508:, when he was taken up to heaven by the angel Gabriel (Jibra'il), where he saw Jesus and other prophets. Most versions of this say "Jesus had curly hair and a reddish complexion." Others say his face was flushed as if he just had a bath ("a reddish man with many freckles on his face as if he had just come from a bath"). In another account from Bukhari, Jesus is seen in a dream near the Kaaba, as "a man of a wheatish complexion with straight hair. I asked who it was. They said: This is the Messiah, son of Mary." However, other narrations give variations in the color.
270:
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1002:. In these early depictions, Jesus is usually shown as a youthful figure who does not have a beard but does have curly hair, sometimes he is shown with features which are different from the features of the other men in the scenes, e.g. his disciples or the Romans. However, bearded depictions also appear very early on, perhaps drawing on an existing stereotype from the Greek world of the appearance of the many itinerant charismatic philosophers.
972:
534:, chooses a version to emphasise that Jesus is whiter than Muhammad, quoting the Ibn Abbas version: "I saw Jesus, a man of medium height and moderate complexion inclined to the red and white colours and of lank hair." Echevarría comments that "Moses and Jesus are portrayed as specimens of a completely different 'ethnic type', fair and blond; 'ethnic' or 'racial' differences between them and Muhammad are thus highlighted."
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188:
884:, Taylor concluded that Jesus had honey/olive skin, brown eyes and brown or black hair. As for the honey/olive description, Taylor writes that his skin was "a darker hue consistent with the skin tone of people of the Middle East" (p. 163). Taylor thinks the BBC's reconstruction is "quite speculative" because reconstruction of cartilage (noses, etc.) is guesswork.
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of those in the chain of narration or the narrator themselves. There are four hadiths in
Bukhari stating Jesus had a brown complexion and three hadiths in Imam Muslim. However, the most prominent narrator is from Salim ibn Abdullah ibn Umar, descendant of Caliph Umar, with a chain of narration that stated: "a man of brown complexion and lank hair".
839:. Using third-century images from a synagogue – the earliest pictures of Jewish people – Goodacre proposed that Jesus's skin color would have been darker and swarthier than his traditional Western image. He also suggested that he would have had short, curly hair and a short cropped beard. In the
1013:, and such images may have been common, in theory, Judaism forbade images, and its influence on the depictions of Jesus remains unknown. Christian depictions of Jesus which were produced during the 3rd and 4th centuries typically focused on New Testament scenes of healings and other miracles. Following the
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nose during filming and had his blue eyes digitally changed to light brown to give him a more Middle
Eastern appearance. According to designer Miles Teves, who created the prosthesis: "Mel wanted to make the actor playing Jesus, James Caviezel, look more ethnically Middle Eastern, and it was decided
879:
which traced portrayals of Jesus back through time from the
European Jesus of western art to Jesus himself. By working with Yossi Nagar, an Israeli anthropologist who was able to prove that the physical characteristics of the bones of Jews which date back to the time of Jesus have similarities to the
851:
Although it was not literally the face of Jesus, the result of the study determined that Jesus's skin would have been more olive-colored than white or black, and it also determined that he would have most likely looked like a typical
Galilean Semite of his day. Among the points which were made in the
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was a proponent of the "Black Christ" movement and he identified the struggle of Jesus against the authorities of the time with the struggle of
African Americans in the United States, as he questioned why the white church leaders did not voice concern for racial equality. For some, this blackness was
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says Jesus was of "moderate complexion inclined to the red and white colors and of lank hair". According to Hanafi Madhab, contradictions in hadith may be resolved through multiple methods, one being the number of times a narration has been made and the number of chain of narrations and the character
395:
letter, Jesus is described as having had a reddish complexion, matching Muslim traditions in this respect. Jesus's prediction that he would be taunted "Physician, heal yourself" may suggest that Jesus was indeed physically deformed ("crooked" or hunch-backed), as claimed in the early
Christian texts
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in the fourth century, Christian art found many wealthy donors and flourished. During this period, Jesus began to have more mature features, and he was also shown with a beard. A new development which occurred at this time was the depiction of Jesus without a narrative context; he was just depicted
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says "Doth not even nature itself teach you, that, if a man have long hair, it is a shame unto him?"; this was cited as support for this, the argument being that as Paul allegedly knew many of the disciples and members of Jesus's family, it is unlikely that he would have written such a thing had
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skin, and brown eyes. Judean men of the time period were on average about 1.65 metres or 5 feet 5 inches in height. Scholars have also suggested that it is likely Jesus had short hair and a beard, in accordance with Jewish practices of the time and the appearance of philosophers. The
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monk who took up iconography needed to start his craft by producing the icon of the
Transfiguration. Whereas Western depictions aim for proportion, the abolition of perspective and alterations in the size and proportion of an image in Eastern icons aim to reach beyond man's earthly dwellings.
781:
In academic studies, beyond generally agreeing that "Jesus was Jewish" and beyond generally agreeing that he was from
Western Asia, there are no contemporary depictions of Jesus that can be used to determine his appearance. However, John Elliott argues that Jesus always identified himself as
782:
Israelite in the New
Testament. His co-ethnics identified him as Israelite, Galilean or Nazarene whilst outsiders identified him as Judean/Jewish, due to Hellenistic-Roman culture, which grouped all people groups in 1st century Palestine, and their related diasporas, as Judean.
617:, Shawn Kelley says that the assignment of a specific race to Jesus has been a cultural phenomenon which has been emanating from the higher levels of intellectual circles within societies, and he draws parallels between the different approaches within different settings.
585:). The early Latter-Day Saint church printed its first images of Jesus as a white man with blue eyes. According to Blum and Harvey, the blue eyes may have been intended to bolster Mormonism's image of whiteness and Americanness, distinguishing it from Protestant faiths.
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was supposedly inhabited by non-Jews who spoke an unknown Indo-European language, but this theory has not gained scholarly acceptance – Galilee was inhabited by a significant non-Jewish minority, but its members spoke various local
Semitic languages.
1041:. These depictions of Jesus with reddish brown hair which is parted in the middle and almond shaped eyes remained consistent for several centuries. At this time, various legends were developed in order to validate the styles of the depictions, e.g. the
302:, from the 2nd century onward, various theories about the appearance of Jesus were advanced. However, these focused more on his physical appearance than on his specific race or ancestry. Larger arguments of this kind have been debated for centuries.
700:. Scholars who supported the radical Aryan view also argued that being a Jew by religion was distinguishable from being a Jew by race or ethnicity. These theories usually include the rationalization that Jesus was an Aryan because the region of
993:
Despite the lack of biblical references or historical records, for two millennia a wide range of depictions of Jesus have appeared, often influenced by cultural settings, political circumstances and theological contexts. As in other forms of
828:, in collaboration with other British scientists. The face Neave constructed suggested that Jesus would have had a broad face and large nose, and differed significantly from the traditional depictions of Jesus in renaissance art.
605:
to biblical individuals has been a subjective practice which is mostly based on cultural stereotypes and societal trends rather than scientific methods. Kidd reviews a number of theories about the race of Jesus, including a white
426:, argued that Jesus must have been ideally beautiful in face and body. For Augustine he was "beautiful as a child, beautiful on earth, beautiful in heaven". These theological arguments were further extended in the 13th century by
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needed to point him out to those who were arresting him. The implied argument is that if Jesus's physical appearance had differed markedly from the appearance of his disciples, he would have been relatively easy to identify.
777:
that he would have appeared 'Middle Eastern' and his skin would have been "olive-coloured" and "swarthy" – these results were criticised by some media outlets for being "dismissive" and "dumbed down".
936:, one of the most controversial artifacts in history. During its May 2010 exposition, the shroud and its photograph of what some authors consider the face of Jesus were visited by more than two million people.
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than to any other modern population, according to specialist bio historian Yossi Nagar. Thus, in terms of physical appearance, the average Judean of the time would have likely had brown or black hair, honey/
902:, a number of legendary images of Jesus began to appear; at times, they were probably constructed in order to validate the styles of the depictions of Jesus which were reported during that period, e.g. the
550:: "His eyes were as a flame of fire; the hair of his head was white like the pure snow; his countenance shone above the brightness of the sun; and his voice was as the sound of the rushing of great waters
483:
quoted an unnamed antique source that described Jesus as tall and beautiful with fair, wavy hair, but his account was most likely without basis and was inspired by the prevailing artistic images of Jesus.
46:, a number of documents, generally of unknown or questionable origin, had been composed and were circulating with details of the appearance of Jesus. These documents are now mostly considered forgeries.
660:
By the 19th century, theories which were based on the belief that Jesus was a member of the so-called "Aryan race", and in particular, theories which were based on the belief that his appearance was
504:
have given an oral depiction of what Jesus looked like, although some accounts do not match, such as his being both curly-haired and straight-haired. The hadith refer to Muhammad's account of the
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for an artisan-craftsman, typically a carpenter), entailing manual labour and exposure to the elements, affected his appearance. It has been suggested that Jesus likely had a lean appearance.
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produced in Paris, which lasted five minutes. Thereafter cinematic portrayals have continued to show Jesus with a beard in the standard western depiction that resembles Renaissance images.
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referred to a tall angelic figure, which has at times been interpreted as Christ, but scholars consider it an unlikely reference to Jesus. Other spurious references include the
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art due to its high level of harmony became well known for depicting Jesus surrounded by the varying emotions of the individual apostles at the announcement of the betrayal.
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had also been proposed, but proponents of them did not claim that he belonged to a specific African ethnicity, based on the unsupported argument that as a group, the Semitic
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were added to the agony of the crucifixion, a whole new range of emotions was ushered in, with wide-ranging cultural impact on the image of Jesus for centuries thereafter.
524:
These variations have been explained in various ways, and have been co-opted to make assertions about race. For example, Ana Echevarría notes that medieval Spanish writer
2025:
The Revelation of Elchasai: Investigations into the Evidence for a Mesopotamian Jewish Apocalypse of the Second Century and its Reception by Judeo-Christian Propagandists
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states that Jesus's outward form was despised, that he had an ignoble appearance, and the slander he suffered proved the 'abject condition' of his body. According to
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476:, the Governor of Judea, to the Roman Senate, according to most scholars was composed to compensate for the lack of any physical description of Jesus in the Bible.
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as a pattern that was then painted by artists. The depiction is now widely used among Catholics, and it has more than a hundred million followers worldwide.
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And he had in his right hand seven stars: and out of his mouth went a sharp two-edged sword: and his countenance was as the sun shineth in his strength.
222:, during which he was glorified with "His face shining as the sun", but this appearance is considered to refer to Jesus in majestic, transfigured form.
1134:
because it was "painful" to see "the youthful Saviour" depicted as "a red-headed Jew boy". The first cinematic portrayal of Jesus was in the 1897 film
4337:
449:, a number of documents, generally of unknown or questionable origin, had been composed and were circulating with details of the appearance of Jesus:
316:
from Mary, as well as from his non-biological father Joseph. However, this only implies a general Jewish ancestry, acknowledged generally by authors.
1478:
68:
were being developed, with writers suggesting he was variously white, black, or some other race other than those known to have been native to the
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says that Jesus's face was "most likely dark brown and sun-tanned", and his stature "may have been between five feet five and five feet seven".
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that the prophet "did not say that Jesus was of red complexion", rather he was "a man of brown complexion and lank hair". In contrast,
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wrote that Jesus was "ugly and small", and similar descriptions are presented in a number of other sources as discussed extensively by
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The King of Glory: Or the Most Important Events in the Life of Jesus Christ, with Their Precious and Practical Lessons to Humanity
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384:(320–379 AD): "God took human form and appeared in the form of three human ells (cubits); he came down to us small of stature."
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refers to the scourged messiah with "no beauty that we should desire him." This passage interprets Jesus' physical description.
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In 2001, a new attempt was made to discover what the true race and face of Jesus might have been, and it was documented in the
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Ana Echevarría, "Eschatology Or Biography? Alfonso X, Muhammad's Ladder And A Jewish Go-Between", in Cynthia Robinson &
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and others systematically developed uncluttered images that focused on the depiction of Jesus with an ideal human beauty.
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due to Jesus's identification with black people, not to the color of his skin, while others such as the black nationalist
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By the 20th century, some reports of miraculous images of Jesus began to receive a significant amount of attention, e.g.
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attempted to determine what Jesus's race and appearance may have been. Assuming Jesus to be a native West Asian Galilean
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James Caviezel was given a prosthetic nose and a raised hairline. His blue eyes were digitally changed to brown on film.
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as well as the crucifixion. The Franciscans approached both ends of this spectrum of emotions and as the joys of the
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A wide range of depictions have appeared over the two millennia since Jesus's death, often influenced by cultural
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likewise claimed that the appearance of Christ was smaller than that of the children of Jacob (Israel). In the
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And his feet like unto fine brass, as if they burned in a furnace; and his voice as the sound of many waters.
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contexts. Many depictions are interpretations of spurious sources, and are generally historically inaccurate.
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began to appear, perhaps reflecting a change in the theological focus of the early Church. The sixth-century
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More recent artistic and cinematic portrayals have also made an effort to characterize Jesus as an ancient
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998:, the earliest depictions date to the late second or early third century, and they are primarily found in
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and resurrection. By the sixth century, the bearded depiction of Jesus had become standard, both in the
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acted as a barrier to developments in the East, but by the ninth century, art was again permitted. The
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The focus of many early sources was on the alleged physical unattractiveness of Jesus rather than his
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with goodly eyes and being long-faced, crooked and well-grown. In a letter of certain bishops to the
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His head and his hairs were white like wool, as white as snow; and his eyes were as a flame of fire;
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This vision is usually considered to refer to Jesus in heavenly form, not his appearance during his
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2697:"Jesus the Israelite Was Neither a 'Jew' Nor a 'Christian': On Correcting Misleading Nomenclature"
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The Symbolic Jesus: Historical Scholarship, Judaism and the Construction of Contemporary Identity
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A number of descriptions of Jesus have been reported by saints and mystics who claim that they
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brought forth a number of artistic masters who focused on the depictions of Jesus and after
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2818:"The Real Face of Jesus Is Still a Mystery, But Scientists Have Gotten Closer to the Truth"
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envisioned Jesus as white, as reflected in Latter-Day Saint texts and portrayals of Jesus.
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considered lack of physical attractiveness in Jesus as fulfilling the messianic prophecy
380:, Jesus's height is described as 3 cubits (four foot six), which was also the opinion of
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Barnstone, Willis. "The Acts of John – Christ's Earthly Appearance", in
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Changing Race: Latinos, the Census, and the History of Ethnicity in the United States
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The New Testament: a Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings, Part 1
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The Forging of Races: Race and Scripture in the Protestant Atlantic World, 1600–2000
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began to emphasize the humility of Jesus both at his birth and at his death via the
688:-Germanic extraction, although Amorites were themselves a Northwest Semitic people.
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1230:"Jesus | Facts, Teachings, Miracles, Death, & Doctrines | Britannica"
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Designing Movie Creatures and Characters: Behind the Scenes With the Movie Masters
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Racializing Jesus: Race, Ideology and the Formation of Modern Biblical Scholarship
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Racializing Jesus: Race, Ideology and the Formation of Modern Biblical Scholarship
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claimed Jesus for the Nordic race. This theory found its most extreme form in the
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The Authentication of the Turin Shroud:An Issue in Archaeological Epistemology
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1772:"Revelation 1:14-16 KJV - the hair on his head was white like - Bible Gateway"
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The likeness of the king: a prehistory of portraiture in late medieval France
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The 13th century witnessed a turning point in the portrayal of the powerful
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By the 20th century, theories which were based on the belief that Jesus was
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Leonardo da Vinci, the Last Supper: a Cosmic Drama and an Act of Redemption
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442:, reasoning that Jesus must have embodied every possible human perfection.
135:
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St. Augustin the Writings Against the Manicheans and Against the Donatists
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Arvidsson, Stefan (June 1999). "Aryan Mythology As Science and Ideology".
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of Western Asia were originally black people, either in whole or in part.
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suggests that Judeans of the time were biologically closer to present-day
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Additional information about Jesus's skin color and hair was provided by
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Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence
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God at Sinai: Covenant and Theophany in the Bible and Ancient Near East
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1565:"In a forensic pilgrimage, a scholar asks, 'What did Jesus look like?'"
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relates that Christ was bent or even crooked, and in the non-canonical
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Eating Beauty: The Eucharist and the Spiritual Arts of the Middle Ages
835:, a senior lecturer at the Department of Theology and Religion at the
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In keeping with the political climate of the 19th and 20th centuries,
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The Challenge of the Silver Screen (Studies in Religion and the Arts)
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The Color of Christ: The Son of God & the Saga of Race in America
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are generally indifferent to people's racial appearance or features.
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The Aryan Jesus: Christian theologians and the Bible in Nazi Germany
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Under the Influence: Questioning the Comparative in Medieval Castile
724:. In 1906, a German writer named Theodor Plange wrote a book titled
16:
Discussions of the race and physical appearance of Jesus of Nazareth
824:, a retired medical artist from the Unit of Art in Medicine at the
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1479:"What did Jesus really look like, as a Jew in 1st-century Judaea?"
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664:, were developed and later, they appealed to advocates of the new
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have been used to form conjectures about the appearance of Jesus.
22:
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The image of God the Father in Orthodox theology and iconography
2329:, by Stefan Weninger, Walter de Gruyter, 23 December 2011, p.361
2027:. Texts and Studies in Ancient Judaism 8. Tubingen. p. 121.
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361:, he is described as bald-headed and small with no good looks.
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Objections to depictions of Jesus have appeared, e.g. in 1850
797:
760:
415:
The more mainstream, theological perspective, as expressed by
166:
references which Christians interpret as being about a coming
3870:"Afro Jesus: What was the race of Jesus Christ, the Messiah?"
2597:"It's the greatest story ever told. Pity no one had a camera"
2291:
Who Were the Amorites?, by Alfred Haldar, 1971, Brill Archive
1160:
that we could do it best by changing the shape of his nose."
852:
study was the fact that the Bible says that Jesus's disciple
372:
claim that "the Jew Josephus" described Jesus as having had
3282:
by Christian Raab, Harry Hagan, St. Meinrad Archabbey 2007
910:
was accompanied by a narrative about the Passion of Jesus.
1333:
1331:
72:. However, as in other cases of the assignment of race to
3323:
La vida sacra: contemporary Hispanic sacramental theology
3886:
1692:
Robin M. Jensen "Jesus in Christian art", Chapter 29 of
1924:. New York, NY: HarperCollins Publishers, 1984, p. 417.
1863:
Christusbilder: Untersuchungen zur christlichen Legende
3237:
Hymn of entry: liturgy and life in the Orthodox church
2670:"This is what Jesus Christ's "selfie" would look like"
2651:
edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. Princeton Univ Press
203:
includes no descriptions of Jesus's appearance before
2310:, by Alan Kaye, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, 1991, p.867
353:, he is described as small and ugly to the ignorant.
2877:
2875:
2873:
1980:
Summa Theologica, Volume 4 (Part III, First Section)
1287:
1285:
939:
Another 20th-century depiction of Jesus, namely the
728:
in which he argued that Jesus was an Indian and the
4578:
4497:
4423:
4346:
4303:
4246:
4176:
3942:
1751:
The Content and the Setting of the Gospel Tradition
34:, has been a topic of discussion since the days of
3345:by Lily Rose R. Tope, Detch P. Nonan-Mercado 2005
2394:by Maurice Goguel, New York, Harper, 1960 page 255
3160:Teaching Christianity: a world religions approach
2788:"From science and computers, a new face of Jesus"
64:By the 19th century, theories that Jesus was non-
3189:The New Westminster Dictionary of Church History
2000:Thomas Aquinas: theologian of the Christian life
917:. Reports of such visions are more common among
796:documentary series. The study, sponsored by the
323:. The second-century anti-Christian philosopher
42:of Jesus have been proposed and debated. By the
1636:Brother Jesus: the Nazarene through Jewish eyes
716:suggested that Jesus was a dark, brown-skinned
621:has argued that New Testament passages such as
349:, he was a weak and inglorious man, and in the
240:
4238:Names and titles of Jesus in the New Testament
3740:. Studies in Old Testament Biblical Theology.
3184:
3182:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3150:by Leslie Houlden 2006 082648011X pages 63–100
1911:, Irenaeus, "Adversus haereses", IV.XXXIII.12.
1714:
1712:
1710:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1678:
1676:
1674:
1672:
461:(likely composed in the 19th century) and the
3902:
3325:by James L. Empereur, Eduardo Fernández 2006
3143:
3141:
3139:
3137:
2701:Journal for the Study of the Historical Jesus
2195:
2193:
2149:
2147:
1338:Pontius Pilate: portraits of a Roman governor
668:, who did not want to believe that Jesus was
8:
2206:. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 85.
1241:
1239:
336:
3784:. Critical America (illustrated ed.).
1404:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
1029:include some of the earliest images of the
947:'s reported vision, which she described in
529:
431:
4233:New Testament places associated with Jesus
4228:Historical background of the New Testament
3909:
3895:
3887:
3298:
3296:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2037:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1598:by John R. W. Stott, Alister McGrath 2006
1264:
1262:
1005:Although some images of Jews exist in the
773:, the study concluded in conjunction with
465:, most likely composed in the Middle Ages.
3255:
3253:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2495:
1902:http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103.htm
1879:http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0315.htm
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
759:A study which was documented in the 2001
76:, these claims have been mostly based on
26:, widely accepted by researchers to be a
4560:Jacob (paternal grandfather per Matthew)
3121:Sinai and the Monastery of St. Catherine
3055:
3053:
2957:The Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide
2728:"Is this the real face of Jesus Christ?"
1888:, Tertullian, On the Flesh of Christ, 9.
1060:was a major theme in the East and every
1021:By the fifth century, depictions of the
756:argued that Jesus was ethnically black.
472:, a forged letter supposedly written by
268:
128:Historians have speculated that Jesus's
3653:The Apocalypse Translated and Expounded
3385:by Michael Ladwein 2006 pages 27 and 60
3303:The vitality of the Christian tradition
2071:by Hartmut Miethe, Hilde Heyduck-Huth,
1949:. Cornell University Press. p. 81.
1852:. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1931.
1819:by John MacArthur, Jr. ISBN pages 37–39
1741:by Stephen C. Barton ISBN pages 132–133
1410:(2). Oxford University Press: 327–354.
1221:
298:Despite the lack of direct biblical or
2781:
2779:
2524:from the original on 23 September 2011
2200:Blum, Edward J.; Harvey, Paul (2012).
2030:
1850:The Messiah Jesus and John the Baptist
1739:The Cambridge companion to the Gospels
1368:
1366:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1246:The Life of Jesus, Critically Examined
1117:which is considered the first work of
121:earliest depictions of Jesus from the
3552:Rickitt, Richard (20 February 2007).
3235:, "Icons as Liturgical Analogies" in
2920:from the original on 20 November 2011
2858:from the original on 13 November 2010
2392:Jesus and the origins of Christianity
1616:Christianity, art, and transformation
1545:from the original on 21 November 2018
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
921:than they are among members of other
7:
2629:from the original on 5 November 2013
2595:Bennett, Catherine (29 March 2001).
2545:"The Dumbed Down Shall Be Raised Up"
2480:from the original on 3 December 2011
1962:by St Augustine, Philip Schaff 2005
1577:from the original on 3 November 2018
1514:from the original on 3 November 2018
3539:from the original on 2 January 2014
2844:"Experts Reconstruct Face Of Jesus"
2786:Legon, Jeordan (25 December 2002).
2764:from the original on 8 January 2014
2464:"Why do we think Christ was white?"
1753:by Mark Harding, Alanna Nobbs 2010
1444:Taylor, Joan E. (8 February 2018).
125:depict him as free of facial hair.
4551:(traditional maternal grandfather)
4545:(traditional maternal grandmother)
3824:"What did Jesus really look like?"
1832:, Eerdmans Publishing, 2000, p.66.
1778:from the original on 25 April 2019
1535:"What Did Jesus Really Look Like?"
1533:Gibson, David (21 February 2004).
1504:"What did Jesus really look like?"
1131:Christ in the House of His Parents
888:Acheiropoieta and reported visions
14:
3822:Taylor, Joan (24 December 2015),
3554:"Miles Teves: Character Designer"
3101:God's human face: the Christ-icon
3061:Faustina: Apostle of Divine Mercy
2798:from the original on 4 March 2012
2676:from the original on 18 June 2016
2506:Wilson, Giles (27 October 2004).
2421:"The Black Christ" Chapter 25 of
2360:The challenge of American history
1656:Understanding early Christian art
1502:Taylor, Joan (24 December 2015).
1315:Making Sense of the New Testament
1292:The Oxford companion to the Bible
610:Jesus and a black African Jesus.
104:Research on ancient skeletons in
4651:
4650:
3483:The Blackwell Companion to Jesus
3280:The tradition of Catholic prayer
2981:Voices, Visions, and Apparitions
2882:Fillon, Mike (7 December 2002).
2423:The Blackwell Companion to Jesus
2113:Christ in Islam and Christianity
2058:. Southwestern Publishing House.
1694:The Blackwell Companion to Jesus
1491:from the original on 2 May 2019.
1248:by David Friedrich Strauss 2010
841:First Epistle to the Corinthians
546:describes the Lord appearing to
331:, who in turn often quotes from
4557:(paternal grandfather per Luke)
3485:edited by Delbert Burkett 2010
2955:Charlesworth, James H. (2008).
2649:The Historical Jesus in Context
2425:edited by Delbert Burkett 2010
2141:Bukhari, Kitab al-Fitn, ch. 27.
1696:edited by Delbert Burkett 2010
816:. A face was constructed using
265:Early Church to the Middle Ages
236:John's vision of the Son of Man
130:ascetic and itinerant lifestyle
4261:Quest for the historical Jesus
3400:"The Royal Academy Exhibition"
2959:. Abingdon Press. p. 72.
2543:Preston, John (8 April 2001).
1658:by Robin Margaret Jensen 2000
1128:was attacked for his painting
601:argues that the assignment of
1:
3734:Niehaus, Jeffrey Jay (1995).
3612:(3rd, illustrated ed.).
3445:ISBN By Freek L. Bakker 2009
3305:by George Finger Thomas 1944
3103:by Christoph Schoenborn 1994
2726:Wells, Matt (27 March 2001).
2405:Jesus Christ in world history
2374:by William Edward Arnal 2005
2187:, Brill, Boston, 2005, p.140.
2079:Taylor & Francis page 168
488:Quranic and Muslim traditions
438:based on his analysis of the
285:
154:Biblical terminology for race
38:. Various theories about the
3778:Rodriguez, Clara E. (2000).
3463:Encyclopedia of early cinema
3029:, Volume 24, No 3, June 1983
2443:Christology from the margins
1145:resident. In the 2004 movie
1018:as a figure all by himself.
589:Emergence of racial theories
463:Letter of Pilate to Tiberius
134:
3704:: African American Images.
3262:by Rosalind B. Brooke 2006
3083:by Benedict Groeschel 2010
1638:by Schalom Ben-Chorin 2001
983:Saint Catherine's Monastery
682:Houston Stewart Chamberlain
538:Latter-Day Saint depictions
218:include the account of the
4698:
4211:Five Discourses of Matthew
3363:Experiencing Art Around Us
3059:Catherine M. Odell, 1998,
2508:"So what color was Jesus?"
2130:Princeton University Press
2002:by Nicholas M. Healy 2003
1982:by St Thomas Aquinas 2007
1799:by William C. Pender 1998
1721:by Stephen Perkinson 2009
1618:by John W. De Gruchy 2001
1379:Cambridge University Press
1317:by Craig L. Blomberg 2004
964:
958:
915:have seen Jesus in visions
891:
684:posited that Jesus was of
364:As quoted by Eisler, both
151:
4646:
3924:
3790:New York University Press
3503:Rickitt, Richard (2006).
3420:: 255–256. Archived from
3191:by Robert Benedetto 2006
3148:Jesus: the complete guide
2341:by Susannah Heschel 2008
2301:Semitic Studies, Volume 1
2249:by Cain Hope Felder 1991
2155:Kitabul Ahadlth al-Anbiya
2126:Reader on Classical Islam
2115:, SUNY Press, 1990, p.94.
2052:McWherter, Leroy (1884).
1898:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1875:The Catholic Encyclopedia
1446:What did Jesus look like?
1151:, Jesus was portrayed by
1148:The Passion of the Christ
1015:conversion of Constantine
877:What Did Jesus Look Like?
866:What Did Jesus Look Like?
4438:In comparative mythology
3694:Mosley, William (1987).
3650:Glasgow, James (2010) .
3509:(illustrated ed.).
2945:: Oxford Standard (1769)
2884:"The Real Face Of Jesus"
2713:10.1177/1476869007079741
2280:New York Review of Books
1945:Astell, Anne W. (2006).
1058:Transfiguration of Jesus
837:University of Birmingham
826:University of Manchester
629:which goes beyond race,
512:reports from his father
453:Around the 9th century,
220:transfiguration of Jesus
4591:Interactions with women
3618:Oxford University Press
3260:The image of St Francis
3162:by Clive Erricker 1987
2445:by Thomas Bohache 2009
1416:10.1093/jaarel/67.2.327
1195:Jewish ethnic divisions
1180:Genetic studies of Jews
923:Christian denominations
21:race and appearance of
4601:Mary, sister of Martha
4221:Oral gospel traditions
3876:. 2004. Archived from
3742:Grand Rapids, Michigan
3211:by Steven Bigham 1995
2695:Elliott, John (2007).
2247:Stony the Road We Trod
2093:Jesus: A Brief History
1861:Dobschütz, Ernst von,
1828:Robert E. Van Voorst,
1340:by Warren Carter 2003
990:
880:bones of contemporary
749:Martin Luther King Jr.
657:
544:Doctrine and Covenants
530:
432:
386:Theodore of Mopsuestia
337:
295:
250:
196:
4328:Life of Christ Museum
4323:Life of Christ in art
3697:What Color Was Jesus?
3582:12 April 2007 at the
3564:on 28 September 2007.
3398:, ed. (1 June 1850).
3365:by Thomas Buser 2005
3046:on 27 September 2012.
2979:Michael Freze, 1993,
2715:– via Academia.
2325:28 April 2016 at the
2320:The Semitic Languages
2229:by Shawn Kelley 2002
2168:Kitabul Bad' al-Khalq
1907:16 March 2016 at the
1271:by Shawn Kelley 2002
981:icon, sixth century,
975:The oldest surviving
974:
967:Life of Christ in art
965:Further information:
932:'s photograph of the
859:James H. Charlesworth
848:Jesus had long hair.
818:forensic anthropology
786:Forensic Anthropology
698:Positive Christianity
643:
573:is also described in
571:Mary, mother of Jesus
479:In the 14th century,
300:historical references
272:
234:Rev 1:14-15 includes
190:
100:Historical appearance
4144:Sayings on the cross
4102:Entry into Jerusalem
3880:on 16 December 2005.
3840:What Race Was Jesus?
3465:by Richard Abel2005
3424:on 23 September 2015
3040:"Zenit, May 5, 2010"
3027:Current Anthropology
3002:Holy Shroud of Turin
3000:Arthur Barnes, 2003
2672:. 17 February 2014.
2550:The Sunday Telegraph
2403:Jan A. B. Jongeneel
2021:Luttikhuizen, Gerard
1884:3 March 2016 at the
1136:La Passion du Christ
1126:John Everett Millais
1072:image of Jesus as a
1054:Byzantine Iconoclasm
595:The Forging of Races
481:Nicephorus Callistus
440:perfection of Christ
293:Western Roman Empire
78:cultural stereotypes
74:biblical individuals
4633:Race and appearance
4571:(traditional uncle)
4477:Jesus the Splendour
4119:Agony in the Garden
4034:Sermon on the Mount
3123:by John Galey 1986
2939:1 Corinthians 11:14
2647:Amy-Jill Levine in
2271:6 June 2009 at the
1596:The Cross of Christ
1570:The Times of Israel
1373:Colin Kidd (2006).
955:Artistic portrayals
666:racial antisemitism
518:Abd Allah ibn Abbas
510:Salim ibn Abd-Allah
496:traditions such as
455:Epiphanius Monachus
333:Ernst von Dobschütz
260:Literary traditions
191:Transfiguration by
148:Biblical references
90:scientific analysis
4618:Rejection of Jesus
4295:Christ myth theory
4112:Farewell Discourse
3081:Am With You Always
2943:King James Version
2306:5 May 2016 at the
1539:The New York Times
1175:Depiction of Jesus
991:
978:Christ Pantocrator
961:Depiction of Jesus
941:Divine Mercy image
871:In 2018 historian
745:ancient Israelites
658:
625:express a form of
470:Letter of Lentulus
424:Augustine of Hippo
400:, Tertullian, and
378:Emperor Theophilus
312:in the biological
310:genealogy of Jesus
296:
274:Christ Pantocrator
232:Book of Revelation
226:Book of Revelation
197:
57:circumstances and
36:early Christianity
4682:Religion and race
4664:
4663:
4586:Language of Jesus
4533:Brothers of Jesus
4405:Session of Christ
4281:Mara bar Serapion
4082:Great Commandment
3977:Flight into Egypt
3854:978-1-59517-030-9
3799:978-0-8147-7547-9
3755:978-0-310-49471-3
3711:978-0-913543-09-2
3671:978-1-153-28844-6
3627:978-0-19-515462-7
3524:978-2-940361-39-7
3418:Publishing Office
3371:978-0-534-64114-6
3245:978-0-88141-026-6
3089:978-1-58617-257-2
3069:978-0-87973-923-2
3021:William Meacham,
2983:, OSV Publishing
2966:978-0-687-02167-3
2889:Popular Mechanics
2854:. 27 March 2001.
2822:Popular Mechanics
2657:978-0-691-00992-6
2476:. 27 March 2011.
2213:978-0-8078-3572-2
2089:Tatum, W (2009).
1759:978-0-8028-3318-1
1455:978-0-567-67151-6
1388:978-0-521-79324-7
1377:. Cambridge, UK:
1210:Nativity of Jesus
1200:Language of Jesus
1109:Leonardo da Vinci
945:Faustina Kowalska
806:Discovery Channel
726:Christ-an Indian?
615:Racializing Jesus
514:Abdullah ibn Umar
406:Suffering Servant
289: 400–410 AD
280:in the church of
209:gospel narratives
178:The New Testament
159:The Old Testament
94:historical method
4689:
4654:
4653:
4529:(alleged father)
4383:Person of Christ
4256:Historical Jesus
4087:Olivet Discourse
4015:Great Commission
3911:
3904:
3897:
3888:
3881:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3835:York, Malachi Z.
3830:
3818:
3816:
3814:
3774:
3772:
3770:
3730:
3728:
3726:
3700:(1st ed.).
3690:
3688:
3686:
3646:
3644:
3642:
3586:
3574:
3568:
3565:
3560:. Archived from
3548:
3546:
3544:
3500:
3494:
3480:
3474:
3460:
3454:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3392:
3386:
3380:
3374:
3360:
3354:
3340:
3334:
3320:
3314:
3300:
3291:
3277:
3271:
3257:
3248:
3226:
3220:
3206:
3200:
3186:
3171:
3157:
3151:
3145:
3132:
3118:
3112:
3098:
3092:
3078:
3072:
3057:
3048:
3047:
3042:. Archived from
3036:
3030:
3019:
3013:
3004:Kessinger Press
2998:
2992:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2952:
2946:
2936:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2879:
2868:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2840:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2783:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2723:
2717:
2716:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2683:
2681:
2666:
2660:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2592:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2503:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2460:
2454:
2440:
2434:
2419:
2408:
2407:2009, pp.202–203
2401:
2395:
2389:
2383:
2369:
2363:
2356:
2350:
2336:
2330:
2317:
2311:
2298:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2264:
2258:
2244:
2238:
2224:
2218:
2217:
2197:
2188:
2177:
2171:
2164:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2139:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2049:
2043:
2042:
2036:
2028:
2017:
2011:
1997:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1942:
1936:
1931:
1925:
1918:
1912:
1895:
1889:
1872:
1866:
1865:, Leipzig, 1899.
1859:
1853:
1848:Eisler, Robert.
1846:
1833:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1768:
1762:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1730:
1716:
1705:
1690:
1667:
1653:
1647:
1633:
1627:
1613:
1607:
1593:
1587:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1561:
1555:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1530:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1499:
1493:
1492:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1441:
1428:
1427:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1370:
1349:
1335:
1326:
1312:
1303:
1289:
1280:
1266:
1257:
1243:
1234:
1233:
1226:
1185:Historical Jesus
1119:High Renaissance
1062:Eastern Orthodox
1047:Veil of Veronica
908:Veil of Veronica
845:Paul the Apostle
810:forensic science
730:Christian gospel
619:Cain Hope Felder
582:
563:Latter-Day Saint
553:
533:
474:Publius Lentulus
437:
434:Summa Theologiae
374:connate eyebrows
370:John of Damascus
366:Hierosolymitanus
340:
290:
287:
282:Santa Pudenziana
216:synoptic gospels
139:
4697:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4690:
4688:
4687:
4686:
4667:
4666:
4665:
4660:
4642:
4574:
4493:
4425:In other faiths
4419:
4342:
4338:Transfiguration
4299:
4242:
4172:
4072:Transfiguration
3946:
3938:
3920:
3915:
3868:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3833:
3821:
3812:
3810:
3800:
3777:
3768:
3766:
3756:
3733:
3724:
3722:
3712:
3693:
3684:
3682:
3672:
3649:
3640:
3638:
3628:
3604:Ehrman, Bart D.
3600:Ehrman, Bart D.
3598:
3595:
3593:Further reading
3590:
3589:
3584:Wayback Machine
3575:
3571:
3551:
3542:
3540:
3525:
3502:
3501:
3497:
3481:
3477:
3461:
3457:
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3427:
3425:
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3393:
3389:
3381:
3377:
3361:
3357:
3341:
3337:
3321:
3317:
3301:
3294:
3278:
3274:
3258:
3251:
3227:
3223:
3207:
3203:
3187:
3174:
3158:
3154:
3146:
3135:
3119:
3115:
3099:
3095:
3079:
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3016:
2999:
2995:
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2933:
2923:
2921:
2881:
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2871:
2861:
2859:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2827:
2825:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2801:
2799:
2785:
2784:
2777:
2767:
2765:
2725:
2724:
2720:
2694:
2693:
2689:
2679:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2663:
2646:
2642:
2632:
2630:
2594:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2559:Telegraph Media
2542:
2541:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2505:
2504:
2493:
2483:
2481:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2441:
2437:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2398:
2390:
2386:
2370:
2366:
2358:Louis P. Masur
2357:
2353:
2337:
2333:
2327:Wayback Machine
2318:
2314:
2308:Wayback Machine
2299:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2273:Wayback Machine
2265:
2261:
2245:
2241:
2225:
2221:
2214:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2178:
2174:
2165:
2161:
2152:
2145:
2140:
2136:
2123:
2119:
2111:Neal Robinson,
2110:
2106:
2088:
2087:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2051:
2050:
2046:
2029:
2019:
2018:
2014:
1998:
1994:
1978:
1974:
1958:
1954:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1928:
1922:The Other Bible
1919:
1915:
1909:Wayback Machine
1896:
1892:
1886:Wayback Machine
1873:
1869:
1860:
1856:
1847:
1836:
1827:
1823:
1817:Revelation 1–11
1815:
1811:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1770:
1769:
1765:
1749:
1745:
1737:
1733:
1717:
1708:
1691:
1670:
1654:
1650:
1634:
1630:
1614:
1610:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1563:
1562:
1558:
1548:
1546:
1532:
1531:
1527:
1517:
1515:
1501:
1500:
1496:
1484:The Irish Times
1476:
1475:
1471:
1456:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1401:
1400:
1396:
1389:
1372:
1371:
1352:
1336:
1329:
1313:
1306:
1290:
1283:
1267:
1260:
1244:
1237:
1232:. 13 June 2023.
1228:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1190:Jesus bloodline
1166:
1114:The Last Supper
1043:image of Edessa
1027:Rabbula Gospels
969:
963:
957:
934:Shroud of Turin
919:Roman Catholics
904:image of Edessa
896:
890:
869:
788:
714:Godfrey Higgins
591:
580:
551:
540:
531:Historia arabum
526:Jiménez de Rada
490:
355:Andrew of Crete
308:argued for the
288:
267:
262:
228:
193:Alexandr Ivanov
185:
180:
161:
156:
150:
123:Roman catacombs
102:
88:rather than on
86:societal trends
17:
12:
11:
5:
4695:
4693:
4685:
4684:
4679:
4669:
4668:
4662:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4647:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4604:
4603:
4598:
4596:Mary Magdalene
4588:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4575:
4573:
4572:
4566:
4561:
4558:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4524:
4519:
4518:(legal father)
4513:
4507:
4501:
4499:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4479:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4462:
4452:
4451:
4450:
4440:
4435:
4429:
4427:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4352:
4350:
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4291:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4263:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4243:
4241:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4216:Gospel harmony
4213:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4182:
4180:
4174:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4104:
4099:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4057:
4047:
4046:
4045:
4031:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3936:
3934:List of topics
3931:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3914:
3913:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3853:
3831:
3819:
3798:
3775:
3754:
3731:
3710:
3691:
3670:
3647:
3626:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3587:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3523:
3495:
3475:
3455:
3435:
3396:Godwin, George
3387:
3375:
3355:
3335:
3315:
3292:
3272:
3249:
3221:
3201:
3172:
3152:
3133:
3113:
3093:
3073:
3049:
3031:
3014:
2993:
2972:
2965:
2947:
2931:
2869:
2835:
2809:
2775:
2718:
2707:(2): 119–154.
2687:
2661:
2640:
2587:
2535:
2491:
2455:
2435:
2409:
2396:
2384:
2364:
2351:
2331:
2312:
2293:
2284:
2259:
2239:
2219:
2212:
2189:
2172:
2170:, Hadlth 3000.
2159:
2157:, Hadith 3185.
2143:
2134:
2132:, 1993, p.189.
2124:F. E. Peters,
2117:
2104:
2081:
2061:
2044:
2012:
1992:
1972:
1952:
1937:
1926:
1913:
1890:
1867:
1854:
1834:
1821:
1809:
1789:
1763:
1743:
1731:
1706:
1668:
1648:
1628:
1608:
1588:
1556:
1525:
1494:
1477:Taylor, Joan.
1469:
1454:
1448:. Bloomsbury.
1429:
1394:
1387:
1350:
1327:
1304:
1281:
1258:
1235:
1220:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1162:
1143:Middle Eastern
1086:Nativity scene
1045:and later the
959:Main article:
956:
953:
943:, is based on
889:
886:
868:
863:
854:Judas Iscariot
787:
784:
732:originated in
623:Galatians 3:28
590:
587:
556:D&C: 110:3
539:
536:
489:
486:
485:
484:
477:
466:
428:Thomas Aquinas
417:Church Fathers
396:listed above.
338:Christusbilder
266:
263:
261:
258:
227:
224:
184:
183:In the Gospels
181:
179:
176:
160:
157:
149:
146:
132:and work as a
101:
98:
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4694:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4657:
4649:
4648:
4645:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4628:Mental health
4626:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4606:
4602:
4599:
4597:
4594:
4593:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4496:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4449:
4448:In the Talmud
4446:
4445:
4444:
4441:
4439:
4436:
4434:
4431:
4430:
4428:
4426:
4422:
4416:
4415:Cosmic Christ
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4401:
4400:Second Coming
4398:
4396:
4393:
4389:
4388:Pre-existence
4386:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4376:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4358:
4357:
4354:
4353:
4351:
4349:
4345:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4293:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4245:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4188:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4181:
4179:
4178:New Testament
4175:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4108:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4073:
4070:
4068:
4065:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4055:Lord's Prayer
4053:
4052:
4051:
4048:
4044:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4020:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3990:Unknown years
3988:
3985:
3982:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3972:Date of birth
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3954:
3952:
3950:
3945:
3941:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3907:
3905:
3900:
3898:
3893:
3892:
3889:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3866:
3856:
3850:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3820:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3786:New York City
3783:
3782:
3776:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3739:
3738:
3732:
3721:
3717:
3713:
3707:
3703:
3699:
3698:
3692:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3667:
3663:
3662:T&T Clark
3659:
3655:
3654:
3648:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3614:New York City
3611:
3610:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3585:
3581:
3578:
3573:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3550:
3549:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3507:
3499:
3496:
3492:
3491:1-4051-9362-X
3488:
3484:
3479:
3476:
3472:
3471:0-415-23440-9
3468:
3464:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3451:90-04-16861-3
3448:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3384:
3379:
3376:
3373:pages 382–383
3372:
3368:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3351:0-7614-1475-4
3348:
3344:
3339:
3336:
3332:
3331:0-7425-5157-1
3328:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3312:
3311:0-8369-2378-2
3308:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3288:0-8146-3184-3
3285:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3270:pages 183–184
3269:
3268:0-521-78291-0
3265:
3261:
3256:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3231:Vasileios of
3230:
3229:Archimandrite
3225:
3222:
3219:pages 226–227
3218:
3217:1-879038-15-3
3214:
3210:
3205:
3202:
3198:
3197:0-8264-8011-X
3194:
3190:
3185:
3183:
3181:
3179:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3168:0-7188-2634-5
3165:
3161:
3156:
3153:
3149:
3144:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3129:977-424-118-5
3126:
3122:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3109:0-89870-514-2
3106:
3102:
3097:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3056:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3024:
3018:
3015:
3011:
3010:0-7661-3425-3
3007:
3003:
2997:
2994:
2990:
2989:0-87973-454-X
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2951:
2948:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2932:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2899:
2895:
2894:San Francisco
2891:
2890:
2885:
2878:
2876:
2874:
2870:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2839:
2836:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2810:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2734:
2729:
2722:
2719:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2675:
2671:
2665:
2662:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2644:
2641:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2604:
2603:
2598:
2591:
2588:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2536:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2479:
2475:
2471:
2470:
2465:
2459:
2456:
2452:
2451:0-334-04058-2
2448:
2444:
2439:
2436:
2433:pages 410–420
2432:
2431:1-4051-9362-X
2428:
2424:
2418:
2416:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2380:1-84553-007-1
2377:
2373:
2368:
2365:
2361:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2347:0-691-12531-7
2344:
2340:
2335:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2321:
2316:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2297:
2294:
2288:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2263:
2260:
2256:
2255:0-8006-2501-3
2252:
2248:
2243:
2240:
2236:
2235:0-415-28373-6
2232:
2228:
2223:
2220:
2215:
2209:
2205:
2204:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2160:
2156:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2138:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2118:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2094:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2077:3-930180-21-9
2074:
2070:
2065:
2062:
2057:
2056:
2048:
2045:
2040:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2016:
2013:
2009:
2008:0-7546-1472-7
2005:
2001:
1996:
1993:
1990:pp. 2060–2062
1989:
1988:1-60206-560-8
1985:
1981:
1976:
1973:
1969:
1968:0-7661-8394-7
1965:
1961:
1956:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1894:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1880:
1876:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1825:
1822:
1818:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1805:0-664-22858-5
1802:
1798:
1793:
1790:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1761:pages 281–282
1760:
1756:
1752:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1735:
1732:
1728:
1727:0-226-65879-1
1724:
1720:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1702:1-4051-9362-X
1699:
1695:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1664:0-415-20454-2
1661:
1657:
1652:
1649:
1645:
1644:0-8203-2256-3
1641:
1637:
1632:
1629:
1625:
1624:0-521-77205-2
1621:
1617:
1612:
1609:
1605:
1604:0-8308-3320-X
1601:
1597:
1592:
1589:
1576:
1572:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1529:
1526:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1498:
1495:
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1323:0-8010-2747-0
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1311:
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1301:
1300:0-19-504645-5
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1293:
1288:
1286:
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1278:
1277:0-415-28373-6
1274:
1270:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1256:pages 114–116
1255:
1254:1-61640-309-8
1251:
1247:
1242:
1240:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1222:
1215:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1205:Life of Jesus
1203:
1201:
1198:
1196:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1170:Black Madonna
1168:
1167:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:, who wore a
1154:
1150:
1149:
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1137:
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1127:
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1116:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:wonder worker
1071:
1066:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1050:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1003:
1001:
997:
996:Christian art
988:
984:
980:
979:
973:
968:
962:
954:
952:
950:
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937:
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924:
920:
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911:
909:
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894:Acheiropoieta
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885:
883:
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867:
864:
862:
860:
855:
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846:
842:
838:
834:
833:Mark Goodacre
829:
827:
823:
822:Richard Neave
819:
815:
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807:
803:
799:
795:
794:
785:
783:
779:
776:
775:Mark Goodacre
772:
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687:
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506:Night Journey
503:
499:
498:Sahih Bukhari
495:
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482:
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467:
464:
460:
459:Archko Volume
456:
452:
451:
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443:
441:
436:
435:
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425:
421:
418:
413:
411:
408:narrative of
407:
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399:
398:Justin Martyr
394:
391:
387:
383:
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375:
371:
367:
362:
360:
356:
352:
351:Acts of Peter
348:
344:
339:
335:' monumental
334:
330:
329:Robert Eisler
326:
322:
317:
315:
311:
307:
306:Justin Martyr
303:
301:
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202:
201:New Testament
194:
189:
182:
177:
175:
173:
169:
165:
164:Old Testament
158:
155:
147:
145:
143:
142:Ancient Greek
138:
137:
131:
126:
124:
119:
115:
111:
107:
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25:
24:
4632:
4538:Holy Kinship
4489:Master Jesus
4467:Baháʼí Faith
4361:Christianity
4348:Christianity
4318:Christ Child
4313:Bibliography
4163:Resurrection
4077:Homelessness
3986:(apocryphal)
3967:Virgin birth
3957:Annunciation
3949:Jesus's life
3878:the original
3873:
3858:. Retrieved
3839:
3827:
3811:. Retrieved
3780:
3767:. Retrieved
3736:
3723:. Retrieved
3696:
3683:. Retrieved
3652:
3639:. Retrieved
3608:
3572:
3562:the original
3557:
3541:. Retrieved
3505:
3498:
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3462:
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3438:
3426:. Retrieved
3422:the original
3409:
3403:
3390:
3382:
3378:
3362:
3358:
3342:
3338:
3322:
3318:
3313:page 110–112
3302:
3279:
3275:
3259:
3236:
3233:Stavronikita
3224:
3208:
3204:
3188:
3159:
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3116:
3100:
3096:
3080:
3076:
3060:
3044:the original
3034:
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2996:
2980:
2975:
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2922:. Retrieved
2887:
2860:. Retrieved
2838:
2826:. Retrieved
2824:. 3 May 2023
2821:
2812:
2800:. Retrieved
2766:. Retrieved
2733:The Guardian
2731:
2721:
2704:
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2690:
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2664:
2648:
2643:
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2602:The Guardian
2600:
2590:
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2548:
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2526:. Retrieved
2511:
2482:. Retrieved
2467:
2458:
2442:
2438:
2422:
2404:
2399:
2391:
2387:
2371:
2367:
2362:1999, p. 319
2359:
2354:
2338:
2334:
2315:
2296:
2287:
2279:
2262:
2246:
2242:
2226:
2222:
2202:
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2162:
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2125:
2120:
2112:
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2092:
2084:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2047:
2024:
2015:
2010:pages 98−101
1999:
1995:
1979:
1975:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1929:
1921:
1916:
1897:
1893:
1874:
1870:
1862:
1857:
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1829:
1824:
1816:
1812:
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1792:
1780:. Retrieved
1766:
1750:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1718:
1704:page 477–502
1693:
1655:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1615:
1611:
1595:
1591:
1579:. Retrieved
1568:
1559:
1547:. Retrieved
1538:
1528:
1516:. Retrieved
1507:
1497:
1482:
1472:
1445:
1407:
1403:
1397:
1374:
1337:
1314:
1291:
1268:
1245:
1224:
1153:Jim Caviezel
1146:
1140:
1135:
1129:
1123:
1113:
1105:Fra Angelico
1094:
1067:
1051:
1020:
1011:Dura-Europos
1004:
992:
976:
938:
927:
912:
897:
876:
870:
865:
850:
830:
791:
789:
780:
764:
758:
738:
725:
709:
708:In his book
707:
696:theology of
659:
627:universalism
614:
613:In his book
612:
594:
593:In his book
592:
567:Joseph Smith
560:
548:Joseph Smith
541:
523:
492:Quranic and
491:
444:
414:
382:Ephrem Syrus
363:
359:Acts of John
318:
314:Davidic line
304:
297:
278:Roman mosaic
254:earthly life
251:
247:
244:
241:
229:
213:
198:
162:
127:
103:
63:
48:
20:
18:
4564:Descendants
4522:Holy Family
4505:Genealogies
4472:Manichaeism
4378:Incarnation
4373:Christology
4366:1st century
4248:Historicity
4139:Crucifixion
4107:Last Supper
3405:The Builder
3343:Philippines
3290:pages 86-87
3247:pages 81–90
3199:pages 51–53
2528:20 November
2382:pages 46–47
2237:pages ii-xi
2181:Leyla Rouhi
1807:pages 14–16
1279:pages 70–73
1097:Renaissance
1082:Franciscans
1037:and in the
1031:crucifixion
930:Secondo Pia
900:Middle Ages
898:During the
873:Joan Taylor
722:North India
710:Anacalypsis
644:Jesus with
583:Nephi 11:13
575:First Nephi
500:as well as
447:Middle Ages
291:during the
172:Isaiah 53:2
59:theological
44:Middle Ages
4671:Categories
4410:Son of God
4305:Depictions
4043:Beatitudes
4000:Temptation
3944:Chronology
3874:Afromerica
3515:RotoVision
3063:OSV Press
2633:3 November
2580:15 October
2484:13 October
2276:Hans Jonas
2097:. p.
1797:Revelation
1581:3 November
1549:3 November
1518:3 November
1464:1012838369
1216:References
1157:prosthetic
892:See also:
882:Iraqi Jews
875:published
793:Son of God
766:Son of God
718:Indo-Aryan
599:Colin Kidd
390:apocryphal
343:Tertullian
207:, and the
152:See also:
110:Iraqi Jews
4638:Sexuality
4623:Criticism
4608:Christmas
4484:Mandaeism
4460:Ahmadiyya
4168:Ascension
4092:Anointing
4027:Disciples
4010:Selecting
3746:Zondervan
3680:557904029
3658:Edinburgh
3533:475780266
3333:pages 3–5
3012:pages 2–9
2906:0032-4558
2828:27 August
2750:0261-3077
2623:476290235
2615:0261-3077
2575:436617201
2567:9976-1874
2166:Bukhari,
2153:Bukhari,
2033:cite book
1934:Luke 4:23
1348:pages 6–9
1325:pages 3–4
1080:, as the
1007:synagogue
949:her diary
646:Nicodemus
631:ethnicity
528:, in his
410:Isaiah 53
205:his death
106:Palestine
55:political
4656:Category
4527:Panthera
4512:(mother)
4271:Josephus
4124:Betrayal
4067:Miracles
4062:Parables
4022:Ministry
4005:Apostles
3962:Nativity
3837:(1993).
3828:BBC News
3808:43684476
3764:31434584
3720:17281825
3636:52430805
3602:(2004).
3580:Archived
3558:Graphics
3537:Archived
3493:page 526
3473:page 518
3353:page 109
3111:page 154
3091:page 548
3071:page 165
2918:Archived
2856:Archived
2796:Archived
2762:Archived
2758:60623878
2742:Guardian
2674:Archived
2627:Archived
2522:Archived
2513:BBC News
2478:Archived
2469:BBC News
2323:Archived
2304:Archived
2269:Archived
2257:page 139
2023:(1985).
1905:Archived
1882:Archived
1782:25 April
1776:Archived
1666:page 127
1646:page 111
1626:page 122
1606:page 145
1575:Archived
1543:Archived
1512:Archived
1508:BBC News
1489:Archived
1164:See also
1090:Nativity
804:and the
802:France 3
712:(1836),
650:Painting
635:religion
565:founder
393:Lentulus
347:Irenaeus
284:, Rome,
51:settings
4579:Related
4549:Joachim
4443:Judaism
4433:Jesuism
4333:Statues
4286:Gospels
4276:Tacitus
4266:Sources
4191:Matthew
4186:Gospels
4097:Passion
4050:Prayers
3995:Baptism
3984:Infancy
3929:Outline
3860:18 June
3813:18 June
3769:18 June
3725:18 June
3702:Chicago
3685:18 June
3641:18 June
3606:(ed.).
3543:18 June
3428:18 June
3412:(382).
3170:page 44
3131:page 92
2991:page 91
2914:3643271
2680:22 June
2659:page 10
2453:page 69
2349:page 32
2183:(eds),
1970:page 29
1729:page 30
1424:1465740
1302:page 41
1076:in the
1023:Passion
763:series
702:Galilee
686:Amorite
674:Semitic
608:"Aryan"
445:By the
430:in his
402:Ambrose
168:messiah
66:Semitic
32:Galilee
4613:Easter
4569:Clopas
4516:Joseph
4498:Family
4395:Relics
4356:Christ
4151:Burial
4129:Arrest
3851:
3806:
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3762:
3752:
3718:
3708:
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3453:page 1
3449:
3414:London
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2924:12 May
2912:
2904:
2898:Hearst
2862:12 May
2848:London
2802:12 May
2768:12 May
2756:
2748:
2738:London
2655:
2621:
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2607:London
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2555:London
2518:London
2474:London
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2253:
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1275:
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1101:Giotto
1070:Kyrios
906:. The
814:Israel
771:Semite
670:Jewish
662:Nordic
656:, 1899
654:Tanner
581:
554:..." (
552:
502:tafsir
494:hadith
420:Jerome
325:Celsus
321:beauty
195:, 1824
136:tektōn
84:, and
70:Levant
28:Judean
4677:Jesus
4455:Islam
4134:Trial
4038:Plain
3918:Jesus
3845:Egipt
3239:1997
2069:Jesus
1420:JSTOR
1294:1993
987:Egypt
741:black
734:India
720:from
276:in a
118:brown
114:olive
30:from
23:Jesus
4555:Heli
4543:Anne
4510:Mary
4206:John
4201:Luke
4196:Mark
4156:Tomb
3862:2011
3849:ISBN
3815:2011
3804:OCLC
3794:ISBN
3771:2011
3760:OCLC
3750:ISBN
3727:2011
3716:OCLC
3706:ISBN
3687:2011
3676:OCLC
3666:ISBN
3643:2011
3632:OCLC
3622:ISBN
3545:2011
3529:OCLC
3519:ISBN
3511:Hove
3487:ISBN
3467:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3430:2011
3367:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3327:ISBN
3307:ISBN
3284:ISBN
3264:ISBN
3241:ISBN
3213:ISBN
3193:ISBN
3164:ISBN
3125:ISBN
3105:ISBN
3085:ISBN
3065:ISBN
3006:ISBN
2985:ISBN
2961:ISBN
2926:2011
2910:OCLC
2902:ISSN
2864:2011
2830:2024
2804:2011
2770:2011
2754:OCLC
2746:ISSN
2682:2016
2653:ISBN
2635:2011
2619:OCLC
2611:ISSN
2582:2011
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2563:ISSN
2530:2011
2486:2011
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2427:ISBN
2376:ISBN
2343:ISBN
2251:ISBN
2231:ISBN
2208:ISBN
2073:ISBN
2039:link
2004:ISBN
1984:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1801:ISBN
1784:2019
1755:ISBN
1723:ISBN
1698:ISBN
1660:ISBN
1640:ISBN
1620:ISBN
1600:ISBN
1583:2018
1551:2018
1520:2018
1460:OCLC
1450:ISBN
1383:ISBN
1342:ISBN
1319:ISBN
1296:ISBN
1273:ISBN
1250:ISBN
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1078:West
1052:The
1039:West
1035:East
1000:Rome
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603:race
542:The
468:The
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230:The
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2792:CNN
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