504:Siemens & Halske 6392:improve this section 5881:improve this section 5824:RG-142 coaxial cable 5764: 5737: 3577:Dual braid shielded 3393:satellite television 3300:satellite television 3016: 2883:ingress cancellation 2648: 2466: 2342: 2035: 2021:) diameters and the 1898: 1784: 1704: 1580: 1542:per unit length, in 1364: 1346:per unit length, in 1183: 1169:per unit length, in 1096: 1059: 1024: 991: 944: 885: 848: 813: 784: 750: 719: 711:Outside diameter of 684: 645: 614:Important parameters 486:electromagnetic wave 447:improve this article 411:, rodent damage, or 53:Outer plastic sheath 9094:Johann Philipp Reis 8853:Wireless revolution 8815:The Telephone Cases 8672:Hydraulic telegraph 8136:. 1962. p. 33. 8042:Wall Street Journal 7903:earlytelevision.org 7143:Brown, Jim (2008). 7072:on 28 January 2012. 6585:General Post Office 6499:, patent no. 1,407. 6486:transatlantic cable 5991:computer networking 5960:television networks 5643:Low-loss hard line 5608:Low-loss hard line 5573:Low-loss hard line 5538:Low-loss hard line 5465:corrugated aluminum 3188:and were listed in 2783:Choice of impedance 2750:is the peak voltage 2023:dielectric constant 778:Dielectric constant 672:Physical parameters 503:Standoff insulators 386:dielectric constant 326:standing wave ratio 313:dielectric constant 198:transatlantic cable 56:Woven copper shield 9633:Transmission lines 9618:English inventions 9292:Frequency-division 9269:Telephone exchange 9139:Charles Wheatstone 9069:Jun-ichi Nishizawa 9044:Innocenzo Manzetti 8979:Reginald Fessenden 8714:Optical telegraphy 8547:Telecommunications 8458:Old or seldom used 8177:(4). October 1934. 8067:Atlantic-cable.com 7782:"CommScope Radiax" 6481: 6473: 6211: 6199: 6084: 6063: 5846: 5834: 5826: 5818: 5777: 5750: 3925:Used for aerospace 3077: 2948:Transformer effect 2844:Impedance matching 2729: 2619: 2428: 2301: 1983: 1854: 1756: 1643: 1511: 1326: 1141: 1083: 1045: 1006: 987:of the insulator, 971: 930: 872: 834: 799: 780:of the insulator, 765: 734: 699: 669: 658: 635: 419:Signal propagation 274: 222:radio transmitters 194: 167:radio transmitters 155:broadband internet 147:electrical signals 71: 9605: 9604: 9343:Store and forward 9338:Data transmission 9252:Network switching 9203:Transmission line 9049:Guglielmo Marconi 9014:Internet pioneers 8879:Mohamed M. Atalla 8848:Whistled language 8513: 8512: 8093:978-0-471-20505-0 8036:Teachout, Terry. 8004:978-0-240-51908-1 7935:978-0-471-20505-0 7846:978-0-8018-6909-9 7817:978-0-8018-6909-9 7656:. August 26, 1996 7455:"RG178 Mini-Coax" 7129:978-1-62595-044-4 7012:978-0-8138-0026-4 6746:978-0-87259-144-8 6735:(87th ed.). 6656:Twinaxial cabling 6567:Stanley, Tasmania 6565:, Australia, and 6522:Lloyd Espenschied 6471:, New York, 1930s 6428: 6427: 6420: 6357: 6356: 6239:EIA RF Connectors 5929:computer networks 5917: 5916: 5909: 5704: 5703: 5678:(dB/100 ft) 5667:Outside diameter 5427:corrugated copper 5389:corrugated copper 5351:corrugated copper 5313:corrugated copper 5275:corrugated copper 5237:corrugated copper 5199:corrugated copper 5161:corrugated copper 5123:corrugated copper 5085:corrugated copper 4421:00 connectors in 4011:00 connectors in 3621:, thin Ethernet ( 3543:Dual/triple/quad 3234:(dB/100 ft) 3223:Outside diameter 3167: 3166: 3159: 3075: 3074: 3070: 3026: 2999:radio frequencies 2979:radiation pattern 2910:flux counters in 2789:Bell Laboratories 2723: 2718: 2712: 2696: 2692: 2683: 2668: 2615: 2611: 2608: 2607: 2573: 2549: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2516: 2492: 2426: 2424: 2420: 2419: 2390: 2377: 2375: 2371: 2370: 2359: 2297: 2289: 2287: 2281: 2254: 2253: 2252: 2235: 2225: 2219: 2205: 2203: 2197: 2177: 2176: 2175: 2158: 2148: 2142: 2128: 2126: 2120: 2101: 2097: 2096: 2092: 2090: 2084: 2072: 2070: 2061: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1962: 1947: 1946: 1942: 1940: 1931: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1841: 1839: 1830: 1752: 1748: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1732: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1634: 1617: 1505: 1500: 1494: 1478: 1474: 1464: 1437: 1423: 1418: 1412: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1381: 1324: 1322: 1314: 1309: 1303: 1287: 1245: 1243: 1235: 1230: 1224: 1208: 1137: 1122: 1101: 1079: 1064: 1044: 1029: 1002: 996: 970: 949: 926: 911: 890: 868: 853: 833: 818: 795: 789: 761: 755: 730: 724: 695: 689: 620:transmission line 539:central conductor 479: 478: 471: 405:ultraviolet light 246:transmission line 214:transmission line 143:transmission line 16:(Redirected from 9645: 9628:Antennas (radio) 9595: 9594: 9585: 9584: 9575: 9574: 9565: 9564: 9563: 9436:Notable networks 9426:Wireless network 9366:Cellular network 9358:Types of network 9333:Computer network 9220:Network topology 9134:Thomas A. Watson 8989:Oliver Heaviside 8974:Philo Farnsworth 8949:Daniel Davis Jr. 8924:Charles Bourseul 8884:John Logie Baird 8593:Data compression 8588:Computer network 8540: 8533: 8526: 8517: 8215: 8208: 8201: 8192: 8178: 8138: 8137: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8114:on 4 August 2017 8104: 8098: 8097: 8077: 8071: 8070: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8048: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8015: 8009: 8008: 7988: 7982: 7981: 7970: 7964: 7963: 7946: 7940: 7939: 7917: 7911: 7910: 7905:. Archived from 7895: 7889: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7875: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7837:Oliver Heaviside 7828: 7822: 7821: 7803: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7784:. Archived from 7778: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7768: 7757:"Phase Velocity" 7753: 7747: 7746: 7744: 7743: 7728: 7722: 7721: 7719: 7718: 7709:. Archived from 7707:"Radio City Inc" 7703: 7697: 7696: 7694: 7693: 7687: 7681:. Archived from 7680: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7651: 7643: 7637: 7636: 7634: 7633: 7618: 7612: 7611: 7609: 7608: 7593: 7587: 7586: 7584: 7583: 7568: 7562: 7561: 7559: 7558: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7533: 7524:. Archived from 7518: 7512: 7511: 7509: 7507: 7498: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7480: 7465: 7459: 7458: 7451: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7441: 7426: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7416: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7387: 7381: 7380: 7378: 7377: 7362: 7356: 7355: 7353: 7352: 7337: 7331: 7330: 7328: 7327: 7321: 7314: 7306: 7300: 7299: 7297: 7296: 7281: 7275: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7261: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7244: 7243: 7233: 7184: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7165: 7159: 7158: 7156: 7155: 7149: 7140: 7134: 7133: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7106: 7098: 7092: 7091: 7080: 7074: 7073: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7054:on 14 July 2014. 7044: 7035: 7034: 7033:on 14 July 2014. 7029:. Archived from 7023: 7017: 7016: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6977: 6974:Physics of Waves 6967: 6961: 6960: 6942: 6936: 6935: 6917: 6911: 6910: 6908: 6897: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6880: 6873: 6862: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6842: 6836:. Archived from 6835: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6799: 6784: 6783: 6781: 6779: 6773: 6766: 6757: 6751: 6750: 6728: 6719: 6718: 6713: 6711: 6696: 6690: 6689: 6671: 6542:transmission of 6497:Oliver Heaviside 6466: 6448:cable television 6437:cable television 6423: 6416: 6412: 6409: 6403: 6372: 6364: 6254:Inner conductor 6251:Outer conductor 6245: 6219:§ Hard line 6081: 6080: 6076: 6073: 6060: 6059: 6055: 6052: 5987:cable television 5931:, in particular 5912: 5905: 5901: 5898: 5892: 5861: 5853: 5786: 5784: 5783: 5778: 5776: 5775: 5759: 5757: 5756: 5751: 5749: 5748: 3389:cable television 3296:cable television 3204: 3162: 3155: 3151: 3148: 3142: 3137:this section by 3128:inline citations 3115: 3114: 3107: 3086: 3084: 3083: 3078: 3076: 3072: 3071: 3069: 3052: 3035: 3033: 3028: 3027: 3024: 2912:nuclear reactors 2874:cable television 2770: 2764: 2755: 2746: 2738: 2736: 2735: 2730: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2716: 2710: 2708: 2694: 2693: 2685: 2681: 2680: 2679: 2678: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2660: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2604: 2603: 2602: 2592: 2591: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2558: 2547: 2542: 2537: 2535: 2534: 2530: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2512: 2501: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2479: 2478: 2446:cutoff frequency 2437: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2422: 2421: 2417: 2416: 2415: 2414: 2404: 2403: 2402: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2376: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2361: 2357: 2352: 2331: 2310: 2308: 2307: 2302: 2295: 2294: 2290: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2274: 2265: 2264: 2255: 2250: 2249: 2248: 2247: 2237: 2236: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2223: 2217: 2215: 2210: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2195: 2190: 2178: 2173: 2172: 2171: 2170: 2160: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2154: 2146: 2140: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2127: 2124: 2118: 2113: 2099: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2088: 2082: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2068: 2059: 2054: 2049: 2048: 2047: 2028: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1955: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1929: 1927: 1919: 1917: 1912: 1911: 1910: 1887: 1878: 1874: 1863: 1861: 1860: 1855: 1848: 1847: 1843: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1828: 1823: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1814: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1763: 1762: 1757: 1750: 1749: 1745: 1744: 1739: 1736: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1720: 1719: 1690: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1652: 1650: 1649: 1644: 1642: 1638: 1637: 1635: 1632: 1618: 1615: 1601: 1599: 1594: 1593: 1592: 1566: 1520: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1510: 1506: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1490: 1476: 1475: 1473: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1460: 1459: 1449: 1448: 1447: 1435: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1419: 1416: 1410: 1408: 1394: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1379: 1374: 1335: 1333: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1315: 1310: 1307: 1301: 1299: 1285: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1270: 1269: 1268: 1251: 1246: 1244: 1241: 1240: 1236: 1231: 1228: 1222: 1220: 1206: 1204: 1193: 1154: 1150: 1148: 1147: 1142: 1135: 1134: 1133: 1132: 1120: 1119: 1118: 1117: 1099: 1092: 1090: 1089: 1084: 1077: 1076: 1075: 1074: 1062: 1054: 1052: 1051: 1046: 1042: 1041: 1040: 1039: 1027: 1015: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1000: 994: 980: 978: 977: 972: 968: 967: 966: 965: 947: 939: 937: 936: 931: 924: 923: 922: 921: 909: 908: 907: 906: 888: 881: 879: 878: 873: 866: 865: 864: 863: 851: 843: 841: 840: 835: 831: 830: 829: 828: 816: 808: 806: 805: 800: 793: 787: 774: 772: 771: 766: 759: 753: 743: 741: 740: 735: 728: 722: 708: 706: 705: 700: 693: 687: 667: 665: 664: 659: 657: 656: 587: 571: 535:cutoff frequency 527:phase velocities 519:cutoff frequency 474: 467: 463: 460: 454: 431: 423: 310: 242:cable television 202:Oliver Heaviside 190:Oliver Heaviside 163:cable television 114:electrical cable 112:), is a type of 111: 110: 107: 106: 103: 100: 97: 94: 91: 88: 21: 9653: 9652: 9648: 9647: 9646: 9644: 9643: 9642: 9608: 9607: 9606: 9601: 9561: 9559: 9551: 9493: 9430: 9352: 9316: 9273: 9222: 9214: 9155: 9148: 9054:Robert Metcalfe 8909:Tim Berners-Lee 8857: 8677:Information Age 8549: 8544: 8514: 8509: 8500:Radio frequency 8481: 8450: 8371: 8229: 8219: 8188: 8181:Brooke Clarke, 8165: 8146: 8141: 8132: 8131: 8127: 8117: 8115: 8106: 8105: 8101: 8094: 8079: 8078: 8074: 8061: 8060: 8056: 8046: 8044: 8035: 8034: 8030: 8017: 8016: 8012: 8005: 7990: 7989: 7985: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7950:"Coaxial Debut" 7948: 7947: 7943: 7936: 7919: 7918: 7914: 7897: 7896: 7892: 7884: 7883: 7879: 7872: 7859: 7858: 7854: 7847: 7830: 7829: 7825: 7818: 7808:Harper's Weekly 7805: 7804: 7800: 7791: 7789: 7780: 7779: 7775: 7766: 7764: 7755: 7754: 7750: 7741: 7739: 7730: 7729: 7725: 7716: 7714: 7705: 7704: 7700: 7691: 7689: 7685: 7678: 7674: 7673: 7669: 7659: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7640: 7631: 7629: 7620: 7619: 7615: 7606: 7604: 7595: 7594: 7590: 7581: 7579: 7570: 7569: 7565: 7556: 7554: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7531: 7529: 7520: 7519: 7515: 7505: 7503: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7487: 7478: 7476: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7439: 7437: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7414: 7412: 7403: 7402: 7398: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7375: 7373: 7364: 7363: 7359: 7350: 7348: 7339: 7338: 7334: 7325: 7323: 7319: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7303: 7294: 7292: 7283: 7282: 7278: 7268: 7266: 7259: 7255: 7254: 7250: 7241: 7239: 7235: 7234: 7187: 7178: 7176: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7153: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7141: 7137: 7130: 7117: 7116: 7112: 7104: 7100: 7099: 7095: 7082: 7081: 7077: 7064: 7063: 7059: 7046: 7045: 7038: 7025: 7024: 7020: 7013: 6998: 6997: 6993: 6986: 6969: 6968: 6964: 6957: 6944: 6943: 6939: 6932: 6919: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6895: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6878: 6871: 6864: 6863: 6856: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6829: 6828: 6821: 6814: 6801: 6800: 6787: 6777: 6775: 6774:on 28 July 2011 6771: 6764: 6759: 6758: 6754: 6747: 6730: 6729: 6722: 6709: 6707: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6686: 6673: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6632: 6464: 6457: 6424: 6413: 6407: 6404: 6389: 6373: 6362: 6268:Inner diameter 6231: 6191: 6175: 6169: 6149: 6143: 6123: 6117: 6078: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6057: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6042: 6037: 5923:setups, and in 5913: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5878: 5862: 5851: 5767: 5762: 5761: 5740: 5735: 5734: 5677: 5657: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4744: 4704: 4702: 3233: 3213: 3163: 3152: 3146: 3143: 3133:Please help to 3132: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3053: 3036: 3019: 3014: 3013: 2995: 2967: 2950: 2937: 2924: 2862: 2857: 2821:arithmetic mean 2810:dipole antennas 2785: 2768: 2762: 2758: 2753: 2749: 2744: 2709: 2703: 2669: 2651: 2646: 2645: 2593: 2581: 2559: 2553: 2546: 2502: 2496: 2489: 2469: 2464: 2463: 2455: 2451: 2405: 2393: 2387: 2356: 2340: 2339: 2329: 2278: 2269: 2256: 2238: 2216: 2194: 2185: 2161: 2139: 2117: 2108: 2081: 2058: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2026: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2006: 2005:The parameters 1959: 1928: 1920: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1886: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1827: 1787: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1771: 1729: 1707: 1702: 1701: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1619: 1602: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1569: 1564: 1557: 1491: 1485: 1466: 1450: 1438: 1434: 1409: 1403: 1378: 1362: 1361: 1300: 1294: 1284: 1271: 1259: 1252: 1221: 1215: 1205: 1194: 1181: 1180: 1162: 1152: 1123: 1108: 1094: 1093: 1065: 1057: 1056: 1030: 1022: 1021: 989: 988: 950: 942: 941: 912: 897: 883: 882: 854: 846: 845: 819: 811: 810: 782: 781: 748: 747: 717: 716: 682: 681: 674: 648: 643: 642: 616: 599: 598: 597: 596: 595: 588: 580: 579: 572: 561: 555: 475: 464: 458: 455: 444: 432: 421: 334: 309: 305: 266: 232:) connections, 210: 179:shielded cables 85: 81: 69: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9651: 9649: 9641: 9640: 9635: 9630: 9625: 9620: 9610: 9609: 9603: 9602: 9600: 9599: 9589: 9579: 9569: 9556: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9542: 9537: 9532: 9527: 9522: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9507: 9501: 9499: 9495: 9494: 9492: 9491: 9486: 9481: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9440: 9438: 9432: 9431: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9418: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9398: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9362: 9360: 9354: 9353: 9351: 9350: 9345: 9340: 9335: 9330: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9317: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9287:Space-division 9283: 9281: 9275: 9274: 9272: 9271: 9266: 9265: 9264: 9259: 9249: 9248: 9247: 9237: 9232: 9226: 9224: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9212: 9211: 9210: 9200: 9199: 9198: 9188: 9183: 9178: 9177: 9176: 9166: 9160: 9158: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9124:Camille Tissot 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9099:Claude Shannon 9096: 9091: 9089:Tivadar Puskás 9086: 9081: 9076: 9071: 9066: 9061: 9059:Antonio Meucci 9056: 9051: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9029:Charles K. Kao 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9004:Harold Hopkins 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8904:Emile Berliner 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8871: 8865: 8863: 8859: 8858: 8856: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8843:Videotelephony 8840: 8835: 8834: 8833: 8828: 8818: 8811: 8806: 8800: 8795: 8790: 8785: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8758: 8757: 8756: 8746: 8741: 8739:Radiotelephone 8736: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8706: 8705: 8704: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8643: 8642: 8637: 8632: 8627: 8625:Internet video 8617: 8616: 8615: 8610: 8605: 8600: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8559: 8557: 8551: 8550: 8545: 8543: 8542: 8535: 8528: 8520: 8511: 8510: 8508: 8507: 8505:Radio spectrum 8502: 8497: 8492: 8490: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8479: 8474: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8455: 8452: 8451: 8449: 8448: 8438: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8409: 8404: 8398: 8393: 8387: 8382: 8380: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8360: 8358:TV aerial plug 8355: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8275: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8234: 8231: 8230: 8220: 8218: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8195: 8186: 8185: 8179: 8163: 8155: 8145: 8144:External links 8142: 8140: 8139: 8125: 8099: 8092: 8072: 8054: 8028: 8010: 8003: 7983: 7965: 7962:on 2007-10-13. 7941: 7934: 7912: 7909:on 2007-12-03. 7890: 7877: 7870: 7852: 7845: 7823: 7816: 7798: 7773: 7748: 7723: 7698: 7667: 7638: 7613: 7588: 7563: 7538: 7513: 7485: 7460: 7446: 7421: 7396: 7382: 7357: 7332: 7301: 7276: 7248: 7185: 7160: 7135: 7128: 7110: 7093: 7075: 7057: 7048:"Why 50 Ohms?" 7036: 7018: 7011: 6991: 6984: 6962: 6955: 6937: 6930: 6912: 6884: 6854: 6819: 6812: 6785: 6752: 6745: 6720: 6691: 6684: 6665: 6663: 6660: 6659: 6658: 6653: 6648: 6646:LEMO Connector 6643: 6638: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6618: 6617: 6610: 6607: 6600: 6581: 6570: 6555: 6540:closed circuit 6536: 6518: 6511: 6500: 6489: 6467:radio station 6456: 6453: 6426: 6425: 6376: 6374: 6367: 6361: 6358: 6355: 6354: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6334: 6331: 6328: 6325: 6321: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6308: 6304: 6303: 6300: 6297: 6294: 6291: 6287: 6286: 6283: 6280: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6269: 6266: 6265:Outer diameter 6263: 6262:Inner diameter 6260: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6230: 6227: 6190: 6187: 6178:Triaxial cable 6173:Triaxial cable 6171:Main article: 6168: 6167:Triaxial cable 6165: 6157:messenger wire 6145:Main article: 6142: 6139: 6119:Main article: 6116: 6113: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 5956:radio networks 5915: 5914: 5865: 5863: 5856: 5850: 5847: 5804: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5774: 5770: 5747: 5743: 5731: 5730: 5727: 5720: 5717: 5711: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5692: 5689: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5674: 5671: 5668: 5665: 5662: 5659: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5620: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5609: 5606: 5603: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5585: 5582: 5578: 5577: 5574: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5539: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5515: 5512: 5508: 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5486: 5483: 5480: 5477: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5466: 5463: 5460: 5457: 5454: 5451: 5448: 5445: 5442: 5439: 5435: 5434: 5431: 5428: 5425: 5422: 5419: 5416: 5413: 5410: 5407: 5404: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5393: 5390: 5387: 5384: 5381: 5378: 5375: 5372: 5369: 5366: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5355: 5352: 5349: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5321: 5320: 5317: 5314: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5293: 5290: 5287: 5283: 5282: 5279: 5276: 5273: 5270: 5267: 5264: 5261: 5258: 5255: 5252: 5249: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5207: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5191: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5169: 5168: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5131: 5130: 5127: 5124: 5121: 5118: 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5093: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5071: 5068: 5065: 5062: 5059: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5036: 5033: 5030: 5027: 5024: 5021: 5017: 5016: 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4941: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4931: 4928: 4925: 4922: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4903: 4902: 4899: 4896: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4872: 4869: 4865: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4821: 4820: 4817: 4814: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4802: 4799: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4783: 4782: 4779: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4755: 4752: 4749: 4746: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4660: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4638: 4635: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4621: 4618: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4580: 4579: 4573: 4570: 4567: 4564: 4561: 4558: 4555: 4552: 4546: 4543: 4539: 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4493: 4490: 4487: 4484: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4377: 4371: 4368: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4347: 4344: 4340: 4339: 4336: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4323:16.76 (17.27?) 4321: 4320:0.660 (0.680?) 4318: 4315: 4312: 4309: 4306: 4302: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4268: 4265: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4250: 4247: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4195: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4184: 4180: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4155: 4152: 4146: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4109: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4051: 4048: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4024: 4020: 4019: 4016: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3966: 3963: 3960: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3943: 3940: 3937: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3895: 3894: 3887: 3884: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3869: 3867: 3864: 3860: 3859: 3852: 3849: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3839: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3824: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3799: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3777: 3774: 3771: 3768: 3765: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3754: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3729: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3686: 3682: 3681: 3678: 3669:Used to carry 3667: 3664: 3661: 3658: 3655: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3643: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3630: 3615: 3612: 3609: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3547: 3544: 3541: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3513: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3488: 3484: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3453: 3450: 3446: 3445: 3442: 3432: 3430: 3427: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3402: 3399: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3355: 3354: 3351: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3320: 3317: 3310: 3309: 3306: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3265: 3258: 3257: 3254: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3240: 3236: 3235: 3230: 3227: 3224: 3221: 3218: 3215: 3208: 3165: 3164: 3119: 3117: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3088: 3087: 3068: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3051: 3048: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3031: 3022: 2994: 2991: 2966: 2963: 2949: 2946: 2936: 2933: 2923: 2920: 2861: 2860:Signal leakage 2858: 2856: 2853: 2825:geometric mean 2801:dipole antenna 2794:insertion loss 2784: 2781: 2780: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2774: 2773: 2772: 2766: 2760: 2756: 2751: 2747: 2739: 2727: 2722: 2715: 2706: 2702: 2699: 2691: 2688: 2677: 2672: 2665: 2659: 2654: 2640: 2639: 2635: 2634: 2631: 2630: 2629: 2618: 2601: 2596: 2589: 2584: 2577: 2572: 2568: 2565: 2562: 2556: 2552: 2545: 2540: 2529: 2526: 2520: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2499: 2495: 2488: 2483: 2477: 2472: 2458: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2441: 2440: 2439: 2438: 2413: 2408: 2401: 2396: 2386: 2381: 2367: 2364: 2355: 2350: 2347: 2334: 2333: 2323: 2314: 2313: 2312: 2311: 2300: 2293: 2284: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2246: 2241: 2230: 2222: 2213: 2209: 2200: 2193: 2188: 2184: 2181: 2169: 2164: 2153: 2145: 2136: 2132: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2107: 2104: 2087: 2080: 2067: 2064: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2041: 2003: 1995: 1994: 1993: 1982: 1965: 1958: 1951: 1937: 1934: 1926: 1923: 1915: 1909: 1904: 1892:of the cable: 1884: 1869: 1866: 1865: 1864: 1853: 1836: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1813: 1810: 1807: 1804: 1801: 1798: 1795: 1790: 1768: 1767: 1766: 1755: 1742: 1735: 1724: 1718: 1715: 1710: 1692: 1655: 1654: 1653: 1631: 1628: 1625: 1622: 1614: 1611: 1608: 1605: 1597: 1591: 1586: 1572: 1571: 1567: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1551: 1536: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1521: 1509: 1504: 1497: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1472: 1469: 1458: 1453: 1446: 1441: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1415: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1387: 1384: 1377: 1372: 1369: 1356: 1355: 1339: 1338: 1337: 1336: 1318: 1313: 1306: 1297: 1293: 1290: 1279: 1274: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1255: 1249: 1239: 1234: 1227: 1218: 1214: 1211: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1191: 1188: 1175: 1174: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1140: 1131: 1126: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1104: 1082: 1073: 1068: 1038: 1033: 1005: 999: 982: 981:is often used. 964: 961: 958: 953: 929: 920: 915: 905: 900: 896: 893: 871: 862: 857: 827: 822: 798: 792: 775: 764: 758: 744: 733: 727: 709: 698: 692: 673: 670: 655: 651: 615: 612: 608:silver sulfide 589: 582: 581: 573: 566: 565: 564: 563: 562: 557:Main article: 554: 551: 529:to propagate, 477: 476: 435: 433: 426: 420: 417: 333: 330: 307: 304:of the cable ( 285:, with little 265: 262: 209: 206: 68: 67: 64: 57: 54: 50: 26: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9650: 9639: 9636: 9634: 9631: 9629: 9626: 9624: 9623:Signal cables 9621: 9619: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9598: 9590: 9588: 9580: 9578: 9570: 9568: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9547: 9543: 9541: 9538: 9536: 9533: 9531: 9528: 9526: 9523: 9519: 9516: 9514: 9511: 9510: 9508: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9490: 9487: 9485: 9482: 9480: 9477: 9475: 9472: 9470: 9467: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9441: 9439: 9437: 9433: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9417: 9414: 9412: 9409: 9407: 9404: 9402: 9399: 9397: 9394: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9367: 9364: 9363: 9361: 9359: 9355: 9349: 9346: 9344: 9341: 9339: 9336: 9334: 9331: 9329: 9326: 9325: 9323: 9319: 9313: 9312:Code-division 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9297:Time-division 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9282: 9280: 9276: 9270: 9267: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9254: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9243: 9242: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9223:and switching 9221: 9217: 9209: 9206: 9205: 9204: 9201: 9197: 9194: 9193: 9192: 9189: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9175: 9174:optical fiber 9172: 9171: 9170: 9167: 9165: 9164:Coaxial cable 9162: 9161: 9159: 9157: 9151: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9082: 9080: 9079:Radia Perlman 9077: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9030: 9027: 9025: 9022: 9020: 9017: 9015: 9012: 9010: 9007: 9005: 9002: 9000: 8997: 8995: 8992: 8990: 8987: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8969:Lee de Forest 8967: 8965: 8964:Thomas Edison 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8954:Donald Davies 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8939:Claude Chappe 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8866: 8864: 8860: 8854: 8851: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8832: 8829: 8827: 8824: 8823: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8816: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8796: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8786: 8784: 8783:Smoke signals 8781: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8763: 8762: 8761:Semiconductor 8759: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8730: 8727: 8725: 8722: 8720: 8717: 8715: 8712: 8710: 8707: 8703: 8700: 8699: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8641: 8638: 8636: 8633: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8622: 8621: 8620:Digital media 8618: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8599: 8596: 8595: 8594: 8591: 8589: 8586: 8584: 8581: 8579: 8576: 8574: 8571: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8561: 8560: 8558: 8556: 8552: 8548: 8541: 8536: 8534: 8529: 8527: 8522: 8521: 8518: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8484: 8478: 8475: 8473: 8470: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8446: 8442: 8439: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8413: 8410: 8408: 8405: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8377: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8356: 8354: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8274: 8271: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8235: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8222:RF connectors 8216: 8211: 8209: 8204: 8202: 8197: 8196: 8193: 8189: 8184: 8180: 8176: 8172: 8168: 8164: 8162: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8143: 8135: 8129: 8126: 8113: 8109: 8103: 8100: 8095: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8076: 8073: 8068: 8064: 8058: 8055: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8029: 8024: 8020: 8014: 8011: 8006: 8000: 7996: 7995: 7987: 7984: 7979: 7975: 7969: 7966: 7961: 7957: 7956: 7951: 7945: 7942: 7937: 7931: 7927: 7923: 7916: 7913: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7894: 7891: 7887: 7881: 7878: 7873: 7871:0-8142-0658-1 7867: 7863: 7856: 7853: 7848: 7842: 7839:. JHU Press. 7838: 7834: 7827: 7824: 7819: 7813: 7809: 7802: 7799: 7788:on 2016-05-30 7787: 7783: 7777: 7774: 7763:on 2012-01-14 7762: 7758: 7752: 7749: 7738:on 2012-01-03 7737: 7733: 7727: 7724: 7713:on 2008-12-07 7712: 7708: 7702: 7699: 7688:on 2011-10-18 7684: 7677: 7671: 7668: 7655: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7628:on 2011-09-28 7627: 7623: 7617: 7614: 7603:on 2010-08-11 7602: 7598: 7592: 7589: 7578:on 2010-10-08 7577: 7573: 7567: 7564: 7553:on 2011-09-26 7552: 7548: 7542: 7539: 7528:on 2021-08-17 7527: 7523: 7517: 7514: 7502: 7495: 7489: 7486: 7475:on 2012-03-30 7474: 7470: 7464: 7461: 7456: 7450: 7447: 7436:on 2011-09-28 7435: 7431: 7425: 7422: 7411:on 2010-08-11 7410: 7406: 7400: 7397: 7392: 7386: 7383: 7372:on 2010-08-11 7371: 7367: 7361: 7358: 7347:on 2010-08-09 7346: 7342: 7336: 7333: 7322:on 2018-02-24 7318: 7311: 7305: 7302: 7291:on 2010-08-11 7290: 7286: 7280: 7277: 7265: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7238: 7232: 7230: 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7208: 7206: 7204: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7192: 7190: 7186: 7175:on 2010-08-13 7174: 7170: 7164: 7161: 7146: 7139: 7136: 7131: 7125: 7121: 7114: 7111: 7103: 7097: 7094: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7076: 7071: 7067: 7061: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7043: 7041: 7037: 7032: 7028: 7022: 7019: 7014: 7008: 7004: 7003: 6995: 6992: 6987: 6985:0-486-64926-1 6981: 6976: 6975: 6966: 6963: 6958: 6956:0-471-65726-3 6952: 6948: 6941: 6938: 6933: 6931:0-201-50418-9 6927: 6923: 6916: 6913: 6905: 6902:. June 2013. 6901: 6894: 6888: 6885: 6877: 6870: 6869: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6843:on 2017-07-13 6839: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6820: 6815: 6813:0-87259-312-6 6809: 6805: 6798: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6790: 6786: 6770: 6763: 6756: 6753: 6748: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6727: 6725: 6721: 6717: 6705: 6701: 6695: 6692: 6687: 6685:0-8018-6909-9 6681: 6678:. JHU Press. 6677: 6670: 6667: 6661: 6657: 6654: 6652: 6649: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6641:BNC Connector 6639: 6637: 6636:Balanced line 6634: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6620: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6608: 6605: 6601: 6598: 6594: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6568: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6553: 6550:in Berlin to 6549: 6545: 6541: 6538:1936 — First 6537: 6534: 6531: 6527: 6523: 6519: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6461: 6454: 6452: 6449: 6445: 6444:United States 6440: 6438: 6432: 6422: 6419: 6411: 6401: 6397: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6382: 6377:This section 6375: 6371: 6366: 6365: 6359: 6353:64.0 mm 6352: 6349: 6347:151.9 mm 6346: 6344:155.6 mm 6343: 6340: 6339: 6336:42.8 mm 6335: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6319:31.3 mm 6318: 6315: 6312: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6302:15.0 mm 6301: 6298: 6295: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6278: 6275: 6272: 6271: 6267: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6257: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6235: 6228: 6226: 6222: 6220: 6215: 6208: 6203: 6195: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6174: 6166: 6164: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6140: 6138: 6136: 6131: 6127: 6122: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6108: 6103: 6102:amateur radio 6099: 6095: 6090: 6067: 6046: 6039: 6034: 6032: 6030: 6026: 6022: 6017: 6015: 6014:two-way radio 6009: 6006: 6004: 6000: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5983: 5981: 5977: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5961: 5957: 5952: 5950: 5946: 5942: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5922: 5911: 5908: 5900: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5876: 5875: 5871: 5866:This section 5864: 5860: 5855: 5854: 5848: 5843: 5838: 5830: 5822: 5816:coaxial cable 5815: 5811: 5807: 5801: 5798: 5795: 5792: 5789: 5788: 5787: 5772: 5768: 5745: 5741: 5728: 5725: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5707: 5699: 5696: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5682: 5681: 5656: 5649: 5645: 5639: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5621: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5610: 5604: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5586: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5575: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5551: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5516: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5505: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5481: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5471:560 MHz max. 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5455: 5452: 5449: 5446: 5443: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5433:650 MHz max. 5432: 5429: 5426: 5423: 5420: 5417: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5405: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5388: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5373: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5335: 5332: 5329: 5326: 5323: 5322: 5318: 5315: 5312: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5284: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5236: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5224: 5221: 5218: 5215: 5212: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5198: 5195: 5192: 5189: 5186: 5183: 5180: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5170: 5166: 5163: 5160: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5132: 5128: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5072: 5069: 5066: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5018: 5014: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4952: 4949: 4946: 4943: 4942: 4938: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4911: 4908: 4905: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4862: 4856: 4853: 4850: 4847: 4844: 4841: 4838: 4835: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4780: 4777: 4776:Amateur radio 4771: 4768: 4765: 4762: 4759: 4756: 4753: 4750: 4747: 4742: 4741: 4737: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4716: 4713: 4710: 4707: 4700: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4677: 4674: 4671: 4668: 4665: 4662: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4645: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4633: 4630: 4627: 4624: 4623: 4619: 4616: 4615:amateur radio 4609: 4606: 4603: 4600: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4582: 4581: 4578: 4577:amateur radio 4571: 4568: 4565: 4562: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4431: 4427: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4398: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4386: 4383: 4382: 4378: 4376: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4310: 4307: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4278: 4275: 4273: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4254:amateur radio 4248: 4245: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4228: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4217: 4214: 4211: 4208: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4181: 4177: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4165: 4162: 4159: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4140: 4136: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4103: 4099: 4093: 4090: 4087: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4058: 4052: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4037: 4034: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4017: 4015:electronics. 4014: 4010: 4006: 3999: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3972: 3969: 3968: 3964: 3959:Double braid 3958: 3955: 3952: 3949: 3946: 3944: 3941: 3938: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3922:Double braid 3921: 3918: 3915: 3913: 3911: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3885: 3882: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3850: 3847: 3844: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3832: 3829: 3826: 3825: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3763: 3760: 3757: 3756: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3741: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3683: 3679: 3676: 3672: 3665: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3644: 3641: 3639: 3636: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3620: 3619:amateur radio 3613: 3610: 3607: 3604: 3601: 3598: 3595: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3583: 3576: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3506: 3503: 3501: 3499: 3497: 3494: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3485: 3481: 3475: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3451: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3441:) is similar 3440: 3436: 3435:Amateur radio 3431: 3428: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3374: 3371: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3356: 3352: 3349: 3342: 3339: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3312: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3290: 3287: 3284: 3281: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3269: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3259: 3255: 3252: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3212: 3205: 3202: 3200: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3178: 3176: 3172: 3161: 3158: 3150: 3140: 3136: 3130: 3129: 3123: 3118: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3093: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3049: 3046: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3029: 3020: 3012: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2976: 2971: 2964: 2962: 2960: 2955: 2947: 2945: 2942: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2895: 2892:Consider the 2890: 2886: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2868: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2840: 2838: 2834: 2829: 2826: 2822: 2817: 2815: 2811: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2790: 2782: 2777: 2767: 2761: 2752: 2743: 2742: 2740: 2725: 2720: 2713: 2704: 2700: 2697: 2689: 2686: 2670: 2663: 2652: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2632: 2616: 2594: 2582: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2563: 2560: 2554: 2550: 2543: 2538: 2527: 2524: 2518: 2513: 2509: 2506: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2486: 2481: 2470: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2459: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2406: 2394: 2384: 2379: 2365: 2362: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2338: 2337: 2336: 2335: 2327: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2315: 2298: 2291: 2282: 2275: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2257: 2239: 2220: 2211: 2207: 2198: 2191: 2186: 2182: 2179: 2162: 2143: 2134: 2130: 2121: 2114: 2109: 2105: 2102: 2085: 2078: 2065: 2062: 2055: 2050: 2039: 2031: 2030: 2024: 2017:) and outer ( 2004: 2001: 1996: 1980: 1963: 1956: 1949: 1935: 1932: 1924: 1921: 1913: 1902: 1894: 1893: 1891: 1883: 1870: 1867: 1851: 1834: 1831: 1824: 1817: 1788: 1780: 1779: 1769: 1753: 1740: 1733: 1722: 1708: 1700: 1699: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1681: 1677: 1656: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1620: 1612: 1609: 1606: 1603: 1595: 1584: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1562: 1559: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1545: 1541: 1537: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1507: 1502: 1495: 1486: 1482: 1479: 1470: 1467: 1451: 1439: 1429: 1425: 1420: 1413: 1404: 1400: 1397: 1385: 1382: 1375: 1370: 1367: 1360: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1340: 1316: 1311: 1304: 1295: 1291: 1288: 1272: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1237: 1232: 1225: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1201: 1198: 1195: 1189: 1186: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1138: 1124: 1109: 1105: 1102: 1080: 1066: 1031: 1020:permeability 1019: 1003: 997: 986: 983: 951: 927: 913: 898: 894: 891: 869: 855: 820: 796: 790: 779: 776: 762: 756: 745: 731: 725: 714: 710: 696: 690: 679: 678: 677: 671: 653: 649: 639: 631: 627: 625: 621: 613: 611: 609: 605: 593: 586: 577: 570: 560: 552: 550: 548: 543: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 512: 507: 504: 500: 496: 492: 487: 483: 473: 470: 462: 452: 448: 442: 441: 436:This section 434: 430: 425: 424: 418: 416: 414: 413:direct burial 410: 406: 402: 397: 395: 391: 387: 381: 379: 375: 370: 368: 364: 358: 354: 352: 348: 344: 338: 331: 329: 327: 323: 319: 314: 303: 298: 296: 291: 288: 284: 280: 270: 263: 261: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 234:digital audio 231: 227: 223: 219: 215: 207: 205: 203: 199: 191: 186: 182: 180: 176: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 137: 136: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 109: 79: 75: 74:Coaxial cable 65: 62: 58: 55: 52: 51: 49:composed of: 48: 45: 41: 37: 33: 19: 9279:Multiplexing 9163: 9154:Transmission 9119:Nikola Tesla 9109:Henry Sutton 9064:Samuel Morse 8994:Robert Hooke 8959:Amos Dolbear 8894:John Bardeen 8813: 8793:Telautograph 8697:Mobile phone 8652:Edholm's law 8635:social media 8568:Broadcasting 8225: 8187: 8174: 8170: 8157: 8149: 8133: 8128: 8118:14 September 8116:. Retrieved 8112:the original 8102: 8082: 8075: 8066: 8057: 8045:. Retrieved 8041: 8031: 8022: 8013: 7993: 7986: 7977: 7968: 7960:the original 7953: 7944: 7925: 7915: 7907:the original 7902: 7893: 7880: 7861: 7855: 7836: 7826: 7807: 7801: 7790:. Retrieved 7786:the original 7776: 7765:. Retrieved 7761:the original 7751: 7740:. Retrieved 7736:the original 7726: 7715:. Retrieved 7711:the original 7701: 7690:. Retrieved 7683:the original 7670: 7658:. Retrieved 7653: 7641: 7630:. Retrieved 7626:the original 7616: 7605:. Retrieved 7601:the original 7591: 7580:. Retrieved 7576:the original 7566: 7555:. Retrieved 7551:the original 7541: 7530:. Retrieved 7526:the original 7516: 7504:. Retrieved 7500: 7488: 7477:. Retrieved 7473:the original 7463: 7449: 7438:. Retrieved 7434:the original 7424: 7413:. Retrieved 7409:the original 7399: 7385: 7374:. Retrieved 7370:the original 7360: 7349:. Retrieved 7345:the original 7335: 7324:. Retrieved 7317:the original 7304: 7293:. Retrieved 7289:the original 7279: 7267:. Retrieved 7263: 7251: 7240:. Retrieved 7177:. Retrieved 7173:the original 7163: 7152:. Retrieved 7138: 7119: 7113: 7096: 7087: 7078: 7070:the original 7060: 7052:the original 7031:the original 7021: 7001: 6994: 6973: 6965: 6946: 6940: 6921: 6915: 6899: 6887: 6867: 6845:. Retrieved 6838:the original 6803: 6776:. Retrieved 6769:the original 6755: 6732: 6715: 6708:. Retrieved 6703: 6694: 6675: 6669: 6578:Philadelphia 6526:Herman Affel 6515:Nikola Tesla 6441: 6433: 6429: 6414: 6405: 6390:Please help 6378: 6350:66.0 mm 6333:44.8 mm 6316:33.4 mm 6313:76.9 mm 6310:79.4 mm 6299:16.9 mm 6296:38.8 mm 6293:41.3 mm 6285:7.4 mm 6276:22.2 mm 6233: 6232: 6223: 6213: 6212: 6181: 6177: 6176: 6151: 6150: 6129: 6125: 6124: 6121:Leaky feeder 6105: 6092:of internal 6085: 6025:preamplifier 6018: 6010: 6007: 5984: 5968:fibre optics 5953: 5945:twisted pair 5918: 5903: 5894: 5879:Please help 5867: 5805: 5732: 5715:polyethylene 5713:PE is solid 5705: 4813:Foil, Braid 4549: 4440: 4425:electronics 4391: 4271: 4226: 4149: 4071: 4030: 3977: 3893:electronics 3437:; Thicknet ( 3397:cable modems 3304:cable modems 3190:MIL-HDBK-216 3189: 3186:World War II 3179: 3175:F connectors 3168: 3153: 3144: 3125: 3089: 2996: 2972: 2968: 2951: 2938: 2925: 2922:Ground loops 2916: 2905: 2902: 2898: 2891: 2887: 2871: 2863: 2841: 2830: 2818: 2798: 2786: 1889: 1881: 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1548:loss tangent 1017: 712: 675: 617: 600: 559:RF connector 544: 508: 480: 465: 456: 445:Please help 440:verification 437: 398: 390:ohmic losses 382: 371: 366: 359: 355: 351:plenum-rated 343:polyethylene 339: 335: 332:Construction 324:and minimum 299: 292: 275: 211: 208:Applications 195: 140: 133: 80:(pronounced 77: 73: 72: 46: 36: 9479:NPL network 9191:Radio waves 9129:Alfred Vail 9039:Hedy Lamarr 9024:Dawon Kahng 8984:Elisha Gray 8944:Yogen Dalal 8869:Nasir Ahmed 8803:Teleprinter 8667:Heliographs 8278:Hirose W.FL 8273:Hirose U.FL 7978:Boing Boing 7393:. febo.com. 6604:Minneapolis 6330:103 mm 6327:106 mm 6282:8.7 mm 6130:leaky cable 5949:cable modem 5939:and "thin" 5664:Dielectric 5438:HCA900-50T 5400:HCA800-50J 5362:HCA618-50J 5324:HCA550-50J 5286:HCA495-50J 5248:HCA400-50J 5210:HCA300-50J 5172:HCA214-50J 4003:Common for 3220:Dielectric 3139:introducing 2975:ladder line 2954:transformer 2929:ground loop 2894:skin effect 1540:conductance 1533:skin effect 1352:skin effect 1167:capacitance 715:conductor, 604:skin effect 531:interfering 394:skin effect 264:Description 220:connecting 159:data busses 151:trunk lines 66:Copper core 9612:Categories 9525:Antarctica 9484:Toasternet 9406:Television 8889:Paul Baran 8821:Television 8805:(teletype) 8798:Telegraphy 8776:transistor 8754:Phryctoria 8724:Photophone 8702:Smartphone 8692:Mass media 8047:19 January 7792:2016-06-28 7767:2012-01-25 7742:2012-01-25 7717:2009-02-06 7692:2011-10-26 7632:2011-06-28 7607:2011-06-28 7582:2011-03-29 7557:2011-06-28 7532:2021-08-17 7479:2011-06-28 7440:2011-04-11 7415:2011-03-29 7376:2011-03-29 7351:2011-03-29 7326:2018-02-23 7295:2011-03-29 7242:2011-10-26 7179:2011-06-28 7154:2023-01-16 6710:October 9, 6662:References 6597:Birmingham 6591:) between 6559:Apollo Bay 6530:AT&T's 6465:50 kW 6279:20 mm 6234:Rigid line 6229:Rigid line 6214:Semi-rigid 6189:Semi-rigid 5661:Core (mm) 4550:(19×0.28) 4441:(19×0.20) 4417:Used with 4142:RG-188A/U 4105:RG-180B/U 3217:Core (mm) 3199:connectors 3122:references 2941:inductance 1529:resistance 1344:inductance 1173:per metre. 553:Connectors 495:conductive 459:March 2016 374:dielectric 283:dielectric 254:conductors 130:insulating 126:dielectric 61:dielectric 32:Persuasion 9509:Americas 9498:Locations 9469:Internet2 9230:Bandwidth 8934:Vint Cerf 8831:streaming 8809:Telephone 8749:Semaphore 8640:streaming 7660:3 October 7647:"H500 PE" 7506:3 October 7269:3 October 6949:. Wiley. 6563:Melbourne 6408:June 2009 6379:does not 6135:CommScope 6126:Radiating 6115:Radiating 6107:waveguide 6040:Hard line 5980:satellite 5935:("thick" 5921:ham radio 5897:June 2009 5868:does not 5769:μ 5742:ϵ 5655:Impedance 5058:LDF4-50A 5020:LMR-1700 4982:LMR-1200 4506:RG-405/U 4470:RG-402/U 4433:RG-400/U 4392:(7×0.17) 4384:RG-316/U 4343:RG-223/U 4272:(7×0.75) 4264:RG-214/U 4227:(7×0.75) 4219:RG-213/U 4150:(7×0.16) 4064:RG-179/U 4023:RG-178/U 3978:(7×0.16) 3970:RG-174/U 3933:RG-142/U 3889:Used for 3854:Used for 3770:0.82±0.02 3685:RG-59A/U 3673:video in 3528:0.66–0.85 3348:shielding 3211:Impedance 3147:June 2009 3103:Standards 3064:ω 3047:ω 2987:capacitor 2701:⁡ 2595:ϵ 2583:μ 2551:π 2528:ϵ 2525:μ 2494:π 2482:≈ 2407:μ 2395:ϵ 2366:μ 2363:ϵ 2267:⁡ 2240:ϵ 2229:Ω 2212:≈ 2183:⁡ 2163:ϵ 2152:Ω 2135:≈ 2106:⁡ 2086:ϵ 2079:μ 2066:π 1818:≈ 1483:⁡ 1471:π 1452:μ 1440:μ 1401:⁡ 1386:π 1376:μ 1292:⁡ 1273:ϵ 1261:ϵ 1257:π 1213:⁡ 1202:ϵ 1199:π 1125:μ 1110:μ 1103:μ 1067:μ 1032:μ 998:μ 952:ϵ 914:ϵ 899:ϵ 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