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late adolescence (17 and older). While it includes Asian, African descent, and Latino populations, this study also speculates the variances amongst the racial groups and other differences contributed by intersectionality. To investigate these relationships, the researchers examined data containing reports of racial discrimination from children, which served as a significant tool to further explore these ideas. In addition they analyzed the relationship between racial discrimination and aspects of well-being (e.g., self-esteem, substance abuse, student engagement) by organizing these components into broader categories of youth development: mental health, behavioral conditions and academic success. Subsequently, the results show a relationship between racial discrimination and negative outcomes relating to youth wellness across all three categories. Moreover, while examining differences among racial groups, children of Asian and Latino descent were found to be most at risk for mental health development, and Latino children, for academic success.
2512:
African
Cultures. The racism that was developed by the influence of colonization and American influenced there to create levels of power based on racism. Racism in African cultures is connected to the opportunities received in life, virus susceptibility, and tribal traditions. For example, in the north, an indirect policy of rule settled a new way of life between the colonizing government and the Fulani- Hausa ruling class. Because of this the North falls behind the South and West on education development which causes racial malignity.
2244:(the country in which they were born or have citizenship) is sometimes used in determining a person's ethnicity or race, but discrimination based on national origin can also be independent of race (and is sometimes specifically addressed in anti-discrimination laws). Language and culture are sometimes markers of national origin and can prompt instances of discrimination based on national origin. For example, someone of a South Asian ethnicity who grew up in London, speaks
43:
2733:. After the birth of her daughter via C-section, the tennis player began to feel pain and shortness of breath. It took her several times to convince the nurse they actually took her self-said symptoms seriously. Had she not been persistent and demanded a CT scan, which showed a clot resulting in blood thinning, Williams might have not been alive. This is just one of hundreds of cases where
121:
2786:
evidence of a weaker relationship between racial discrimination and well-being in children of
African descent may be linked to parent-guided socialization practices to help children cope with racial discrimination, or possibly lack of research concerning the severity of discrimination. Also, researchers speculate the meaningful ways
2757:
dosage of medication. Infant mortality rates and life expectancies of minorities are much lower than that of white people in the United States. Illnesses like cancer and heart diseases are more prevalent in minorities, which is one of the factors for the high mortality rate in the group. however are not treated accordingly.
3361:
Controlled experiments, using matched pairs of bogus transactors, to test for discrimination in the marketplace have been conducted for over 30 years, and have extended across 10 countries. Significant, persistent, and pervasive levels of discrimination have been found against non-whites and women in
2822:
since 1998. For example, one of the studies included in the report by Ngo (2017), studied an extracurricular program that analyzed the racial discrimination faced by Hmong adolescents and the exploration of critical consciousness participation in theater. The non-scholastic theater program encouraged
2777:
A study led by Benner et al. (2018) analyzes a combination of previous studies indicating an existing relationship between racial discrimination and well-being, more specifically, in regards to mental health, behaviors, and academic performance of adolescents ranging from early adolescence (10-13) to
2756:
program was passed to ensure
African Americans and other minorities received the healthcare treatment they deserved and to limit discrimination in hospital facilities, there still seems to be an underlying cause for the low number of black patients admitted to hospitals, like not receiving the proper
2652:
sociologist S. Michael Gaddis examines the job prospects of black and white college graduates from elite private and high-quality state higher education institutions. This research finds that blacks who graduate from an elite school such as
Harvard have about the same prospect of getting an interview
2511:
The
British colonial impact greatly affected the cultures of African society but the differences in the countries like Nigeria remain as close to tradition compared to countries like South Africa. American racism also plays a part that escalates racism in Nigeria but American racism ideas influencing
2874:
A 2016 poll found that 38% of US citizens thought that Whites faced a lot of discrimination. Among
Democrats, 29% thought there was some discrimination against Whites in the United States, while 49% of Republicans thought the same. Similarly, another poll conducted earlier in the year found that 41%
2748:
The longer hospitalization of black patients does not improve care conditions, it makes it worse, especially when treated poorly by faculty. Not a lot of minorities are admitted into hospitals and those that are receive poor conditioned treatment and care. This discrimination results in misdiagnosis
2348:
whose whiteness was challenged and who faced interpersonal if not legal discrimination. American and South
African laws which divided the population into whites from Europe and blacks from sub-Saharan Africa often caused problems of interpretation when dealing with people from other areas, such as
2773:
The topic of racial discrimination appears in discussion concerning children, and adolescents. Amongst the number of theories evaluating how children come to understand social identities, research presumes that social and cognitive developmental changes influence children's perspectives regarding
2764:
Financial and cultural influences can impact the way patients are treated by their healthcare providers. When doctors have a bias on a patient, it can lead to the formation of stereotypes, impacting the way they view their patient's data and diagnosis, affecting the treatment plan they implement.
2629:
found in a 2004 study, that there was widespread racial discrimination in the workplace. In their study, candidates perceived as having "white-sounding names" were 50% more likely than those whose names were merely perceived as "sounding black" to receive callbacks for interviews. The researchers
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of any race (for example including Native
Americans from Mexico, descendants of Africans transported to New Spain as enslaved people, and descendants of Spanish colonists). In surveys taken by the Mexican government, the same people would have been described as indigenous, black, or white (with a
2196:
system in South Africa, and Brazil has set up boards to assign a racial category to people for the purpose of enforcing racial quotas. Because of genetic variation, skin color, and other features of physical appearance can vary considerably even among siblings. Some children with the same parents
2744:
Many say that the education level of people affect whether or not they admit to healthcare facilities, leaning to the argument that people of color purposefully avoid hospitals compared to white counterparts however, this is not the case. Even Serena
Williams, a well-known athlete, was not taken
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have found strong evidence of racial discrimination in the United States' labor market, with magnitudes of employers' preferences of white applicants found in these studies ranging from 50% to 240%. Other such studies have found significant evidence of discrimination in car sales, home insurance
2781:
Racial discrimination affects about 90% of black adolescents, impacting their personal, social, psychological, and academic well-being. It leads to heightened stress, lowered self-esteem, and decreased academic performance. Creating inclusive educational environments with specialized support is
2740:
One of the factors that lead to higher mortality rates amongst black mothers is the poorly conditioned hospitals and lack of standard healthcare facilities. Along with having deliveries done in underdeveloped areas, the situation becomes complicated when the pain dealt by patients are not taken
2826:
Critical consciousness can be used as a tool to fight against racial discrimination. Heberle et al. (2020) argued that a decrease in racial discrimination can happen when White youth are aware of differences in groups and injustices due to their critical consciousness. They might change their
2785:
Although the studiesâ results correlate reported racial discrimination with outcomes to well-being, this does not conclude that one or more racial groups experience greater discrimination than other racial groups. Other factors may have contributed to the relationshipsâ findings. For example,
2745:
seriously when she described her pain. It is true that the experiences of patients in hospital settings influence whether or not they return to healthcare facilities. Black people are less likely to admit to hospitals however those that are admitted have longer stays than white people
2188:(measured for example on a scale from 1a to 4c) is closely related to racial discrimination, as skin color and hair texture are often used as a proxy for race in everyday interactions, and is one factor used by legal systems that apply detailed criteria. For example, the
1085:
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The researchers, Heberle, Rapa, and Farago (2020), conducted a systematic review of research literature on the concept critical consciousness. The study focused on 67 qualitative and quantitative studies regarding the effects of critical consciousness in
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Harris, Ricci; Tobias, Martin; Jeffreys, Mona; Waldegrave, Kiri; Karlsen, Saffron; Nazroo, James (June 2006). "Effects of self-reported racial discrimination and deprivation on MÄori health and inequalities in New
Zealand: cross-sectional study".
2609:
Discrimination may occur at any point in the employment process, including pre-employment inquiries, hiring practices, compensation, work assignments and conditions, privileges granted to employees, promotion, employee discipline and termination.
2220:
like Australia or a subcontinental region like South Asia) that are typically similar in appearance. In such cases, racial discrimination can occur because someone is of an ethnicity defined as outside that race, or ethnic discrimination (or
2790:
can play a role in variances of discrimination. Ultimately, they conclude that further studies to examine racial discrimination are necessary to provide a more comprehensive approach in determining effective support systems for children.
4298:
Sellers, Robert M.; Copeland-Linder, Nikeea; Martin, Pamela P.; Lewis, R. L'Heureux (June 2006). "Racial Identity Matters: The Relationship between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Functioning in African American Adolescents".
2875:
of US citizens believed there was "widespread" discrimination against whites. There is evidence that some people are motivated to believe they are the victims of reverse discrimination because the belief bolsters their self-esteem.
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Although programs like Medicaid exists to support minorities, there still seems to be a large number of people who are not insured. This financial drawback discourages people in the group to go to hospitals and doctors offices.
2410:
looked at the fraction of people in each country that indicated they would prefer not to have neighbours from a differing race. It ranged from below 5% in Australia, New Zealand, and many countries in the Americas, to 51.4% in
3478:
Blommaert, L.; Coenders, M.; van Tubergen, F. (19 December 2013). "Discrimination of Arabic-Named Applicants in the Netherlands: An Internet-Based Field Experiment Examining Different Phases in Online Recruitment Procedures".
2296:
to distinguish language from racial identity. Discrimination based on being Hispanic or Latino does occur in the United States and might be considered a form of racial discrimination if "Hispanic" or "Latino" are considered
2728:
Racial bias exists in the medical field affecting the way patients are treated and the way they are diagnosed. There are instances where patientsâ words are not taken seriously, an example would be the recent case with
2197:
either self-identify or are identified by others as being of different races. In some cases, the same person is identified as a different race on a birth certificate versus a death certificate. Different rules (such as
2648:, sent matched pairs of applicants to apply for jobs in Milwaukee and New York City, finding that black applicants received callbacks or job offers at half the rate of equally qualified whites. Another recent audit by
1051:
2137:. Individuals can discriminate by refusing to do business with, socialize with, or share resources with people of a certain group. Governments can discriminate explicitly in law, for example through policies of
2887:
prohibits all racial discrimination based on race. Although some courts have taken the position that a white person must meet a heightened standard of proof to prove a reverse-discrimination claim, the U.S.
2861:
when they are used to promote a diverse work or educational environment. Some critics have described those policies as discriminating against white people. In response to arguments that such policies (e.g.
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2149:
to attempt to overcome or compensate for the effects of racial discrimination. In some cases, this is simply enhanced recruitment of members of underrepresented groups; in other cases, there are firm
2986:
2681:
Multiple experimental audit studies conducted in the United States have found that blacks and Hispanics experience discrimination in about one in five and one in four housing searches, respectively.
4106:
Santiago-Rivera, Azara L.; Adames, Hector Y.; Chavez-Dueñas, Nayeli Y.; Benson-Flórez, Gregory (2016), "The impact of racism on communities of color: Historical contexts and contemporary issues.",
4847:"Does the Context of Racial Discrimination Matter for Adolescent School Outcomes?: The Impact of In-School Racial Discrimination and General Racial Discrimination on Black Adolescents' Outcomes"
5172:
Wilkins, Clara L.; Hirsch, Alexander A.; Kaiser, Cheryl R.; Inkles, Michael P. (23 February 2016). "The threat of racial progress and the self-protective nature of perceiving anti-White bias".
2349:
the rest of the Mediterranean Basin, Asia, North Africa, or even Native Americans, with classification as non-white usually resulting in legal discrimination. (Some Native American tribes have
2174:
can involve many factors (such as ancestry, physical appearance, national origin, language, religion, and culture), and can be set in law by governments, or may depend on local cultural norms.
2308:
When people of different races are treated differently, decisions about how to treat a particular person raise the question of which racial classification that person belongs to. For example,
2550:
survey which featured the largest sample of Black people in Britain found that 88% had reported racial discrimination at work, 79% believed the police unfairly targeted black people with
2694:
Persons affected by Homelessness also show a large disparity with more individuals being minorities in the United States. We Can Now is a Texas-based nonprofit that serves these people.
1554:
3081:
Amutah, C.; Greenidge, K.; Mante, A.; Munyikwa, M.; Surya, S. L.; Higginbotham, E.; Jones, D. S.; Lavizzo-Mourey, R.; Roberts, D.; Tsai, J.; Aysola, J. (March 2021). Malina, D. (ed.).
2708:
Studies have shown an association between reported racial discrimination and adverse physical and mental health outcomes. This evidence has come from multiple countries, including the
588:
2418:
More than 30 years of field experimental studies have found significant levels of discrimination against people of color in labor, housing, and product markets in 10 countries.
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seriously by healthcare providers. Pain heard from patients of color are underestimated by doctors compared to pain told by patients who are white leading them to misdiagnose.
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derived from ethnicities which formed after the independence of the former colonies of the Americas. Many statistical reports apply both characteristics, for example comparing
804:
3301:
3289:
2845:
Reverse discrimination is a term for allegations that the member of a dominant or majority group has suffered discrimination for the benefit of a minority or historically
2340:
race. The common American notion that all people of geographically European ancestry and of light skin are "white" prevailed for Finns, and other European immigrants like
2145:
which prohibit the government or individuals from being discriminated based on race (and sometimes other factors) in various circumstances. Some institutions and laws use
2279:. Sometimes the ethnicity of immigrants in their new country is defined as their national origin, and span multiple races. For example, the 2015 Community Survey of the
1965:
1326:
4263:; Klonoff, E. A. (1 May 1996). "The Schedule of Racist Events: A Measure of Racial Discrimination and a Study of Its Negative Physical and Mental Health Consequences".
53:
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this group of students to explore their identities through the injustices they faced and to fight against the oppression and racial discrimination they experienced.
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2866:) constitute discrimination against whites, sociologists note that the purpose of these policies is to level the playing field to counteract discrimination.
1331:
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1301:
897:
418:
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573:
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Bertrand, M.; Mullainathan, S. (2004). "Are Emily and Greg More Employable Than Lakisha and Jamal? A Field Experiment on Labor Market Discrimination".
2605:: Although an employer may not intend to discriminate based on racial characteristics, its policies nonetheless have an adverse effect based upon race.
2774:
their own racial/ethnic identities and children develop a greater understanding of how their race/ethnicity can be perceived by the greater society.
500:
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2599:: An employer's policies discriminate based upon any immutable racial characteristic, such as skin, eye or hair color, and certain facial features;
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3404:
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510:
338:
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Diemer, Matthew A.; Li, Cheng-Hsien (2011-09-28). "Critical Consciousness Development and Political Participation Among Marginalized Youth".
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applications, provision of medical care, and hailing taxis. There is some debate regarding the method used to signal race in these studies.
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5278:
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Ewens, Michael; Tomlin, Bryan; Wang, Liang Choon (March 2014). "Statistical Discrimination or Prejudice? A Large Sample Field Experiment".
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393:
207:
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3635:
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4582:"Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites"
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2814:. Additionally, critical consciousness can grow in individuals as a result of inequalities they may face such as racial discrimination.
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1767:
1423:
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328:
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4008:"Critical consciousness in children and adolescents: A systematic review, critical assessment, and recommendations for future research"
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2209:" as a member of a different race than they would otherwise be classified in, possibly avoiding legal or interpersonal discrimination.
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Researchers found in contrast to White families, families of color were led to obtain housing in poor, low-quality communities due to
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A growing number of studies are researching the differences into the mental health of children of different nationalities and races.
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is similar; because caste is hereditary, people of the same caste are usually considered to be of the same race and ethnicity.
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arose, resulting in Jews who identify as white, black, and other races. The reunification of diverse populations in modern
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1997:
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which grant privileges rather than disadvantages, though these were often negotiated on unfavorable terms.) Though as an
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69:
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Elvira, Marta; Town, Robert (2001-10-01). "The Effects of Race and Worker Productivity on Performance Evaluations".
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and published in 2013 found significant levels of discrimination against job applicants with Arabic-sounding names.
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for the purpose of immigration and the ability to hold citizenship or be enslaved. If a race is defined as a set of
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2017:
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Perry, Justin C.; Pickett, Lela L. (2016), Alvarez, Alvin N.; Liang, Christopher T. H.; Neville, Helen A. (eds.),
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in a large U.S. company showed that black supervisors rate white subordinates lower than average and vice versa.
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Benner, Aprile D.; Wang, Yijie; Shen, Yishan; Boyle, Alaina E.; Polk, Richelle; Cheng, Yen-Pi (October 2018).
4483:"Beyoncé, Serena Williams open up about potentially fatal childbirths, a problem especially for black mothers"
3879:"Discrimination in the Credential Society: An Audit Study of Race and College Selectivity in the Labor Market"
3431:"Extraterritoriality of European borders to Turkey: an implementation perspective of counteractive strategies"
3665:"The Sociology of Discrimination: Racial Discrimination in Employment, Housing, Credit, and Consumer Markets"
2892:(EEOC) applies the same standard to all claims of racial discrimination without regard to the victim's race.
2473:, and Europe's patrolling of its southern borders between 2010 and 2016 intensified, resulting in deals with
4381:"Cumulative Effect of Racial Discrimination on the Mental Health of Ethnic Minorities in the United Kingdom"
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in 2010, media coverage shaped public opinion and created hostility towards refugees. Prior to that the
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might be treated more favorably than someone of the same ethnicity who is a recent immigrant and speaks
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had started implementing the hotspot system, which categorized people them as either asylum seekers or
2415:; Europe had wide variation, from below 5% in the UK, France, Norway, and Sweden, to 22.7% in Germany.
2271:
In countries where migration, unification, or breakup has occurred relatively recently, the process of
4641:"The Color of Hospitalization Over the Adult Life Course: Cumulative Disadvantage in Black and White?"
2377:). The actual ancestry of most Jewish people is more varied than simply ancient Hebrew tribes. As the
2141:, disparate enforcement of laws, or disproportionate allocation of resources. Some jurisdictions have
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4593:
4451:
3714:"How Black Are Lakisha and Jamal? Racial Perceptions from Names Used in Correspondence Audit Studies"
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Riach, P. A.; Rich, J. (November 2002). "Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place".
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has led to some problems of racial discrimination against dark-skinned Jews by light-skinned Jews.
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Kahn, Katherine L. (1994-04-20). "Health Care for Black and Poor Hospitalized Medicare Patients".
3245:. Penguin history. UK USA Canada Ireland Australia India New Zealand South Africa: Penguin Books.
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A 2014 study also found evidence of racial discrimination in an American rental apartment market.
30:
This article is about specific discriminatory actions and processes. For the broader concept, see
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3528:(1973 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138: Schenkman Publishing Compani Inc. p. 215.
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2320:, then common language origin can be used to define the boundaries of that group. The status of
2233:) can occur between groups who consider each other to be the same race. Discrimination based on
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racial discrimination was the biggest barrier to academic attainment for young Black students
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Ferraro, K. F.; Thorpe, R. J.; McCabe, G. P.; Kelley-Moore, J. A.; Jiang, Z. (2006-11-01).
3749:"Racial/Ethnic Perceptions from Hispanic Names: Selecting Names to Test for Discrimination"
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Discrimination against refugees, asylum seekers, migrants and internally displaced persons
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4790:"Racial/ethnic discrimination and well-being during adolescence: A meta-analytic review"
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The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination.
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The cost of racism for people of color: Contextualizing experiences of discrimination.
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was also challenged in the United States, with attempts to classify them as Asiatic (
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3213:"International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination"
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642:
617:
473:
413:
378:
348:
17:
3083:"Misrepresenting Race â The Role of Medical Schools in Propagating Physician Bias"
2260:. Such a difference in treatment might still informally be described as a form of
2520:
While Uganda was under Idi Amin's rule, there was a policy to replace Asians and
5092:
4645:
The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
3046:
2966:
2901:
2717:
2641:
2577:
2490:
2213:
2198:
1772:
1732:
1700:
1559:
1519:
1353:
1266:
1217:
1192:
1092:
777:
495:
478:
433:
353:
5074:"Discrimination Comes in Many Forms: Individual, Institutional, and Structural"
4862:
4746:"Health disparities: gaps in access, quality and affordability of medical care"
4656:
4586:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4548:
4213:"Discrimination and racial disparities in health: evidence and needed research"
3405:"The refugee 'crisis' showed Europe's worst side to the world | Hsiao-Hung Pai"
4952:
Ngo, Bic (2016-10-26). "Naming Their World in a Culturally Responsive Space".
4276:
4228:
3447:
3430:
3290:
For Affirmative Action, Brazil Sets Up Controversial Boards To Determine Race
3061:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2803:
2657:
2443:
2275:
may complicate the determination of both ethnicity and race and is related to
2265:
2054:
2049:
1930:
1925:
1821:
1797:
1646:
1539:
1497:
1453:
1261:
1249:
1222:
1212:
1132:
522:
517:
488:
423:
264:
5185:
4973:
4965:
4930:
4870:
4813:
4717:
4664:
4396:
4326:
Williams, David R.; Neighbors, Harold W.; Jackson, James S. (February 2003).
4031:
3939:
3833:
3767:
3602:
3456:
3302:"A fascinating map of the world's most and least racially tolerant countries"
3159:
3114:
2810:, and when they address and counteract these injustices, they are expressing
2205:) classify the same people differently, and for various reasons some people "
5004:
4606:
3931:
3348:
2337:
2217:
2193:
2126:
1955:
1903:
1604:
1197:
298:
120:
4938:
4831:
4771:
4682:
4625:
4566:
4460:
4414:
4361:
4246:
4197:
4039:
3698:
3636:"White police officers lost out on job after order to pick Asian candidate"
3122:
2827:
thinking by fostering antiracist beliefs and having awareness of their own
2532:
The constitution of Liberia renders non-blacks ineligible for citizenship.
2157:, where members of a dominant or majority group are discriminated against.
4725:
4343:
4328:"Racial/Ethnic Discrimination and Health: Findings From Community Studies"
3782:
3594:
3579:"A Black Republic: Citizenship and naturalisation requirements in Liberia"
3378:"HRW: Refugees, Asylum seekers, Migrants and Internally Displaced Persons"
3105:
3082:
4084:
3954:
2946:
2941:
2753:
2122:
1920:
1742:
1661:
1306:
1232:
1137:
1097:
453:
448:
443:
368:
363:
308:
5292:
5273:
3896:
3492:
5301:
4805:
4533:"Black-white differences in severe maternal morbidity and site of care"
4531:
Howell EA, Egorova N, Balbierz A, Zeitlin J, Hebert PL (January 2016).
4023:
3846:"Discrimination in a Low Wage Labor Market: A Field Experiment," 2009,
3501:
2427:
373:
269:
249:
222:
197:
4115:
3966:
2630:
view these results as strong evidence of unconscious biases rooted in
4179:
3036:
2474:
2462:
2451:
2412:
2386:
2261:
1358:
358:
254:
232:
227:
177:
31:
4750:
Transactions of the American Clinical and Climatological Association
4110:, Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 229â245,
3961:, Washington: American Psychological Association, pp. 203â227,
3732:
3713:
4507:"Pregnancy-Related Deaths | Pregnancy | Reproductive Health | CDC"
2819:
2653:
as whites who graduate from a state school such as UMass Amherst.
2478:
2321:
2234:
1368:
182:
2649:
2442:
have been the victims of racial discrimination, racist attacks,
2374:
2362:
2185:
2153:. Opponents of strong remedies like quotas characterize them as
2134:
2002:
1831:
4885:"Prioritizing Racial Equity in Student Mental Health Spending"
2987:
International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination
2626:
2562:
based on race continues to be violated in the United Kingdom.
2288:
large number of people unclassified who might be described as
36:
5146:"Six in 10 Americans Say Racism Against Blacks Is Widespread"
4164:"Perceived discrimination and health: a meta-analytic review"
3955:"The costs of racism on workforce entry and work adjustment."
2782:
crucial for their holistic development amid such challenges.
4211:
Williams, David R.; Mohammed, Selina A. (22 November 2008).
3217:
United Nations Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner
2216:
from populations in neighboring geographic areas (such as a
2802:
When a person is conscious of their privilege, mindful of
4580:
Hoffman KM, Trawalter S, Axt JR, Oliver MN (April 2016).
2798:
Critical Consciousness in Youth and Racial Discrimination
2667:
rates are higher for blacks and Latinos than for whites.
5274:"What Has Economics to Say about Racial Discrimination?"
3878:
3748:
2524:
with blacks. Idi Amin was also an anti Semitic person.
2446:
and ethnic and religious intolerance. According to the
61:
4006:
Heberle, Amy E.; Rapa, Luke J.; Farago, Flora (2020).
3920:
Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society
2737:
can affect women of color in pregnancy complications.
4698:
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association
2161:
Boundary problems and related forms of discrimination
3564:"When Idi Amin expelled 50,000 'Asians' from Uganda"
2749:
and medical mistakes that lead to high death rates.
5027:"The Struggle for Access in Law School Admissions"
3399:
3397:
2554:powers and 80% definitely or somewhat agreed that
3754:Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World
2632:the United States' long history of discrimination
2292:). The U.S. census asks separate questions about
1966:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
4139:"Local outreach group take on homeless equality"
3188:Complexion Based Discrimination: Global Insights
2997:Psychological impact of discrimination on health
2324:as white was challenged on the grounds that the
2381:spread across Europe and Africa over time many
1610:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
5115:"Discrimination and conflicts in U.S. society"
5000:"Court tackles racial bias in work promotions"
3146:"Race Is a Social Construct, Scientists Argue"
2212:A given race is sometimes defined as a set of
1086:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
5211:"Section 15: Race & Color Discrimination"
5205:
5203:
4845:Gale, Adrian; Dorsey, Marquitta (June 2020).
4739:
4737:
4735:
4537:American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
2310:definitions of whiteness in the United States
2117:against any individual on the basis of their
2091:
50:The examples and perspective in this article
27:Discrimination in basis of race and ethnicity
8:
3787:U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
3663:Pager, Devah; Shepherd, Hana (August 2008).
3526:Power and Privilege at an African University
2677:Housing discrimination in the United States
2248:with a London accent, and whose family has
1302:List of people killed for being transgender
5174:Group Processes & Intergroup Relations
4162:Pascoe, EA; Smart Richman, L (July 2009).
3658:
3656:
3372:
3370:
2572:Racial discrimination in the United States
2098:
2084:
99:
5291:
4821:
4761:
4672:
4615:
4605:
4556:
4452:1983/da95cbcd-a090-4373-b20a-ccde6b392a06
4450:
4404:
4351:
4236:
4187:
4074:
3823:
3766:
3731:
3688:
3500:
3446:
3338:
3104:
2885:Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
2857:In the United States, courts have upheld
88:Learn how and when to remove this message
389:Social determinants of health in poverty
3863:"The Mark of a Criminal Record," 2003,
3783:"Facts About Race/Color Discrimination"
3073:
2890:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
111:
4783:
4781:
3541:
3057:Statistical discrimination (economics)
2590:Racial discrimination in the workplace
2336:, purportedly making the Finns of the
4001:
3999:
3997:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3166:from the original on 14 February 2023
7:
5315:Superior: The Return of Race Science
5279:The Journal of Economic Perspectives
5144:Jones, Jeffrey M. (17 August 2016).
5048:"Ten Myths About Affirmative Action"
3681:10.1146/annurev.soc.33.040406.131740
3634:Reporters, Telegraph (12 Aug 2024).
3617:"Black British Voices: the findings"
3362:labor, housing, and product markets.
3236:
3234:
2576:With regard to employment, multiple
2458:, and an obstacle to its solution."
1108:Capital punishment for homosexuality
394:Social determinants of mental health
3088:The New England Journal of Medicine
2167:Discrimination based on nationality
1228:Genital modification and mutilation
4301:Journal of Research on Adolescence
4063:Review of Economics and Statistics
3524:Van Den Berghe, Pierre L. (1973).
3267:"What Are the Four Types of Hair?"
2907:Discrimination based on skin color
2178:Discrimination based on skin color
25:
5072:Pincus, F. L. (1 November 1996).
4385:American Journal of Public Health
4332:American Journal of Public Health
3577:Ludwig, Bernadette (2016-01-15).
3144:Gannon, Megan (5 February 2016).
2592:falls into two basic categories:
2454:is both a cause and a product of
2190:Population Registration Act, 1950
4923:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01650.x
4710:10.1001/jama.1994.03510390039027
4313:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2006.00128.x
2982:Index of racism-related articles
2691:during the home-buying process.
2277:personal identity or affiliation
1721:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1550:Law for Protection of the Nation
1444:White genocide conspiracy theory
119:
41:
3185:Dr. Deen Dayal (15 June 2018).
2461:With the influx of refugees to
1555:MSM blood donation restrictions
1297:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
4954:Journal of Adolescent Research
4217:Journal of Behavioral Medicine
2180:,(measured for example on the
1568:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
5081:American Behavioral Scientist
4443:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68890-9
4379:; B?cares, Laia (July 2016).
3865:American Journal of Sociology
3435:Comparative Migration Studies
3429:KaradaÄ, Sibel (2019-04-18).
3191:. Notion Press. p. 249.
3097:Massachusetts Medical Society
2294:Hispanic and Latino Americans
2268:or anti-immigrant sentiment.
1998:Second-generation gender bias
1706:Constitutional colorblindness
384:Social determinants of health
5259:Resources in other libraries
4889:Center for American Progress
4756:: 167â72, discussion 172â4.
3848:American Sociological Review
2542:Racism in the United Kingdom
2440:internally displaced persons
5093:10.1177/0002764296040002009
4265:Journal of Black Psychology
3877:Gaddis, S. M. (June 2015).
3747:Gaddis, S. Michael (2017).
3712:Gaddis, S. Michael (2017).
3002:Race (human categorization)
2724:Racism in healthcare system
2283:accepted identification as
2129:or national origin, and/or
1909:Medical model of disability
1753:Hate speech laws by country
64:, discuss the issue on the
5364:
5119:U.S. Politics & Policy
5052:Understandingprejudice.org
4863:10.1007/s12552-020-09286-0
4549:10.1016/j.ajog.2015.08.019
3669:Annual Review of Sociology
3052:Taste-based discrimination
2838:
2701:
2674:
2569:
2539:
2500:
2373:(which would also include
2369:being in western Asia) or
2164:
2018:Social model of disability
439:Discrimination against men
29:
5254:Resources in your library
4277:10.1177/00957984960222002
4229:10.1007/s10865-008-9185-0
3448:10.1186/s40878-019-0113-y
2912:Employment discrimination
2489:A study conducted in the
1349:Opposition to immigration
233:Race / Ethnicity
5186:10.1177/1368430216631030
4966:10.1177/0743558416675233
4851:Race and Social Problems
4657:10.1093/geronb/61.6.S299
4397:10.2105/AJPH.2016.303121
3834:10.1257/0002828042002561
3811:American Economic Review
3768:10.1177/2378023117737193
3548:: CS1 maint: location (
2977:Historical race concepts
2663:Research indicates that
2359:religious discrimination
2192:was used to enforce the
2143:anti-discrimination laws
1344:Occupational segregation
1113:Compulsory sterilization
4607:10.1073/pnas.1516047113
3932:10.1111/0019-8676.00226
3621:University of Cambridge
3349:10.1111/1468-0297.00080
2859:race-conscious policies
2548:University of Cambridge
2383:Jewish ethnic divisions
2361:, the whiteness of all
2264:, or more precisely as
1894:Internalized oppression
1748:Fighting Discrimination
1738:Fat acceptance movement
1696:Anti-discrimination law
1322:Native American mascots
5343:Discrimination by type
5215:EEOC Compliance Manual
5029:. Academic.udayton.edu
4168:Psychological Bulletin
4012:Psychological Bulletin
3042:Racism on the Internet
2883:In the United States,
2841:Reverse discrimination
2835:Reverse discrimination
2812:critical consciousness
2318:ethnolinguistic groups
2155:reverse discrimination
2013:Social identity threat
1986:Reverse discrimination
1976:Racial color blindness
1434:Violence against women
1414:Sex-selective abortion
5245:Racial discrimination
4794:American Psychologist
4344:10.2105/AJPH.93.2.200
4143:spectrumlocalnews.com
3854:, and Bart Bonikowski
3595:10.33182/ml.v13i1.265
3241:Dabiri, Emma (2020).
3106:10.1056/NEJMms2025768
2623:University of Chicago
2355:ethno-religious group
2314:civil rights movement
2312:were used before the
2299:a new racial category
2111:Racial discrimination
1981:Religious intolerance
1941:Political correctness
1763:Intersex human rights
1711:Cultural assimilation
1379:Religious persecution
1143:Disability hate crime
920:Jewish / Antisemitism
4375:Wallace, Stephanie;
4085:10.1162/REST_a_00365
3719:Sociological Science
3623:. 28 September 2023.
3327:The Economic Journal
2658:workplace evaluation
2646:Princeton University
2619:Sendhil Mullainathan
2281:United States Census
1364:Political repression
344:Anti-left handedness
334:Anti-intellectualism
70:create a new article
62:improve this article
52:may not represent a
5293:10.1257/jep.12.2.91
5123:Pew Research Center
4598:2016PNAS..113.4296H
4437:(9527): 2005â2009.
3761:: 237802311773719.
3243:Don't touch my hair
3151:Scientific American
2769:Welfare of Children
2644:, a sociologist at
2597:Disparate Treatment
2503:Zanzibar Revolution
2456:forced displacement
2408:The Washington Post
2404:World Values Survey
2402:A 2013 analysis of
2303:Non-Hispanic whites
1889:Historical eugenics
1404:Segregation academy
1384:Religious terrorism
1173:Enemy of the people
1081:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
579:Jehovah's Witnesses
464:Perpetual foreigner
18:Race discrimination
4998:(April 22, 2009).
4806:10.1037/amp0000204
4024:10.1037/bul0000230
3850:, by Devah Pager,
3789:. 8 September 2008
3333:(483): F480âF518.
3047:Supremacism#Racial
3032:Racial integration
3027:Racial segregation
2864:affirmative action
2426:Around the world,
2147:affirmative action
2139:racial segregation
1793:Social integration
1788:Self-determination
1778:Racial integration
1726:Diversity training
1716:Cultural pluralism
1691:Affirmative action
1583:Racial segregation
1493:Crime of apartheid
1389:Religious violence
884:Indigenous people
260:Sexual orientation
5325:978-0-8070-7691-0
5270:Arrow, Kenneth J.
5240:Library resources
5125:. 8 December 2016
4911:Child Development
4744:Riley WJ (2012).
4125:978-1-4338-2095-3
4116:10.1037/14852-011
3976:978-1-4338-2095-3
3967:10.1037/14852-010
3897:10.1093/sf/sou111
3583:Migration Letters
3493:10.1093/sf/sot124
3252:978-0-14-198628-9
3198:978-1-64324-232-3
3022:Racial inequality
2788:intersectionality
2698:Effects on health
2615:Marianne Bertrand
2471:economic migrants
2448:Human Right Watch
2346:Italian Americans
2305:to other groups.
2285:Mexican Americans
2182:Fitzpatrick scale
2172:Racial boundaries
2108:
2107:
1971:Racism by country
1899:Intersectionality
1884:Heteronormativity
1667:Voter suppression
1409:Sexual harassment
1208:Forced conversion
1128:Cultural genocide
783:African Americans
589:postâCold War era
574:Eastern Orthodoxy
329:Anti-drug addicts
324:Anti-homelessness
243:Scientific racism
98:
97:
90:
72:, as appropriate.
16:(Redirected from
5355:
5329:
5318:. Beacon Press.
5305:
5295:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5222:
5207:
5198:
5197:
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5023:
5017:
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5014:
5012:
4992:
4986:
4985:
4949:
4943:
4942:
4917:(6): 1815â1833.
4906:
4900:
4899:
4897:
4896:
4881:
4875:
4874:
4842:
4836:
4835:
4825:
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4693:
4687:
4686:
4676:
4651:(6): S299âS306.
4636:
4630:
4629:
4619:
4609:
4592:(16): 4296â301.
4577:
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4497:
4496:
4494:
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4472:
4454:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4408:
4391:(7): 1294â1300.
4372:
4366:
4365:
4355:
4323:
4317:
4316:
4295:
4289:
4288:
4257:
4251:
4250:
4240:
4208:
4202:
4201:
4191:
4180:10.1037/a0016059
4159:
4153:
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4149:
4135:
4129:
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4103:
4097:
4096:
4078:
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4003:
3986:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3950:
3944:
3943:
3915:
3909:
3908:
3891:(4): 1451â1479.
3874:
3868:
3867:, by Devah Pager
3861:
3855:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3827:
3805:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3779:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3744:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3709:
3703:
3702:
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3650:
3648:
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3631:
3625:
3624:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3566:. 4 August 2019.
3560:
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3521:
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3514:
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3281:
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3257:
3256:
3238:
3229:
3228:
3226:
3224:
3219:. United Nations
3209:
3203:
3202:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3141:
3135:
3134:
3108:
3078:
3012:Racial hierarchy
2917:Ethnic cleansing
2656:A 2001 study of
2603:Disparate Impact
2507:Racism in Africa
2393:Around the world
2357:they often face
2326:Finnish language
2100:
2093:
2086:
2023:Social privilege
2008:Social exclusion
1936:Police brutality
1857:Multiculturalism
1827:Amatonormativity
1642:Social exclusion
1478:Age of candidacy
1272:Homeless dumping
1178:Ethnic cleansing
123:
100:
93:
86:
82:
79:
73:
45:
44:
37:
21:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5354:
5353:
5352:
5333:
5332:
5326:
5308:
5272:(Spring 1998).
5268:
5265:
5264:
5263:
5248:
5247:
5243:
5236:
5234:Further reading
5231:
5230:
5220:
5218:
5217:. 19 April 2006
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4844:
4843:
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4787:
4786:
4779:
4743:
4742:
4733:
4704:(15): 1169â74.
4695:
4694:
4690:
4638:
4637:
4633:
4579:
4578:
4574:
4543:(1): 122.e1â7.
4530:
4529:
4525:
4516:
4514:
4505:
4504:
4500:
4491:
4489:
4487:Washington Post
4481:
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4100:
4076:10.1.1.244.8241
4060:
4059:
4055:
4005:
4004:
3989:
3981:
3979:
3977:
3952:
3951:
3947:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3876:
3875:
3871:
3862:
3858:
3845:
3841:
3825:10.1.1.321.8621
3818:(4): 991â1013.
3807:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3781:
3780:
3776:
3746:
3745:
3741:
3733:10.15195/v4.a19
3711:
3710:
3706:
3662:
3661:
3654:
3644:
3642:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3576:
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3571:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3540:
3536:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3477:
3476:
3472:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3412:
3403:
3402:
3395:
3386:
3384:
3376:
3375:
3368:
3340:10.1.1.417.9100
3324:
3323:
3319:
3310:
3308:
3306:Washington Post
3300:
3299:
3295:
3288:
3284:
3275:
3273:
3265:
3264:
3260:
3253:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3222:
3220:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3080:
3079:
3075:
3070:
3007:Racial equality
2932:Ethnic violence
2922:Ethnic conflict
2898:
2881:
2872:
2855:
2843:
2837:
2829:White privilege
2800:
2771:
2735:systemic racism
2731:Serena Williams
2726:
2706:
2704:Race and health
2700:
2679:
2673:
2587:
2574:
2568:
2560:Formal equality
2552:stop and search
2544:
2538:
2530:
2518:
2509:
2501:Main articles:
2499:
2487:
2485:The Netherlands
2424:
2400:
2395:
2379:Jewish diaspora
2342:Irish Americans
2254:British culture
2246:British English
2242:national origin
2231:ethnic violence
2227:ethnic conflict
2169:
2163:
2104:
2075:
2074:
2073:
2072:
2071:
1946:Polyculturalism
1842:Civil liberties
1814:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1803:
1802:
1783:Reappropriation
1683:
1682:Countermeasures
1675:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1600:Racial steering
1566:Numerus clausus
1470:
1462:
1461:
1460:
1459:
1458:
1183:Ethnic conflict
1118:Corrective rape
1073:
1065:
1064:
1063:
1062:
1061:
708:
697:
696:
695:
694:
693:
648:minority Muslim
541:
531:
530:
529:
528:
527:
419:HIV/AIDS stigma
291:
283:
282:
281:
280:
279:
228:Mental disorder
170:
162:
161:
160:
159:
158:
131:
94:
83:
77:
74:
59:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5361:
5359:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5324:
5306:
5262:
5261:
5256:
5250:
5249:
5238:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5229:
5228:
5199:
5180:(6): 801â812.
5164:
5136:
5106:
5087:(2): 186â194.
5064:
5039:
5018:
4996:Biskupic, Joan
4987:
4944:
4901:
4876:
4857:(2): 171â185.
4837:
4800:(7): 855â883.
4777:
4731:
4688:
4631:
4572:
4523:
4498:
4474:
4420:
4367:
4338:(2): 200â208.
4318:
4307:(2): 187â216.
4290:
4271:(2): 144â168.
4252:
4203:
4154:
4130:
4124:
4098:
4053:
4018:(6): 525â551.
3987:
3975:
3945:
3926:(4): 571â590.
3910:
3869:
3856:
3839:
3800:
3774:
3739:
3704:
3675:(1): 181â209.
3652:
3626:
3608:
3569:
3555:
3534:
3516:
3470:
3421:
3393:
3366:
3317:
3293:
3282:
3258:
3251:
3230:
3204:
3197:
3177:
3136:
3072:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3059:
3054:
3049:
3044:
3039:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3017:Racial hygiene
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2897:
2894:
2880:
2877:
2871:
2868:
2854:
2851:
2836:
2833:
2808:discrimination
2799:
2796:
2770:
2767:
2725:
2722:
2714:United Kingdom
2702:Main article:
2699:
2696:
2689:discrimination
2675:Main article:
2672:
2669:
2607:
2606:
2600:
2586:
2583:
2570:Main article:
2567:
2564:
2540:Main article:
2537:
2536:United Kingdom
2534:
2529:
2526:
2517:
2514:
2498:
2495:
2486:
2483:
2467:European Union
2432:asylum seekers
2423:
2420:
2399:
2398:Overall trends
2396:
2394:
2391:
2258:Indian English
2162:
2159:
2115:discrimination
2106:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2095:
2088:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2070:
2069:
2064:
2063:
2062:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1991:Reverse racism
1983:
1978:
1973:
1968:
1963:
1961:Prisoner abuse
1958:
1953:
1951:Power distance
1948:
1943:
1938:
1933:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1906:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1869:Ethnic penalty
1866:
1865:
1864:
1862:Neurodiversity
1859:
1849:
1847:Dehumanization
1844:
1839:
1837:Cisnormativity
1834:
1829:
1824:
1818:
1817:
1816:
1815:
1813:Related topics
1812:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1760:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1728:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1681:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1657:State religion
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1612:
1607:
1602:
1597:
1596:
1595:
1593:Nuremberg Laws
1590:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1552:
1547:
1542:
1537:
1535:Ghetto benches
1532:
1530:Gerrymandering
1527:
1522:
1517:
1515:Gender pay gap
1512:
1511:
1510:
1505:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1473:
1472:
1471:
1468:
1467:
1464:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1416:
1411:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1319:
1314:
1309:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1292:Lavender scare
1289:
1287:Kill Haole Day
1284:
1282:Indian rolling
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1257:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1230:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1200:
1195:
1190:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1168:Eliminationism
1165:
1160:
1155:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1103:Cancel culture
1100:
1095:
1090:
1089:
1088:
1077:
1076:
1075:
1074:
1072:Manifestations
1071:
1070:
1067:
1066:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1019:
1014:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
962:Middle Eastern
959:
954:
949:
944:
939:
934:
929:
928:
927:
917:
912:
907:
902:
901:
900:
895:
890:
882:
877:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
842:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
812:
807:
802:
797:
796:
795:
790:
785:
775:
770:
765:
764:
763:
758:
753:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
712:
711:
710:
709:
703:
702:
699:
698:
692:
691:
689:Zoroastrianism
686:
681:
676:
671:
666:
665:
664:
654:
653:
652:
651:
650:
645:
640:
635:
630:
615:
614:
613:
611:Untouchability
608:
598:
593:
592:
591:
586:
581:
576:
571:
561:
556:
551:
545:
544:
543:
542:
537:
536:
533:
532:
526:
525:
520:
515:
514:
513:
508:
503:
493:
492:
491:
486:
476:
471:
466:
461:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
429:Leprosy stigma
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
396:
391:
386:
381:
376:
371:
366:
361:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
331:
326:
321:
316:
311:
306:
301:
295:
294:
293:
292:
289:
288:
285:
284:
278:
277:
272:
267:
262:
257:
252:
247:
246:
245:
240:
230:
225:
220:
215:
210:
205:
200:
195:
190:
185:
180:
174:
173:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
163:
157:
156:
151:
146:
141:
135:
134:
133:
132:
129:
128:
125:
124:
116:
115:
113:Discrimination
109:
108:
96:
95:
56:of the subject
54:worldwide view
49:
47:
40:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5360:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5340:
5338:
5327:
5321:
5317:
5316:
5311:
5310:Saini, Angela
5307:
5303:
5299:
5294:
5289:
5286:(2): 91â100.
5285:
5281:
5280:
5275:
5271:
5267:
5266:
5260:
5257:
5255:
5252:
5251:
5246:
5241:
5233:
5216:
5212:
5206:
5204:
5200:
5195:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5179:
5175:
5168:
5165:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5140:
5137:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5110:
5107:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5075:
5068:
5065:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5028:
5022:
5019:
5007:
5006:
5001:
4997:
4991:
4988:
4983:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4945:
4940:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4905:
4902:
4891:. 19 May 2022
4890:
4886:
4880:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4848:
4841:
4838:
4833:
4829:
4824:
4819:
4815:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4784:
4782:
4778:
4773:
4769:
4764:
4759:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4740:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4699:
4692:
4689:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4635:
4632:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4576:
4573:
4568:
4564:
4559:
4554:
4550:
4546:
4542:
4538:
4534:
4527:
4524:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4444:
4440:
4436:
4432:
4424:
4421:
4416:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4398:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4377:Nazroo, James
4371:
4368:
4363:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4322:
4319:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4291:
4286:
4282:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4253:
4248:
4244:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4199:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4174:(4): 531â54.
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4155:
4144:
4140:
4134:
4131:
4127:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4102:
4099:
4094:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4077:
4072:
4069:(1): 119â34.
4068:
4064:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4021:
4017:
4013:
4009:
4002:
4000:
3998:
3996:
3994:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3949:
3946:
3941:
3937:
3933:
3929:
3925:
3921:
3914:
3911:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3885:
3884:Social Forces
3880:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3857:
3853:
3852:Bruce Western
3849:
3843:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3812:
3804:
3801:
3788:
3784:
3778:
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3769:
3764:
3760:
3756:
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3750:
3743:
3740:
3734:
3729:
3725:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3666:
3659:
3657:
3653:
3641:
3640:The Telegraph
3637:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3618:
3612:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3588:
3584:
3580:
3573:
3570:
3565:
3559:
3556:
3551:
3545:
3537:
3535:9780870739682
3531:
3527:
3520:
3517:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3487:(3): 957â82.
3486:
3482:
3481:Social Forces
3474:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3440:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3422:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3398:
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3383:
3379:
3373:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3321:
3318:
3307:
3303:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3286:
3283:
3272:
3268:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3244:
3237:
3235:
3231:
3218:
3214:
3208:
3205:
3200:
3194:
3190:
3189:
3181:
3178:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3140:
3137:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3067:
3063:
3060:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3050:
3048:
3045:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:Ethnocentrism
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2878:
2876:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2860:
2853:United States
2852:
2850:
2848:
2847:disadvantaged
2842:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2815:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2755:
2752:Although the
2750:
2746:
2742:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2710:United States
2705:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2685:
2682:
2678:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2661:
2659:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2637:
2636:Jim Crow laws
2633:
2628:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2591:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:audit studies
2573:
2566:United States
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2543:
2535:
2533:
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2515:
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2508:
2504:
2496:
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2409:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2356:
2352:
2351:treaty rights
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:Indo-European
2331:
2327:
2323:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2306:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2223:ethnic hatred
2219:
2215:
2210:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2173:
2168:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2151:racial quotas
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2101:
2096:
2094:
2089:
2087:
2082:
2081:
2079:
2078:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2045:Social stigma
2043:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
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1949:
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1939:
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1932:
1929:
1927:
1924:
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1915:
1912:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1905:
1902:
1900:
1897:
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1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
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1877:
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1870:
1867:
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1830:
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1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1810:
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1799:
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1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
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1759:
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1714:
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1702:
1699:
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1692:
1689:
1688:
1679:
1678:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1652:State atheism
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1608:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1588:Jim Crow laws
1586:
1585:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1573:One-drop rule
1571:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
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1528:
1526:
1523:
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1518:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1500:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1488:Blood quantum
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1440:
1437:
1435:
1432:
1430:
1429:Victimisation
1427:
1425:
1424:Trans bashing
1422:
1420:
1417:
1415:
1412:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1394:Religious war
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Racialization
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
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1273:
1270:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1256:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1245:Glass ceiling
1243:
1239:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:Ethnic hatred
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1123:Counter-jihad
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1078:
1069:
1068:
1058:
1055:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
943:
940:
938:
935:
933:
930:
926:
923:
922:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
899:
898:United States
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
885:
883:
881:
878:
876:
873:
871:
868:
866:
863:
861:
858:
856:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
841:
838:
836:
833:
831:
828:
826:
823:
821:
818:
816:
813:
811:
808:
806:
803:
801:
798:
794:
791:
789:
786:
784:
781:
780:
779:
776:
774:
771:
769:
766:
762:
761:United States
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
748:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
732:
729:
727:
724:
722:
719:
717:
714:
713:
707:
701:
700:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
674:Protestantism
672:
670:
667:
663:
660:
659:
658:
655:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
634:
631:
629:
626:
625:
624:
621:
620:
619:
616:
612:
609:
607:
604:
603:
602:
599:
597:
594:
590:
587:
585:
584:LDS or Mormon
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
570:
567:
566:
565:
562:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
546:
540:
535:
534:
524:
521:
519:
516:
512:
509:
507:
506:Transmisogyny
504:
502:
499:
498:
497:
494:
490:
487:
485:
482:
481:
480:
477:
475:
472:
470:
467:
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462:
460:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Gerontophobia
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
380:
377:
375:
372:
370:
367:
365:
362:
360:
357:
355:
352:
350:
347:
345:
342:
340:
339:Anti-intersex
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
325:
322:
320:
317:
315:
314:Anti-albinism
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
297:
296:
287:
286:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
261:
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199:
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191:
189:
186:
184:
181:
179:
176:
175:
166:
165:
155:
152:
150:
147:
145:
142:
140:
139:Institutional
137:
136:
127:
126:
122:
118:
117:
114:
110:
106:
102:
101:
92:
89:
81:
71:
67:
63:
57:
55:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
5313:
5283:
5277:
5244:
5219:. Retrieved
5214:
5177:
5173:
5167:
5155:. Retrieved
5149:
5139:
5127:. Retrieved
5118:
5109:
5084:
5080:
5067:
5055:. Retrieved
5051:
5042:
5031:. Retrieved
5021:
5009:. Retrieved
5003:
4990:
4960:(1): 37â63.
4957:
4953:
4947:
4914:
4910:
4904:
4893:. Retrieved
4888:
4879:
4854:
4850:
4840:
4797:
4793:
4753:
4749:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4648:
4644:
4634:
4589:
4585:
4575:
4540:
4536:
4526:
4515:. Retrieved
4513:. 2018-05-09
4510:
4501:
4490:. Retrieved
4486:
4477:
4434:
4430:
4423:
4388:
4384:
4370:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4304:
4300:
4293:
4268:
4264:
4261:Landrine, H.
4255:
4223:(1): 20â47.
4220:
4216:
4206:
4171:
4167:
4157:
4146:. Retrieved
4142:
4133:
4107:
4101:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4015:
4011:
3980:, retrieved
3958:
3948:
3923:
3919:
3913:
3888:
3882:
3872:
3864:
3859:
3847:
3842:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3791:. Retrieved
3786:
3777:
3758:
3752:
3742:
3723:
3717:
3707:
3672:
3668:
3643:. Retrieved
3639:
3629:
3620:
3611:
3589:(1): 84â99.
3586:
3582:
3572:
3558:
3525:
3519:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3438:
3434:
3424:
3413:. Retrieved
3411:. 2020-01-01
3409:The Guardian
3408:
3385:. Retrieved
3381:
3360:
3330:
3326:
3320:
3309:. Retrieved
3305:
3296:
3285:
3274:. Retrieved
3270:
3261:
3242:
3221:. Retrieved
3216:
3207:
3187:
3180:
3168:. Retrieved
3149:
3139:
3092:
3086:
3076:
2972:Hate studies
2927:Ethnic group
2882:
2873:
2856:
2844:
2825:
2816:
2801:
2793:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2727:
2707:
2693:
2686:
2683:
2680:
2665:unemployment
2662:
2655:
2640:
2613:Researchers
2612:
2608:
2602:
2596:
2588:
2575:
2545:
2531:
2522:white people
2519:
2510:
2488:
2460:
2425:
2417:
2401:
2332:rather than
2307:
2273:ethnogenesis
2270:
2239:
2211:
2203:hyperdescent
2186:hair texture
2176:
2170:
2135:hair texture
2110:
2109:
1879:Gender-blind
1758:Human rights
1578:Racial quota
1565:
1545:Jewish quota
1525:Gerontocracy
1520:Gender roles
1498:Disabilities
1483:Blood purity
1449:Wife selling
1439:White flight
1419:Slut-shaming
1399:Scapegoating
1317:Murder music
982:Palestinians
925:Anti-Zionism
793:South Africa
778:Black people
756:South Africa
564:Christianity
554:BahĂĄÊŒĂ Faith
474:Sectarianism
414:Heterosexism
379:Ephebiphobia
349:Anti-Masonry
208:Hair texture
84:
75:
51:
4511:www.cdc.gov
3726:: 469â489.
3502:2066/129904
3382:www.hrw.org
3271:MedicineNet
3099:: 872â878.
2967:Hate speech
2902:Anti-racism
2870:Perceptions
2718:New Zealand
2642:Devah Pager
2491:Netherlands
2250:assimilated
2240:A person's
2214:ethnicities
2199:hypodescent
1773:Nonviolence
1768:LGBT rights
1733:Empowerment
1701:Anti-racism
1615:Segregation
1560:No kid zone
1354:Persecution
1267:Hate speech
1218:Gay bashing
1193:Ethnic joke
1148:Dog whistle
1093:Blood libel
773:Azerbaijani
669:Neopaganism
662:Persecution
623:Persecution
606:Persecution
569:Catholicism
496:Transphobia
479:Supremacism
434:Lesbophobia
354:Aporophobia
319:Anti-autism
154:Taste-based
149:Statistical
78:August 2017
5337:Categories
5033:2010-05-23
4895:2022-06-09
4517:2018-10-14
4492:2018-10-14
4431:The Lancet
4148:2022-06-09
3982:2020-08-09
3415:2021-07-06
3387:2021-07-06
3311:2017-08-16
3276:2024-02-07
3068:References
3062:Xenophobia
2962:Hate media
2957:Hate group
2952:Hate Crime
2839:See also:
2804:oppression
2585:Employment
2444:xenophobia
2266:xenophobia
2165:See also:
2131:skin color
2055:Stereotype
2050:Speciesism
1931:Oppression
1926:Oikophobia
1822:Allophilia
1798:Toleration
1647:Sodomy law
1540:Internment
1454:Witch-hunt
1332:Blackhawks
1262:Hate group
1250:Hate crime
1223:Gendercide
1213:Freak show
1203:Excellence
1163:Employment
1133:Defamation
1057:Vietnamese
1052:Venezuelan
942:Lithuanian
596:Falun Gong
523:Xenophobia
518:Vegaphobia
501:Non-binary
459:Pedophobia
424:Homophobia
238:Skin color
198:Disability
169:Attributes
144:Structural
5221:16 August
5101:143231189
5005:USA Today
4982:151424013
4974:0743-5584
4931:0009-3920
4871:1867-1748
4814:1935-990X
4718:0098-7484
4665:1079-5014
4285:145535500
4071:CiteSeerX
4048:215618919
4032:1939-1455
3940:1468-232X
3905:145386374
3820:CiteSeerX
3793:16 August
3603:1741-8992
3544:cite book
3511:145446149
3465:150384637
3457:2214-594X
3441:(1): 12.
3335:CiteSeerX
3160:0036-8733
3131:230820421
3115:1533-4406
2621:, at the
2367:Palestine
2338:Mongoloid
2218:continent
2194:apartheid
2028:Christian
1956:Prejudice
1904:Masculism
1852:Diversity
1630:religious
1605:Redlining
1198:Ethnocide
1158:Education
1042:Ukrainian
977:Pakistani
967:Mongolian
888:Australia
870:Hungarian
825:Colombian
805:Bulgarian
679:Rastafari
628:Ahmadiyya
539:Religious
511:Trans men
469:Pregnancy
404:Gayphobia
399:Fatphobia
304:Acephobia
299:Arophobia
275:Viewpoint
66:talk page
5312:(2019).
5194:46226823
4939:21954896
4832:30024216
4772:23303983
4683:17114309
4626:27044069
4567:26283457
4469:39737090
4461:16782491
4415:27077347
4362:12554570
4247:19030981
4198:19586161
4093:13803945
4040:32271028
3699:20689680
3357:19024888
3164:Archived
3123:33406326
2992:Nativism
2947:Genocide
2942:Eugenics
2896:See also
2754:Medicaid
2638:, etc.)
2436:migrants
2428:refugees
2406:data by
2123:ancestry
2067:The talk
2003:Snobbery
1921:Net bias
1743:Feminism
1662:Ugly law
1503:Catholic
1469:Policies
1312:Mortgage
1307:Lynching
1238:examples
1233:Genocide
1153:Economic
1138:Democide
1098:Bullying
1007:Romanian
972:Nigerian
915:Japanese
850:Georgian
835:Filipino
768:Assyrian
741:Armenian
731:American
726:Albanian
706:national
684:Yazidism
601:Hinduism
559:Buddhism
454:Nepotism
449:Misogyny
444:Misandry
369:Clannism
364:Biphobia
309:Adultism
218:Language
105:a series
103:Part of
60:You may
5302:2646963
5057:13 June
5011:May 22,
4823:6172152
4763:3540621
4726:8151874
4674:2637414
4617:4843483
4594:Bibcode
4558:4698019
4406:4984732
4353:1447717
4238:2821669
4189:2747726
3690:2915460
3223:31 July
3170:1 March
2849:group.
2671:Housing
2634:(e.g.,
2546:A 2023
2528:Liberia
2371:Semitic
2290:Mestizo
2113:is any
1874:Figleaf
1277:Housing
1037:Turkish
987:Pashtun
957:Mexican
937:Kurdish
910:Italian
860:Haitian
845:Finnish
820:Chinese
815:Chechen
810:Catalan
800:Bengali
721:African
704:Ethnic/
657:Judaism
643:Sunnism
633:Shi'ism
549:Atheism
374:Elitism
265:Species
203:Genetic
193:Dialect
5348:Racism
5322:
5300:
5242:about
5192:
5157:3 July
5151:Gallup
5129:3 July
5099:
4980:
4972:
4937:
4929:
4869:
4830:
4820:
4812:
4770:
4760:
4724:
4716:
4681:
4671:
4663:
4624:
4614:
4565:
4555:
4467:
4459:
4413:
4403:
4360:
4350:
4283:
4245:
4235:
4196:
4186:
4122:
4091:
4073:
4046:
4038:
4030:
3973:
3938:
3903:
3822:
3697:
3687:
3645:14 Aug
3601:
3532:
3509:
3463:
3455:
3355:
3337:
3249:
3195:
3158:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3037:Racism
2716:, and
2712:, the
2516:Uganda
2497:Africa
2475:Turkey
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