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that three structural factors- low economic status,ethnic heterogeneity and residential mobility- led to the disruption of community social organization,which,in turn, accounted for variations in crime and delinquency." Radical geography has been searching for connections between "the truths of how capitalism's political economy structures urban space and the emphasis on the subjective evaluation of safe urban space.". The geographical structure of a city is designed to keep high income communities separate from low income, generally black communities are formed with this structure. This type of segregation tends to increase rates of intra- racial victimization, but decrease rates of inter-racial victimization." One method of segregating blacks from whites is through 'gated communities' which isolates the high income population from the low income by gating the higher status community with fences or bars. The result of this 'gated' segregation leads to an unmanageable high criminal activity called a 'ghetto' community where "spatial isolation leads to social isolation, which in turn has a variety of negative outcomes including serious crime." Erecting physical barriers such as gates protects the high income community, leaving the black community to be isolated and an island by itself referenced as a 'ghetto' community. This can be referred to as 'Broken
Windows', in which a community "sends a signal" that it "does not care about itself" and the community is unable to protect itself from "criminal invasion". By pushing the low income earners out of the gentrified community, the city is creating a large segregated criminal zone within the city. "This divide has, in turn, produced disparate social worlds, in which the interests, resources, opportunities, and concerns of racial groups located in distinct neighborhoods increasingly diverge, ultimately leading to unequal rates of crime." The ghetto is labeled as an undesirable area to live and the people in that area are labeled the same. "We have also seen that those who commit crimes tend to be from the same groups that are most likely to be victimized." This causes criminal behavior of the people within the area as "greater racial segregation appears to substantially increase violent crimes such as robberies and aggravated assaults." However it could be argued that the area that an underprivileged person lives in dictates the criminal mentality of the individual. "Poor individuals are simply more prone to committing property crimes than are richer individuals." Having so many people displaced into the ghetto region of a city that commit many different types of criminal actives would be a reason why those communities have higher crime rates.
2679:
segregated neighborhoods. The second suggests that poverty, aided by the inertia of history has perpetuated segregation. The third suggests that the decline of blatant discrimination of the past has revealed pervasive institutional racism." John E. Farley, argues that although it is plausible for each of these theories to contribute to the segregation seen, his research lends the most support to the second theory, which bases itself on social class. Farley states that "class largely determines what housing people can afford to rent or buy, and since the gap between whites and
African Americans is wide with respect to income (U.S. Census Bureau 2001) and even wider with respect to wealth", there tends to be people with similar incomes and wealth in the same areas. Diana Pearce, another researcher, contributes the segregation seen in neighborhoods throughout the United States to institutional racism. She argues that "in consumers' eyes, real estate agents (compared to bankers or builders, for example) are frequently seen as the most expert in nearly every aspect of decision making involved in buying a house." She continues that "as a group they are not only experts, they also control access to housing areas. They are, or can be, community gatekeepers ... and a crucial aspect of the gatekeeper role is the screening of potential residents."
2720:
national organization that is dedicated solely to ending discrimination in housing". In the
Greater New York City Metropolitan Area, there are seven local member organizations they are the Fair Housing Council of Central New York, Fair Housing Enforcement Project, Long Island Housing Services, Housing Opportunities Made Equal, Westchester Residential Opportunities, Fair Housing Council of Northern New Jersey, and the Connecticut Fair Housing Center. A second organization is the Fair Housing Law. They are leading a campaign to "increase public awareness of the Fair Housing Act, and its protections". A third organization, The National Fair Housing Advocate, aims itself as being "designed to serve both the fair housing community and the general public with timely news and information regarding the issues of housing discrimination". Each of these organizations share a common theme, bringing up class action lawsuits against people and/ or companies who fail to rent or sell to others based on their race.
2932:
generally, they are spirally upward for one specific group of
Americans: African Americans." Douglas Massey argues that the rising of African American poverty and the addition of racial segregation produces a sharp increase in the geographic concentration of poverty. He continues by stating that "as poverty is concentrated… all things associated with it are concentrated, including crime… thus… creating an ecological niche characterized by high levels of violence and a high risk of victimization". Furthermore, Massey argues that a person living within this niche becomes violent themselves in an effort to deter potential criminals and increase their chance of survival, thus creating a cycle of African American violence which at some point cannot be reversed.
2970:, which has been linked to having positive effects on minority residents. First, Portes argues that an individual will gain access to power and political positions through the direct and indirect employment of social connections. He continues by stating that this access to power and political positions, allows for social mobility. Second, Portes states that social capital is generated by social networks of relationships and without the reciprocity, trust, and social norms that come with these networks, a resident who is in need would not be given an opportunity to succeed.
2920:
quality of education because schools serving minorities or low socioeconomic groups may have lower funding levels, inexperienced teachers, and reduced levels of other resources that contribute to the student's academic achievement. Secondly, Rumsberg and Willms argue that the residential racial segregation leads to schools having the same composition which can directly affect the student's level of academic achievement. They call these differences "contextual effects". Contextual effects are defined as peer interactions and the teaching and learning climate in the school.
2819:
federal legislation and a landmark
Supreme Court decision, there has not been one large lawsuit about housing... in contrast school desegregation and employment discrimination, where ... laws and court decisions have had comparatively more impact". She continues that "as long as it is assumed in the general legislation and as long as lawyers and judges assume generally that the problem in housing discrimination is that of a few homeowners (or real estate agents who step out of line), practices ... will continue to perpetuate housing segregation".
2089:
2691:, states in subsections 1981, 1981a, and 1982 that all persons born in the United States are citizens regardless of their race, color, or previous condition and as citizens they could make and enforce contracts, sue and be sued, give evidence in court, and inherit, purchase, lease, sell, hold, and convey real estate and personal property. Although this act was passed, it was never enforced on the local, state or national level. A second act, The
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2903:. They argue that racial segregation of lower income residents, who are only capable of making ends meet, creates a neighborhood that is characterized as going "downhill". Massey and Denton argue that this occurs because of a downward spiral effect. If one homeowner cannot afford to maintain their property and allows it to become run down,
2919:
Racially segregated minority neighborhoods have been associated with having low academic achievement rates. Rumberger and Willms have explored the topic and argue that segregation contributes to minority underachievement in at least two ways. Firstly, students in segregated schools may receive a poor
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Racial residential segregation has allowed minority businesses to strive economically. Research has shown that these neighborhoods create a protective market, one that is defined as a specialty that caters to the culturally based tastes of its residents. Research has also shown that ethnic business
2935:
Low income black communities that have been segregated by social forces through city design have higher levels of criminal activity rates. Different methods when applied help us understand how social forces and urban design segregated black communities from white communities. "Shaw and McKay argued
2748:
This case involves the New York State
Attorney General suing a real estate brokerage in Brooklyn Heights, New York City with racial steering. The National Fair Housing Alliance following up on a past report found "literal and blatant sales steering... where the agent applied a new trick – he used a
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This case involves the New York State
Attorney General suing a Yonkers Real – Estate agency, The Realty Forum in 1988 with racial steering. The Attorney General accused the firm of "providing listings of apartments in particular neighborhoods based solely on a client's race or color". The Attorney
2898:
Racially segregated minority neighborhoods have been labeled as blighted. Characteristics of a blighted neighborhoods include rundown homes, streets strewn with garbage, poor lighting, and high rates of crime. Douglas Massey and Nancy Denton explore this logic in their book "American
Apartheid".
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Racially segregated neighborhoods have what are called ethnic economies. An ethnic economy is defined as an "immigrant or minority business and employment sector that coexists with the general economy". Smith argues that an ethnic economy helps in several ways. First, it provides jobs for all
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The notion of "a debate over racial steering" does not suggest that racial steering is lawful in the US. Under US civil rights law, racial steering to create or maintain segregation is unlawful and has been the target of civil rights reform since at least the mid-20th century. Racial or ethnic
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Although individual firms have been accused of racial steering throughout the United States and found guilty, researchers point out that there have however been no accusations that would affect a significant amount of the United States population. Diana Pearce states that since "the passage of
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Throughout the past four decades since the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, many people have come together to movement organizations that fight racial discrimination in the housing market. One such organization is the
National Fair Housing Alliance. It credits itself "as being the only
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Since the 1980s violent crimes in the United States have been steadily declining. Between 1980 and 1990, the murder rate for the United States fell by 9%, and between 1973 and 1992, the victimization rate of rapes fell by 28%. "Although rates of crime may be going down for the United States
2678:
Researchers have attempted to explain the racial segregation seen in neighborhoods throughout the United States. There are three leading theories. The first "asserts that the phenomenon is really self – segregation, the result of the preferences of blacks, as with other ethnics, to live in
2772:
This case involves the
Michigan Department of Civil Rights suing the Century 21 Town and Country of discrimination. The department issued these charges after receiving complaints of illegal steering of white homebuyers to predominantly white neighborhoods and African American homebuyers to
2762:
This case involves a Chicago real estate company being accused of racially steering prospective homebuyers by the Illinois Attorney General. The agency was first investigated by the National Fair Housing Alliance in late 2005. The alliance in their report accused the agency of "blatant
2695:, through Title VI outlawed segregation in public schools and public places. It also made it illegal to have segregation of the races in schools, housing, or hiring. Like the first act, powers given to enforce it were weak in the beginning, but were later supplemented. A third act, the
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owners have an insider's knowledge of the clientele that they serve because they themselves are a part of it. With such knowledge, it is said that they have created a protective market, one that will thrive if the ethnic composition of the neighborhood does not change.
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discrimination...against African Americans". The alliance continues that white prospective home buyers were shown 36 listings while African Americans who were better qualified were shown only seven. The company denies any wrongdoing and the lawsuit is still pending.
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able–bodied family members. Second, it has been shown that ethnic economies provide more opportunities for homeownership. Finally, the ethnic infrastructure that is built up, will allow for future growth of the community, thus paving the way for new residents.
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minorities suffer significant disadvantages. The discriminated groups have reacted through social enclave construction, sometimes resulting in protected markets and the creation of social capital, notwithstanding exclusion and discrimination.
2699:, subsection 3604, expanded on the Civil Rights Act of 1866. It prohibited discrimination concerning the sale, rental, and financing of housing based on race, religion, national origin, and sex. This section is also referred to as the
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Rumsberg, Russell W and J. Douglas Willms. "The Impact of Racial and Ethnic Segregation on the Achievement Gap in California High Schools" Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, Vol. 14, No. 4, 1992. pages 377 -
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Flynn and Shihadeh "Segregation and Crime: The Effect of Black Social Isolation on the Rates of Black Urban Violence", Social Forces, University of North Carolina Press, Vol. 74, No.4, Jun 1996, pages 1325-1352
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2665:, planning efforts were focused more towards advocacy, and community development, rather than maintaining segregation. Although planning practices did change, the racial make-up of neighborhoods did not.
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predominantly African American neighborhoods. The complaints were initiated by the National Fair Housing Alliance after their investigation which concluded in July 2005. The case is still pending.
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Since the enacting of federal laws and the emergence of movement organizations, there have been several lawsuits brought up against individuals and companies for racial discrimination.
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Pearce, Diana M. (February 1979). Colvard, Richard (ed.). "Gatekeepers and Homeseekers: Institutional Patterns in Racial Steering". Processes Maintaining Sexual and Racial Inequality.
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Aldrich, Howard, John Cater, Trevor Jones, David Mc Evoy, Paul Velleman "Ethnic Concentration And The Protected Market Hypothesis" Social Forces, Vol. 63 No 4, June 1985, 996 – 1009.
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Thomas, June Manning "Planning History and the Black Urban Experience: Linkages and Contemporary Implications" Journal of Planning Education and Research Vol. 14 No. 1 (1994) 1 - 11.
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Aldrich, Howard, John Cater, Trevor Jones, David Mc Evoy, Paul Velleman "Ethnic Concentration And The Protected Market Hypothesis" Social Forces, Vol. 63 No 4, June 1985, 996 – 1009
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up to the 1960s has been documented as one of the causes of this phenomenon. Urban planners have been seen to have practiced early forms of racial steering. Through the use of the
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Massey, Douglas "Getting Away With Murder: Segregation And Violent Crime In Urban Areas", University Of Pennsylvania Law Review, Vol 143, No 5, May 1995 Pages 1203–1232.
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General began investigating the Realty Forum after receiving complaints from the Westchester Residential Opportunities. The Realty Forum has since been found guilty.
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Howell, Philip "Crime and the City Solution: Crime Fiction, Urban Knowledge, and racial Geography", The Crimes of Geography, anitpode 30:4, 1998, pages 357-378
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United States Attorney Resolves Groundbreaking Suit Against Meta Platforms, Inc., Formerly Known As Facebook, To Address Discriminatory Advertising For Housing
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2753:" The alliance then referred the case to the New York State Attorney General which subsequently placed charges against the group. The case is still pending.
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Farley, John E. "Race, Not Class: Explaining Racial Housing Segregation in the St. Louis Metropolitan Area" Journal of Sociological Focus (2000) 133 - 149
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based on their race, color, religion, sex, disability, familial status, and national origin in its distribution of housing advertisements in violation of
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between the 1940s and 1960s, urban planners have aided in the development of racially segregated neighborhoods. After the 1960s, through in part by the
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Sampson and Groves "Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorginization Theory", Chicago Journals, vol. 94, No. 4, January 1989 pages 774-802.
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Smith, Christopher. "Asian New York: The Geography and Politics of Diversity" International Migration Review, Vol. 29, No. 1, 1995 pages 59 - 84.
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Bjerk, David "The Effect of Segregation on Crime Rates", American Law & Economics Association Annual Meetings, February 2006, pages 2-31
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2010:
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Matsueda, Ross L. "Divergent Social Worlds: Neighborhood Crime and the Racial-Spatial Divide. By Ruth D.", Scholarly Article Review, 2010
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Light, Ivan, Georges Sabagh, Mehdi Bozorgmehr, "Beyond the Ethnic Enclave Economy" Social Problems, Vol. 41, No. 1, 1994, pages 65 - 80.
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Raphael and Sills "Urban Crime, Race, and the Criminal Justice System in the United States", Act 30, Chapter 30, Jan 2006, pages 515-535
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Also, Rumsberg and Willms state that once a school is experiencing the effects of racial segregation, it is difficult to reverse them.
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Portes, Alejandro. "Social Capital: Its Origins and Applications in Modern Society" Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 24, pages. 1 - 24
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Racial Steering: The Real Estate Broker and Title VIII" The Yale Law Journal, Vol. 85 No. 6. (1976) 808 - 825.
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The United States congress passed a series of Acts aimed at combating segregation. The first such act, The
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Herbert and Brown "Conceptions of Space and Crime in the Punitive Neoliberal City", 2006, pages 755-777
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Massey, Douglas and Nancy Denton. "American Apartheid" Harvard University Press, Massachusetts, 1993.
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Failing, on the basis of race, to show, or to inform buyers of homes that meet their specifications.
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2814:. Meta Platforms settled with the Justice Department on the same day the lawsuit was filed.
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other homeowners in the area will be less inclined to invest money into their own property
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Formal Charge of Unlawful Discrimination Issued Against Century 21 Town & Country,
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Advising customers to purchase homes in particular neighborhoods on the basis of race.
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3235:"DOJ settles lawsuit with Facebook over allegedly discriminatory housing advertising"
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http://fairhousing.com/index.cfm?method=page.display&pagename=FHA_3604
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3684:
3258:"Justice Department and Meta settle landmark housing discrimination case"
2911:, beyond which the pattern becomes self – reinforcing and irreversible".
2803:
1840:
1662:
1581:
1228:
1154:
1059:
1019:
382:
377:
372:
297:
292:
287:
227:
3759:
3653:
3633:
3606:
3581:
3120:
National Fair Housing Alliance, www.nationalfairhousing.org, 1 Nov 2007
2768:
Century 21 Town and Country Vs. The Michigan Department of Civil Rights
2431:
302:
188:
168:
141:
116:
3195:"Major Realty Firm Accused of Racial Discrimination - cbs2chicago.com"
3059:
4713:
3739:
3638:
3616:
3611:
3561:
2899:
Massey and Denton focus their research on the effects of residential
2646:
1280:
282:
173:
151:
146:
96:
3083:
http://fairhousing.com/index.cfm?method=page.display&pageid=622
3043:
4723:
3566:
2122:
1290:
101:
3485:
5335:
5164:
1922:
1751:
3489:
3138:
National Fair Housing Advocate, www.fairhousing.com, 1 Nov 2007
2826:
3221:
http://www.michigan.gov/mdcr/0,1607,7-138--160790--,00.html
2037:
guide prospective home buyers towards or away from certain
2052:, and is often divided into two broad classes of conduct:
2709:
United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
2958:
Social networks, social capital, and racial segregation
2749:
map to tell whites instead where they should 'flee to.
3192:
Major Realty Firm Accused Of Racial Discrimination,
3129:
Fair Housing Law, www.fairhousinglaw.org, 1 Nov 2007
2703:. This act is enforced at the national level by the
5147:
5024:
4817:
4428:
4070:
3917:
3667:
3554:
3523:
5454:History of racial segregation in the United States
2744:Corcoran Group vs. New York State Attorney General
5299:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
1886:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3285:(Report). U.S. Justice Department. June 21, 2022
3256:Nix, Naomi; Dwoskin, Elizabeth (June 21, 2022).
2901:housing discrimination towards African Americans
2734:Realty Forum vs. New York State Attorney General
4959:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
1530:Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)
4441:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
2962:Racially segregated neighborhoods have strong
1008:SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups
3501:
3148:Times, Special to the New York (1988-05-06).
2784:U.S. Justice Department Civil Rights Division
2610:
2011:
8:
3481:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
3150:"Realty Broker Is Sued Over Racial Steering"
2758:Coldwell Banker vs Illinois Attorney General
2705:Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity
2050:residential segregation in the United States
4657:List of people killed for being transgender
2966:. These networks have been shown to create
2915:Academic achievement and racial segregation
1224:List of people killed for being transgender
3508:
3494:
3486:
3181:Report Alleges Bias by a Real Estate Giant
3094:Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964,
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2812:Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968
2617:
2603:
2067:
2018:
2004:
18:
2940:Protective markets and racial segregation
2907:. Massey and Denton also point out that "
2877:Learn how and when to remove this message
3775:Social determinants of health in poverty
3459:
3457:
3455:
3445:
3443:
3441:
3404:
3402:
3365:
3363:
3335:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3318:
3316:
3314:
3304:
3302:
3300:
3036:Society for the Study of Social Problems
318:Social determinants of health in poverty
3476:File a housing discrimination complaint
3107:National Fair Housing Advocate Online,
3096:http://www.hud.gov/progdesc/titl-vi.cfm
2978:
2949:Ethnic economies and racial segregation
2894:Ripple effect in blighted neighborhoods
2079:
30:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2909:at some point, a threshold is crossed
2788:Southern New York U.S. District Court
2045:. The term is used in the context of
7:
5423:
4463:Capital punishment for homosexuality
3780:Social determinants of mental health
2778:United States v. Meta Platforms Inc.
1030:Capital punishment for homosexuality
323:Social determinants of mental health
5449:Urban politics in the United States
4583:Genital modification and mutilation
1150:Genital modification and mutilation
14:
2927:Crime rate and racial segregation
5422:
5413:
5412:
5062:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
4899:Law for Protection of the Nation
4799:White genocide conspiracy theory
3233:Feiner, Lauren (June 21, 2022).
3081:National fair Housing Advocate,
2857:has been specified. Please help
2831:
2235: population exchange
2087:
2033:refers to the practice in which
1641:Diversity, equity, and inclusion
1472:Law for Protection of the Nation
1366:White genocide conspiracy theory
38:
4904:MSM blood donation restrictions
4652:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
1477:MSM blood donation restrictions
1219:LGBT grooming conspiracy theory
16:Practice by real estate brokers
4917:(as religious or racial quota)
1490:(as religious or racial quota)
1:
5331:Second-generation gender bias
5047:Constitutional colorblindness
3770:Social determinants of health
2081:Racial and ethnic segregation
1918:Second-generation gender bias
1626:Constitutional colorblindness
313:Social determinants of health
2794:alleging that the company's
5242:Medical model of disability
5094:Hate speech laws by country
2645:, and the establishment of
1829:Medical model of disability
1673:Hate speech laws by country
5470:
5351:Social model of disability
3825:Discrimination against men
2847:to meet Knowledge (XXG)'s
1938:Social model of disability
368:Discrimination against men
5408:
4704:Opposition to immigration
3617:Race / Ethnicity
1271:Opposition to immigration
152:Race / Ethnicity
4699:Occupational segregation
4468:Compulsory sterilization
2782:: On June 21, 2022, the
2697:Civil Rights Act of 1968
2693:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2689:Civil Rights Act of 1866
2674:Theoretical explanations
2631:United States of America
2438:West Bank settlement law
1266:Occupational segregation
1035:Compulsory sterilization
5227:Internalized oppression
5089:Fighting Discrimination
5079:Fat acceptance movement
5037:Anti-discrimination law
4677:Native American mascots
2786:filed a lawsuit in the
2213:French colonial empire
2106:Anti-miscegenation laws
1814:Internalized oppression
1668:Fighting Discrimination
1658:Fat acceptance movement
1616:Anti-discrimination law
1244:Native American mascots
5346:Social identity threat
5319:Reverse discrimination
5309:Racial color blindness
4789:Violence against women
4769:Sex-selective abortion
2806:discriminates against
2715:Movement organizations
2242: in Europe
2152:Housing discrimination
1933:Social identity threat
1906:Reverse discrimination
1896:Racial color blindness
1356:Violence against women
1336:Sex-selective abortion
5314:Religious intolerance
5274:Political correctness
5104:Intersex human rights
5052:Cultural assimilation
4734:Religious persecution
4498:Disability hate crime
2663:Civil Rights Movement
2573:Racial discrimination
2397:South Asian labourers
2330:Contemporary examples
1901:Religious intolerance
1861:Political correctness
1683:Intersex human rights
1631:Cultural assimilation
1301:Religious persecution
1065:Disability hate crime
4719:Political repression
3720:Anti-left handedness
3710:Anti-intellectualism
2859:improve this section
2800:targeted advertising
2643:restrictive covenant
2633:has been defined by
2426:Palestinian enclaves
2257:Portugal & Spain
2137:Institutional racism
1286:Political repression
263:Anti-left handedness
253:Anti-intellectualism
5222:Historical eugenics
4759:Segregation academy
4739:Religious terrorism
4528:Enemy of the people
4436:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
3957:Jehovah's Witnesses
3850:Perpetual foreigner
3262:The Washington Post
2635:racially segregated
2543:Forced assimilation
2177:Historical examples
2157:Exclusionary zoning
2147:Forced displacement
2035:real estate brokers
1809:Historical eugenics
1326:Segregation academy
1306:Religious terrorism
1095:Enemy of the people
1003:Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric
508:Jehovah's Witnesses
393:Perpetual foreigner
5134:Social integration
5129:Self-determination
5119:Racial integration
5067:Diversity training
5057:Cultural pluralism
5032:Affirmative action
4932:Racial segregation
4842:Crime of apartheid
4744:Religious violence
4249:Indigenous people
3644:Sexual orientation
3154:The New York Times
2796:Lookalike audience
2365:Bosnia–Herzegovina
2314:Separate but equal
2252:Partition of India
2247:Pale of Settlement
2142:Ethnic nationalism
2111:Crime of apartheid
1713:Social integration
1708:Self-determination
1698:Racial integration
1646:Diversity training
1636:Cultural pluralism
1611:Affirmative action
1505:Racial segregation
1415:Crime of apartheid
1311:Religious violence
808:Indigenous people
179:Sexual orientation
5436:
5435:
5304:Racism by country
5232:Intersectionality
5217:Heteronormativity
5016:Voter suppression
4764:Sexual harassment
4563:Forced conversion
4483:Cultural genocide
4148:African Americans
3967:post–Cold War era
3952:Eastern Orthodoxy
3705:Anti-drug addicts
3700:Anti-homelessness
3627:Scientific racism
3032:Buffalo, New York
2887:
2886:
2879:
2849:quality standards
2840:This section may
2657:, and the use of
2629:Historically the
2627:
2626:
2553:Income inequality
2028:
2027:
1891:Racism by country
1819:Intersectionality
1804:Heteronormativity
1587:Voter suppression
1331:Sexual harassment
1130:Forced conversion
1050:Cultural genocide
707:African Americans
518:post–Cold War era
503:Eastern Orthodoxy
248:Anti-drug addicts
243:Anti-homelessness
162:Scientific racism
5461:
5426:
5425:
5416:
5415:
5356:Social privilege
5341:Social exclusion
5269:Police brutality
5190:Multiculturalism
5160:Amatonormativity
4991:Social exclusion
4827:Age of candidacy
4627:Homeless dumping
4533:Ethnic cleansing
3510:
3503:
3496:
3487:
3464:
3461:
3450:
3447:
3436:
3433:
3427:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3409:
3406:
3397:
3394:
3388:
3385:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3367:
3358:
3355:
3349:
3346:
3340:
3337:
3324:
3320:
3309:
3306:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3268:
3253:
3247:
3246:
3244:
3242:
3230:
3224:
3217:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3197:. Archived from
3190:
3184:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3168:
3145:
3139:
3136:
3130:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3112:
3105:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3079:
3073:
3070:
3064:
3063:
3017:
3004:
3001:
2986:
2983:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2862:
2835:
2834:
2827:
2752:
2701:Fair Housing Act
2637:neighborhoods.
2619:
2612:
2605:
2548:Gender apartheid
2469:Northern Ireland
2331:
2241:
2234:
2202:Indian hospitals
2197:Separate schools
2091:
2068:
2020:
2013:
2006:
1943:Social privilege
1928:Social exclusion
1856:Police brutality
1777:Multiculturalism
1747:Amatonormativity
1562:Social exclusion
1400:Age of candidacy
1194:Homeless dumping
1100:Ethnic cleansing
42:
19:
5469:
5468:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5458:
5439:
5438:
5437:
5432:
5404:
5279:Polyculturalism
5175:Civil liberties
5143:
5124:Reappropriation
5025:Countermeasures
5020:
4949:Racial steering
4915:Numerus clausus
4819:
4813:
4538:Ethnic conflict
4473:Corrective rape
4424:
4066:
3913:
3805:HIV/AIDS stigma
3663:
3612:Mental disorder
3550:
3519:
3514:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3453:
3448:
3439:
3434:
3430:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3412:
3407:
3400:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3352:
3347:
3343:
3338:
3327:
3321:
3312:
3307:
3298:
3288:
3286:
3281:
3280:
3276:
3266:
3264:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3231:
3227:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3193:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3175:
3166:
3164:
3147:
3146:
3142:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3119:
3115:
3106:
3102:
3093:
3089:
3080:
3076:
3071:
3067:
3023:Social Problems
3019:
3018:
3007:
3002:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2964:social networks
2960:
2951:
2942:
2929:
2917:
2896:
2883:
2872:
2866:
2863:
2852:
2836:
2832:
2825:
2750:
2726:
2717:
2685:
2676:
2671:
2623:
2578:
2577:
2526:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2333:
2332:
2329:
2321:
2320:
2179:
2178:
2169:
2168:
2101:
2100:
2066:
2041:based on their
2031:Racial steering
2024:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1866:Polyculturalism
1762:Civil liberties
1734:
1726:
1725:
1724:
1723:
1722:
1703:Reappropriation
1603:
1602:Countermeasures
1595:
1594:
1593:
1592:
1591:
1521:Racial steering
1488:Numerus clausus
1392:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1380:
1105:Ethnic conflict
1040:Corrective rape
995:
987:
986:
985:
984:
983:
632:
621:
620:
619:
618:
617:
470:
460:
459:
458:
457:
456:
348:HIV/AIDS stigma
210:
202:
201:
200:
199:
198:
147:Mental disorder
89:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
50:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5467:
5465:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5441:
5440:
5434:
5433:
5431:
5430:
5420:
5409:
5406:
5405:
5403:
5402:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5363:
5353:
5348:
5343:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5327:
5326:
5324:Reverse racism
5316:
5311:
5306:
5301:
5296:
5294:Prisoner abuse
5291:
5286:
5284:Power distance
5281:
5276:
5271:
5266:
5261:
5256:
5251:
5250:
5249:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5204:
5202:Ethnic penalty
5199:
5198:
5197:
5195:Neurodiversity
5192:
5182:
5180:Dehumanization
5177:
5172:
5170:Cisnormativity
5167:
5162:
5157:
5151:
5149:
5148:Related topics
5145:
5144:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5091:
5086:
5081:
5076:
5071:
5070:
5069:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5028:
5026:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5018:
5013:
5008:
5006:State religion
5003:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4961:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4945:
4944:
4942:Nuremberg Laws
4939:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4884:Ghetto benches
4881:
4879:Gerrymandering
4876:
4871:
4866:
4864:Gender pay gap
4861:
4860:
4859:
4854:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4829:
4823:
4821:
4818:Discriminatory
4815:
4814:
4812:
4811:
4806:
4801:
4796:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4701:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4684:
4674:
4669:
4664:
4659:
4654:
4649:
4647:Lavender scare
4644:
4642:Kill Haole Day
4639:
4637:Indian rolling
4634:
4629:
4624:
4619:
4614:
4613:
4612:
4602:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4523:Eliminationism
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4460:
4458:Cancel culture
4455:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4443:
4432:
4430:
4429:Manifestations
4426:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4337:
4332:
4327:
4325:Middle Eastern
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4212:
4207:
4202:
4197:
4192:
4187:
4182:
4177:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4118:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4077:
4075:
4068:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4062:Zoroastrianism
4059:
4054:
4049:
4044:
4039:
4038:
4037:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
3993:
3992:
3991:
3989:Untouchability
3986:
3976:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3923:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3879:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3815:Leprosy stigma
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3671:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3527:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3517:Discrimination
3515:
3513:
3512:
3505:
3498:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3478:
3471:
3470:External links
3468:
3466:
3465:
3451:
3437:
3428:
3419:
3410:
3398:
3389:
3380:
3371:
3359:
3350:
3341:
3325:
3310:
3296:
3274:
3248:
3225:
3212:
3185:
3173:
3140:
3131:
3122:
3113:
3100:
3087:
3074:
3065:
3044:10.2307/800457
3005:
2987:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2968:social capital
2959:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2941:
2938:
2928:
2925:
2916:
2913:
2895:
2892:
2885:
2884:
2855:cleanup reason
2839:
2837:
2830:
2824:
2821:
2816:
2815:
2792:Meta Platforms
2774:
2770:(MDCR) (2006):
2764:
2754:
2740:
2725:
2722:
2716:
2713:
2684:
2681:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2639:Urban planning
2625:
2624:
2622:
2621:
2614:
2607:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2580:
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2338:Anti-Romanyism
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2300:United States
2298:
2296:United Kingdom
2293:
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2291:
2286:
2276:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2267:Nuremberg Laws
2259:
2254:
2249:
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2240:Jewish ghettos
2237:
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2206:
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2102:
2098:
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2092:
2084:
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2077:
2076:
2075:of articles on
2065:
2062:
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2057:
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2025:
2023:
2022:
2015:
2008:
2000:
1997:
1996:
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1967:
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1925:
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1911:Reverse racism
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1881:Prisoner abuse
1878:
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1871:Power distance
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1796:
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1789:Ethnic penalty
1786:
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1782:Neurodiversity
1779:
1769:
1767:Dehumanization
1764:
1759:
1757:Cisnormativity
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1733:Related topics
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1577:State religion
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1515:Nuremberg Laws
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1497:
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1469:
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1457:Ghetto benches
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1452:Gerrymandering
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1437:Gender pay gap
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1209:Kill Haole Day
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1204:Indian rolling
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884:Middle Eastern
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613:Zoroastrianism
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540:Untouchability
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358:Leprosy stigma
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32:Discrimination
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10:
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2:
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5378:Social stigma
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5017:
5014:
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5007:
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5001:State atheism
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4937:Jim Crow laws
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4923:
4922:One-drop rule
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4907:
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4902:
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4837:Blood quantum
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4807:
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4802:
4800:
4797:
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4784:Victimisation
4782:
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4779:Trans bashing
4777:
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4772:
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4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4749:Religious war
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4729:Racialization
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4707:
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4600:Glass ceiling
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4569:
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4543:Ethnic hatred
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4478:Counter-jihad
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4263:United States
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4126:United States
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4078:
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4069:
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4047:Protestantism
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4033:
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4031:
4028:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
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4004:
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3997:
3994:
3990:
3987:
3985:
3982:
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3977:
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3962:LDS or Mormon
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3892:Transmisogyny
3890:
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3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:Gerontophobia
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
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3728:
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3723:
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3718:
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3715:Anti-intersex
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3690:Anti-albinism
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3678:
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3673:
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3531:Institutional
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3278:
3275:
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3259:
3252:
3249:
3236:
3229:
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3222:
3216:
3213:
3201:on 2009-04-18
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2659:urban renewal
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2649:laws between
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2559:
2558:One-drop rule
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2537:
2536:Statelessness
2534:
2533:
2532:
2529:
2528:
2520:
2519:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2480:
2479:United States
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
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2427:
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2415:
2412:
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2407:
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2402:
2398:
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2346:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2339:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:Jim Crow laws
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2233:Greek–Turkish
2231:
2227:
2226:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2214:
2212:
2210:
2209:Fascist Italy
2207:
2203:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2193:
2190:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2181:
2173:
2172:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2154:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2133:Environmental
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2113:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2095:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2063:
2058:
2055:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2039:neighborhoods
2036:
2032:
2021:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1988:
1985:
1981:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1965:Social stigma
1963:
1959:
1956:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
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1879:
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1869:
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1864:
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1859:
1857:
1854:
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1849:
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1839:
1835:
1832:
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1827:
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1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
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1760:
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1730:
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1701:
1699:
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1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
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1659:
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1654:
1651:
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1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1572:State atheism
1570:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1551:
1548:
1546:
1543:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1536:
1533:
1531:
1528:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1510:Jim Crow laws
1508:
1507:
1506:
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1495:One-drop rule
1493:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1431:
1428:
1426:
1423:
1422:
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1410:Blood quantum
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1397:
1388:
1387:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:Victimisation
1349:
1347:
1346:Trans bashing
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1316:Religious war
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1299:
1297:
1296:Racialization
1294:
1292:
1289:
1287:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1264:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
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1245:
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1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1175:
1174:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1167:Glass ceiling
1165:
1161:
1158:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1118:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1110:Ethnic hatred
1108:
1106:
1103:
1101:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1045:Counter-jihad
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1004:
1001:
1000:
991:
990:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
957:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
935:
932:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
882:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
845:
842:
840:
837:
835:
832:
830:
827:
823:
822:United States
820:
818:
815:
813:
810:
809:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
686:
685:United States
683:
681:
678:
676:
673:
672:
671:
668:
666:
663:
661:
658:
656:
653:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
637:
631:
625:
624:
614:
611:
609:
606:
604:
601:
599:
598:Protestantism
596:
594:
591:
587:
584:
583:
582:
579:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
553:
550:
549:
548:
545:
541:
538:
536:
533:
532:
531:
528:
526:
523:
519:
516:
514:
513:LDS or Mormon
511:
509:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
495:
494:
491:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
475:
469:
464:
463:
453:
450:
448:
445:
441:
438:
436:
435:Transmisogyny
433:
431:
428:
427:
426:
423:
419:
416:
414:
411:
410:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
338:Gerontophobia
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
294:
291:
289:
286:
284:
281:
279:
276:
274:
271:
269:
266:
264:
261:
259:
258:Anti-intersex
256:
254:
251:
249:
246:
244:
241:
239:
236:
234:
233:Anti-albinism
231:
229:
226:
224:
221:
219:
216:
215:
206:
205:
195:
192:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
163:
160:
158:
155:
154:
153:
150:
148:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
130:
128:
125:
123:
120:
118:
115:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
98:
95:
94:
85:
84:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
58:Institutional
56:
55:
46:
45:
41:
37:
36:
33:
29:
25:
21:
20:
5212:Gender-blind
5099:Human rights
4948:
4927:Racial quota
4914:
4894:Jewish quota
4874:Gerontocracy
4869:Gender roles
4847:Disabilities
4832:Blood purity
4804:Wife selling
4794:White flight
4774:Slut-shaming
4754:Scapegoating
4672:Murder music
4345:Palestinians
4158:South Africa
4143:Black people
4121:South Africa
3942:Christianity
3932:Baháʼí Faith
3860:Sectarianism
3800:Heterosexism
3765:Ephebiphobia
3730:Antisemitism
3725:Anti-Masonry
3592:Hair texture
3431:
3422:
3413:
3392:
3383:
3374:
3353:
3344:
3287:. Retrieved
3277:
3265:. Retrieved
3261:
3251:
3239:. Retrieved
3228:
3223:, 2 Nov 2007
3215:
3210:, 2 Nov 2007
3203:. Retrieved
3199:the original
3188:
3183:, 2 Nov 2007
3176:
3165:. Retrieved
3153:
3143:
3134:
3125:
3116:
3111:, 4 Nov 2007
3103:
3098:, 4 Nov 2007
3090:
3085:, 4 Nov 2007
3077:
3068:
3027:
3021:
2981:
2961:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2897:
2888:
2873:
2864:
2841:
2817:
2777:
2776:
2767:
2766:
2757:
2756:
2743:
2742:
2733:
2732:
2727:
2718:
2686:
2683:Federal laws
2677:
2655:World War II
2628:
2440: /
2430:
2387:Saudi Arabia
2279:South Africa
2262:Nazi Germany
2223:
2216:
2135: /
2046:
2030:
2029:
1799:Gender-blind
1678:Human rights
1500:Racial quota
1487:
1467:Jewish quota
1447:Gerontocracy
1442:Gender roles
1420:Disabilities
1405:Blood purity
1371:Wife selling
1361:White flight
1341:Slut-shaming
1321:Scapegoating
1239:Murder music
904:Palestinians
717:South Africa
702:Black people
680:South Africa
493:Christianity
483:Baháʼí Faith
403:Sectarianism
343:Heterosexism
308:Ephebiphobia
273:Antisemitism
268:Anti-Masonry
127:Hair texture
5114:Nonviolence
5109:LGBT rights
5074:Empowerment
5042:Anti-racism
4964:Segregation
4909:No kid zone
4709:Persecution
4622:Hate speech
4573:Gay bashing
4548:Ethnic joke
4503:Dog whistle
4448:Blood libel
4138:Azerbaijani
4042:Neopaganism
4035:Persecution
4001:Persecution
3984:Persecution
3947:Catholicism
3882:Transphobia
3865:Supremacism
3820:Lesbophobia
3735:Aporophobia
3695:Anti-autism
3546:Taste-based
3541:Statistical
3038:: 325−342.
2861:if you can.
2651:World War I
2531:Citizenship
2499:Residential
2382:Gulf states
2304:Black Codes
2192:Pass system
2116:Allegations
1693:Nonviolence
1688:LGBT rights
1653:Empowerment
1621:Anti-racism
1535:Segregation
1482:No kid zone
1276:Persecution
1189:Hate speech
1140:Gay bashing
1115:Ethnic joke
1070:Dog whistle
1015:Blood libel
697:Azerbaijani
593:Neopaganism
586:Persecution
552:Persecution
535:Persecution
498:Catholicism
425:Transphobia
408:Supremacism
363:Lesbophobia
278:Aporophobia
238:Anti-autism
73:Taste-based
68:Statistical
5443:Categories
5388:Stereotype
5383:Speciesism
5264:Oppression
5259:Oikophobia
5155:Allophilia
5139:Toleration
4996:Sodomy law
4889:Internment
4809:Witch-hunt
4687:Blackhawks
4617:Hate group
4605:Hate crime
4578:Gendercide
4568:Freak show
4558:Excellence
4518:Employment
4488:Defamation
4420:Vietnamese
4415:Venezuelan
4305:Lithuanian
3974:Falun Gong
3909:Xenophobia
3904:Vegaphobia
3887:Non-binary
3845:Pedophobia
3810:Homophobia
3622:Skin color
3582:Disability
3555:Attributes
3536:Structural
3205:2008-04-26
3167:2023-02-24
2974:References
2867:March 2012
2454:Mauritania
2358:Roma walls
2284:Bantustans
2128:Xenophobia
1975:Stereotype
1970:Speciesism
1851:Oppression
1846:Oikophobia
1742:Allophilia
1718:Toleration
1567:Sodomy law
1462:Internment
1376:Witch-hunt
1254:Blackhawks
1184:Hate group
1172:Hate crime
1145:Gendercide
1135:Freak show
1125:Excellence
1085:Employment
1055:Defamation
979:Vietnamese
974:Venezuelan
864:Lithuanian
525:Falun Gong
452:Xenophobia
447:Vegaphobia
430:Non-binary
388:Pedophobia
353:Homophobia
157:Skin color
117:Disability
88:Attributes
63:Structural
5361:Christian
5289:Prejudice
5237:Masculism
5185:Diversity
4979:religious
4954:Redlining
4553:Ethnocide
4513:Education
4405:Ukrainian
4340:Pakistani
4330:Mongolian
4253:Australia
4235:Hungarian
4190:Colombian
4170:Bulgarian
4052:Rastafari
4006:Ahmadiyya
3919:Religious
3897:Trans men
3855:Pregnancy
3790:Gayphobia
3785:Fatphobia
3680:Acephobia
3675:Arophobia
3659:Viewpoint
3162:0362-4331
3052:0037-7791
2798:tool for
2568:Ethnicity
2484:Academies
2409:Uthapuram
2289:Pass laws
2225:Indigénat
2218:Code Noir
2184:Australia
2162:Redlining
1948:Christian
1876:Prejudice
1824:Masculism
1772:Diversity
1550:religious
1525:Redlining
1120:Ethnocide
1080:Education
964:Ukrainian
899:Pakistani
889:Mongolian
812:Australia
794:Hungarian
749:Colombian
729:Bulgarian
603:Rastafari
557:Ahmadiyya
468:Religious
440:Trans men
398:Pregnancy
333:Gayphobia
328:Fatphobia
223:Acephobia
218:Arophobia
194:Viewpoint
5418:Category
5400:The talk
5336:Snobbery
5254:Net bias
5084:Feminism
5011:Ugly law
4852:Catholic
4820:policies
4667:Mortgage
4662:Lynching
4593:examples
4588:Genocide
4508:Economic
4493:Democide
4453:Bullying
4370:Romanian
4335:Nigerian
4285:Japanese
4215:Georgian
4200:Filipino
4133:Assyrian
4106:Armenian
4096:American
4091:Albanian
4073:National
4057:Yazidism
3979:Hinduism
3937:Buddhism
3840:Nepotism
3835:Misogyny
3830:Misandry
3755:Cronyism
3750:Clannism
3745:Biphobia
3685:Adultism
3602:Language
3289:July 26,
3267:July 26,
3241:July 26,
2842:require
2804:Facebook
2790:against
2724:Lawsuits
2586:Category
2506:Xinjiang
2449:Malaysia
2442:barriers
2353:Slovenia
2274:Rhodesia
2099:Overview
2073:a series
2071:Part of
2064:Overview
2047:de facto
1987:The talk
1923:Snobbery
1841:Net bias
1663:Feminism
1582:Ugly law
1425:Catholic
1391:Policies
1234:Mortgage
1229:Lynching
1160:examples
1155:Genocide
1075:Economic
1060:Democide
1020:Bullying
929:Romanian
894:Nigerian
844:Japanese
774:Georgian
759:Filipino
692:Assyrian
665:Armenian
655:American
650:Albanian
630:national
608:Yazidism
530:Hinduism
488:Buddhism
383:Nepotism
378:Misogyny
373:Misandry
298:Cronyism
293:Clannism
288:Biphobia
228:Adultism
137:Language
24:a series
22:Part of
5428:Commons
5207:Figleaf
4632:Housing
4400:Turkish
4350:Pashtun
4320:Mexican
4300:Kurdish
4280:Italian
4275:Israeli
4225:Haitian
4210:Finnish
4185:Chinese
4180:Chechen
4175:Catalan
4165:Bengali
4086:African
4071:Ethnic/
4030:Judaism
4021:Sunnism
4011:Shi'ism
3927:Atheism
3760:Elitism
3649:Species
3587:Genetic
3577:Dialect
2844:cleanup
2760:(2006):
2746:(2006):
2736:(1988):
2707:at the
2669:History
2591:Commons
2524:Related
2494:Schools
2489:Housing
2464:Myanmar
2459:Morocco
2432:Hafrada
2414:Muslims
2370:Schools
2348:Romania
2188:Canada
1794:Figleaf
1199:Housing
959:Turkish
909:Pashtun
879:Mexican
859:Kurdish
839:Italian
834:Israeli
784:Haitian
769:Finnish
744:Chinese
739:Chechen
734:Catalan
724:Bengali
645:African
628:Ethnic/
581:Judaism
572:Sunnism
562:Shi'ism
478:Atheism
303:Elitism
184:Species
122:Genetic
112:Dialect
5393:threat
5247:autism
4984:sexual
4974:racial
4857:Jewish
4714:Pogrom
4692:Chiefs
4682:Braves
4410:Uyghur
4385:Somali
4380:Slavic
4365:Romani
4360:Quebec
4355:Polish
4295:Korean
4290:Jewish
4258:Canada
4245:Indian
4230:Hazara
4205:Fulani
4116:France
4081:Afghan
4016:Sufism
3740:Audism
3668:Social
3597:Height
3237:. CNBC
3160:
3060:800457
3058:
3050:
2823:Debate
2780:(2022)
2647:zoning
2421:Israel
2377:Cyprus
1980:threat
1834:autism
1555:sexual
1545:racial
1430:Jewish
1281:Pogrom
1259:Chiefs
1249:Braves
969:Uyghur
944:Somali
939:Slavic
924:Romani
919:Quebec
914:Polish
854:Korean
849:Jewish
817:Canada
804:Indian
789:Hazara
764:Fulani
675:France
640:Afghan
567:Sufism
283:Audism
209:Social
132:Height
5371:white
4724:Purge
4390:Tatar
4315:Māori
4310:Malay
4270:Irish
4220:Greek
4195:Croat
4153:China
4111:Asian
3996:Islam
3870:White
3607:Looks
3572:Class
3567:Caste
3524:Forms
3056:JSTOR
3030:(3).
2808:users
2511:Yemen
2474:Sudan
2404:India
2343:Italy
2123:Caste
1958:white
1291:Purge
949:Tatar
874:Māori
869:Malay
829:Irish
779:Greek
754:Croat
712:China
670:Asian
547:Islam
413:White
142:Looks
107:Class
102:Caste
49:Forms
5366:male
5165:Bias
4610:LGBT
4395:Thai
4375:Serb
4240:Igbo
4101:Arab
3875:Male
3654:Size
3634:Rank
3323:392.
3291:2022
3269:2022
3243:2022
3158:ISSN
3048:ISSN
2653:and
2563:Race
2043:race
1953:male
1752:Bias
1177:LGBT
954:Thai
934:Serb
799:Igbo
660:Arab
418:Male
189:Size
169:Rank
4969:age
3639:Sex
3562:Age
3040:doi
2853:No
2802:on
2392:UAE
1540:age
174:Sex
97:Age
5445::
3454:^
3440:^
3401:^
3362:^
3328:^
3313:^
3299:^
3260:.
3156:.
3152:.
3054:.
3046:.
3034::
3028:26
3026:.
3008:^
2990:^
2711:.
26:on
3509:e
3502:t
3495:v
3293:.
3271:.
3245:.
3208:.
3170:.
3062:.
3042::
2880:)
2874:(
2869:)
2865:(
2851:.
2751:'
2618:e
2611:t
2604:v
2019:e
2012:t
2005:v
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