Racism in Africa - Knowledge

1717:, and thus continued to exert significant political and legal control over the African population. Wide disparities existed in access to sports, education and housing. The ZANU-led government did not engage in significant expropriation of white settlers despite promising land reform to the African population, with one white commercial farmer commenting that Mugabe's government in the early 1980s was "the best government for farmers that this country has ever seen". Dissatisfaction with the slow pace of land reform led to the illegal seizing of white-owned land by African peasants. The government responded with heavy-handed repression against the African peasants. Resentment of continued white control of the economy continued through the 1990s, spurred by the perception that the white business community was disinterested in improving the economic lot of the African population or otherwise changing the status quo. 1559: 2710:"Of late it has been claimed that the infamous 'Blue Book' which detailed the treatment of Africans in GSWA was little more than a piece of propaganda put about to further South Africa's territorial ambitions and Britain's position at the negotiating table. Granted that the book was used to strengthen Britain's position vis-a-vis Germany, it must however be borne in mind that the bulk of the evidence contained in the 'Blue Book' is little more than the literal translation of German texts published at the time which were the findings of a German commission of inquiry into the effects of corporal punishment." Thus, when the Blue Book was withdrawn from the public after Germany and England came to an agreement about how to share access to GSWA minerals, this was not censorship; it was just business 371: 1123:

general as children who needed to be guided, but noted the Tutsi to be the ruling culture in Rwanda-Burundi. In 1959, Belgium reversed its stance and allowed the majority Hutu to assume control of the government through universal elections after independence. This partly reflected internal Belgian domestic politics, who later saw the discrimination against the Hutu majority as similar to oppression within Belgium suffered from the Flemish-Walloon conflict. They saw the democratization and empowerment of the Hutu as a just response to the Tutsi domination. The Belgian policies wavered and flip-flopped considerably during this period leading up to

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policies that included the expropriation of properties owned by Asians and Europeans. Uganda's 80,000 Asians were mostly Indians born in the country, whose ancestors had come to Uganda when the country was still a British colony. Indians were stereotyped as "greedy" and "conniving", without any racial identity or loyalty but "always cheating, conspiring and plotting" to subvert Uganda. Amin used this propaganda to justify a campaign of "de-Indianization", eventually resulting in the expulsion and ethnic cleansing of Uganda's Indian minority. India refused to accept the expelled people. Most of the expelled Indians settled in Britain.

1373:-dominated National Party and Broederbond organisations. The ideology was also enforced in South West Africa, which was administered by South Africa under a League of Nations mandate (revoked in 1966 via United Nations Resolution 2145), until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990. By extension, the term is currently used for forms of systematic segregation established by the state authority in a country against the social and civil rights of a certain group of citizens due to ethnic prejudices. 1369:; an Afrikaans word meaning "separateness", or "the state of being apart", literally "apart-hood") was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party (NP), the governing party from 1948 to 1994. Under apartheid, the rights, associations, and movements of the majority black inhabitants and other ethnic groups were curtailed, and white minority rule was maintained. Apartheid was developed after World War II by the 1521:. Whereas black Tanzanians are seen as lazy thieves and profiteers who have no culinary taste. In Indian-owned service businesses, it is said that black Tanzanians are served last after Indians, Arabs and white people. Black Tanzanians report to be looked down upon by Indians Tanzanians with the same education level, that Indian Tanzanians do not want to intermingle with black Tanzanians nor learn kiswahili, which they deem to be an inferior language. 5698: 5718: 197: 983: 908:, where the German authorities forced them to work as slaves for German military and settlers. All prisoners were categorized into groups fit and unfit for work, and pre-printed death certificates indicating "death by exhaustion following privation" were issued. The British government published their widely known account of the German genocide of the Nama and Herero peoples in 1918. 135: 35: 5708: 299: 76: 955:, and therefore one of the earliest attempts at genocide in the 20th century. The German government recognised and apologised for the events in 2004, but has ruled out financial compensation or land reparation for the victims' descendants. In 2004, there was only minor media attention in Germany on this matter. 532:

but was unable to take power. Tutsis fled and created exile communities outside Rwanda in Uganda and Tanzania. Since the nation's independence, more extremist Tutsi came to power and oppressed the Hutus, especially those who were educated. Their actions led to the deaths of up to 200,000 Hutus. Overt

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even though the national constitution guarantees the Bushmen the right to live there in perpetuity. As of October 2005, the government resumed its policy of forcing all Bushmen off their lands in the game reserve using armed police and threats of violence or death. Many of the involuntarily displaced

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and Arabs. It is especially rife among the warlike Tuareg, located in the wild deserts of north and west Niger, who roam near the borders with Mali and Algeria. In the region of Say on the right bank of the river Niger, it is estimated that three-quarters of the population around 1904–1905 was

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With the closure of concentration camps, all surviving Herero were distributed as labourers for settlers in the German colony, and from then on, all Herero over the age of seven were forced to wear a metal disc with their labour registration number, and banned from owning land or cattle, a necessity

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Following the end of armed conflict, the white minority in Zimbabwe continued to exert disproportionate control over the economy, owned the majority of arable land in Zimbabwe, and maintained racially segregated social circles. White settlers were protected by generous provisions established by the

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children of Herero women and German men as test subjects. Other experiments were made by Dr Bofinger, who injected Herero that were suffering from scurvy with various substances including arsenic and opium; afterwards he researched the effects of these substances by performing autopsies on the dead

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government grew political isolated, it increasingly criticized the white population's segregationism and racism, and began to encourage violent farm invasions against the white population, which drew condemnations from the international community. Zimbabwe today continues to be fractured by enmity

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against the Tutsi in 1959 and taken power. Tutsis fled and created exile communities outside Rwanda in Uganda and Tanzania. Since Burundi's independence, more extremist Tutsi came to power and oppressed the Hutus, especially those who were educated. Their actions led to the deaths of up to 200,000

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masters. The nation is deeply stratified between these two major ethnic groups. The Pygmy slaves belong from birth to their Bantu masters in a relationship that the Bantus call a time-honored tradition. Even though the Pygmies are responsible for much of the hunting, fishing and manual labor in

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When the Belgians took over the colony, they believed the colony could be better governed if they continued to identify the different populations. In the 1920s, they required people to identify with a particular ethnic group and classified them in censuses. European colonists viewed Africans in

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In the 1970s Uganda and other East African nations implemented racist policies that targeted the Asian population of the region. Uganda under Idi Amin's leadership was particularly virulent in its anti-Asian policies. In August 1972, Idi Amin declared what he called an "economic war", a set of

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saw a resurgence in ethnic hatred and religious intolerance. In addition to the many victims among the various tribes of the northern and southern regions of the country that have perished in the ongoing conflict, foreigners residing or visiting Ivory Coast have also been subjected to violent

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living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger. Their population numbered about 150,000. While the government was rounding up Arabs in preparation for the deportation, two girls died, reportedly after fleeing government forces, and three women suffered miscarriages. Niger's government eventually

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The 1968 Committee on "Africanization in Commerce and Industry" in Uganda made far-reaching Indophobic proposals. A system of work permits and trade licenses was introduced in 1969 in order to restrict the role of Indians in economic and professional activities. Indians were segregated and

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Although other populations in Ethiopia have faced varying degrees of discrimination, little of that adversity has by contrast been on account of racial differences. It is instead more typically rooted in disparities in class and competition for economic status. The often socio-economically

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Empire, Colony, Genocide: Conquest, Occupation and Subaltern Resistance in World History (War and Genocide) (War and Genocide) (War and Genocide) A. Dirk Moses -page 296(From Conquest to Genocide: Colonial Rule in German Southwest Africa and German East Africa. 296, (29). Dominik J.

1555:'s successors pursued the same course, and their severe measures resulted either in emigration or in forcible conversions. Soon becoming suspicious of the sincerity of the new converts, the Almohades compelled them to wear a special garb, with a yellow cloth for a head-covering. 567:

between Hutu political structures and the Tutsi military, in which an estimated 500,000 Burundians died. There were many mass killings of Tutsis and moderate Hutus; these events were deemed genocide by the United Nations International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi.

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Mistranslations of Arab scholars and geographers from this time period have led many to attribute certain racial attitudes that were not prevalent until the 18th and 19th century to writings made centuries ago. French translators portrayed groups like Arabs and

513:. Because Tutsis had been the tradiitional governing elite, both colonial powers kept this system and allowed only the Tutsi to be educated and only they could participate in the colonial government. Such discriminatory policies engendered resentment. 1119:. Because Tutsis had been the traditional governing elite, both colonial powers kept this system and allowed only the Tutsi to be educated and only they could participate in the colonial government. Such discriminatory policies engendered resentment. 1508:

crossed the border into Darfur. Most have been relocated by the Sudanese government to former villages of displaced non-Arab people. Some 2.5 million have now been forced to flee their homes after attacks by Sudanese troops and Janjaweed militia.

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was virtually absent from the country's controlled press in the first few weeks of his seizure. By contrast, Mengistu's rise to prominence was hailed by the southern Shanqella groups as a personal victory, with one of their own having made good.

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stock are genetically divergent. Racially-motivated attacks on Somali Bantus have occurred. Journalists who bring attention to discrimination against Somali Bantus have suffered from death threats and some have fled the country as a result.

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Historically, the Tuareg swelled the ranks of their black slaves by conducting war raids into other peoples’ lands. War was the main source of supply of slaves, although many were bought at slave markets, run mostly by indigenous peoples.

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Many Herero died later of disease, overwork and malnutrition. Camps, such as that in Windhoek, had mortality rates as high as 61% The mortality rate in the camps was 45% in 1908. The death rates are calculated to be between 69% and 74%.

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Jan-Bart Gewald, Jeremy Silvester, "Words Cannot Be Found: German Colonial Rule in Namibia : An Annotated Reprint of the 1918 Blue Book (Sources on African History, 1)", Brill Academic Publishers, annotated edition (1 June

698:. Rapes and beatings of persons of European and Lebanese descent followed. No deaths were reported. Thousands of expatriates and white or ethnic Lebanese Ivorians fled the country. The attacks drew international condemnation. 1649:

the Indian minority. Indians were stereotyped as "only traders" and so "inbred" to their profession. Indians were attacked as "dukawallas" (an occupational term that degenerated into an anti-Indian slur during Amin's time).

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The Imperialist Imagination: German Colonialism and Its Legacy (Social History, Popular Culture, and Politics in Germany) by Sara L. Friedrichsmeyer, Sara Lennox, and Susanne M. Zantop page 87 University of Michigan Press

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alleged that "the Sudanese government's support of slavery and its continued military action which has resulted in numerous deaths are due in part to the victims' religious beliefs." Jok Madut Jok, professor of history at

878:. In total, 24,000 to 100,000 Herero and 10,000 Nama died. The genocide was characterized by a high number of deaths from starvation and thirst; the Herero who fled the violence were prevented from returning from the 780:

lower class, mostly poor black Africans living in rural areas, have been considered natural slaves by these Moors. Social attitudes have changed among most urban Moors, but in rural areas, the ancient divide remains.

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Colonial Genocide and Reparations Claims in the 21st Century: The Socio-Legal Context of Claims under International Law by the Herero against Germany for Genocide in Namibia, 1904-1908 (PSI Reports) by Jeremy

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against Black people in the region. White settlers held full citizenship rights, as well as other significant economic and legal advantages over indigenous African people. Racial division would continue under

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was outlawed in 2003, a study has found that more than 800,000 people are still slaves, almost 8% of the population. Slavery dates back centuries in Niger and was criminalised after five years of lobbying by

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in 1652 brought with it the established slave labor practices of the company. Many of these slaves were imported from the company's more established settlements in India and the East Indies.

1104:. In an effort to reward conversion, the colonial government confiscated traditionally Tutsi land and reassigned it to Hutu tribes, igniting a conflict that has lasted into the 21st century. 1558: 1799:

Quintana-Murci, Lluís; Heyer, Evelyne; Bahuchet, Serge; Froment, Alain; Gessain, Antoine; Hombert, Jean-Marie; Veen, Lolke Van der; Kidd, Judith R.; Kidd, Kenneth K. (2009-04-10).

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was used by guards who treated the forced labourers harshly. Medical experiments were performed on the Herero and Nama people by the Germans, similar to those performed on the

1161:, invaded Rwanda from Uganda, which started a civil war against Rwanda's Hutu government in 1990. A peace agreement was signed, but violence erupted again, culminating in the 1139:

Hutus. Overt discrimination from the colonial period was continued by different Rwandan and Burundian governments, including identity cards that distinguished Tutsi and Hutu.

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highlanders) were also noted as having actively hunted the Shanqella during the 19th century. Following the abolition of the slave trade in the 1940s, the freed Shanqella and

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Schlebusch, Carina M.; Malmström, Helena; Günther, Torsten; Sjödin, Per; Coutinho, Alexandra; Edlund, Hanna; Munters, Arielle R.; Vicente, Mário; Steyn, Maryna (2017-11-03).

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humanitarian coordinator) is quoted as saying: "This is more than just a conflict. It is an organised attempt to do away with a group of people. The only difference between

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jungle villages, Pygmies and Bantus alike say Pygmies are often paid at the master's whim; in cigarettes, used clothing, or even nothing at all. As a result of pressure from

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Fouéré, Marie-Aude (2015). ""Indians are Exploiters and Africans Idlers!" : Identity formation and socio-economic conditions in Tanzania". In Michel, Adam (ed.).

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The colonising camera: photographs in the making of Namibian history Wolfram Hartmann, Jeremy Silvester, Patricia Hayes, page 118, University of Cape Town Press, 1999

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Collins, Robert O., "Civil Wars and Revolution in the Sudan: Essays on the Sudan, Southern Sudan, and Darfur, 1962-2004 ", (p. 156), Tsehai Publishers (US), (2005)

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The practice of war Production, Reproduction and Communication of Armed Violence Edited by Aparna Rao, Michael Bollig and Monika Böck, page 92, Berghahn Books; 2011

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discrimination from the colonial period was continued by different Rwandan and Burundian governments, including identity cards that distinguished Tutsi and Hutu.

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and Darfur now is the numbers of dead, murdered, tortured and raped involved" A July 14, 2007 article noted that in the past two months up to 75,000 Arabs from

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Foreign nationals from other African countries, resident or working in the country, have been subjected to violent xenophobic attacks by black South Africans.

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was conducted against the country's Hutu population in 1972, and an estimated 100,000 Hutus died. In 1993, Burundi's first democratically elected president,

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Marie-Aude Baronian, Stephan Besser, Yolande Jansen, "Diaspora and memory: figures of displacement in contemporary literature, arts and politics",

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In 1926, except for archive copies, records of the genocide were withdrawn and destroyed following a decision of the then Legislative Assembly.

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VIe [i.e. Sixième] Congrès international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques, Paris, 30 juillet-6 août 1960: Ethnologie. 2 v

882:. Some sources also claim that the German colonial army systematically poisoned desert wells. The genocide took place between 1904 and 1907 in 320: 307: 3035: 4453: 4378: 3857: 3698: 2487: 1485:

by Janjaweed militias (nomadic Arab shepherds with the support of Sudanese government troops) to get rid of 80 black African groups from the

1261: 3960: 3723: 563:, who was Hutu, was believed to be assassinated by Tutsi officers, as was the person constitutionally entitled to succeed him. This sparked 4063: 4312: 2393:

Ethiopia in Broader Perspective: Papers of the XIIIth International Conference of Ethiopian Studies, Kyoto, 12-17 December 1997, Volume 2

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discriminated against in all walks of life. After Amin came to power, he exploited these divisions to spread propaganda against Indians,

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There are many examples of racism and discriminatory practices during the colonial period, such as the allocation of rations during the

776:, as slaves. The practice of slavery in Mauritania is most dominant within the traditional upper class of the Moors. For centuries, the 654:

In terms of traditional perceptions, the Shanqella likewise racially contrast themselves from the Afro-Asiatic populations. The Anywaa (

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and human-rights activists, a law that would grant special protections to the Pygmy people is awaiting a vote by the Congo parliament.

931:, a German anthropologist, came to the concentration camps to conduct medical experiments on race, using children of Herero people and 814:

According to some estimates, as many as 600,000 black Mauritanians, or 20% of the population, are still enslaved, many of them used as

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Inaugural Lecture presented at the University of Pretoria, South Africa on 30 October 2012 by the Head of Department, Professor Mlambo

3649: 2874: 1686: 5528: 4156: 3752: 5511: 4973: 4834: 4604: 4102: 4022: 3054: 2644: 1022:, is traditionally practiced by at least four of Niger's eight ethnic groups. The slave masters are mostly from the lighter-skinned 915:

Food in the camps was extremely scarce, consisting of rice with no additions. Shootings, hangings and beatings were common, and the

345: 280: 214: 178: 116: 62: 48: 2918: 5721: 5477: 5446: 5342: 4418:"Becoming Zimbabwe or becoming Zimbabwean: Identity, nationalism and state building in the historical context of Southern Africa" 2136: 1860:"UN Experts conclude crimes against humanity and war crimes committed in Kasai, warn against risk of new wave of ethnic violence" 1517:

Black Tanzanians portray Indian Tanzanians as miserly because of their status as a business minority who owns most businesses in

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ideology of their ancestors, which has caused the oppression, discrimination and even enslavement of other groups in Mauritania.

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transcended class and remained in effect regardless of social position or parentage. As a result, former President of Ethiopia

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For White men—Coffee or tea, 1/12 oz.; pepper, 1/64 oz.; salt, 1/3 oz.; sugar, 1 oz.; mustard, 1/20 oz.; Vinegar, 1/12 gill.

233: 218: 145: 4589: 2682:

Dan Kroll, "Securing our water supply: protecting a vulnerable resource", PennWell Corp/University of Michigan Press, pg. 22

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International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi: Final Report. Part III: Investigation of the Assassination. Conclusions at

3280: 2670: 1801:"Inferring the Demographic History of African Farmers and Pygmy Hunter–Gatherers Using a Multilocus Resequencing Data Set" 1278:, however, racism in South Africa both predates and encompasses more than just the institutionalised racism of apartheid. 423: 4609: 4368: 2785:

Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of European Blacks, Africans and African Americans During the Nazi Era

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or Shanqella communities in Ethiopia still exists, affecting access to political and social opportunities and resources.

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which has cost more than 2,000,000 lives and has displaced more than 4,000,000 people since the war started in 1983.

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peoples. Pygmies and Bantus differ physically and genetically due to long lasting evolutionary segregation until the

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Samuel Totten, William S. Parsons, Israel W. Charny, "Century of genocide: critical essays and eyewitness accounts"

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The Kaiser's Holocaust: Germany's Forgotten Genocide and the Colonial Roots of Nazism, page 225, Casper Erichsen,

832: 247: 5747: 5742: 5621: 5465: 4624: 3727: 1734: 1714: 1471: 1464: 4907: 4903: 4157:"Not Quite Venus from the Waves: The Almoravid Conquest of Ghana in the Modern Historiography of Western Africa" 3885:

U.S. State Department report says 'religious intolerance remains far too common' around world. September 6, 2000

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by any definition. The government of Sudan insists that the whole matter is no more than the traditional tribal

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About 4,000 commercial land owners, mostly whites, own over 50% of the arable land across the country despite a

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Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination condemns Botswana's treatment of the 'Bushmen' as racist.

5238: 4046: 3982: 3160: 2966: 2538:"IRIN Africa - MAURITANIA: Fair elections haunted by racial imbalance - Mauritania - Governance - Human Rights" 2479: 1920: 1669: 1424: 1287: 1275: 1199:

targeted at the Somali Bantu community exist such as 'adoon' (slave) similar in connotation to the Arabic term

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from participation into the wider society in the various African countries that they live in and are seen as

229: 5631: 5436: 5376: 5354: 5081: 4899: 4764: 4569: 4334: 1878:"Mass rape, cannibalism, body parts as medals: UN team finds Congo war atrocities that 'beggar description'" 1706: 1590: 1158: 728: 312: 207: 156: 4779: 4599: 5596: 5499: 5419: 5248: 5189: 5091: 4988: 4931: 4839: 4774: 4759: 4724: 4694: 4649: 4584: 3107: 2923: 1739: 1382: 1255: 1216: 959: 852: 754:

persists despite its abolition in 1980 and mostly affects the descendants of black Africans abducted into

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became more pronounced. As the Tutsi resisted conversion, the missionaries found success only among the

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became more pronounced. As the Tutsi resisted conversion, the missionaries found success only among the

98: 54: 4890: 4886: 4877: 4868: 4754: 4719: 4679: 4629: 4549: 3884: 3017: 604:, derogatory terms originally denoting slave descent, irrespective of the individual's family history. 4809: 4699: 4659: 4554: 5606: 5472: 5116: 5053: 5023: 5008: 4993: 4864: 4709: 4674: 4654: 4644: 4559: 3488: 1474:, people were taken into slavery; estimates of abductions range from 14,000 to 200,000. Abduction of 1320: 1097: 874:

The violence eventually led to a genocide of the Herero and Nama people by the Germans, known as the

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and his contemporaries understood them to be diverse and changing in terms of makeup and behavior.

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of 1994, when Hutu extremists killed an estimated 800,000 Rwandans, mostly Tutsis. About 30% of the

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in 2001, the Ivory Coast government was guilty of fanning ethnic hatred for its own political ends.

5626: 5381: 5260: 5013: 3477:"Southern African ancient genomes estimate modern human divergence to 350,000 to 260,000 years ago" 1092:

missionaries arrived in the Great Lakes region. Later, when German forces occupied the area during

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missionaries arrived in the Great Lakes region. Later, when German forces occupied the area during

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land and reassigned it to Hutu tribes, igniting a conflict that has lasted into the 21st century.

5711: 5656: 5636: 5295: 5226: 5194: 5161: 5151: 5033: 4814: 4789: 4639: 4564: 4208: 4187: 4179: 4139: 3731: 3042:. United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. IRIN News. 26 October 2006. 2772:

The continuities of German history: nation, religion, and race across the Long Nineteenth Century

1966: 1663: 1602: 1530: 1365: 1309: 1178: 1147: 901: 680: 577: 541: 4071: 1154:). In Rwanda, the political power was transferred from the minority Tutsi to the majority Hutu. 548:). In Burundi, Tutsis, who are the minority, maintained control of the government and military. 1942: 1617:

to do clerical work in imperial service. The most prominent case of anti-Indian racism was the

5315: 5280: 5270: 5231: 5171: 5121: 5043: 5028: 4998: 4799: 4769: 4739: 4729: 4684: 4574: 4490: 4449: 4374: 4098: 4018: 3941: 3872: 3785: 3655: 3645: 3514: 3506: 3457: 3406: 2870: 2640: 2483: 2397: 2340:

Congrès international des sciences anthropologiques et ethnologiques, Pierre Champion (1963).

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Tannenbaum, Jessie; Valcke, Anthony; McPherson, Andrew; Mueller, Leah; Conté, Simon (2009).

1830: 1812: 1618: 1586:. However, there is little evidence of there actually being an Almoravid conquest of Ghana 1552: 1497: 1410: 1162: 1143: 1077: 711: 560: 537: 2457: 5701: 5666: 5558: 5391: 5310: 5285: 5253: 5243: 5211: 5206: 5101: 5058: 5048: 5038: 5003: 4983: 4968: 4784: 4734: 4689: 4619: 4273: 3986: 3918: 3861: 3756: 2788: 2152: 1563: 1482: 1460: 1396: 1204: 1166: 967: 845: 707: 593: 391: 3905: 3254:"IRIN Africa - NIGER: Slavery - an unbroken chain - Niger - Gender Issues - Human Rights" 3062: 2025: 4042: 4035: 3492: 694:

organisation, rallied by the state media, plundered possessions of foreign nationals in

5678: 5332: 5201: 4486: 3452: 3425: 3394: 2982: 1835: 1800: 1610: 1493: 1188: 944: 800: 612: 494:. In an effort to reward conversion, the colonial government confiscated traditionally 451: 435:. About 250 others remain in the game reserve, or have surreptitiously returned to the 383: 3372: 3351: 3174: 2890: 2217:

Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war

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Genocide and crisis in Central Africa: conflict roots, mass violence, and regional war

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classified the aftermath as an attempt to exterminate the Herero and Nama peoples of

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Historically, the Shanqella constituted most of the slave labour in the ruling local

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Hodgson, Jason A.; Mulligan, Connie J.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L. (2014-06-12).

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Hitler's African Victims: The German Army Massacres of Black French Soldiers in 1940

731:, Liberian nationality is limited to 'persons who are Negroes or of Negro descent'. 5661: 5506: 4396:"Sport and Racial Inequality: An Analysis of Pre-Independence Zimbabwe (1890-1979)" 4118: 1702: 1673: 1646: 1642: 1630: 1475: 1428: 1420: 1298: 1267: 1191:

in Somali society due to their differing physical appearance and ancestry from the

1184: 1019: 879: 655: 640: 447: 428: 4471:"A wrong without design : assessing racism and white color crime in Zimbabwe" 2132: 1979: 1721: 406:. Racially-motivated attacks occur on Pygmies including rape and cannibalization. 4225: 4034:

Power, Samantha "Dying in Darfur: Can the ethnic cleansing in Sudan be stopped?"

3755:. Houses of Parliament, Palace of Westminster, London. 1833-10-29. Archived from 3442: 2867:

The practice of war: Production, reproduction and communication of armed violence

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and other Somali-origin minorities which is primarily based on their status as a

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creatures continue to exist in the age of computers?" asked Botswana's president

5586: 5553: 5131: 5111: 3675:"Interview with Prof. Alfred Tokollo Moleah, South African Ambassador to Vienna" 3084: 2995: 2943: 2584: 2416: 1606: 1576: 1406: 1112: 1093: 1089: 995: 891: 868: 808: 804: 691: 675: 506: 483: 196: 17: 1593:, Law 50 was introduced to protect black Tunisians from racial discrimination. 619:

were typically employed as unskilled labour. Racial discrimination against the

5482: 5136: 5126: 5063: 3591:"No where to run: Journalists in Jowhar face new threats from state officials" 2959: 2004: 1544: 1489:

region of western Sudan. These peoples include the Fur, Zaghawa and Massalit.

1330: 759: 432: 4494: 3659: 3510: 3410: 1826: 1709:

in ZAPU strongholds, producing resentment between the African ethnic groups.

1693:(ZANU). This conflict culminated in the establishment of the modern state of 651:, owing to their similar physical features and common Afro-Asiatic ancestry. 5646: 5581: 5086: 4095:

Indian Africa : Minorities of Indian-Pakistani Origin in Eastern Africa

3946: 3501: 3476: 2706:

Herereo Heroes: A Socio-Political History of the Herero of Namibia 1890-1923

1370: 1243: 982: 924: 900:

Survivors, majority of whom were women and children, were eventually put in

597: 583: 443: 399: 3518: 3461: 1896:"Bushmen forced out of desert after living off land for thousands of years" 1844: 374:

A Mulolo (Congo) warrior and his wife from the central Congo regions; Bantu

298: 3642:

The Bantu-Jareer Somalis : unearthing apartheid in the Horn of Africa

1685:

governance, sparking an armed struggle to overthrow white rule led by the

1018:

Descent-based slavery, where generations of the same family are born into

5616: 4424:, Department of Historical and Heritage Studies, University of Pretoria, 2947: 2895: 1697:. The coalition of African forces was fragile, and the government led by 1694: 1682: 1634: 1626: 1582:

Ibn Khaldun suggests a link between the decline of Ghana and rise of the

1436: 1212: 1196: 1192: 589: 479: 436: 415: 398:

by Bantu populations continuing into the modern age. They are frequently

2242:"Burundi - Ethnic Conflict, Hutu-Tutsi, Great Lakes Region | Britannica" 2153:

Christian Davenport and Allan Stam, "Rwanda 1994: Genocide + Politicide"

1435:

captors claiming that Islamic law grants them permission. According to

5576: 4212: 4196: 4183: 4143: 1572: 1536: 1449: 1223: 1124: 1116: 1108: 1023: 1007: 932: 916: 887: 864: 849: 807:. Many descendants of the Beni Ḥassān tribes today still adhere to the 789: 768: 755: 695: 552: 518: 510: 502: 419: 395: 4429: 4335:"Legacies - Immigration and Emigration: Uganda's loss, Britain's gain" 2458:

Europeans flee Ivory Coast violence. 13 November 2004. ABC News Online

2311:

Ethiopia: The Country That Cut Off Its Head: A Diary of the Revolution

658:) Nilotes of southern Ethiopia consequently regard the Amhara, Oromo, 4954: 3780: 2472:

Analysis of the Aliens and Nationality Law of the Republic of Liberia

1622: 1486: 1208: 1065: 1056: 1035: 1031: 962:

undertaken by the Namibian government. When the country was known as

427:

Bushmen live in squalid resettlement camps and some have resorted to

394:

brought them back into close contact. Pygmies have been targeted for

363: 359: 4261: 4175: 3979: 1439:, slaves have been sold for US $ 50 a piece. In September 2000, the 163:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 4504: 4417: 3130: 3128: 2133:

Preventing Genocide in Burundi Lessons from International Diplomacy

1055:, where Pygmies make up 2% of the population, many Pygmies live as 647:

are thus not considered by the highlander groups as being racially

596:

ethnic minorities. Collectively, these groups are locally known as

5591: 1557: 1548: 1505: 1448:, states that the abduction of women and children of the south is 1416: 1219: 1200: 999: 991: 981: 831: 763: 556: 495: 463: 369: 2167:, 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), 49 pp 2056:, 1972, (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1973), p. 49 1866:. United Nations Human Rights - Office of the High Commissioner. 1501: 1453: 1432: 1101: 491: 4927: 4508: 2979:

Amid Namibia's White Opulence, Majority Rule Isn't So Scary Now

2564:"BBC World Service - The Abolition season on BBC World Service" 4252:

General Amin and the Indian Exodus from Uganda Hasu H. Patel,

3375:. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. 2006 3200:"History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places - Smithsonian" 799:

Arab tribes who emigrated to northwest Africa and present-day

292: 190: 128: 69: 28: 2825:

Rethinking resistance: revolt and violence in African history

2148: 2146: 2144: 871:

also rebelled against the Germans, suffering a similar fate.

2390:

Katsuyoshi Fukui; Eisei Kurimoto; Masayoshi Shigeta (1997).

2219:; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002. 2048: 2046: 1003:

suspended their controversial decision to deport the Arabs.

3644:(1st ed.). London, UK: Adonis & Abbey Publishers. 3320:

Adekunle, Julius. 2007. Culture and Customs of Rwanda. P.17

2117:; foreword by Robert Melson. Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002 1535:

The accession of the Almohade dynasty to the throne of the

1575:

as distinct ethnic groups with set characteristics, while

4923: 4373:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 222–224, 254–256. 818:. Slavery in Mauritania was criminalized in August 2007. 3426:"Early Back-to-Africa Migration into the Horn of Africa" 3036:"Govt expulsion order will fuel instability, Arabs warn" 1980:"UN condemns Botswana government over Bushman evictions" 2996:"BBC NEWS - Africa - Niger starts mass Arab expulsions" 2743:

The Dark Side of Democracy: Explaining Ethnic Cleansing

2080: 2078: 2064: 2062: 462:

Further information on mass inter-ethnic violence:

152: 3175:"On the way to freedom, Niger's slaves stuck in limbo" 3085:"BBC NEWS - Africa - Niger's Arabs to fight expulsion" 2585:"BBC NEWS - Africa - Mauritanian MPs pass slavery law" 2265:

International Commission of Inquiry for Burundi (2002)

2180:(Report - Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974), 36 pp. 2165:

Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi

2054:

Passing by;: The United States and genocide in Burundi

4045:(web site, retrieved 24 May 2006). Hilary Andersson, 3018:"Hundreds march in Niger calling for Arabs expulsion" 1589:

In 2018, more than seven years after the fall of the

867:, where most of them died of thirst. In October, the 367:

has been a recurring part of the history of Africa.

4226:"Tunisia racism: 'I lost the will to leave my home'" 3781:

Ladysmith, The Diary of a Siege by Henry W. Nevinson

3163:

By Hilary Andersson, BBC Africa Correspondent, Niger

1481:

In 2004, it became publicly known that there was an

1463:

of October 21, 2002 accused Sudan of genocide in an

1207:

of the Somali Bantu community is primarily based on

772:

and who partially still serve the "white Moors", or

5569: 5402: 5170: 5072: 4961: 4848: 4823: 4542: 4248: 4246: 4244: 4242: 3108:"Refworld - The Leader in Refugee Decision Support" 2865:Rao, Aparna; Bollig, Michael; Böck, Monika (2007). 974:enforcing strict segregation and white domination. 221:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 4475:AFFRIKA Journal of Politics, Economics and Society 3919:"Slavery, Abduction and Forced Servitude in Sudan" 3055:"Niger's Arabs say expulsions will fuel race hate" 1917:"African Bushmen Tour U.S. to Fund Fight for Land" 5642:Racial bias in criminal news in the United States 3373:"Minorities Under Siege: Pygmies today in Africa" 2838: 2836: 2834: 2026:"Rwandan Genocide - Facts, Response & Trials" 592:has traditionally been directed at the country's 3304:"As the World Intrudes, Pygmies Feel Endangered" 2637:Sturm über Südwest. Der Hereroaufstand von 1904. 1274:might have removed the legal framework allowing 4400:Greener Journal of Sport and Physical Education 4394:Masocha, Vincent; Mugari, Abisha (2015-11-30). 3106:United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. 2787:(Crosscurrents in African American History) by 1344:H. W. Nevinson, Ladysmith, The Diary of a Siege 1316:For Whites—Biscuit, 1/4 lb.; Maize meal, 3 oz. 1314: 4008:UK Parliament Press Notice 14, Session 2004-05 3942:Desert hides world's worst humanitarian crisis 3616:"Somali journalists targeted for speaking out" 3393:Eno, Mohamed A.; Kusow, Abdi M. (2014-01-01). 3053:Thomson Reuters Foundation (25 October 2006). 2759:, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 83 2284:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 489–490. 2072:(Report - Minority Rights Group; no. 20, 1974) 1566:showing, in Arabic and French, Negroes street. 662:and other Afro-Asiatic groups collectively as 414:Since the mid-1990s the central government of 4939: 4520: 2109: 2107: 1423:African captives in the civil war were often 1242:has been criticized as a form of legislative 555:, a campaign of genocidal violence, known as 8: 4295:"1972: Asians given 90 days to leave Uganda" 3801:"South Africa: Attacks on Foreign Nationals" 3701:. Iziko Museums of Cape Town. Archived from 3173:The Christian Science Monitor (2005-03-10). 2335: 2333: 2331: 1668:Racism in Zimbabwe first started during the 994:announced that it would deport to Chad the " 970:enjoyed a highly privileged position due to 97:. There might be a discussion about this on 4006:Darfur, Sudan: Crisis, response and lessons 3961:Genocide lays waste Darfur’s land of no men 2639:Bernard & Graefe-Verlag, Koblenz 1989. 2127: 2125: 2123: 1539:provinces in 1146 proved disastrous to the 1211:factors, unlike the marginalization of the 1015:and Nigerian human-rights group, Timidria. 386:suffer from racialized discrimination from 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4946: 4932: 4924: 4527: 4513: 4505: 4256:, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Winter, 1972), pp. 12-22 4155:Pekka Masonen; Humphrey J. Fisher (1996). 2303: 2301: 5612:Interminority racism in the United States 3906:U.S. Department of State: Sudan Peace Act 3500: 3451: 3441: 2774:, Cambridge University Press, p. 199 2745:, Cambridge University Press, p. 105 2273: 2271: 1834: 1816: 1621:of the Indian (called Asian) minority in 346:Learn how and when to remove this message 281:Learn how and when to remove this message 179:Learn how and when to remove this message 117:Learn how and when to remove this message 2919:"Remembering Germany's African Genocide" 2869:. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 89. 2827:, Brill Academic Publishers, p. 282 1764: 1762: 1760: 1329:Kaffirs—Fresh meat, 1-1/4 lbs. (Chiefly 1195:-origin majority of Somalia. Racialized 1150:was exiled from the colony (then called 1096:, the conflict and efforts for Catholic 626:Traditionally, racism against perceived 544:was exiled from the colony (then called 486:, the conflict and efforts for Catholic 439:to resume their independent lifestyles. 323:of all important aspects of the article. 3395:"Racial and caste prejudice in Somalia" 2281:Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: A-C, Volume 1 1998: 1996: 1756: 1297:Slavery in South Africa was officially 1169:population of Rwanda were also killed. 836:A photo of Herero chief Samuel Maharero 5684:Sociology of race and ethnic relations 4411: 4409: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4041:, 30 August 2004. Human Rights Watch, 2708:, Ohio University Press, p. 242, 1672:in the 19th century, when immigrating 319:Please consider expanding the lead to 3921:. US Department of State. 22 May 2002 3302:Nicholas D. Kristof (June 16, 1997). 2692:‘Stolen’ Blue Book was just misplaced 2499:from the original on 12 October 2012. 2396:. Shokado Book Sellers. p. 804. 2193:(New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and 2191:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide 2088:(New York: Woodrow Wilson Center and 2086:Burundi: Ethnic Conflict and Genocide 1967:News by tribe |Survival International 1364: 1262:South African Human Rights Commission 7: 5707: 4313:"UK Indians taking care of business" 4119:"THE HISTORY OF THE JEWS OF TUNISIA" 2512:"Slavery still exists in Mauritania" 1360:Apartheid (Afrikaans pronunciation: 1157:In Rwanda, a Tutsi rebel group, the 666:in contradistinction to themselves. 219:adding citations to reliable sources 5097:Discrimination based on nationality 4224:Saeed, Abdirahim (27 August 2022). 2417:Ivory Coast "fanning ethnic hatred" 4469:Abednico, Siambombe (2017-06-01). 3980:Darfur: Africa’s hidden holocaust? 3136:"The Shackles of Slavery in Niger" 2510:Fletcher, Pascal (21 March 2007). 1609:descent. They were brought by the 1427:, and female prisoners were often 1107:The area was ruled as a colony by 863:and drove them into the desert of 679:attacks. According to a report by 501:The area was ruled as a colony by 25: 2891:"Germany admits Namibia genocide" 2357:Fisher, Richard Swainson (1852). 1705:ZANU committed massacres against 1547:were compelled either to embrace 1187:ethnic minority face significant 727:According to Article 27_b of the 44:This article has multiple issues. 5716: 5706: 5697: 5696: 4835:Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 4605:Democratic Republic of the Congo 4047:"Ethnic cleansing blights Sudan" 3281:"Congo's Pygmies live as slaves" 3279:Thomas, Katie (March 12, 2007). 2694:23.04.2009 accessed 17 Dec 2011 2346:. Musée de l'homme. p. 589. 2204:(Schenkman Books, 1998), 198 pp. 2137:United States Institute of Peace 1006:In Niger, while the practice of 297: 195: 133: 74: 33: 5717: 4367:Mlambo, Alois S. (2014-04-07). 3724:"Indian Slaves in South Africa" 2944:Namibians plan white farm grabs 2376:Newsweek, Volume 85, Issues 1-8 1691:Zimbabwe African National Union 1687:Zimbabwe African People's Union 1478:women and children was common. 1459:The United States government's 1240:Transitional Federal Government 468:1993 ethnic violence in Burundi 311:may be too short to adequately 206:needs additional citations for 52:or discuss these issues on the 5602:Go back to where you came from 4487:10.31920/2075-6534/2017/v7n1a7 4442:Cheater, Angela (2003-12-16). 4416:Mlambo, Alois S (2012-11-26), 321:provide an accessible overview 1: 4097:. Africae. pp. 359–396. 4043:"Q & A: Crisis in Darfur" 3873:Curse Of Slavery Haunts Sudan 3179:The Christian Science Monitor 2379:. Newsweek. 1975. p. 13. 2314:. Robson Books. p. 117. 2178:Selective genocide in Burundi 2070:Selective genocide in Burundi 1898:. London: The Daily Telegraph 1858:Lori, Brumat (26 June 2018). 1775:www.survivalinternational.org 1266:Racism is still prevalent in 424:Central Kalahari Game Reserve 3753:"Slavery Abolition Act 1833" 3568:. 2018-09-21. Archived from 3443:10.1371/journal.pgen.1004393 2770:Helmut Walser Smith (2008), 2202:Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi 2097:Genocide: Rwanda and Burundi 1818:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000448 1356:South Africa under apartheid 1326:Europeans—Fresh meat, 1 lb. 855:. In August, German general 611:societies. The Abyssinians ( 536:The Belgian-sponsored Tutsi 450:. A report released by the 4254:Issue: A Journal of Opinion 3352:"How the genocide happened" 3161:Born to be a slave in Niger 3024:. Reuters. 19 January 2007. 2823:Klaas van Walraven (2003), 2791:, page 50-51 Routledge 2002 1864:United Nations Human Rights 1601:Former British colonies in 1446:Loyola Marymount University 1339:For Indians—a little rice. 876:Herero and Namaqua genocide 859:defeated the Herero in the 828:Herero and Namaqua genocide 159:the claims made and adding 5764: 3875:CBS News. January 25, 1998 3331:"Timeline of the genocide" 2195:Cambridge University Press 2090:Cambridge University Press 1661: 1528: 1400: 1394: 1380: 1353: 1259: 1253: 1176: 1146:survived until 1959, when 1081: 1075: 1013:Anti-Slavery International 825: 803:and Mauritania during the 744: 738: 720: 705: 581: 575: 540:survived until 1959, when 530:revolted against the Tutsi 471: 461: 5692: 4445:The Anthropology of Power 3896:Jok Madut Jok (2001), p.3 3728:African National Congress 3399:Journal of Somali Studies 3061:. Reuters. Archived from 2704:Gewald, Jan-Bart (1999), 1769:International, Survival. 1715:Lancaster House Agreement 1551:or to leave the country. 1472:Second Sudanese Civil War 1286:The establishment of the 1236:4.5 parliamentary formula 4590:Central African Republic 3640:Eno, Mohamed A. (2008). 2480:American Bar Association 2278:Uhlig, Siegbert (2003). 2005:"Jews in Central Africa" 1978:Survival International. 1943:"Exiles of the Kalahari" 1882:South China Morning Post 1362:Afrikaans pronunciation: 1288:Dutch East India Company 1276:institutionalised racism 884:German South-West Africa 840:On 12 January 1904, the 747:Slavery in modern Africa 723:Liberian nationality law 565:a period of civil strife 418:has been trying to move 5632:Psychometrics of racism 5082:Anti-miscegenation laws 4197:Available through JSTOR 4064:"The Independent - 404" 3502:10.1126/science.aao6266 3285:The News & Observer 2855:, Faber and Faber 2010 2802:The devil's handwriting 2308:Thomson, Blair (1975). 2215:Christian P. Scherrer, 2113:Christian P. Scherrer, 2099:(Schenkman Books, 1998) 1884:. Reuters. 4 July 2018. 1707:Northern Ndebele people 1159:Rwandan Patriotic Front 1125:independence of Burundi 788:are descendants of the 690:of Abidjan, a strongly 519:independence of Burundi 5597:Ethnic plastic surgery 5092:Biological determinism 2924:OhmyNews International 2131:Weissman, Stephen R. " 1740:Human rights in Africa 1735:Antisemitism in Africa 1605:have many citizens of 1567: 1347: 1256:Racism in South Africa 1142:The Belgian-sponsored 1134:The Hutu majority had 1088:Beginning about 1880, 987: 837: 528:The Hutu majority had 478:Beginning about 1880, 375: 5517:In Jewish communities 5495:Hispanic & Latino 4750:São Tomé and Príncipe 4610:Republic of the Congo 4370:A History of Zimbabwe 3699:"Slavery at the Cape" 3620:Amnesty International 2741:Michael Mann (2004), 2478:. Washington, D. C.: 2360:The Book of the World 2200:Edward L. Nyankanzi, 2095:Edward L. Nyankanzi, 1678:racially discriminate 1561: 1441:U.S. State Department 1383:Post-apartheid racism 1377:Post-apartheid racism 1303:Slavery Abolition Act 1076:Further information: 1047:Republic of the Congo 985: 940:in pastoral society. 904:, such as the one at 835: 752:Slavery in Mauritania 745:Further information: 741:Slavery in Mauritania 729:Liberian Constitution 632:Mengistu Haile Mariam 373: 5607:Herrenvolk democracy 3949:May 13, 2004, Page 2 3533:"Dalsan Warar Sugan" 3040:The New Humanitarian 1923:on November 16, 2007 1725:along racial lines. 1676:settlers started to 1366:[aˈpartɦɛit] 1217:socially constructed 1039:composed of slaves. 215:improve this article 87:confusing or unclear 5627:Perpetual foreigner 4825:States with limited 3537:www.radiodalsan.com 3493:2017Sci...358..652S 3065:on 10 November 2008 2917:Krabbe, Alexander. 2800:Steinmetz, George, 2439:on 13 November 2007 2007:. Kulanu Highlights 1771:"'Pygmies': Racism" 1323:—Maize meal, 8 oz. 1226:and populations of 960:land reform process 902:concentration camps 861:Battle of Waterberg 848:, rebelled against 95:clarify the article 5657:Racial integration 5637:Race and sexuality 5442:Japanese Americans 5162:Racial segregation 5152:Racial nationalism 3985:2005-05-27 at the 3860:2007-10-12 at the 3836:on 3 December 2005 3805:Human Rights Watch 3680:. Universität Wien 2985:, 26 December 1988 2673:, Routledge, 2004, 2246:www.britannica.com 1664:Racism in Zimbabwe 1603:Sub-Saharan Africa 1568: 1543:. Jews as well as 1531:Slavery in Tunisia 1483:organised campaign 1310:Siege of Ladysmith 1290:settlement at the 1179:Slavery in Somalia 988: 838: 681:Human Rights Watch 578:Racism in Ethiopia 442:"How can you have 376: 230:"Racism in Africa" 144:possibly contains 5730: 5729: 5478:African Americans 5425:Chinese Americans 5122:Ethnic stereotype 4921: 4920: 4852:other territories 4625:Equatorial Guinea 4536:Racism in Africa 4455:978-1-134-65048-4 4380:978-1-139-86752-8 4164:History in Africa 3968:November 14, 2004 3939:Jonathan Clayton 3855:Islam and Slavery 3786:Project Gutenberg 3673:Englert, Birgit. 3566:www.caasimada.net 3487:(6363): 652–655. 3354:. BBC. 2004-04-01 2950:, 5 November 2003 2489:978-1-60442-456-0 2197:, 1996), 232 pp. 2189:Rene Lemarchand, 2176:René Lemarchand, 2084:Rene Lemarchand, 2068:René Lemarchand, 1745:Racism by country 1701:and the majority- 1465:ongoing civil war 1301:in 1833 with the 1292:Cape of Good Hope 1084:Dominant minority 1053:Republic of Congo 990:In October 2006, 964:South West Africa 953:South-West Africa 857:Lothar von Trotha 474:Dominant minority 356: 355: 348: 338: 337: 291: 290: 283: 265: 189: 188: 181: 146:original research 127: 126: 119: 67: 16:(Redirected from 5755: 5748:Racism by region 5743:Racism in Africa 5720: 5719: 5710: 5709: 5700: 5699: 5554:Racial supremacy 5512:Jewish Americans 5490:Native Americans 5459:Zainichi Koreans 5447:Japanese Koreans 5430:Zainichi Chinese 5403:Racism by target 5180:Global apartheid 5172:Racism by region 5157:Racial profiling 5147:Racial hierarchy 4948: 4941: 4934: 4925: 4913: 4912:(United Kingdom) 4908:Tristan da Cunha 4904:Ascension Island 4896: 4883: 4874: 4850:Dependencies and 4543:Sovereign states 4529: 4522: 4515: 4506: 4499: 4498: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4364: 4351: 4350: 4348: 4346: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4291: 4285: 4284: 4282: 4280: 4270: 4264: 4250: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4221: 4215: 4205: 4199: 4195: 4161: 4152: 4146: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4115: 4109: 4108: 4090: 4084: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4070:. Archived from 4060: 4054: 4032: 4026: 4015: 4009: 4003: 3997: 3975: 3969: 3958:Hilary Andersson 3956: 3950: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3915: 3909: 3908:October 21, 2002 3903: 3897: 3894: 3888: 3882: 3876: 3870: 3864: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3832:. Archived from 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3812: 3797: 3791: 3788: 3774: 3768: 3767: 3765: 3764: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3740: 3739: 3730:. Archived from 3720: 3714: 3713: 3711: 3710: 3695: 3689: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3679: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3612: 3606: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3595:hornobserver.com 3587: 3581: 3580: 3578: 3577: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3548: 3539:. Archived from 3529: 3523: 3522: 3504: 3472: 3466: 3465: 3455: 3445: 3421: 3415: 3414: 3390: 3384: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3369: 3363: 3362: 3360: 3359: 3348: 3342: 3341: 3339: 3338: 3327: 3321: 3318: 3312: 3311: 3299: 3293: 3292: 3287:. Archived from 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3250: 3244: 3243: 3241: 3239: 3233: 3227:. 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Archived from 2425: 2419: 2414: 2408: 2407: 2387: 2381: 2380: 2371: 2365: 2364: 2354: 2348: 2347: 2337: 2326: 2325: 2305: 2296: 2295: 2275: 2266: 2263: 2257: 2256: 2254: 2253: 2238: 2232: 2226: 2220: 2213: 2207: 2187: 2181: 2174: 2168: 2161: 2155: 2150: 2139: 2129: 2118: 2111: 2102: 2082: 2073: 2066: 2057: 2050: 2041: 2040: 2038: 2037: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2013: 2012: 2000: 1991: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1975: 1969: 1964: 1958: 1957: 1955: 1953: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1919:. Archived from 1913: 1907: 1906: 1904: 1903: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1874: 1868: 1867: 1855: 1849: 1848: 1838: 1820: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1787: 1786: 1777:. Archived from 1766: 1720:By 2000, as the 1619:ethnic cleansing 1562:Street plate in 1456:over resources. 1411:Slavery in Sudan 1368: 1363: 1350:Apartheid racism 1345: 1319:For Indians and 1163:Rwandan Genocide 1078:Rwandan Genocide 886:(now modern day 758:who now live in 712:Slavery in Libya 561:Melchior Ndadaye 538:Rwandan monarchy 351: 344: 333: 330: 324: 301: 293: 286: 279: 275: 272: 266: 264: 223: 199: 191: 184: 177: 173: 170: 164: 161:inline citations 137: 136: 129: 122: 115: 111: 108: 102: 78: 77: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 18:Racism in Uganda 5763: 5762: 5758: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5733: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5688: 5667:Racism in sport 5565: 5559:White supremacy 5398: 5166: 5102:Ethnic conflict 5074: 5068: 4962:Types of racism 4957: 4952: 4922: 4917: 4916: 4911: 4894: 4881: 4872: 4853: 4851: 4844: 4828: 4826: 4819: 4538: 4533: 4503: 4502: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4456: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4415: 4414: 4407: 4393: 4392: 4388: 4381: 4366: 4365: 4354: 4344: 4342: 4333: 4332: 4328: 4318: 4316: 4311: 4310: 4306: 4293: 4292: 4288: 4278: 4276: 4272: 4271: 4267: 4262:10.2307/1166488 4251: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4223: 4222: 4218: 4206: 4202: 4176:10.2307/3171941 4159: 4154: 4153: 4149: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4117: 4116: 4112: 4105: 4092: 4091: 4087: 4077: 4075: 4074:on 16 July 2007 4068:The Independent 4062: 4061: 4057: 4033: 4029: 4016: 4012: 4004: 4000: 3987:Wayback Machine 3977:Fred Bridgland 3976: 3972: 3957: 3953: 3938: 3934: 3924: 3922: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3883: 3879: 3871: 3867: 3862:Wayback Machine 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3830:Telegraph.co.uk 3824: 3823: 3819: 3810: 3808: 3799: 3798: 3794: 3778: 3775: 3771: 3762: 3760: 3751: 3750: 3746: 3737: 3735: 3722: 3721: 3717: 3708: 3706: 3697: 3696: 3692: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3671: 3667: 3652: 3639: 3638: 3634: 3625: 3623: 3614: 3613: 3609: 3600: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3575: 3573: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3546: 3544: 3531: 3530: 3526: 3474: 3473: 3469: 3436:(6): e1004393. 3423: 3422: 3418: 3392: 3391: 3387: 3378: 3376: 3371: 3370: 3366: 3357: 3355: 3350: 3349: 3345: 3336: 3334: 3329: 3328: 3324: 3319: 3315: 3301: 3300: 3296: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3252: 3251: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3234:on 6 March 2009 3231: 3224: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3204: 3202: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3183: 3181: 3172: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3145: 3143: 3134: 3133: 3126: 3116: 3114: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3090: 3088: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3034: 3033: 3029: 3016: 3015: 3011: 3001: 2999: 2994: 2993: 2989: 2977: 2973: 2958: 2954: 2942: 2938: 2929: 2927: 2916: 2915: 2911: 2902: 2900: 2889: 2888: 2884: 2877: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2832: 2822: 2821: 2817: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2795: 2789:Clarence Lusane 2783: 2779: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2755: 2754: 2750: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2729: 2725: 2720: 2716: 2703: 2702: 2698: 2690: 2686: 2681: 2677: 2668: 2664: 2655: 2651: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2620: 2614: 2610: 2604: 2600: 2590: 2588: 2583: 2582: 2578: 2568: 2566: 2562: 2561: 2557: 2547: 2545: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2521: 2519: 2509: 2508: 2504: 2496: 2490: 2475: 2468: 2467: 2463: 2456: 2452: 2442: 2440: 2433:Telegraph.co.uk 2427: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2411: 2404: 2389: 2388: 2384: 2373: 2372: 2368: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2339: 2338: 2329: 2322: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2292: 2277: 2276: 2269: 2264: 2260: 2251: 2249: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2223: 2214: 2210: 2188: 2184: 2175: 2171: 2163:Michael Bowen, 2162: 2158: 2151: 2142: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2105: 2083: 2076: 2067: 2060: 2052:Michael Bowen, 2051: 2044: 2035: 2033: 2024: 2023: 2019: 2010: 2008: 2003:Berg, Irwin M. 2002: 2001: 1994: 1984: 1982: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1965: 1961: 1951: 1949: 1941: 1940: 1936: 1926: 1924: 1915: 1914: 1910: 1901: 1899: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1876: 1875: 1871: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1811:(4): e1000448. 1798: 1797: 1793: 1784: 1782: 1768: 1767: 1758: 1753: 1731: 1689:(ZAPU) and the 1666: 1660: 1599: 1564:Medina of Tunis 1533: 1527: 1515: 1492:Mukesh Kapila ( 1461:Sudan Peace Act 1429:abused sexually 1413: 1399: 1397:Racism in Sudan 1393: 1385: 1379: 1361: 1358: 1352: 1346: 1343: 1284: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1205:marginalization 1181: 1175: 1086: 1080: 1074: 1049: 980: 968:White Namibians 949:Whitaker Report 846:Samuel Maharero 830: 824: 749: 743: 737: 725: 719: 714: 708:Racism in Libya 706:Main articles: 704: 672: 586: 580: 574: 476: 470: 460: 412: 392:Bantu expansion 382:populations in 352: 341: 340: 339: 334: 328: 325: 318: 306:This article's 302: 287: 276: 270: 267: 224: 222: 212: 200: 185: 174: 168: 165: 150: 138: 134: 123: 112: 106: 103: 92: 79: 75: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5761: 5759: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5735: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: 5724: 5714: 5704: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5681: 5679:Reverse racism 5676: 5675: 5674: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5652:Racial figleaf 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5624: 5619: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5584: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5570:Related topics 5567: 5566: 5564: 5563: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5546: 5541: 5536: 5531: 5529:Middle Eastern 5526: 5521: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5504: 5503: 5502: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5470: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5451: 5450: 5449: 5444: 5434: 5433: 5432: 5427: 5412: 5406: 5404: 5400: 5399: 5397: 5396: 5395: 5394: 5389: 5384: 5374: 5373: 5372: 5367: 5362: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5325: 5324: 5323: 5321:United Kingdom 5318: 5313: 5308: 5303: 5298: 5293: 5288: 5283: 5278: 5273: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5256: 5251: 5246: 5236: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5224: 5219: 5214: 5209: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5168: 5167: 5165: 5164: 5159: 5154: 5149: 5144: 5139: 5134: 5129: 5124: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5104: 5099: 5094: 5089: 5084: 5078: 5076: 5073:Manifestations 5070: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4953: 4951: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4928: 4919: 4918: 4915: 4914: 4897: 4884: 4875: 4861:Canary Islands 4857: 4856: 4854: 4849: 4846: 4845: 4843: 4842: 4837: 4831: 4829: 4824: 4821: 4820: 4818: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4534: 4532: 4531: 4524: 4517: 4509: 4501: 4500: 4481:(1): 127–134. 4461: 4454: 4434: 4405: 4386: 4379: 4352: 4326: 4304: 4286: 4265: 4238: 4216: 4200: 4147: 4131: 4110: 4103: 4085: 4055: 4053:, 27 May 2004. 4039:The New Yorker 4027: 4010: 3998: 3996:April 11, 2004 3970: 3951: 3932: 3910: 3898: 3889: 3877: 3865: 3847: 3817: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3769: 3744: 3715: 3690: 3665: 3651:978-1905068944 3650: 3632: 3607: 3582: 3553: 3524: 3467: 3416: 3385: 3364: 3343: 3322: 3313: 3308:New York Times 3294: 3291:on 2009-02-28. 3271: 3245: 3222:"Anti-Slavery" 3212: 3191: 3165: 3153: 3124: 3098: 3076: 3045: 3027: 3009: 2987: 2983:New York Times 2971: 2952: 2936: 2909: 2882: 2876:978-1845452803 2875: 2857: 2844: 2842:Mamdani, p. 12 2830: 2815: 2806: 2793: 2777: 2762: 2748: 2733: 2723: 2714: 2696: 2684: 2675: 2662: 2649: 2628: 2618: 2608: 2598: 2576: 2555: 2529: 2502: 2488: 2461: 2450: 2420: 2409: 2402: 2382: 2366: 2363:. p. 622. 2349: 2327: 2320: 2297: 2290: 2267: 2258: 2233: 2221: 2208: 2206: 2205: 2182: 2169: 2156: 2140: 2119: 2103: 2101: 2100: 2074: 2058: 2042: 2017: 1992: 1970: 1959: 1934: 1908: 1887: 1869: 1850: 1791: 1755: 1754: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1747: 1742: 1737: 1730: 1727: 1662:Main article: 1659: 1656: 1611:British Empire 1598: 1595: 1591:Ben Ali regime 1526: 1523: 1514: 1511: 1494:United Nations 1395:Main article: 1392: 1389: 1381:Main article: 1378: 1375: 1351: 1348: 1341: 1283: 1280: 1254:Main article: 1251: 1248: 1189:stigmatization 1174: 1171: 1144:Tutsi monarchy 1090:Roman Catholic 1073: 1070: 1048: 1045: 986:Diffa in Niger 979: 976: 972:apartheid laws 945:United Nations 890:), during the 826:Main article: 823: 820: 801:Western Sahara 739:Main article: 736: 733: 718: 715: 703: 700: 688:Young Patriots 671: 668: 639:disadvantaged 576:Main article: 573: 570: 459: 456: 452:United Nations 411: 408: 384:Central Africa 354: 353: 336: 335: 315:the key points 305: 303: 296: 289: 288: 203: 201: 194: 187: 186: 141: 139: 132: 125: 124: 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 24: 14: 13: 10: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5760: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5738: 5723: 5715: 5713: 5705: 5703: 5695: 5694: 5691: 5685: 5682: 5680: 5677: 5673: 5670: 5669: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5658: 5655: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5593: 5590: 5588: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5578: 5575: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5560: 5557: 5556: 5555: 5552: 5550: 5549:Wine industry 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5532: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5508: 5505: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5491: 5488: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5475: 5474: 5471: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5448: 5445: 5443: 5440: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5426: 5423: 5422: 5421: 5418: 5417: 5416: 5413: 5411: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5401: 5393: 5390: 5388: 5385: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5378: 5377:South America 5375: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5365:United States 5363: 5361: 5358: 5357: 5356: 5355:North America 5353: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5341: 5339: 5336: 5334: 5331: 5330: 5329: 5326: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5312: 5309: 5307: 5304: 5302: 5299: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5287: 5284: 5282: 5279: 5277: 5274: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5262: 5259: 5255: 5252: 5250: 5247: 5245: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5228: 5225: 5223: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5213: 5210: 5208: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5200: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5187: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5175: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5160: 5158: 5155: 5153: 5150: 5148: 5145: 5143: 5142:Racialization 5140: 5138: 5135: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5123: 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5108: 5107:Ethnic hatred 5105: 5103: 5100: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5088: 5085: 5083: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5071: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5024:Laissez-faire 5022: 5020: 5017: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5009:Institutional 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4994:Environmental 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4970: 4967: 4966: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4949: 4944: 4942: 4937: 4935: 4930: 4929: 4926: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4892: 4888: 4885: 4879: 4876: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4858: 4855: 4847: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4832: 4830: 4822: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4665:Guinea-Bissau 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 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Routledge. 4447: 4446: 4438: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4410: 4406: 4401: 4397: 4390: 4387: 4382: 4376: 4372: 4371: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4340: 4336: 4330: 4327: 4314: 4308: 4305: 4301:. 1972-08-07. 4300: 4296: 4290: 4287: 4275: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4259: 4255: 4249: 4247: 4245: 4243: 4239: 4227: 4220: 4217: 4214: 4210: 4204: 4201: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4169: 4165: 4158: 4151: 4148: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4132: 4120: 4114: 4111: 4106: 4104:9782957305810 4100: 4096: 4089: 4086: 4073: 4069: 4065: 4059: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4044: 4040: 4036: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4023:0-9748198-7-5 4020: 4014: 4011: 4007: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3993:Sunday Herald 3989: 3988: 3984: 3981: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3962: 3955: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3943: 3936: 3933: 3920: 3914: 3911: 3907: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3890: 3886: 3881: 3878: 3874: 3869: 3866: 3863: 3859: 3856: 3851: 3848: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3818: 3806: 3802: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3783: 3782: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3759:on 2008-04-29 3758: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3734:on 2008-06-22 3733: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3716: 3705:on 2008-09-16 3704: 3700: 3694: 3691: 3676: 3669: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3643: 3636: 3633: 3621: 3617: 3611: 3608: 3596: 3592: 3586: 3583: 3572:on 2018-09-21 3571: 3567: 3563: 3557: 3554: 3543:on 2018-09-21 3542: 3538: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3503: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3471: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3430:PLOS Genetics 3427: 3420: 3417: 3412: 3408: 3404: 3400: 3396: 3389: 3386: 3374: 3368: 3365: 3353: 3347: 3344: 3332: 3326: 3323: 3317: 3314: 3309: 3305: 3298: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3246: 3230: 3223: 3216: 3213: 3201: 3195: 3192: 3180: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3162: 3157: 3154: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3099: 3086: 3080: 3077: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3046: 3041: 3037: 3031: 3028: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3010: 2997: 2991: 2988: 2984: 2980: 2975: 2972: 2968: 2965: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2940: 2937: 2926: 2925: 2920: 2913: 2910: 2898: 2897: 2892: 2886: 2883: 2878: 2872: 2868: 2861: 2858: 2854: 2853:David Olusoga 2848: 2845: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2831: 2826: 2819: 2816: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2773: 2766: 2763: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2744: 2737: 2734: 2727: 2724: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2700: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2685: 2679: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2663: 2660:Rodopi, 2007, 2659: 2653: 2650: 2646: 2645:3-7637-5852-6 2642: 2638: 2635:Walter Nuhn: 2632: 2629: 2622: 2619: 2612: 2609: 2606:Sarkin-Hughes 2602: 2599: 2586: 2580: 2577: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2543: 2539: 2533: 2530: 2517: 2513: 2506: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2474: 2473: 2465: 2462: 2459: 2454: 2451: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2421: 2418: 2413: 2410: 2405: 2399: 2395: 2394: 2386: 2383: 2378: 2377: 2370: 2367: 2362: 2361: 2353: 2350: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2313: 2312: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2274: 2272: 2268: 2262: 2259: 2247: 2243: 2237: 2234: 2231: 2225: 2222: 2218: 2212: 2209: 2203: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2183: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2166: 2160: 2157: 2154: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2134: 2128: 2126: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2110: 2108: 2104: 2098: 2094: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2065: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2049: 2047: 2043: 2031: 2027: 2021: 2018: 2006: 1999: 1997: 1993: 1981: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1963: 1960: 1948: 1944: 1938: 1935: 1922: 1918: 1912: 1909: 1897: 1891: 1888: 1883: 1879: 1873: 1870: 1865: 1861: 1854: 1851: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1805:PLOS Genetics 1802: 1795: 1792: 1781:on 2018-08-12 1780: 1776: 1772: 1765: 1763: 1761: 1757: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1741: 1738: 1736: 1733: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:Robert Mugabe 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1665: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1648: 1644: 1638: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1625:by strongman 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615:British India 1612: 1608: 1604: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1587: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1574: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1553:Abd al-Mu'min 1550: 1546: 1542: 1541:Jews of Tunis 1538: 1532: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1519:Dar es Salaam 1512: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1490: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1462: 1457: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1431:, with their 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1403:War in Darfur 1398: 1390: 1388: 1384: 1376: 1374: 1372: 1367: 1357: 1349: 1340: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1295: 1293: 1289: 1281: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1270:. 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