178:, the term "minority" primarily referred to political parties in national legislatures, not ethnic, national, linguistic or religious groups. Such minority parties were powerless relative to the majority (or plurality) political group. The Paris Conference has been attributed with coining the concept of minority rights and bringing prominence to it. The League of Nations Minorities Commission defined minority in 1919 as "nationals belonging to racial, religious, or linguistic minorities". Protection of minority groups, such as through careful drawing of boundaries of states and
475:
648:. Though women are not considered to be a minority, the status of women, as a subordinate group, has led to many social scientists to refer to them as a disadvantaged group. Though women's legal rights and status vary widely across countries, women often experience social inequalities, relative to men, in various societies. Women are sometimes denied access to education and access to the same opportunities as men, especially in under-developed countries.
460:
a very different culture and language makes difficulties in the early stages of life in the new country. Voluntary immigrants do not experience a sense of divided identity as much as involuntary minorities and are often rich in social capital because of their educational ambitions. Major immigrant groups in the United States include
Mexicans, Central and South Americans, Cubans, Africans, East Asians, and South Asians.
212:, states that a minority group has five characteristics: (1) suffering discrimination and subordination, (2) physical and/or cultural traits that set them apart, and which are disapproved by the dominant group, (3) a shared sense of collective identity and common burdens, (4) socially shared rules about who belongs and who does not determine minority status, and (5) tendency to marry within the group.
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47:
86:" has different usages, depending on the context. According to its common usage, the term minority group can simply be understood in terms of demographic sizes within a population: i.e. a group in society with the least number of individuals, or less than half, is a "minority". Usually a minority group is disempowered relative to the
102:, white Europeans held virtually all social, economic, and political power over black Africans. For this reason, black Africans are the "minority group", despite the fact that they outnumber white Europeans in South Africa. This is why academics more frequently use the term "minority group" to refer to a
1891:
In lieu of de jure segregation, various manifestations of de facto segregation persist to this day ... In contrast to de jure segregation, de facto segregation occurs as a result of social practices that, although not codified in law, have a similar outcome in terms of maintaining the separation of a
459:
Immigrants take on minority status in their new country, usually in hopes of a better future economically, educationally, and politically than in their homeland. Because of their focus on success, voluntary minorities are more likely to do better in school than other migrating minorities. Adapting to
110:
has proposed the term "non-core group", instead of "minority group", to refer to any aggregation of individuals that is perceived as an unassimilated ethnic group (on a linguistic, religious, physical, or ideological basis) by the ruling political elite of a country" and reserves the term 'minority'
554:
in the UK, a rise in the awareness relating to how disabled people were being treated began. Many started to believe that they were being denied basic human rights. This act had a section that stated if authorities did not protect people with learning disabilities from others' actions, such as harm
241:
562:
has contributed to an understanding of disabled people as a minority or a coalition of minorities who are disadvantaged by society, not just as people who are disadvantaged by their impairments. Advocates of disability rights emphasize the difference in physical or psychological functioning rather
446:
Also known as "castelike minorities", involuntary minorities are a term for people who were originally brought into any society against their will. In the United States, for instance, it includes but is not limited to Native
Americans, Native Hawaiians, Puerto Ricans, African Americans, and in the
236:
The term national minority is often used to discuss minority groups in international and national politics. All countries contain some degree of racial, ethnic, or linguistic diversity. In addition, minorities may also be immigrant, indigenous or landless nomadic communities. This often results in
420:
In some countries, such as the United
Kingdom, there is a preference to categorise people by ethnicity instead of race. Ethnicity encompasses a mix of "long shared cultural experiences, religious practices, traditions, ancestry, language, dialect or national origins". The United Kingdom considers
227:
Some sociologists have criticized the concept of "minority/majority", arguing this language excludes or neglects changing or unstable cultural identities, as well as cultural affiliations across national boundaries. As such, the term historically excluded groups (HEGs) is often similarly used to
138:
can be used to recognize that an individual may simultaneously hold membership in multiple minority groups (e.g. both a racial and religious minority). Likewise, individuals may also be part of a minority group in regard to some characteristics, but part of a dominant group in regard to others.
786:
may be needed to allow linguistic minorities to fully integrate into the school system and compete equally in society. In this view, rights for minorities strengthen the nation-building project, as members of minorities see their interests well served, and willingly accept the legitimacy of the
497:
The term sexual minority is frequently used by public health researchers to recognize a wide variety of individuals who engage in same-sex sexual behavior, including those who do not identify under the LGBTQ+ umbrella. For example, men who have sex with men (MSM), but do not identify as gay. In
711:
The various minority groups in a country are often not given equal treatment. Some groups are too small or indistinct to obtain minority protections. For example, a member of a particularly small ethnic group might be forced to check "Other" on a checklist of different backgrounds and so might
2379:
437:
A national minority is a social group within a state that differs from the majority and/or dominant population in terms of ethnicity, language, culture, or religion, but also it also tends to have a close link with a specific territory from which the minority social group originates.
93:
In terms of sociology, economics, and politics, a demographic that takes up the smallest fraction of the population is not necessarily labelled the "minority" if it wields dominant power. In the academic context, the terms "minority" and "majority" are used in terms of hierarchical
220:
There is a controversy with the use of the word minority, as it has a generic and an academic usage. Common usage of the term indicates a statistical minority; however, academics refer to power differences among groups rather than differences in population size among groups.
838:
537:
stemming from their group membership as LGBTQ+ people. LGBTQ+ rights movements across many western countries led to the recognition of LGBTQ+ people as members of a minority group. These inequalities include social discrimination and isolation, unequal access to
206:. Thus, minority group status is categorical: an individual who exhibits the physical or behavioral characteristics of a given minority group is accorded the status of that group and is subject to the same treatment as other members of that group.
197:
in which they live for differential and unequal treatment, and who therefore regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination". The definition includes both objective and subjective criteria: membership of a minority group is objectively
2376:
237:
variations in language, culture, beliefs, practices, that set some groups apart from the dominant group. As these differences are usually perceived negatively, this results in loss of social and political power for members of minority groups.
750:
There is debate over recognizing minority groups and their privileges. One view is that the application of special rights to minority groups may harm some countries, such as new states in Africa or Latin
America not founded on the European
1440:
The political scientist and law professor, Gad
Barzilai, has offered a theoretical definition of non-ruling communities that conceptualizes groups that do not rule and are excluded from resources of political power. Barzilai, G.
397:. As race and ethnicity often overlap, many ethnic minorities are also racial minorities. However, this is not always the case, and some people are ethnic minorities while also being classified as white, such as some
2394:
For example, J.A. Lindgren-Alves, member of the United
Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, speaking at the Committee's 67th Session (Summary Record of the 1724th Meeting, 23 August 2005,
723:
does not divide its nationals by ethnic group or national minorities, although it does maintain an official notion of minority languages, that is one of the criteria for to determine a national minority, upon the
2356:"Political recognition of Roma People in Spain. [Social Impact]. WORKALÓ. The creation of new occupational patterns for cultural minorities: the Gypsy Case (2001–2004). Framework Programme 5 (FP5)"
977:
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often pursue laws designed to protect minority groups from discrimination and afford members of the minority group equal social status and legal protections as held by members of the dominant group.
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People belonging to religious minorities have a faith that is different from that held by the majority. Most countries of the world have religious minorities. It is now widely accepted in
510:, or non-binary individuals. However, the terms sexual and gender minority are often not preferred by LGBTQ+ people, as they represent clinical categories rather than individual identity.
158:
in multiple areas of social life, including housing, employment, healthcare, and education, among others. While discrimination may be committed by individuals, it may also occur through
2035:
202:
by society, based on an individual's physical or behavioral characteristics; it is also subjectively applied by its members, who may use their status as the basis of group identity or
224:
The above criticism is based on the idea that a group can be considered a minority even if it includes such a large number of people that it is numerically not a minority in society.
586:
1136:
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model, since minority recognition may interfere with establishing a national identity. It may hamper the integration of the minority into mainstream society, perhaps leading to
715:
Many contemporary governments prefer to assume the people they rule all belong to the same nationality rather than separate ones based on ethnicity. The United States asks for
253:
583:
people do not see themselves as having a disability at all. Rather, they are disadvantaged by technologies and social institutions designed to cater to the dominant group. (
747:, are officially labelled "foreign" and are excluded from many of these protections. For example, they may be excluded from political positions, including the presidency.
664:, for instance, might have the right to education or communication with the government in their mother tongue. Countries with special provisions for minorities include
1257:
228:
highlight the role of historical oppression and domination, and how this results in the under-representation of particular groups in various areas of social life.
1036:
962:
731:
Some especially significant or powerful minorities receive comprehensive protection and political representation. For example, the former
Yugoslav Republic of
1938:
2086:
2377:
Opinion of the
Council of Europe's Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities, in particular paragraphs 37–43
1714:
Verkuyten, Maykel (2005). "Ethnic Group
Identification and Group Evaluation Among Minority and Majority Groups: Testing the Multiculturalism Hypothesis".
154:, as members of minority groups are prone to differential treatment in the countries and societies in which they live. Minority group members often face
1866:
608:
that people should have the freedom to choose their religion, including the right to convert from one religion to another, or not to have any religion (
3015:
1987:
3560:
633:
2220:
See "The
Situation of the Bahá'à Community of Egypt" and "Religion Today: Bahais' struggle for recognition reveals a less tolerant face of Egypt",
2947:
193:
defined a minority group as "a group of people who, because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the others in the
2235:
1661:
1629:
240:
There is no legal definition of national minorities in international law, though protection of minority groups is outlined by the United Nations
175:
539:
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Disabled people and European human rights: A review of the implications of the 1998 Human Rights Act for disabled children and adults in the UK
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on its official census forms, which thus breaks up and organizes its population into sub-groups, primarily racial rather than national.
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Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection: Individual Human Rights, Minority Rights and the Right to Self-Determination
1332:
533:(LGBTQ+) people have existed throughout human history, they represent a numerical and social minority. They experience numerous
2996:
2916:
2064:"Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education"
106:
of people that experience relative disadvantage, as compared to members of a dominant social group. To address this ambiguity,
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racist policies implemented. In addition to governmental policy, racism may persist as social prejudice and discrimination.
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1961:
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International Criminal Law: Protection of Minority Rights, Beyond a One-Dimensional State: An Emerging Right to Autonomy?
1125:"The Struggle for Civil Rights: The Need for, and Impediments to, Political Coalitions among and within Minority Groups"
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119:
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Mayer, Kenneth H.; Bradford, Judith B.; Makadon, Harvey J.; Stall, Ron; Goldhammer, Hilary; Landers, Stewart (2008).
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du Toit, Pierre; Theron, François (1988). "Ethnic and minority groups, and constitutional change in South Africa".
559:
245:
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Others assert that minorities require specific protections to ensure that they are not marginalized: for example,
295:) are classified as "minorities". If the non-Hispanic White population falls below 50% the group will only be the
3057:
2937:
2771:
542:, employment, and housing, and experience negative mental and physical health outcomes due to these experiences.
350:
Sometimes, racist policies explicitly codified pseudo-scientific definitions of race: such as the United States'
114:
Minority group membership is typically based on differences in observable characteristics or practices, such as:
35:
3146:
321:
1050:
Hughes, Melanie (2011). "Intersectionality, Quotas, and Minority Women's Political Representation Worldwide".
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275:, for example, non-Hispanic Whites constitute the majority (63.4%) and all other racial and ethnic groups (
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242:
Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic, Religious and Linguistic Minorities
56:
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863:
620:, a new system of identity cards requires all citizens to state their religion—and the only choices are
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is often regarded as a linguistic and cultural minority rather than a group with disabilities, and some
551:
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2013:
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recognizes the three constitutive nations, none of which constitutes a numerical majority (see
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The representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in parliament : a global overview
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are held annually around the world for sexual minorities. In picture, people gathering at the
378:
329:
280:
276:
203:
151:
135:
123:
409:. In some cases, their ethnic identities have been seen as negating their whiteness, in both
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162:, in which rights and opportunities are not equally accessible to all. Those in favour of
127:
95:
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1394:"Capitulations Redux: The Imperial Genealogy of the Post–World War I "Minority" Regimes"
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or non-white people, are minority groups that are discriminated against on the basis of
90:, and that characteristic lends itself to different applications of the term minority.
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1193:"Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health The Added Effects of Racism and Discrimination"
933:. Stepnick, Andi; O'Brien, Eileen, 1972– (Eighth ed.). Thousand Oaks, California.
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Race, ethnicity, gender, & class : the sociology of group conflict and change
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1500:. Diversity Training University International Publications Division. 2008. p. 4.
1110:
740:
605:
422:
402:
351:
272:
87:
2512:
1328:
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320:. Though definitions vary cross-culturally, modern racism is primarily based on the
248:
can protect the rights of racial or ethnic minorities in several ways. The right to
111:
only for groups that have been granted minority rights by their state of residence.
3478:
3418:
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657:
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414:
332:
264:
147:
115:
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1102:
1939:"My mother is Native American, but I look white. My identity is more than my DNA"
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recognized by law, and having specified rights. Speakers of a legally recognized
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17:
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The Politics of Nation-Building: Making Co-Nationals, Refugees, and Minorities
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131:
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1022:
328:, as European countries sought to categorize the nations they colonized into
3448:
3321:
3226:
2818:
2691:
2548:
2332:
2199:
1456:
1434:
Wirth, L. (1945). "The Problem of Minority Groups". In Linton, Ralph (ed.).
645:
448:
374:
359:
143:
99:
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2166:
2125:"Sexual and Gender Minority Health: What We Know and What Needs to Be Done"
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Multicultural jurisdictions : cultural differences and women's rights
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people to be an ethnic minority, including other white Europeans such as
382:
367:
30:"Minorities" redirects here. For the term used in Lebanese politics, see
2507:
3156:
3086:
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701:
693:
677:
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is a key issue. The Council of Europe regulates minority rights in the
194:
2508:
American Psychological Association's Office of Ethnic Minority Affairs
1311:
2641:
1871:
764:
697:
689:
665:
572:
2291:
1695:. Inter-parliamentary Union.627. Geneva: Inter-parliamentary Union.
1551:
1086:
2486:
366:. Other times, race has been a matter of self-identification, with
3176:
2681:
720:
681:
669:
621:
617:
530:
473:
1287:"Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union"
373:
There are also social groups that are usually identified through
2562:
1662:"The most (and least) culturally diverse countries in the world"
744:
712:
receive fewer privileges than a member of a more defined group.
580:
398:
2521:
1358:. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
616:). However, in many countries, this freedom is constricted. In
498:
addition, the term gender minorities can include many types of
1514:
Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities
1443:
Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities
726:
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
518:
258:
Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities
40:
2496:
1590:"Handbook of Gender & Work Handbook of gender & work"
2517:
182:, was seen as integral in preventing causes of future wars.
2448:
787:
nation and their integration (not assimilation) within it.
339:
is at the top of a hierarchy that automatically classifies
2504:, an annual report by Minority Rights Group International
2276:
Hacker, Helen Mayer (1951). "Women as a Minority Group".
312:
Racial minorities, sometimes referred to synonymously as
2482:
Minorities at Risk project at the University of Maryland
1988:"A guide to race and ethnicity terminology and language"
381:. However, it can also be influenced by factors such as
2513:
The Protection of Minorities in Europe – Minorities ABC
2497:
Eurominority – Stateless and national minorities portal
267:
may constitute a numerical majority, such as Blacks in
1162:(2nd ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
656:
In the politics of some countries, a "minority" is an
2477:
From Paris to Cairo: Resistance of the Unacculturated
2453:
587:
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities
2458:
982:. New York: Cambridge University Press. p. xx.
3497:
3380:
3252:
3055:
2889:
2690:
2555:
1905:"What's the difference between race and ethnicity?"
1438:. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 347.
254:
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages
54:It has been suggested that this article should be
1925:"We're Jews, We're Not White, We Define Ourselves"
1556:Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies
1552:"The Concept of Minority for the Study of Culture"
1091:Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies
1087:"The Concept of Minority for the Study of Culture"
142:The term "minority group" often occurs within the
1867:"The Evolution Of Whiteness In The United States"
2036:"Understanding Cultural Diversity and Learning"
1846:
1844:
1819:"U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: United States"
575:argue for acceptance of ethnic diversity. The
2533:
2345:Women, U. N. (2018). Annual Report 2017–2018.
2317:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1630:"National Minorities in the Law of the EC/EU"
1458:Minorities in the new world: six case studies
767:, some feel that the failure of the dominant
377:. Like race, ethnicity is largely determined
322:European and American classifications of race
8:
1716:Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
644:In most societies, numbers of men and women
1588:Konrad, Alison M.; Linnehan, Frank (1999),
1476:(2nd ed.). Prentice-Hall. p. 10.
555:or neglect, then they could be prosecuted.
2540:
2526:
2518:
2454:ECMI – European Centre for Minority Issues
1966:www.ethnicity-facts-figures.service.gov.uk
1445:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
1200:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1035:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
961:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
839:List of active NGOs of national minorities
2156:
1956:
1954:
1727:
1310:
1227:
2487:MINELRES – Minority Electronic Resources
2186:(1 ed.). Bristol University Press.
1455:Wagley, Charles; Harris, Marvin (1958).
634:Egyptian identification card controversy
429:people (excluding in Northern Ireland).
1892:minority group from the majority group.
1785:Journal of Contemporary African Studies
921:
335:groups. In the United States's system,
98:. For example, in South Africa, during
2492:European Academy Bozen/Bolzano (EURAC)
2412:. Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 218–224.
2057:
2055:
2029:
2027:
1461:. New York: Columbia University Press.
1436:The Science of Man in the World Crisis
1028:
954:
2426:from the original on 28 February 2017
2118:
2116:
2114:
2014:"United Nations Guide for Minorities"
1531:from the original on 28 February 2017
1429:
1427:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1335:from the original on 10 February 2019
1139:from the original on 15 February 2019
819:Ethnic minorities in Northern Ireland
739:). However, other minorities such as
7:
2180:Clements, Luke; Read, Janet (2003).
2071:Anthropology and Education Quarterly
1637:Romanian Journal of European Affairs
1596:, SAGE Publications, Inc., pp.
1550:Laurie, Timothy; Khan, Rimi (2017),
1498:Cultural Diversity Glossary of Terms
1263:from the original on 26 January 2012
1085:Laurie, Timothy; Khan, Rimi (2017),
563:than inferiority. For example, some
2473:definitions from Dayton Law School.
2360:SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository
2092:from the original on 12 March 2016.
1829:from the original on 16 August 2018
1773:ed. Zelim Skurbaty. (2004) 255–275.
1672:from the original on 11 August 2019
1291:European Journal of Women's Studies
874:Minority Rights Group International
1220:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x
1003:Ritzer, George (15 January 2014).
929:Healey, Joseph F. (2 March 2018).
844:List of minority political parties
176:Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)
25:
2129:American Journal of Public Health
1052:American Political Science Review
737:nations of Bosnia and Herzegovina
27:Sociological/demographic category
1852:"Historical Foundations of Race"
1517:. University of Michigan Press.
884:Racial Minorities in STEM Fields
797:
771:-speaking majority to integrate
45:
2502:State of the World's Minorities
2018:www.ohchr.org/en/ohchr_homepage
1887:"Race, Ethnicity, and Politics"
1160:The economics of discrimination
567:people argue for acceptance of
464:Gender and sexuality minorities
2449:Union of Minority Shareholders
1398:The American Historical Review
1356:The minority rights revolution
640:Women as a disadvantaged group
1:
1594:Handbook of Gender & Work
1568:10.1080/10304312.2016.1264110
1354:Skrentny, John David (2002).
1103:10.1080/10304312.2016.1264110
122:(racial minority), religion (
829:Intangible cultural heritage
308:Racial and ethnic minorities
269:South Africa under apartheid
263:In some places, subordinate
3561:Majority–minority relations
1474:Racial and Ethnic Relations
1191:Williams, David R. (1999).
180:proportional representation
3577:
2909:Countries by ethnic groups
2904:Contemporary ethnic groups
1738:10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.121
1643:(3): 51–81. Archived from
597:
560:disability rights movement
491:2011 Helsinki Pride parade
467:
324:that developed during the
246:International criminal law
29:
2464:What is a Minority Group?
2083:10.1525/aeq.1998.29.2.155
1962:"Writing about ethnicity"
1797:10.1080/02589008808729481
1606:10.4135/9781452231365.n22
1064:10.1017/S0003055411000293
60:into multiple articles. (
36:Minority (disambiguation)
2313:Shachar, Ayelet (2001).
2252:"Definition of Minority"
2141:10.2105/ajph.2007.127811
2062:Ogbu and Simons (1998).
1823:Census Bureau QuickFacts
1303:10.1177/1350506806065753
1158:Becker, Gary S. (1971).
976:Mylonas, Harris (2012).
3021:Torres Strait Islanders
2866:Ethnopsychopharmacology
2610:In-group and out-groups
2469:9 February 2006 at the
1628:Daniel Ĺ mihula (2008).
1005:Essentials of sociology
571:, much as opponents of
160:structural inequalities
126:), sexual orientation (
3267:Cultural appropriation
3167:Lineage-bonded society
2459:Minority language tool
1865:Asare, Janice Gassam.
1691:Protsyk, Oleh (2010).
1511:Barzilai, Gad (2010).
1472:Joe R. Feagin (1984).
1392:Robson, Laura (2021).
733:Bosnia and Herzegovina
494:
442:Involuntary minorities
345:their subordinate race
34:. For other uses, see
3292:Ethnic interest group
3127:Ethnicity in censuses
3077:Cultural assimilation
2578:Ethnolinguistic group
2105:Subtractive Schooling
1992:www.lawsociety.org.uk
899:Social stratification
864:Minority (philosophy)
552:Human Rights Act 1998
477:
387:cultural assimilation
3505:Minzu (anthropology)
3474:Separatist movements
3337:Ethnographic village
3162:Legendary progenitor
2797:Transidioethnography
2600:Hyphenated ethnicity
2595:Ethnographic realism
2588:Ethnoreligious group
2406:Henrard, K. (2000).
2366:on 5 September 2017.
2192:10.2307/j.ctt1t8964p
2103:Valenzuela, Angela.
1129:Louisiana Law Review
904:Social vulnerability
834:Interminority racism
594:Religious minorities
455:Voluntary minorities
391:religious conversion
299:, not the majority.
32:Minorities (Lebanon)
3372:Multinational state
3367:Model minority myth
3254:Multiethnic society
3172:Linguistic homeland
2583:Ethnonational group
2107:. pp. 116–118.
1944:The Washington Post
1666:Pew Research Center
1410:10.1093/ahr/rhab358
1212:1999NYASA.896..173W
784:bilingual education
535:social inequalities
489:, right before the
447:1800s, native-born
433:National minorities
364:Nuremberg race laws
362:, and Nazi Germany
134:. The framework of
118:(ethnic minority),
3352:Middleman minority
3312:Ethnic pornography
3307:Ethnic nationalism
3212:Pantribal sodality
3152:Imagined community
2677:Symbolic ethnicity
2605:Indigenous peoples
2573:Ethnographic group
2382:2007-06-16 at the
2238:2007-10-14 at the
2227:2006-10-01 at the
2048:on 4 October 2015.
1913:. 3 November 2022.
1650:on 23 August 2011.
854:Minority influence
849:Middleman minority
717:race and ethnicity
652:Law and government
550:Leading up to the
508:transgender people
495:
356:blood quantum laws
326:Age of Exploration
250:self-determination
124:religious minority
3551:Linguistic rights
3541:Disability rights
3513:
3512:
3434:Ethnic stereotype
3347:Indigenous rights
3332:Ethnographic film
3317:Ethnic theme park
3277:Dominant minority
3272:Diaspora politics
3262:Consociationalism
3197:National language
3082:Cultural identity
3072:Cross-race effect
3016:Aboriginal groups
1994:. The Law Society
1483:978-0-13-750125-0
869:Minority religion
859:Minority language
814:Dominant minority
777:Quebec separatism
662:minority language
646:are roughly equal
600:Minority religion
417:identification.
358:, South Africa's
330:pseudo-scientific
281:African Americans
152:collective rights
136:intersectionality
78:
77:
16:(Redirected from
3568:
3404:Ethnic cleansing
3399:Ethnic bioweapon
3282:Ethnic democracy
2891:Groups by region
2841:Ethnomethodology
2824:Ethnomathematics
2814:Ethnolinguistics
2710:Ethnoarchaeology
2542:
2535:
2528:
2519:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2402:
2396:
2392:
2386:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2362:. Archived from
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2336:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2262:
2248:
2242:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2160:
2120:
2109:
2108:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2068:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2041:. Archived from
2040:
2031:
2022:
2021:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2001:
1999:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1958:
1949:
1948:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1927:. 27 March 2019.
1921:
1915:
1914:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1791:(1–2): 133–147.
1780:
1774:
1764:
1758:
1757:
1731:
1711:
1705:
1704:
1688:
1682:
1681:
1679:
1677:
1668:. 18 July 2013.
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1618:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1422:
1421:
1389:
1378:
1377:
1351:
1345:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1314:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1262:
1231:
1197:
1188:
1182:
1181:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1146:
1144:
1123:Johnson, Kevin.
1120:
1114:
1113:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1058:(105): 604–620.
1047:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1026:
1000:
994:
993:
973:
967:
966:
960:
952:
926:
894:Social exclusion
807:
802:
801:
773:French Canadians
502:people, such as
293:Native Hawaiians
96:power structures
73:
70:
49:
48:
41:
21:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3567:
3566:
3565:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3493:
3439:Ethnic violence
3387:
3385:ethnic conflict
3383:
3376:
3357:Minority rights
3297:Ethnic majority
3248:
3232:Detribalization
3187:Nation-building
3122:Ethnic religion
3065:
3061:
3051:
2958:Central America
2885:
2856:Ethnophilosophy
2851:Ethnomusicology
2829:Ethnostatistics
2787:Person-centered
2757:Autoethnography
2686:
2551:
2546:
2471:Wayback Machine
2445:
2440:
2439:
2429:
2427:
2420:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2395:CERD/C/SR.1724)
2393:
2389:
2384:Wayback Machine
2375:
2371:
2354:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2325:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2292:10.2307/2571742
2275:
2274:
2270:
2260:
2258:
2256:Merriam-Webster
2250:
2249:
2245:
2240:Wayback Machine
2229:Wayback Machine
2219:
2215:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2122:
2121:
2112:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2066:
2061:
2060:
2053:
2045:
2038:
2033:
2032:
2025:
2012:
2011:
2007:
1997:
1995:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1971:
1969:
1968:. December 2021
1960:
1959:
1952:
1937:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1903:
1902:
1898:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1842:
1832:
1830:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1765:
1761:
1729:10.1.1.595.7633
1713:
1712:
1708:
1690:
1689:
1685:
1675:
1673:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1647:
1632:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1534:
1532:
1525:
1510:
1509:
1505:
1496:
1495:
1491:
1484:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1404:(3): 978–1000.
1391:
1390:
1381:
1366:
1353:
1352:
1348:
1338:
1336:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1260:
1195:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1122:
1121:
1117:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1027:
1015:
1007:. Los Angeles.
1002:
1001:
997:
990:
975:
974:
970:
953:
941:
928:
927:
923:
918:
913:
889:Serge Moscovici
803:
796:
793:
654:
642:
602:
596:
548:
546:Disabled people
472:
470:Sexual minority
466:
457:
444:
435:
343:individuals as
314:people of color
310:
305:
289:American Indian
285:Asian Americans
234:
218:
188:
172:
164:minority rights
128:sexual minority
74:
68:
65:
50:
46:
39:
28:
23:
22:
18:Racial minority
15:
12:
11:
5:
3574:
3572:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3546:Women's rights
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3507:
3501:
3499:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3464:Indigenization
3461:
3456:
3454:Ethnosymbolism
3451:
3446:
3441:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3424:Ethnic penalty
3421:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3362:Model minority
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3342:Ethnopluralism
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3287:Ethnic enclave
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3258:
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3246:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3234:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3139:
3134:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3079:
3074:
3068:
3066:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3048:
3047:
3042:
3032:
3025:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3006:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2997:Southeast Asia
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2967:
2966:
2965:
2960:
2955:
2950:
2945:
2940:
2935:
2930:
2920:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2906:
2895:
2893:
2887:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2876:Ethnosemiotics
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Ethnomuseology
2843:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2722:
2712:
2707:
2705:Ethnic studies
2702:
2696:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2672:Supraethnicity
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2625:Minority group
2622:
2620:Metroethnicity
2617:
2615:Meta-ethnicity
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2565:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2537:
2530:
2522:
2516:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2474:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2443:External links
2441:
2438:
2437:
2419:978-9041113597
2418:
2397:
2387:
2369:
2347:
2338:
2324:978-0511040801
2323:
2305:
2268:
2243:
2233:DWB.sacbee.com
2213:
2172:
2135:(6): 989–995.
2110:
2095:
2077:(2): 155–188.
2051:
2034:Ogbu, John U.
2023:
2005:
1979:
1950:
1930:
1916:
1896:
1878:
1857:
1840:
1810:
1775:
1759:
1722:(1): 121–138.
1706:
1683:
1653:
1620:
1614:
1580:
1542:
1524:978-0472024001
1523:
1503:
1489:
1482:
1464:
1447:
1423:
1379:
1364:
1346:
1297:(3): 211–228.
1274:
1206:(1): 173–188.
1183:
1168:
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1115:
1077:
1042:
1013:
995:
989:978-1107661998
988:
968:
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879:Model minority
876:
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836:
831:
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824:Ethnic penalty
821:
816:
810:
809:
808:
805:Society portal
792:
789:
706:United Kingdom
653:
650:
641:
638:
598:Main article:
595:
592:
577:deaf community
569:neurodiversity
547:
544:
500:gender variant
468:Main article:
465:
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456:
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443:
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395:language shift
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108:Harris Mylonas
84:minority group
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26:
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3526:Voting theory
3524:
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3506:
3503:
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3500:
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3455:
3452:
3450:
3447:
3445:
3444:Ethnocentrism
3442:
3440:
3437:
3435:
3432:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3420:
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3415:
3412:
3410:
3409:Ethnic hatred
3407:
3405:
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3400:
3397:
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3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3202:National myth
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
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3175:
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3140:
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3117:Ethnic origin
3115:
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3112:Ethnic option
3110:
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2987:Northern Asia
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2963:South America
2961:
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2948:United States
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2897:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2881:Ethnotaxonomy
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
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2839:
2837:
2836:Ethnomedicine
2834:
2830:
2827:
2826:
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2822:
2820:
2817:
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2800:
2798:
2795:
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2790:
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2785:
2783:
2780:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2772:Institutional
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3302:Ethnic media
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3237:Neotribalism
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3063:ethnogenesis
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1676:1 November
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757:separatism
704:, and the
540:healthcare
341:mixed-race
216:Criticisms
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