1717:, and thus continued to exert significant political and legal control over the African population. Wide disparities existed in access to sports, education and housing. The ZANU-led government did not engage in significant expropriation of white settlers despite promising land reform to the African population, with one white commercial farmer commenting that Mugabe's government in the early 1980s was "the best government for farmers that this country has ever seen". Dissatisfaction with the slow pace of land reform led to the illegal seizing of white-owned land by African peasants. The government responded with heavy-handed repression against the African peasants. Resentment of continued white control of the economy continued through the 1990s, spurred by the perception that the white business community was disinterested in improving the economic lot of the African population or otherwise changing the status quo.
1559:
2710:"Of late it has been claimed that the infamous 'Blue Book' which detailed the treatment of Africans in GSWA was little more than a piece of propaganda put about to further South Africa's territorial ambitions and Britain's position at the negotiating table. Granted that the book was used to strengthen Britain's position vis-a-vis Germany, it must however be borne in mind that the bulk of the evidence contained in the 'Blue Book' is little more than the literal translation of German texts published at the time which were the findings of a German commission of inquiry into the effects of corporal punishment." Thus, when the Blue Book was withdrawn from the public after Germany and England came to an agreement about how to share access to GSWA minerals, this was not censorship; it was just business
371:
1123:
general as children who needed to be guided, but noted the Tutsi to be the ruling culture in Rwanda-Burundi. In 1959, Belgium reversed its stance and allowed the majority Hutu to assume control of the government through universal elections after independence. This partly reflected internal
Belgian domestic politics, who later saw the discrimination against the Hutu majority as similar to oppression within Belgium suffered from the Flemish-Walloon conflict. They saw the democratization and empowerment of the Hutu as a just response to the Tutsi domination. The Belgian policies wavered and flip-flopped considerably during this period leading up to
517:
general as children who needed to be guided, but noted the Tutsi to be the ruling culture in Rwanda-Burundi. In 1959, Belgium reversed its stance and allowed the majority Hutu to assume control of the government through universal elections after independence. This partly reflected internal
Belgian domestic politics, who later saw the discrimination against the Hutu majority as similar to oppression within Belgium suffered from the Flemish-Walloon conflict. They saw the democratization and empowerment of the Hutu as a just response to the Tutsi domination. The Belgian policies wavered and flip-flopped considerably during this period leading up to
1654:
policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and
Europeans. Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly Indians born in the country, whose ancestors had come to Uganda when the country was still a British colony. Indians were stereotyped as "greedy" and "conniving", without any racial identity or loyalty but "always cheating, conspiring and plotting" to subvert Uganda. Amin used this propaganda to justify a campaign of "de-Indianization", eventually resulting in the expulsion and ethnic cleansing of Uganda's Indian minority. India refused to accept the expelled people. Most of the expelled Indians settled in Britain.
1373:-dominated National Party and Broederbond organisations. The ideology was also enforced in South West Africa, which was administered by South Africa under a League of Nations mandate (revoked in 1966 via United Nations Resolution 2145), until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990. By extension, the term is currently used for forms of systematic segregation established by the state authority in a country against the social and civil rights of a certain group of citizens due to ethnic prejudices.
1369:; an Afrikaans word meaning "separateness", or "the state of being apart", literally "apart-hood") was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party (NP), the governing party from 1948 to 1994. Under apartheid, the rights, associations, and movements of the majority black inhabitants and other ethnic groups were curtailed, and white minority rule was maintained. Apartheid was developed after World War II by the
1521:. Whereas black Tanzanians are seen as lazy thieves and profiteers who have no culinary taste. In Indian-owned service businesses, it is said that black Tanzanians are served last after Indians, Arabs and white people. Black Tanzanians report to be looked down upon by Indians Tanzanians with the same education level, that Indian Tanzanians do not want to intermingle with black Tanzanians nor learn kiswahili, which they deem to be an inferior language.
5698:
5718:
197:
983:
908:, where the German authorities forced them to work as slaves for German military and settlers. All prisoners were categorized into groups fit and unfit for work, and pre-printed death certificates indicating "death by exhaustion following privation" were issued. The British government published their widely known account of the German genocide of the Nama and Herero peoples in 1918.
135:
35:
5708:
299:
76:
955:, and therefore one of the earliest attempts at genocide in the 20th century. The German government recognised and apologised for the events in 2004, but has ruled out financial compensation or land reparation for the victims' descendants. In 2004, there was only minor media attention in Germany on this matter.
532:
but was unable to take power. Tutsis fled and created exile communities outside Rwanda in Uganda and
Tanzania. Since the nation's independence, more extremist Tutsi came to power and oppressed the Hutus, especially those who were educated. Their actions led to the deaths of up to 200,000 Hutus. Overt
426:
even though the national constitution guarantees the
Bushmen the right to live there in perpetuity. As of October 2005, the government resumed its policy of forcing all Bushmen off their lands in the game reserve using armed police and threats of violence or death. Many of the involuntarily displaced
1038:
and Arabs. It is especially rife among the warlike Tuareg, located in the wild deserts of north and west Niger, who roam near the borders with Mali and
Algeria. In the region of Say on the right bank of the river Niger, it is estimated that three-quarters of the population around 1904–1905 was
939:
With the closure of concentration camps, all surviving Herero were distributed as labourers for settlers in the German colony, and from then on, all Herero over the age of seven were forced to wear a metal disc with their labour registration number, and banned from owning land or cattle, a necessity
1712:
Following the end of armed conflict, the white minority in
Zimbabwe continued to exert disproportionate control over the economy, owned the majority of arable land in Zimbabwe, and maintained racially segregated social circles. White settlers were protected by generous provisions established by the
935:
children of Herero women and German men as test subjects. Other experiments were made by Dr
Bofinger, who injected Herero that were suffering from scurvy with various substances including arsenic and opium; afterwards he researched the effects of these substances by performing autopsies on the dead
1724:
government grew political isolated, it increasingly criticized the white population's segregationism and racism, and began to encourage violent farm invasions against the white population, which drew condemnations from the international community. Zimbabwe today continues to be fractured by enmity
1138:
against the Tutsi in 1959 and taken power. Tutsis fled and created exile communities outside Rwanda in Uganda and
Tanzania. Since Burundi's independence, more extremist Tutsi came to power and oppressed the Hutus, especially those who were educated. Their actions led to the deaths of up to 200,000
1063:
masters. The nation is deeply stratified between these two major ethnic groups. The Pygmy slaves belong from birth to their Bantu masters in a relationship that the Bantus call a time-honored tradition. Even though the
Pygmies are responsible for much of the hunting, fishing and manual labor in
1122:
When the Belgians took over the colony, they believed the colony could be better governed if they continued to identify the different populations. In the 1920s, they required people to identify with a particular ethnic group and classified them in censuses. European colonists viewed Africans in
516:
When the Belgians took over the colony, they believed the colony could be better governed if they continued to identify the different populations. In the 1920s, they required people to identify with a particular ethnic group and classified them in censuses. European colonists viewed Africans in
1653:
In the 1970s Uganda and other East African nations implemented racist policies that targeted the Asian population of the region. Uganda under Idi Amin's leadership was particularly virulent in its anti-Asian policies. In August 1972, Idi Amin declared what he called an "economic war", a set of
678:
saw a resurgence in ethnic hatred and religious intolerance. In addition to the many victims among the various tribes of the northern and southern regions of the country that have perished in the ongoing conflict, foreigners residing or visiting Ivory Coast have also been subjected to violent
1002:
living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger. Their population numbered about 150,000. While the government was rounding up Arabs in preparation for the deportation, two girls died, reportedly after fleeing government forces, and three women suffered miscarriages. Niger's government eventually
1640:
The 1968 Committee on "Africanization in Commerce and Industry" in Uganda made far-reaching Indophobic proposals. A system of work permits and trade licenses was introduced in 1969 in order to restrict the role of Indians in economic and professional activities. Indians were segregated and
638:
Although other populations in Ethiopia have faced varying degrees of discrimination, little of that adversity has by contrast been on account of racial differences. It is instead more typically rooted in disparities in class and competition for economic status. The often socio-economically
2615:
Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History (War and Genocide) (War and Genocide) (War and Genocide) A. Dirk Moses -page 296(From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa. 296, (29). Dominik J.
1555:'s successors pursued the same course, and their severe measures resulted either in emigration or in forcible conversions. Soon becoming suspicious of the sincerity of the new converts, the Almohades compelled them to wear a special garb, with a yellow cloth for a head-covering.
567:
between Hutu political structures and the Tutsi military, in which an estimated 500,000 Burundians died. There were many mass killings of Tutsis and moderate Hutus; these events were deemed genocide by the United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi.
1570:
Mistranslations of Arab scholars and geographers from this time period have led many to attribute certain racial attitudes that were not prevalent until the 18th and 19th century to writings made centuries ago. French translators portrayed groups like Arabs and
513:. Because Tutsis had been the tradiitional governing elite, both colonial powers kept this system and allowed only the Tutsi to be educated and only they could participate in the colonial government. Such discriminatory policies engendered resentment.
1119:. Because Tutsis had been the traditional governing elite, both colonial powers kept this system and allowed only the Tutsi to be educated and only they could participate in the colonial government. Such discriminatory policies engendered resentment.
1508:
crossed the border into Darfur. Most have been relocated by the Sudanese government to former villages of displaced non-Arab people. Some 2.5 million have now been forced to flee their homes after attacks by Sudanese troops and Janjaweed militia.
634:
was virtually absent from the country's controlled press in the first few weeks of his seizure. By contrast, Mengistu's rise to prominence was hailed by the southern Shanqella groups as a personal victory, with one of their own having made good.
1230:
stock are genetically divergent. Racially-motivated attacks on Somali Bantus have occurred. Journalists who bring attention to discrimination against Somali Bantus have suffered from death threats and some have fled the country as a result.
1042:
Historically, the Tuareg swelled the ranks of their black slaves by conducting war raids into other peoplesâ lands. War was the main source of supply of slaves, although many were bought at slave markets, run mostly by indigenous peoples.
911:
Many Herero died later of disease, overwork and malnutrition. Camps, such as that in Windhoek, had mortality rates as high as 61% The mortality rate in the camps was 45% in 1908. The death rates are calculated to be between 69% and 74%.
2730:
Jan-Bart Gewald, Jeremy Silvester, "Words Cannot Be Found: German Colonial Rule in Namibia : An Annotated Reprint of the 1918 Blue Book (Sources on African History, 1)", Brill Academic Publishers, annotated edition (1 June
698:. Rapes and beatings of persons of European and Lebanese descent followed. No deaths were reported. Thousands of expatriates and white or ethnic Lebanese Ivorians fled the country. The attacks drew international condemnation.
1649:
the Indian minority. Indians were stereotyped as "only traders" and so "inbred" to their profession. Indians were attacked as "dukawallas" (an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time).
2625:
The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy (Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany) by Sara L. Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, and Susanne M. Zantop page 87 University of Michigan Press
1443:
alleged that "the Sudanese government's support of slavery and its continued military action which has resulted in numerous deaths are due in part to the victims' religious beliefs." Jok Madut Jok, professor of history at
878:. In total, 24,000 to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama died. The genocide was characterized by a high number of deaths from starvation and thirst; the Herero who fled the violence were prevented from returning from the
780:
lower class, mostly poor black Africans living in rural areas, have been considered natural slaves by these Moors. Social attitudes have changed among most urban Moors, but in rural areas, the ancient divide remains.
2493:
2605:
Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908 (PSI Reports) by Jeremy
1680:
against Black people in the region. White settlers held full citizenship rights, as well as other significant economic and legal advantages over indigenous African people. Racial division would continue under
1010:
was outlawed in 2003, a study has found that more than 800,000 people are still slaves, almost 8% of the population. Slavery dates back centuries in Niger and was criminalised after five years of lobbying by
3561:
948:
2428:
3825:
1294:
in 1652 brought with it the established slave labor practices of the company. Many of these slaves were imported from the company's more established settlements in India and the East Indies.
1104:. In an effort to reward conversion, the colonial government confiscated traditionally Tutsi land and reassigned it to Hutu tribes, igniting a conflict that has lasted into the 21st century.
1558:
1799:
Quintana-Murci, LluĂs; Heyer, Evelyne; Bahuchet, Serge; Froment, Alain; Gessain, Antoine; Hombert, Jean-Marie; Veen, Lolke Van der; Kidd, Judith R.; Kidd, Kenneth K. (2009-04-10).
5489:
1239:
1235:
919:
was used by guards who treated the forced labourers harshly. Medical experiments were performed on the Herero and Nama people by the Germans, similar to those performed on the
1161:, invaded Rwanda from Uganda, which started a civil war against Rwanda's Hutu government in 1990. A peace agreement was signed, but violence erupted again, culminating in the
1139:
Hutus. Overt discrimination from the colonial period was continued by different Rwandan and Burundian governments, including identity cards that distinguished Tutsi and Hutu.
615:
highlanders) were also noted as having actively hunted the Shanqella during the 19th century. Following the abolition of the slave trade in the 1940s, the freed Shanqella and
3475:
Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; GĂŒnther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R.; Vicente, MĂĄrio; Steyn, Maryna (2017-11-03).
1496:
humanitarian coordinator) is quoted as saying: "This is more than just a conflict. It is an organised attempt to do away with a group of people. The only difference between
1064:
jungle villages, Pygmies and Bantus alike say Pygmies are often paid at the master's whim; in cigarettes, used clothing, or even nothing at all. As a result of pressure from
687:
5641:
3221:
4093:
Fouéré, Marie-Aude (2015). ""Indians are Exploiters and Africans Idlers!" : Identity formation and socio-economic conditions in Tanzania". In Michel, Adam (ed.).
2721:
The colonising camera: photographs in the making of Namibian history Wolfram Hartmann, Jeremy Silvester, Patricia Hayes, page 118, University of Cape Town Press, 1999
4207:
The Conquest That Never Was: Ghana and the Almoravids, 1076. I. The External Arabic Sources, by David Conrad and Humphrey Fisher © 1982 African Studies Association
4017:
Collins, Robert O., "Civil Wars and Revolution in the Sudan: Essays on the Sudan, Southern Sudan, and Darfur, 1962-2004 ", (p. 156), Tsehai Publishers (US), (2005)
2813:
The practice of war Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence Edited by Aparna Rao, Michael Bollig and Monika Böck, page 92, Berghahn Books; 2011
833:
533:
discrimination from the colonial period was continued by different Rwandan and Burundian governments, including identity cards that distinguished Tutsi and Hutu.
3569:
1500:
and Darfur now is the numbers of dead, murdered, tortured and raped involved" A July 14, 2007 article noted that in the past two months up to 75,000 Arabs from
1387:
Foreign nationals from other African countries, resident or working in the country, have been subjected to violent xenophobic attacks by black South Africans.
2470:
370:
5441:
559:
was conducted against the country's Hutu population in 1972, and an estimated 100,000 Hutus died. In 1993, Burundi's first democratically elected president,
5424:
3532:
1916:
3590:
2978:
2436:
1877:
3833:
3303:
5611:
1895:
5327:
2656:
Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen, "Diaspora and memory: figures of displacement in contemporary literature, arts and politics",
5347:
4945:
897:
In 1926, except for archive copies, records of the genocide were withdrawn and destroyed following a decision of the then Legislative Assembly.
5683:
4526:
2343:
VIe [i.e. SixiÚme] CongrÚs international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques, Paris, 30 juillet-6 août 1960: Ethnologie. 2 v
882:. Some sources also claim that the German colonial army systematically poisoned desert wells. The genocide took place between 1904 and 1907 in
320:
307:
3035:
4453:
4378:
3857:
3698:
2487:
1485:
by Janjaweed militias (nomadic Arab shepherds with the support of Sudanese government troops) to get rid of 80 black African groups from the
1261:
3960:
3723:
563:, who was Hutu, was believed to be assassinated by Tutsi officers, as was the person constitutionally entitled to succeed him. This sparked
4063:
4312:
2393:
Ethiopia in Broader Perspective: Papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Kyoto, 12-17 December 1997, Volume 2
1770:
1641:
discriminated against in all walks of life. After Amin came to power, he exploited these divisions to spread propaganda against Indians,
5096:
1308:
There are many examples of racism and discriminatory practices during the colonial period, such as the allocation of rations during the
776:, as slaves. The practice of slavery in Mauritania is most dominant within the traditional upper class of the Moors. For centuries, the
654:
In terms of traditional perceptions, the Shanqella likewise racially contrast themselves from the Afro-Asiatic populations. The Anywaa (
1068:
and human-rights activists, a law that would grant special protections to the Pygmy people is awaiting a vote by the Congo parliament.
931:, a German anthropologist, came to the concentration camps to conduct medical experiments on race, using children of Herero people and
814:
According to some estimates, as many as 600,000 black Mauritanians, or 20% of the population, are still enslaved, many of them used as
4422:
Inaugural Lecture presented at the University of Pretoria, South Africa on 30 October 2012 by the Head of Department, Professor Mlambo
3649:
2874:
1686:
5528:
4156:
3752:
5511:
4973:
4834:
4604:
4102:
4022:
3054:
2644:
1022:, is traditionally practiced by at least four of Niger's eight ethnic groups. The slave masters are mostly from the lighter-skinned
915:
Food in the camps was extremely scarce, consisting of rice with no additions. Shootings, hangings and beatings were common, and the
345:
280:
214:
178:
116:
62:
48:
2918:
5721:
5477:
5446:
5342:
4418:"Becoming Zimbabwe or becoming Zimbabwean: Identity, nationalism and state building in the historical context of Southern Africa"
2136:
1860:"UN Experts conclude crimes against humanity and war crimes committed in Kasai, warn against risk of new wave of ethnic violence"
1517:
Black Tanzanians portray Indian Tanzanians as miserly because of their status as a business minority who owns most businesses in
811:
ideology of their ancestors, which has caused the oppression, discrimination and even enslavement of other groups in Mauritania.
5429:
4005:
3615:
1690:
905:
630:
transcended class and remained in effect regardless of social position or parentage. As a result, former President of Ethiopia
564:
467:
261:
3228:
2691:
5601:
5458:
4443:
2401:
2319:
2289:
1336:
For White menâCoffee or tea, 1/12 oz.; pepper, 1/64 oz.; salt, 1/3 oz.; sugar, 1 oz.; mustard, 1/20 oz.; Vinegar, 1/12 gill.
233:
218:
145:
4589:
2682:
Dan Kroll, "Securing our water supply: protecting a vulnerable resource", PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press, pg. 22
2228:
International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report. Part III: Investigation of the Assassination. Conclusions at
3280:
2670:
1801:"Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy HunterâGatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set"
1278:, however, racism in South Africa both predates and encompasses more than just the institutionalised racism of apartheid.
423:
4609:
4368:
2785:
Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of European Blacks, Africans and African Americans During the Nazi Era
623:
or Shanqella communities in Ethiopia still exists, affecting access to political and social opportunities and resources.
5671:
5533:
5523:
5516:
5320:
1355:
1271:
971:
240:
4294:
1859:
5548:
5364:
4938:
2657:
1445:
875:
827:
4749:
2229:
1467:
which has cost more than 2,000,000 lives and has displaced more than 4,000,000 people since the war started in 1983.
390:
peoples. Pygmies and Bantus differ physically and genetically due to long lasting evolutionary segregation until the
4138:
Translation and the Colonial Imaginary: Ibn Khaldun Orientalist, by Abdelmajid Hannoum © 2003 Wesleyan University.
2669:
Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny, "Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts"
5305:
4519:
2963:
2194:
2089:
1302:
1012:
4860:
2851:
The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism, page 225, Casper Erichsen,
832:
247:
5747:
5742:
5621:
5465:
4624:
3727:
1734:
1714:
1471:
1464:
4907:
4903:
4157:"Not Quite Venus from the Waves: The Almoravid Conquest of Ghana in the Modern Historiography of Western Africa"
3885:
U.S. State Department report says 'religious intolerance remains far too common' around world. September 6, 2000
3540:
1452:
by any definition. The government of Sudan insists that the whole matter is no more than the traditional tribal
958:
About 4,000 commercial land owners, mostly whites, own over 50% of the arable land across the country despite a
454:
Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination condemns Botswana's treatment of the 'Bushmen' as racist.
5238:
4046:
3982:
3160:
2966:
2538:"IRIN Africa - MAURITANIA: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance - Mauritania - Governance - Human Rights"
2479:
1920:
1669:
1424:
1287:
1275:
1199:
targeted at the Somali Bantu community exist such as 'adoon' (slave) similar in connotation to the Arabic term
883:
746:
722:
160:
94:
3199:
2511:
4664:
3800:
402:
from participation into the wider society in the various African countries that they live in and are seen as
229:
5631:
5436:
5376:
5354:
5081:
4899:
4764:
4569:
4334:
1878:"Mass rape, cannibalism, body parts as medals: UN team finds Congo war atrocities that 'beggar description'"
1706:
1590:
1158:
728:
312:
207:
156:
4779:
4599:
5596:
5499:
5419:
5248:
5189:
5091:
4988:
4931:
4839:
4774:
4759:
4724:
4694:
4649:
4584:
3107:
2923:
1739:
1382:
1255:
1216:
959:
852:
754:
persists despite its abolition in 1980 and mostly affects the descendants of black Africans abducted into
659:
608:
4714:
2563:
5651:
5543:
5538:
5453:
5414:
5221:
5216:
4669:
4634:
4614:
4579:
4512:
3965:
3330:
1677:
1440:
1100:
became more pronounced. As the Tutsi resisted conversion, the missionaries found success only among the
751:
740:
631:
490:
became more pronounced. As the Tutsi resisted conversion, the missionaries found success only among the
98:
54:
4890:
4886:
4877:
4868:
4754:
4719:
4679:
4629:
4549:
3884:
3017:
604:, derogatory terms originally denoting slave descent, irrespective of the individual's family history.
4809:
4699:
4659:
4554:
5606:
5472:
5116:
5053:
5023:
5008:
4993:
4864:
4709:
4674:
4654:
4644:
4559:
3488:
1474:, people were taken into slavery; estimates of abductions range from 14,000 to 200,000. Abduction of
1320:
1097:
874:
The violence eventually led to a genocide of the Herero and Nama people by the Germans, known as the
487:
403:
4794:
4704:
4594:
3674:
1579:
and his contemporaries understood them to be diverse and changing in terms of makeup and behavior.
1165:
of 1994, when Hutu extremists killed an estimated 800,000 Rwandans, mostly Tutsis. About 30% of the
683:
in 2001, the Ivory Coast government was guilty of fanning ethnic hatred for its own political ends.
5626:
5381:
5260:
5013:
3477:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago"
1092:
missionaries arrived in the Great Lakes region. Later, when German forces occupied the area during
860:
482:
missionaries arrived in the Great Lakes region. Later, when German forces occupied the area during
86:
3854:
3702:
3135:
796:
498:
land and reassigned it to Hutu tribes, igniting a conflict that has lasted into the 21st century.
5711:
5656:
5636:
5295:
5226:
5194:
5161:
5151:
5033:
4814:
4789:
4639:
4564:
4208:
4187:
4179:
4139:
3731:
3042:. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRIN News. 26 October 2006.
2772:
The continuities of German history: nation, religion, and race across the Long Nineteenth Century
1966:
1663:
1602:
1530:
1365:
1309:
1178:
1147:
901:
680:
577:
541:
4071:
1154:). In Rwanda, the political power was transferred from the minority Tutsi to the majority Hutu.
548:). In Burundi, Tutsis, who are the minority, maintained control of the government and military.
1942:
1617:
to do clerical work in imperial service. The most prominent case of anti-Indian racism was the
5315:
5280:
5270:
5231:
5171:
5121:
5043:
5028:
4998:
4799:
4769:
4739:
4729:
4684:
4574:
4490:
4449:
4374:
4098:
4018:
3941:
3872:
3785:
3655:
3645:
3514:
3506:
3457:
3406:
2870:
2640:
2483:
2397:
2340:
CongrĂšs international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques, Pierre Champion (1963).
2315:
2285:
2241:
1840:
1822:
1778:
1744:
1583:
1291:
1135:
1128:
1083:
1052:
963:
952:
856:
529:
522:
473:
254:
4470:
5409:
5386:
5369:
5359:
5337:
5300:
5290:
5275:
5265:
5179:
5156:
5146:
4804:
4744:
4482:
4425:
4257:
4171:
3496:
3447:
3437:
2469:
Tannenbaum, Jessie; Valcke, Anthony; McPherson, Andrew; Mueller, Leah; Conté, Simon (2009).
1830:
1812:
1618:
1586:. However, there is little evidence of there actually being an Almoravid conquest of Ghana
1552:
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537:
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1204:
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967:
845:
707:
593:
391:
3905:
3254:"IRIN Africa - NIGER: Slavery - an unbroken chain - Niger - Gender Issues - Human Rights"
3062:
2025:
4042:
4035:
3492:
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organisation, rallied by the state media, plundered possessions of foreign nationals in
5678:
5332:
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3425:
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1835:
1800:
1610:
1493:
1188:
944:
800:
612:
494:. In an effort to reward conversion, the colonial government confiscated traditionally
451:
435:. About 250 others remain in the game reserve, or have surreptitiously returned to the
383:
3372:
3351:
3174:
2890:
2217:
Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war
2115:
Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war
5736:
5494:
5141:
5106:
5018:
4978:
4395:
4191:
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3253:
2852:
2537:
1698:
1614:
1540:
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classified the aftermath as an attempt to exterminate the Herero and Nama peoples of
928:
920:
841:
815:
792:
644:
607:
Historically, the Shanqella constituted most of the slave labour in the ruling local
545:
387:
379:
3424:
Hodgson, Jason A.; Mulligan, Connie J.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L. (2014-06-12).
3288:
2757:
Hitler's African Victims: The German Army Massacres of Black French Soldiers in 1940
731:, Liberian nationality is limited to 'persons who are Negroes or of Negro descent'.
5661:
5506:
4396:"Sport and Racial Inequality: An Analysis of Pre-Independence Zimbabwe (1890-1979)"
4118:
1702:
1673:
1646:
1642:
1630:
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1428:
1420:
1298:
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in Somali society due to their differing physical appearance and ancestry from the
1184:
1019:
879:
655:
640:
447:
428:
4471:"A wrong without design : assessing racism and white color crime in Zimbabwe"
2132:
1979:
1721:
406:. Racially-motivated attacks occur on Pygmies including rape and cannibalization.
4225:
4034:
Power, Samantha "Dying in Darfur: Can the ethnic cleansing in Sudan be stopped?"
3755:. Houses of Parliament, Palace of Westminster, London. 1833-10-29. Archived from
3442:
2867:
The practice of war: Production, reproduction and communication of armed violence
2391:
2374:
2358:
2341:
2309:
2279:
1817:
1215:
and other Somali-origin minorities which is primarily based on their status as a
446:
creatures continue to exist in the age of computers?" asked Botswana's president
17:
5586:
5553:
5131:
5111:
3675:"Interview with Prof. Alfred Tokollo Moleah, South African Ambassador to Vienna"
3084:
2995:
2943:
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2416:
1606:
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1406:
1112:
1093:
1089:
995:
891:
868:
808:
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691:
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506:
483:
196:
1593:, Law 50 was introduced to protect black Tunisians from racial discrimination.
619:
were typically employed as unskilled labour. Racial discrimination against the
5482:
5136:
5126:
5063:
3591:"No where to run: Journalists in Jowhar face new threats from state officials"
2959:
2004:
1544:
1489:
region of western Sudan. These peoples include the Fur, Zaghawa and Massalit.
1330:
759:
432:
4494:
3659:
3510:
3410:
1826:
1709:
in ZAPU strongholds, producing resentment between the African ethnic groups.
1693:(ZANU). This conflict culminated in the establishment of the modern state of
651:, owing to their similar physical features and common Afro-Asiatic ancestry.
5646:
5581:
5086:
4095:
Indian Africa : Minorities of Indian-Pakistani Origin in Eastern Africa
3946:
3501:
3476:
2706:
Herereo Heroes: A Socio-Political History of the Herero of Namibia 1890-1923
1370:
1243:
982:
924:
900:
Survivors, majority of whom were women and children, were eventually put in
597:
583:
443:
399:
3518:
3461:
1896:"Bushmen forced out of desert after living off land for thousands of years"
1844:
374:
A Mulolo (Congo) warrior and his wife from the central Congo regions; Bantu
298:
3642:
The Bantu-Jareer Somalis : unearthing apartheid in the Horn of Africa
1685:
governance, sparking an armed struggle to overthrow white rule led by the
1018:
Descent-based slavery, where generations of the same family are born into
5616:
4424:, Department of Historical and Heritage Studies, University of Pretoria,
2947:
2895:
1697:. The coalition of African forces was fragile, and the government led by
1694:
1682:
1634:
1626:
1582:
Ibn Khaldun suggests a link between the decline of Ghana and rise of the
1436:
1212:
1196:
1192:
589:
479:
436:
415:
398:
by Bantu populations continuing into the modern age. They are frequently
2242:"Burundi - Ethnic Conflict, Hutu-Tutsi, Great Lakes Region | Britannica"
2153:
Christian Davenport and Allan Stam, "Rwanda 1994: Genocide + Politicide"
1435:
captors claiming that Islamic law grants them permission. According to
5576:
4212:
4196:
4183:
4143:
1572:
1536:
1449:
1223:
1124:
1116:
1108:
1023:
1007:
932:
916:
887:
864:
849:
807:. Many descendants of the Beni កassÄn tribes today still adhere to the
789:
768:
755:
695:
552:
518:
510:
502:
419:
395:
4429:
4335:"Legacies - Immigration and Emigration: Uganda's loss, Britain's gain"
2458:
Europeans flee Ivory Coast violence. 13 November 2004. ABC News Online
2311:
Ethiopia: The Country That Cut Off Its Head: A Diary of the Revolution
658:) Nilotes of southern Ethiopia consequently regard the Amhara, Oromo,
4954:
3780:
2472:
Analysis of the Aliens and Nationality Law of the Republic of Liberia
1622:
1486:
1208:
1065:
1056:
1035:
1031:
962:
undertaken by the Namibian government. When the country was known as
427:
Bushmen live in squalid resettlement camps and some have resorted to
394:
brought them back into close contact. Pygmies have been targeted for
363:
359:
4261:
4175:
3979:
1439:, slaves have been sold for US $ 50 a piece. In September 2000, the
163:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.
4504:
4417:
3130:
3128:
2133:
Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy
1055:, where Pygmies make up 2% of the population, many Pygmies live as
647:
are thus not considered by the highlander groups as being racially
596:
ethnic minorities. Collectively, these groups are locally known as
5591:
1557:
1548:
1505:
1448:, states that the abduction of women and children of the south is
1416:
1219:
1200:
999:
991:
981:
831:
763:
556:
495:
463:
369:
2167:, 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp
2056:, 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), p. 49
1866:. United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner.
1501:
1453:
1432:
1101:
491:
4927:
4508:
2979:
Amid Namibia's White Opulence, Majority Rule Isn't So Scary Now
2564:"BBC World Service - The Abolition season on BBC World Service"
4252:
General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda Hasu H. Patel,
3375:. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2006
3200:"History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places - Smithsonian"
799:
Arab tribes who emigrated to northwest Africa and present-day
292:
190:
128:
69:
28:
2825:
Rethinking resistance: revolt and violence in African history
2148:
2146:
2144:
871:
also rebelled against the Germans, suffering a similar fate.
2390:
Katsuyoshi Fukui; Eisei Kurimoto; Masayoshi Shigeta (1997).
2219:; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002.
2048:
2046:
1003:
suspended their controversial decision to deport the Arabs.
3644:(1st ed.). London, UK: Adonis & Abbey Publishers.
3320:
Adekunle, Julius. 2007. Culture and Customs of Rwanda. P.17
2117:; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002
1535:
The accession of the Almohade dynasty to the throne of the
1575:
as distinct ethnic groups with set characteristics, while
4923:
4373:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 222â224, 254â256.
818:. Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007.
3426:"Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa"
3036:"Govt expulsion order will fuel instability, Arabs warn"
1980:"UN condemns Botswana government over Bushman evictions"
2996:"BBC NEWS - Africa - Niger starts mass Arab expulsions"
2743:
The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing
2080:
2078:
2064:
2062:
462:
Further information on mass inter-ethnic violence:
152:
3175:"On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo"
3085:"BBC NEWS - Africa - Niger's Arabs to fight expulsion"
2585:"BBC NEWS - Africa - Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law"
2265:
International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002)
2180:(Report - Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp.
2165:
Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi
2054:
Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi
4045:(web site, retrieved 24 May 2006). Hilary Andersson,
3018:"Hundreds march in Niger calling for Arabs expulsion"
1589:
In 2018, more than seven years after the fall of the
867:, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the
367:
has been a recurring part of the history of Africa.
4226:"Tunisia racism: 'I lost the will to leave my home'"
3781:
Ladysmith, The Diary of a Siege by Henry W. Nevinson
3163:
By Hilary Andersson, BBC Africa Correspondent, Niger
1481:
In 2004, it became publicly known that there was an
1463:
of October 21, 2002 accused Sudan of genocide in an
1207:
of the Somali Bantu community is primarily based on
772:
and who partially still serve the "white Moors", or
5569:
5402:
5170:
5072:
4961:
4848:
4823:
4542:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4242:
3108:"Refworld - The Leader in Refugee Decision Support"
2865:Rao, Aparna; Bollig, Michael; Böck, Monika (2007).
974:enforcing strict segregation and white domination.
221:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
4475:AFFRIKA Journal of Politics, Economics and Society
3919:"Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan"
3055:"Niger's Arabs say expulsions will fuel race hate"
1917:"African Bushmen Tour U.S. to Fund Fight for Land"
5642:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States
3373:"Minorities Under Siege: Pygmies today in Africa"
2838:
2836:
2834:
2026:"Rwandan Genocide - Facts, Response & Trials"
592:has traditionally been directed at the country's
3304:"As the World Intrudes, Pygmies Feel Endangered"
2637:Sturm ĂŒber SĂŒdwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904.
1274:might have removed the legal framework allowing
4400:Greener Journal of Sport and Physical Education
4394:Masocha, Vincent; Mugari, Abisha (2015-11-30).
3106:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees.
2787:(Crosscurrents in African American History) by
1344:H. W. Nevinson, Ladysmith, The Diary of a Siege
1316:For WhitesâBiscuit, 1/4 lb.; Maize meal, 3 oz.
1314:
4008:UK Parliament Press Notice 14, Session 2004-05
3942:Desert hides world's worst humanitarian crisis
3616:"Somali journalists targeted for speaking out"
3393:Eno, Mohamed A.; Kusow, Abdi M. (2014-01-01).
3053:Thomson Reuters Foundation (25 October 2006).
2759:, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 83
2284:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 489â490.
2072:(Report - Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974)
1566:showing, in Arabic and French, Negroes street.
662:and other Afro-Asiatic groups collectively as
414:Since the mid-1990s the central government of
4939:
4520:
2109:
2107:
1423:African captives in the civil war were often
1242:has been criticized as a form of legislative
555:, a campaign of genocidal violence, known as
8:
4295:"1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda"
3801:"South Africa: Attacks on Foreign Nationals"
3701:. Iziko Museums of Cape Town. Archived from
3173:The Christian Science Monitor (2005-03-10).
2335:
2333:
2331:
1668:Racism in Zimbabwe first started during the
994:announced that it would deport to Chad the "
970:enjoyed a highly privileged position due to
97:. There might be a discussion about this on
4006:Darfur, Sudan: Crisis, response and lessons
3961:Genocide lays waste Darfurâs land of no men
2639:Bernard & Graefe-Verlag, Koblenz 1989.
2127:
2125:
2123:
1539:provinces in 1146 proved disastrous to the
1211:factors, unlike the marginalization of the
1015:and Nigerian human-rights group, Timidria.
386:suffer from racialized discrimination from
63:Learn how and when to remove these messages
4946:
4932:
4924:
4527:
4513:
4505:
4256:, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Winter, 1972), pp. 12-22
4155:Pekka Masonen; Humphrey J. Fisher (1996).
2303:
2301:
5612:Interminority racism in the United States
3906:U.S. Department of State: Sudan Peace Act
3500:
3451:
3441:
2774:, Cambridge University Press, p. 199
2745:, Cambridge University Press, p. 105
2273:
2271:
1834:
1816:
1621:of the Indian (called Asian) minority in
346:Learn how and when to remove this message
281:Learn how and when to remove this message
179:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
2919:"Remembering Germany's African Genocide"
2869:. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 89.
2827:, Brill Academic Publishers, p. 282
1764:
1762:
1760:
1329:KaffirsâFresh meat, 1-1/4 lbs. (Chiefly
1195:-origin majority of Somalia. Racialized
1150:was exiled from the colony (then called
1096:, the conflict and efforts for Catholic
626:Traditionally, racism against perceived
544:was exiled from the colony (then called
486:, the conflict and efforts for Catholic
439:to resume their independent lifestyles.
323:of all important aspects of the article.
3395:"Racial and caste prejudice in Somalia"
2281:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C, Volume 1
1998:
1996:
1756:
1297:Slavery in South Africa was officially
1169:population of Rwanda were also killed.
836:A photo of Herero chief Samuel Maharero
5684:Sociology of race and ethnic relations
4411:
4409:
4362:
4360:
4358:
4356:
4041:, 30 August 2004. Human Rights Watch,
2708:, Ohio University Press, p. 242,
1672:in the 19th century, when immigrating
319:Please consider expanding the lead to
3921:. US Department of State. 22 May 2002
3302:Nicholas D. Kristof (June 16, 1997).
2692:âStolenâ Blue Book was just misplaced
2499:from the original on 12 October 2012.
2396:. Shokado Book Sellers. p. 804.
2193:(New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and
2191:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide
2088:(New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and
2086:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide
1967:News by tribe |Survival International
1364:
1262:South African Human Rights Commission
7:
5707:
4313:"UK Indians taking care of business"
4119:"THE HISTORY OF THE JEWS OF TUNISIA"
2512:"Slavery still exists in Mauritania"
1360:Apartheid (Afrikaans pronunciation:
1157:In Rwanda, a Tutsi rebel group, the
666:in contradistinction to themselves.
219:adding citations to reliable sources
5097:Discrimination based on nationality
4224:Saeed, Abdirahim (27 August 2022).
2417:Ivory Coast "fanning ethnic hatred"
4469:Abednico, Siambombe (2017-06-01).
3980:Darfur: Africaâs hidden holocaust?
3136:"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger"
2510:Fletcher, Pascal (21 March 2007).
1609:descent. They were brought by the
1427:, and female prisoners were often
1107:The area was ruled as a colony by
863:and drove them into the desert of
679:attacks. According to a report by
501:The area was ruled as a colony by
25:
2891:"Germany admits Namibia genocide"
2357:Fisher, Richard Swainson (1852).
1705:ZANU committed massacres against
1547:were compelled either to embrace
1187:ethnic minority face significant
727:According to Article 27_b of the
44:This article has multiple issues.
5716:
5706:
5697:
5696:
4835:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
4605:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4047:"Ethnic cleansing blights Sudan"
3281:"Congo's Pygmies live as slaves"
3279:Thomas, Katie (March 12, 2007).
2694:23.04.2009 accessed 17 Dec 2011
2346:. Musée de l'homme. p. 589.
2204:(Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp.
2137:United States Institute of Peace
1006:In Niger, while the practice of
297:
195:
133:
74:
33:
5717:
4367:Mlambo, Alois S. (2014-04-07).
3724:"Indian Slaves in South Africa"
2944:Namibians plan white farm grabs
2376:Newsweek, Volume 85, Issues 1-8
1691:Zimbabwe African National Union
1687:Zimbabwe African People's Union
1478:women and children was common.
1459:The United States government's
1240:Transitional Federal Government
468:1993 ethnic violence in Burundi
311:may be too short to adequately
206:needs additional citations for
52:or discuss these issues on the
5602:Go back to where you came from
4487:10.31920/2075-6534/2017/v7n1a7
4442:Cheater, Angela (2003-12-16).
4416:Mlambo, Alois S (2012-11-26),
321:provide an accessible overview
1:
4097:. Africae. pp. 359â396.
4043:"Q & A: Crisis in Darfur"
3873:Curse Of Slavery Haunts Sudan
3179:The Christian Science Monitor
2379:. Newsweek. 1975. p. 13.
2314:. Robson Books. p. 117.
2178:Selective genocide in Burundi
2070:Selective genocide in Burundi
1898:. London: The Daily Telegraph
1858:Lori, Brumat (26 June 2018).
1775:www.survivalinternational.org
1266:Racism is still prevalent in
424:Central Kalahari Game Reserve
3753:"Slavery Abolition Act 1833"
3568:. 2018-09-21. Archived from
3443:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393
2770:Helmut Walser Smith (2008),
2202:Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi
2097:Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi
1818:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000448
1356:South Africa under apartheid
1326:EuropeansâFresh meat, 1 lb.
855:. In August, German general
611:societies. The Abyssinians (
536:The Belgian-sponsored Tutsi
450:. A report released by the
4254:Issue: A Journal of Opinion
3352:"How the genocide happened"
3161:Born to be a slave in Niger
3024:. Reuters. 19 January 2007.
2823:Klaas van Walraven (2003),
2791:, page 50-51 Routledge 2002
1864:United Nations Human Rights
1601:Former British colonies in
1446:Loyola Marymount University
1339:For Indiansâa little rice.
876:Herero and Namaqua genocide
859:defeated the Herero in the
828:Herero and Namaqua genocide
159:the claims made and adding
5764:
3875:CBS News. January 25, 1998
3331:"Timeline of the genocide"
2195:Cambridge University Press
2090:Cambridge University Press
1661:
1528:
1400:
1394:
1380:
1353:
1259:
1253:
1176:
1146:survived until 1959, when
1081:
1075:
1013:Anti-Slavery International
825:
803:and Mauritania during the
744:
738:
720:
705:
581:
575:
540:survived until 1959, when
530:revolted against the Tutsi
471:
461:
5692:
4445:The Anthropology of Power
3896:Jok Madut Jok (2001), p.3
3728:African National Congress
3399:Journal of Somali Studies
3061:. Reuters. Archived from
2704:Gewald, Jan-Bart (1999),
1769:International, Survival.
1715:Lancaster House Agreement
1551:or to leave the country.
1472:Second Sudanese Civil War
1286:The establishment of the
1236:4.5 parliamentary formula
4590:Central African Republic
3640:Eno, Mohamed A. (2008).
2480:American Bar Association
2278:Uhlig, Siegbert (2003).
2005:"Jews in Central Africa"
1978:Survival International.
1943:"Exiles of the Kalahari"
1882:South China Morning Post
1362:Afrikaans pronunciation:
1288:Dutch East India Company
1276:institutionalised racism
884:German South-West Africa
840:On 12 January 1904, the
747:Slavery in modern Africa
723:Liberian nationality law
565:a period of civil strife
418:has been trying to move
5632:Psychometrics of racism
5082:Anti-miscegenation laws
4197:Available through JSTOR
4064:"The Independent - 404"
3502:10.1126/science.aao6266
3285:The News & Observer
2855:, Faber and Faber 2010
2802:The devil's handwriting
2308:Thomson, Blair (1975).
2215:Christian P. Scherrer,
2113:Christian P. Scherrer,
2099:(Schenkman Books, 1998)
1884:. Reuters. 4 July 2018.
1707:Northern Ndebele people
1159:Rwandan Patriotic Front
1125:independence of Burundi
788:are descendants of the
690:of Abidjan, a strongly
519:independence of Burundi
5597:Ethnic plastic surgery
5092:Biological determinism
2924:OhmyNews International
2131:Weissman, Stephen R. "
1740:Human rights in Africa
1735:Antisemitism in Africa
1605:have many citizens of
1567:
1347:
1256:Racism in South Africa
1142:The Belgian-sponsored
1134:The Hutu majority had
1088:Beginning about 1880,
987:
837:
528:The Hutu majority had
478:Beginning about 1880,
375:
5517:In Jewish communities
5495:Hispanic & Latino
4750:SĂŁo TomĂ© and PrĂncipe
4610:Republic of the Congo
4370:A History of Zimbabwe
3699:"Slavery at the Cape"
3620:Amnesty International
2741:Michael Mann (2004),
2478:. Washington, D. C.:
2360:The Book of the World
2200:Edward L. Nyankanzi,
2095:Edward L. Nyankanzi,
1678:racially discriminate
1561:
1441:U.S. State Department
1383:Post-apartheid racism
1377:Post-apartheid racism
1303:Slavery Abolition Act
1076:Further information:
1047:Republic of the Congo
985:
940:in pastoral society.
904:, such as the one at
835:
752:Slavery in Mauritania
745:Further information:
741:Slavery in Mauritania
729:Liberian Constitution
632:Mengistu Haile Mariam
373:
5607:Herrenvolk democracy
3949:May 13, 2004, Page 2
3533:"Dalsan Warar Sugan"
3040:The New Humanitarian
1923:on November 16, 2007
1725:along racial lines.
1676:settlers started to
1366:[aËpartÉŠÉit]
1217:socially constructed
1039:composed of slaves.
215:improve this article
87:confusing or unclear
5627:Perpetual foreigner
4825:States with limited
3537:www.radiodalsan.com
3493:2017Sci...358..652S
3065:on 10 November 2008
2917:Krabbe, Alexander.
2800:Steinmetz, George,
2439:on 13 November 2007
2007:. Kulanu Highlights
1771:"'Pygmies': Racism"
1323:âMaize meal, 8 oz.
1226:and populations of
960:land reform process
902:concentration camps
861:Battle of Waterberg
848:, rebelled against
95:clarify the article
5657:Racial integration
5637:Race and sexuality
5442:Japanese Americans
5162:Racial segregation
5152:Racial nationalism
3985:2005-05-27 at the
3860:2007-10-12 at the
3836:on 3 December 2005
3805:Human Rights Watch
3680:. UniversitÀt Wien
2985:, 26 December 1988
2673:, Routledge, 2004,
2246:www.britannica.com
1664:Racism in Zimbabwe
1603:Sub-Saharan Africa
1568:
1543:. Jews as well as
1531:Slavery in Tunisia
1483:organised campaign
1310:Siege of Ladysmith
1290:settlement at the
1179:Slavery in Somalia
988:
838:
681:Human Rights Watch
578:Racism in Ethiopia
442:"How can you have
376:
230:"Racism in Africa"
144:possibly contains
5730:
5729:
5478:African Americans
5425:Chinese Americans
5122:Ethnic stereotype
4921:
4920:
4852:other territories
4625:Equatorial Guinea
4536:Racism in Africa
4455:978-1-134-65048-4
4380:978-1-139-86752-8
4164:History in Africa
3968:November 14, 2004
3939:Jonathan Clayton
3855:Islam and Slavery
3786:Project Gutenberg
3673:Englert, Birgit.
3566:www.caasimada.net
3487:(6363): 652â655.
3354:. BBC. 2004-04-01
2950:, 5 November 2003
2489:978-1-60442-456-0
2197:, 1996), 232 pp.
2189:Rene Lemarchand,
2176:René Lemarchand,
2084:Rene Lemarchand,
2068:René Lemarchand,
1745:Racism by country
1701:and the majority-
1465:ongoing civil war
1301:in 1833 with the
1292:Cape of Good Hope
1084:Dominant minority
1053:Republic of Congo
990:In October 2006,
964:South West Africa
953:South-West Africa
857:Lothar von Trotha
474:Dominant minority
356:
355:
348:
338:
337:
291:
290:
283:
265:
189:
188:
181:
146:original research
127:
126:
119:
67:
18:Racism in Tunisia
16:(Redirected from
5755:
5748:Racism by region
5743:Racism in Africa
5720:
5719:
5710:
5709:
5700:
5699:
5554:Racial supremacy
5512:Jewish Americans
5490:Native Americans
5459:Zainichi Koreans
5447:Japanese Koreans
5430:Zainichi Chinese
5403:Racism by target
5180:Global apartheid
5172:Racism by region
5157:Racial profiling
5147:Racial hierarchy
4948:
4941:
4934:
4925:
4913:
4912:(United Kingdom)
4908:Tristan da Cunha
4904:Ascension Island
4896:
4883:
4874:
4850:Dependencies and
4543:Sovereign states
4529:
4522:
4515:
4506:
4499:
4498:
4466:
4460:
4459:
4439:
4433:
4432:
4413:
4404:
4403:
4391:
4385:
4384:
4364:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4346:
4331:
4325:
4324:
4322:
4320:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4282:
4280:
4270:
4264:
4250:
4237:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4221:
4215:
4205:
4199:
4195:
4161:
4152:
4146:
4136:
4130:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4090:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4079:
4070:. Archived from
4060:
4054:
4032:
4026:
4015:
4009:
4003:
3997:
3975:
3969:
3958:Hilary Andersson
3956:
3950:
3937:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3915:
3909:
3908:October 21, 2002
3903:
3897:
3894:
3888:
3882:
3876:
3870:
3864:
3852:
3846:
3845:
3843:
3841:
3832:. Archived from
3822:
3816:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3797:
3791:
3788:
3774:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3740:
3739:
3730:. Archived from
3720:
3714:
3713:
3711:
3710:
3695:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3679:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3628:
3627:
3612:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3595:hornobserver.com
3587:
3581:
3580:
3578:
3577:
3558:
3552:
3551:
3549:
3548:
3539:. Archived from
3529:
3523:
3522:
3504:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3455:
3445:
3421:
3415:
3414:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3381:
3380:
3369:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3359:
3348:
3342:
3341:
3339:
3338:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3299:
3293:
3292:
3287:. Archived from
3276:
3270:
3269:
3267:
3265:
3250:
3244:
3243:
3241:
3239:
3233:
3227:. Archived from
3226:
3217:
3211:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3187:
3185:
3170:
3164:
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3132:
3123:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3103:
3097:
3096:
3094:
3092:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3014:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3003:
2992:
2986:
2976:
2970:
2957:
2951:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2914:
2908:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2862:
2856:
2849:
2843:
2840:
2829:
2828:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2805:
2798:
2792:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2753:
2747:
2746:
2738:
2732:
2728:
2722:
2719:
2713:
2712:
2701:
2695:
2689:
2683:
2680:
2674:
2667:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2633:
2627:
2623:
2617:
2613:
2607:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2560:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2549:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2507:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2477:
2466:
2460:
2455:
2449:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2435:. Archived from
2425:
2419:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2337:
2326:
2325:
2305:
2296:
2295:
2275:
2266:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2213:
2207:
2187:
2181:
2174:
2168:
2161:
2155:
2150:
2139:
2129:
2118:
2111:
2102:
2082:
2073:
2066:
2057:
2050:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2037:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2000:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1975:
1969:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1953:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1919:. Archived from
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1903:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1855:
1849:
1848:
1838:
1820:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1777:. Archived from
1766:
1720:By 2000, as the
1619:ethnic cleansing
1562:Street plate in
1456:over resources.
1411:Slavery in Sudan
1368:
1363:
1350:Apartheid racism
1345:
1319:For Indians and
1163:Rwandan Genocide
1078:Rwandan Genocide
886:(now modern day
758:who now live in
712:Slavery in Libya
561:Melchior Ndadaye
538:Rwandan monarchy
351:
344:
333:
330:
324:
301:
293:
286:
279:
275:
272:
266:
264:
223:
199:
191:
184:
177:
173:
170:
164:
161:inline citations
137:
136:
129:
122:
115:
111:
108:
102:
78:
77:
70:
59:
37:
36:
29:
21:
5763:
5762:
5758:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5753:
5752:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5688:
5667:Racism in sport
5565:
5559:White supremacy
5398:
5166:
5102:Ethnic conflict
5074:
5068:
4962:Types of racism
4957:
4952:
4922:
4917:
4916:
4911:
4894:
4881:
4872:
4853:
4851:
4844:
4828:
4826:
4819:
4538:
4533:
4503:
4502:
4468:
4467:
4463:
4456:
4441:
4440:
4436:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4393:
4392:
4388:
4381:
4366:
4365:
4354:
4344:
4342:
4333:
4332:
4328:
4318:
4316:
4311:
4310:
4306:
4293:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4262:10.2307/1166488
4251:
4240:
4230:
4228:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4206:
4202:
4176:10.2307/3171941
4159:
4154:
4153:
4149:
4137:
4133:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4112:
4105:
4092:
4091:
4087:
4077:
4075:
4074:on 16 July 2007
4068:The Independent
4062:
4061:
4057:
4033:
4029:
4016:
4012:
4004:
4000:
3987:Wayback Machine
3977:Fred Bridgland
3976:
3972:
3957:
3953:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3917:
3916:
3912:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3891:
3883:
3879:
3871:
3867:
3862:Wayback Machine
3853:
3849:
3839:
3837:
3830:Telegraph.co.uk
3824:
3823:
3819:
3810:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3794:
3778:
3775:
3771:
3762:
3760:
3751:
3750:
3746:
3737:
3735:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3708:
3706:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3683:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3671:
3667:
3652:
3639:
3638:
3634:
3625:
3623:
3614:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3598:
3589:
3588:
3584:
3575:
3573:
3560:
3559:
3555:
3546:
3544:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3436:(6): e1004393.
3423:
3422:
3418:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3378:
3376:
3371:
3370:
3366:
3357:
3355:
3350:
3349:
3345:
3336:
3334:
3329:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3315:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3278:
3277:
3273:
3263:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3235:
3234:on 6 March 2009
3231:
3224:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3204:
3202:
3198:
3197:
3193:
3183:
3181:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3134:
3133:
3126:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3090:
3088:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3052:
3051:
3047:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3016:
3015:
3011:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2989:
2977:
2973:
2958:
2954:
2942:
2938:
2929:
2927:
2916:
2915:
2911:
2902:
2900:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2877:
2864:
2863:
2859:
2850:
2846:
2841:
2832:
2822:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2795:
2789:Clarence Lusane
2783:
2779:
2769:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2754:
2750:
2740:
2739:
2735:
2729:
2725:
2720:
2716:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2690:
2686:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2664:
2655:
2651:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2610:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2583:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2545:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2521:
2519:
2509:
2508:
2504:
2496:
2490:
2475:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2433:Telegraph.co.uk
2427:
2426:
2422:
2415:
2411:
2404:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2339:
2338:
2329:
2322:
2307:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2277:
2276:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2251:
2249:
2240:
2239:
2235:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2210:
2188:
2184:
2175:
2171:
2163:Michael Bowen,
2162:
2158:
2151:
2142:
2130:
2121:
2112:
2105:
2083:
2076:
2067:
2060:
2052:Michael Bowen,
2051:
2044:
2035:
2033:
2024:
2023:
2019:
2010:
2008:
2003:Berg, Irwin M.
2002:
2001:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1961:
1951:
1949:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1926:
1924:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1901:
1899:
1894:
1893:
1889:
1876:
1875:
1871:
1857:
1856:
1852:
1811:(4): e1000448.
1798:
1797:
1793:
1784:
1782:
1768:
1767:
1758:
1753:
1731:
1689:(ZAPU) and the
1666:
1660:
1599:
1564:Medina of Tunis
1533:
1527:
1515:
1492:Mukesh Kapila (
1461:Sudan Peace Act
1429:abused sexually
1413:
1399:
1397:Racism in Sudan
1393:
1385:
1379:
1361:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1343:
1284:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1205:marginalization
1181:
1175:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1049:
980:
968:White Namibians
949:Whitaker Report
846:Samuel Maharero
830:
824:
749:
743:
737:
725:
719:
714:
708:Racism in Libya
706:Main articles:
704:
672:
586:
580:
574:
476:
470:
460:
412:
392:Bantu expansion
382:populations in
352:
341:
340:
339:
334:
328:
325:
318:
306:This article's
302:
287:
276:
270:
267:
224:
222:
212:
200:
185:
174:
168:
165:
150:
138:
134:
123:
112:
106:
103:
92:
79:
75:
38:
34:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5761:
5759:
5751:
5750:
5745:
5735:
5734:
5728:
5727:
5725:
5724:
5714:
5704:
5693:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5681:
5679:Reverse racism
5676:
5675:
5674:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5652:Racial figleaf
5649:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5573:
5571:
5570:Related topics
5567:
5566:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5561:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5529:Middle Eastern
5526:
5521:
5520:
5519:
5514:
5504:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5487:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5451:
5450:
5449:
5444:
5434:
5433:
5432:
5427:
5412:
5406:
5404:
5400:
5399:
5397:
5396:
5395:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5374:
5373:
5372:
5367:
5362:
5352:
5351:
5350:
5345:
5340:
5335:
5325:
5324:
5323:
5321:United Kingdom
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5263:
5258:
5257:
5256:
5251:
5246:
5236:
5235:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5209:
5199:
5198:
5197:
5192:
5182:
5176:
5174:
5168:
5167:
5165:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5078:
5076:
5073:Manifestations
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5061:
5056:
5051:
5046:
5041:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5021:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4996:
4991:
4986:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4965:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4950:
4943:
4936:
4928:
4919:
4918:
4915:
4914:
4897:
4884:
4875:
4861:Canary Islands
4857:
4856:
4854:
4849:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4837:
4831:
4829:
4824:
4821:
4820:
4818:
4817:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4772:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4752:
4747:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4692:
4687:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4546:
4544:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4532:
4531:
4524:
4517:
4509:
4501:
4500:
4481:(1): 127â134.
4461:
4454:
4434:
4405:
4386:
4379:
4352:
4326:
4304:
4286:
4265:
4238:
4216:
4200:
4147:
4131:
4110:
4103:
4085:
4055:
4053:, 27 May 2004.
4039:The New Yorker
4027:
4010:
3998:
3996:April 11, 2004
3970:
3951:
3932:
3910:
3898:
3889:
3877:
3865:
3847:
3817:
3792:
3790:
3789:
3769:
3744:
3715:
3690:
3665:
3651:978-1905068944
3650:
3632:
3607:
3582:
3553:
3524:
3467:
3416:
3385:
3364:
3343:
3322:
3313:
3308:New York Times
3294:
3291:on 2009-02-28.
3271:
3245:
3222:"Anti-Slavery"
3212:
3191:
3165:
3153:
3124:
3098:
3076:
3045:
3027:
3009:
2987:
2983:New York Times
2971:
2952:
2936:
2909:
2882:
2876:978-1845452803
2875:
2857:
2844:
2842:Mamdani, p. 12
2830:
2815:
2806:
2793:
2777:
2762:
2748:
2733:
2723:
2714:
2696:
2684:
2675:
2662:
2649:
2628:
2618:
2608:
2598:
2576:
2555:
2529:
2502:
2488:
2461:
2450:
2420:
2409:
2402:
2382:
2366:
2363:. p. 622.
2349:
2327:
2320:
2297:
2290:
2267:
2258:
2233:
2221:
2208:
2206:
2205:
2182:
2169:
2156:
2140:
2119:
2103:
2101:
2100:
2074:
2058:
2042:
2017:
1992:
1970:
1959:
1934:
1908:
1887:
1869:
1850:
1791:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1730:
1727:
1662:Main article:
1659:
1656:
1611:British Empire
1598:
1595:
1591:Ben Ali regime
1526:
1523:
1514:
1511:
1494:United Nations
1395:Main article:
1392:
1389:
1381:Main article:
1378:
1375:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1283:
1280:
1254:Main article:
1251:
1248:
1189:stigmatization
1174:
1171:
1144:Tutsi monarchy
1090:Roman Catholic
1073:
1070:
1048:
1045:
986:Diffa in Niger
979:
976:
972:apartheid laws
945:United Nations
890:), during the
826:Main article:
823:
820:
801:Western Sahara
739:Main article:
736:
733:
718:
715:
703:
700:
688:Young Patriots
671:
668:
639:disadvantaged
576:Main article:
573:
570:
459:
456:
452:United Nations
411:
408:
384:Central Africa
354:
353:
336:
335:
315:the key points
305:
303:
296:
289:
288:
203:
201:
194:
187:
186:
141:
139:
132:
125:
124:
82:
80:
73:
68:
42:
41:
39:
32:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5760:
5749:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5738:
5723:
5715:
5713:
5705:
5703:
5695:
5694:
5691:
5685:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5673:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5663:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5648:
5645:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5635:
5633:
5630:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5593:
5590:
5588:
5585:
5583:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5572:
5568:
5560:
5557:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5549:Wine industry
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5527:
5525:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:
5508:
5505:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5493:
5491:
5488:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5457:
5456:
5455:
5452:
5448:
5445:
5443:
5440:
5439:
5438:
5435:
5431:
5428:
5426:
5423:
5422:
5421:
5418:
5417:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5401:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5385:
5383:
5380:
5379:
5378:
5377:South America
5375:
5371:
5368:
5366:
5365:United States
5363:
5361:
5358:
5357:
5356:
5355:North America
5353:
5349:
5346:
5344:
5341:
5339:
5336:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5322:
5319:
5317:
5314:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5294:
5292:
5289:
5287:
5284:
5282:
5279:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5245:
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5196:
5193:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5186:
5183:
5181:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5173:
5169:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5142:Racialization
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5107:Ethnic hatred
5105:
5103:
5100:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5088:
5085:
5083:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5040:
5037:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5024:Laissez-faire
5022:
5020:
5017:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5009:Institutional
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4995:
4994:Environmental
4992:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4977:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4960:
4956:
4949:
4944:
4942:
4937:
4935:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4898:
4892:
4888:
4885:
4879:
4876:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4836:
4833:
4832:
4830:
4822:
4816:
4813:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4801:
4798:
4796:
4793:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4781:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4666:
4665:Guinea-Bissau
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4646:
4643:
4641:
4638:
4636:
4633:
4631:
4628:
4626:
4623:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4541:
4537:
4530:
4525:
4523:
4518:
4516:
4511:
4510:
4507:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4476:
4472:
4465:
4462:
4457:
4451:
4448:. Routledge.
4447:
4446:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4412:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4397:
4390:
4387:
4382:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4363:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4340:
4336:
4330:
4327:
4314:
4308:
4305:
4301:. 1972-08-07.
4300:
4296:
4290:
4287:
4275:
4269:
4266:
4263:
4259:
4255:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4239:
4227:
4220:
4217:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4198:
4193:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4158:
4151:
4148:
4145:
4141:
4135:
4132:
4120:
4114:
4111:
4106:
4104:9782957305810
4100:
4096:
4089:
4086:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4059:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4028:
4024:
4023:0-9748198-7-5
4020:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4002:
3999:
3995:
3994:
3993:Sunday Herald
3989:
3988:
3984:
3981:
3974:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3962:
3955:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3933:
3920:
3914:
3911:
3907:
3902:
3899:
3893:
3890:
3886:
3881:
3878:
3874:
3869:
3866:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3851:
3848:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3821:
3818:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3787:
3783:
3782:
3777:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3759:on 2008-04-29
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3734:on 2008-06-22
3733:
3729:
3725:
3719:
3716:
3705:on 2008-09-16
3704:
3700:
3694:
3691:
3676:
3669:
3666:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3633:
3621:
3617:
3611:
3608:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3572:on 2018-09-21
3571:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3554:
3543:on 2018-09-21
3542:
3538:
3534:
3528:
3525:
3520:
3516:
3512:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3471:
3468:
3463:
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3435:
3431:
3430:PLOS Genetics
3427:
3420:
3417:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
3396:
3389:
3386:
3374:
3368:
3365:
3353:
3347:
3344:
3332:
3326:
3323:
3317:
3314:
3309:
3305:
3298:
3295:
3290:
3286:
3282:
3275:
3272:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3230:
3223:
3216:
3213:
3201:
3195:
3192:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3157:
3154:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3129:
3125:
3113:
3109:
3102:
3099:
3086:
3080:
3077:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3046:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3013:
3010:
2997:
2991:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2975:
2972:
2968:
2965:
2961:
2956:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2940:
2937:
2926:
2925:
2920:
2913:
2910:
2898:
2897:
2892:
2886:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2868:
2861:
2858:
2854:
2853:David Olusoga
2848:
2845:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2819:
2816:
2810:
2807:
2803:
2797:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2781:
2778:
2773:
2766:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2749:
2744:
2737:
2734:
2727:
2724:
2718:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2700:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2685:
2679:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2660:Rodopi, 2007,
2659:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:3-7637-5852-6
2642:
2638:
2635:Walter Nuhn:
2632:
2629:
2622:
2619:
2612:
2609:
2606:Sarkin-Hughes
2602:
2599:
2586:
2580:
2577:
2565:
2559:
2556:
2543:
2539:
2533:
2530:
2517:
2513:
2506:
2503:
2495:
2491:
2485:
2481:
2474:
2473:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2454:
2451:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2413:
2410:
2405:
2399:
2395:
2394:
2386:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2353:
2350:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2328:
2323:
2317:
2313:
2312:
2304:
2302:
2298:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2282:
2274:
2272:
2268:
2262:
2259:
2247:
2243:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2212:
2209:
2203:
2199:
2198:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2138:
2134:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2087:
2081:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2031:
2027:
2021:
2018:
2006:
1999:
1997:
1993:
1981:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1963:
1960:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1922:
1918:
1912:
1909:
1897:
1891:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1805:PLOS Genetics
1802:
1795:
1792:
1781:on 2018-08-12
1780:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1750:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1718:
1716:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1699:Robert Mugabe
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1657:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1625:by strongman
1624:
1620:
1616:
1615:British India
1612:
1608:
1604:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1587:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1554:
1553:Abd al-Mu'min
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:Jews of Tunis
1538:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1519:Dar es Salaam
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1431:, with their
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1403:War in Darfur
1398:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1376:
1374:
1372:
1367:
1357:
1349:
1340:
1337:
1334:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1311:
1306:
1304:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1273:
1270:. The end of
1269:
1263:
1257:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1180:
1172:
1170:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1152:Ruanda-Urundi
1149:
1145:
1140:
1137:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1016:
1014:
1009:
1004:
1001:
997:
993:
984:
977:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
956:
954:
950:
946:
943:In 1985, the
941:
937:
934:
930:
929:Eugen Fischer
926:
922:
921:European Jews
918:
913:
909:
907:
903:
898:
895:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
853:colonial rule
851:
847:
843:
842:Herero people
834:
829:
821:
819:
817:
816:bonded labour
812:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
791:
787:
782:
779:
775:
771:
770:
765:
761:
757:
753:
748:
742:
734:
732:
730:
724:
716:
713:
709:
701:
699:
697:
693:
689:
686:In 2004, the
684:
682:
677:
669:
667:
665:
661:
657:
652:
650:
646:
642:
636:
633:
629:
624:
622:
618:
614:
610:
605:
603:
599:
595:
591:
585:
579:
571:
569:
566:
562:
558:
554:
549:
547:
546:Ruanda-Urundi
543:
539:
534:
531:
526:
524:
520:
514:
512:
508:
504:
499:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
475:
469:
465:
457:
455:
453:
449:
445:
440:
438:
434:
430:
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5249:Saudi Arabia
5190:South Africa
5184:
5117:Ethnic slurs
5112:Ethnic jokes
5014:Internalized
4900:Saint Helena
4871:
4775:South Africa
4765:Sierra Leone
4570:Burkina Faso
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2998:. 2006-10-26
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2899:. 2004-08-14
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1947:Mother Jones
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1779:the original
1774:
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1670:colonial era
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1647:scapegoating
1643:stereotyping
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441:
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308:lead section
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213:Please help
208:verification
205:
175:
166:
143:
113:
104:
93:Please help
84:
60:
53:
47:
46:Please help
43:
26:
5587:Anti-racism
5328:Middle East
5222:South Korea
5217:North Korea
5132:Hate speech
5054:Substantive
5034:Neocolonial
4827:recognition
4780:South Sudan
4670:Ivory Coast
4341:. p. 1
4170:: 197â232.
3887:CNN US News
3562:"Caasimada"
3220:dotMailer.
1607:South Asian
1577:Ibn Khaldun
1470:During the
1407:South Sudan
1282:Colonialism
1209:ethnoracial
1113:World War I
1094:World War I
996:Diffa Arabs
923:during the
892:Herero Wars
869:Nama people
809:supremacist
805:Middle Ages
797:Beni កassÄn
784:The ruling
692:nationalist
676:Ivory Coast
670:Ivory Coast
507:World War I
484:World War I
422:out of the
5737:Categories
5466:Vietnamese
5239:Arab world
5137:Hate group
5127:Hate crime
5064:Xenophobia
5044:Scientific
5029:Linguistic
4882:(Portugal)
4840:Somaliland
4760:Seychelles
4725:Mozambique
4710:Mauritania
4695:Madagascar
4650:The Gambia
4585:Cape Verde
4430:2263/20491
4274:"Idi Amin"
3811:2021-06-04
3763:2008-11-19
3738:2008-11-19
3709:2008-11-19
3684:2008-11-19
3626:2021-12-19
3601:2021-12-19
3576:2018-09-21
3547:2018-09-20
3379:2006-12-11
3358:2006-10-31
3337:2006-12-30
2967:Al Jazeera
2930:2004-08-06
2903:2008-04-23
2403:487974977X
2321:0903895501
2291:3447047461
2252:2024-06-18
2036:2024-06-18
2011:2010-03-17
1902:2005-10-29
1785:2018-12-23
1751:References
1584:Almoravids
1545:Christians
1529:See also:
1401:See also:
1354:See also:
1331:horseflesh
1260:See also:
1238:under the
1177:See also:
1098:conversion
1082:See also:
762:as "black
760:Mauritania
735:Mauritania
721:See also:
588:Racism in
582:See also:
488:conversion
472:See also:
433:alcoholism
400:ostracized
329:March 2022
241:newspapers
169:March 2019
153:improve it
107:March 2019
89:to readers
49:improve it
5647:Race card
5582:Alt-right
5382:Argentina
5343:Palestine
5261:Australia
5087:Apartheid
5075:of racism
4715:Mauritius
4495:1998-4936
4231:28 August
4192:162477947
3947:The Times
3660:638660234
3511:0036-8075
3411:2056-5674
3059:NewsAlert
2616:Schaller)
2518:. Reuters
1827:1553-7404
1683:Rhodesian
1633:violator
1371:Afrikaner
1299:abolished
1272:apartheid
1244:apartheid
1222:. Ethnic
925:Holocaust
844:, led by
674:In 2001,
598:Shanqella
584:Shanqella
444:Stone Age
313:summarize
271:June 2015
157:verifying
55:talk page
5702:Category
5617:Lynching
5592:Casteism
5437:Japanese
5296:Portugal
5227:Thailand
5195:Zimbabwe
5059:Symbolic
5049:Societal
5039:Romantic
5004:Gendered
4984:Cultural
4974:Colorism
4969:Aversive
4906: /
4902: /
4895:(France)
4889: /
4867: /
4863: /
4815:Zimbabwe
4790:Tanzania
4640:Ethiopia
4635:Eswatini
4615:Djibouti
4580:Cameroon
4565:Botswana
4339:BBC News
4299:BBC News
4051:BBC News
3983:Archived
3925:20 March
3858:Archived
3519:28971970
3462:24921250
3258:IRINnews
3140:ABC News
3112:Refworld
2948:BBC News
2896:BBC News
2542:IRINnews
2494:Archived
2230:USIP.org
2092:, 1996)
1845:19360089
1729:See also
1695:Zimbabwe
1658:Zimbabwe
1635:Idi Amin
1627:dictator
1513:Tanzania
1437:CBS News
1425:enslaved
1342:â
1213:Madhiban
1197:epithets
1193:Cushitic
1148:Kigeli V
1136:revolted
1111:(before
590:Ethiopia
572:Ethiopia
542:Kigeli V
505:(before
480:Catholic
437:Kalahari
416:Botswana
410:Botswana
5712:Commons
5622:Passing
5577:Ableism
5500:Mexican
5420:Chinese
5316:Ukraine
5281:Germany
5271:Denmark
5232:Vietnam
4891:RĂ©union
4887:Mayotte
4878:Madeira
4873:(Spain)
4869:Melilla
4800:Tunisia
4770:Somalia
4755:Senegal
4740:Nigeria
4730:Namibia
4720:Morocco
4685:Liberia
4680:Lesotho
4630:Eritrea
4600:Comoros
4575:Burundi
4550:Algeria
4345:17 June
4319:17 June
4279:17 June
4213:3171598
4184:3171941
4144:3590803
4124:17 June
4078:17 June
3840:17 June
3489:Bibcode
3481:Science
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3264:17 June
3238:17 June
3205:17 June
3184:17 June
3146:17 June
3117:17 June
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3069:17 June
3002:17 June
2981:in the
2964:YouTube
2591:17 June
2569:17 June
2548:17 June
2522:17 June
2443:17 June
2030:HISTORY
1985:17 June
1952:17 June
1927:17 June
1836:2661362
1722:ZANU-PF
1573:Berbers
1537:Maghreb
1525:Tunisia
1454:feuding
1450:slavery
1415:In the
1321:Kaffirs
1224:Somalis
1173:Somalia
1117:Belgium
1109:Germany
1051:In the
1024:nomadic
1020:bondage
1008:slavery
936:bodies
933:mulatto
917:sjambok
888:Namibia
865:Omaheke
822:Namibia
793:Berbers
790:Sanhaja
786:bidanes
778:haratin
769:haratin
756:slavery
717:Liberia
696:Abidjan
613:Habesha
594:Nilotic
553:Burundi
511:Belgium
503:Germany
458:Burundi
420:Bushmen
396:slavery
378:Ethnic
255:scholar
151:Please
85:may be
5544:Slavic
5539:Romani
5534:Muslim
5507:Jewish
5454:Korean
5415:Asians
5387:Brazil
5370:Mexico
5360:Canada
5348:Turkey
5338:Israel
5301:Russia
5291:Poland
5276:France
5266:Europe
5185:Africa
5019:Patent
4999:Formal
4979:Covert
4955:Racism
4910:
4893:
4880:
4810:Zambia
4805:Uganda
4745:Rwanda
4700:Malawi
4660:Guinea
4555:Angola
4493:
4452:
4377:
4211:
4190:
4182:
4142:
4101:
4021:
3826:"News"
3658:
3648:
3517:
3509:
3460:
3450:
3409:
2969:, 2012
2873:
2671:pg. 51
2658:pg. 33
2643:
2486:
2429:"News"
2400:
2318:
2288:
1843:
1833:
1825:
1623:Uganda
1597:Uganda
1498:Rwanda
1487:Darfur
1409:, and
1203:. The
1129:Rwanda
1115:) and
1072:Rwanda
1066:UNICEF
1057:slaves
1036:Toubou
1032:Fulani
1028:Tuareg
850:German
774:bidhan
660:Tigray
645:Gurage
523:Rwanda
509:) and
364:Africa
360:Racism
257:
250:
243:
236:
228:
5722:Index
5483:Women
5473:Black
5392:Chile
5311:Spain
5286:Italy
5254:Sudan
5244:Libya
5212:Japan
5207:China
4989:Cyber
4865:Ceuta
4785:Sudan
4735:Niger
4690:Libya
4675:Kenya
4655:Ghana
4645:Gabon
4620:Egypt
4560:Benin
4209:JSTOR
4188:S2CID
4180:JSTOR
4160:(PDF)
4140:JSTOR
3678:(PDF)
3405:(2).
3333:. PBS
3232:(PDF)
3225:(PDF)
2960:Video
2731:2003)
2497:(PDF)
2476:(PDF)
1703:Shona
1674:white
1613:from
1549:Islam
1506:Niger
1476:Dinka
1421:black
1417:Sudan
1391:Sudan
1228:Bantu
1220:caste
1201:abeed
1061:Bantu
1000:Arabs
992:Niger
978:Niger
766:" or
764:Moors
702:Libya
664:gaala
656:Anuak
649:barya
641:Oromo
628:barya
621:barya
617:barya
602:barya
557:Ikiza
496:Tutsi
464:Ikiza
388:Bantu
380:pygmy
262:JSTOR
248:books
5524:LGBT
5410:Arab
5333:Iran
5202:Asia
4795:Togo
4705:Mali
4595:Chad
4491:ISSN
4450:ISBN
4375:ISBN
4347:2015
4321:2015
4281:2015
4233:2022
4126:2015
4099:ISBN
4080:2015
4019:ISBN
3927:2014
3842:2015
3656:OCLC
3646:ISBN
3515:PMID
3507:ISSN
3458:PMID
3407:ISSN
3266:2015
3240:2015
3207:2015
3186:2015
3148:2015
3119:2015
3093:2015
3071:2015
3004:2015
2871:ISBN
2641:ISBN
2626:1999
2593:2015
2571:2015
2550:2015
2524:2015
2484:ISBN
2445:2015
2398:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2286:ISBN
1987:2015
1954:2015
1929:2015
1841:PMID
1823:ISSN
1645:and
1629:and
1504:and
1502:Chad
1433:Arab
1234:The
1183:The
1127:and
1102:Hutu
795:and
710:and
643:and
521:and
492:Hutu
466:and
431:and
234:news
4483:doi
4426:hdl
4258:doi
4172:doi
3990:in
3964:in
3945:in
3784:at
3497:doi
3485:358
3448:PMC
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