33:
717:
353:
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805:. He rested there for a bit then he moved to Kilba. From there, he sent a message to a British "Resident", Hewby, at Ibi asking the British to recognise him as the Ruler of Borno. The British sent Major McClintock to interview Fadl-Allah regarding the recognition and the Major was impressed with him, recommending he be recognised without delay. But the High Commissioner,
109:
509:, the capital of Borno; Kiyari defeated Rabih and captured his camp. The following day Rabih gathered his forces, and ordered 100 lashes be given to all his bannermen, including his own favored son Fadlallah. Only Boubakar, who had fought bravely, was spared. Then he ordered a victorious counter-offensive;
631:, rationalized taxation through the creation of a budget, imposed on Borno a military dictatorship, which aroused the attention of the colonial powers. Émile Gentil was to speak of Rabih's reforms in Borno with a certain degree of interest; they would later inspire him in organizing the territory of Chad.
622:
of the Borno Empire, and spent much effort to reinvigorate a decadent empire that had until then maintained the same feudal structures it had in the 16th century. Rabih kept the vassal sultans in place, but subjected them to his lieutenants, who were mostly Arab
Sudanese like he was. He promulgated a
777:
a letter complaining about Rabih's aggression in his territory and to ask the Shehu for aid. The Shehu then replied him, under the instruction of the French, that he himself did not have enough capabilities to attack Rabih. He then authorised
Gwarang and his allies, the French, to enter Borno to
681:
In 1899 Rabah had at his disposal 10,000 men among infantry and cavalry, all provided with rifles (mostly obsolete, except for 400 rifles of newer make), plus a great number of auxiliaries equipped with spears or bows. He kept garrisons at
Baggara and Karnak Logone.
380:, deposed him and established in his place his nephew Mahdi al-Senoussi, on whom he imposed his suzerainty. This alliance was sealed by the marriage of Khadija, daughter of Al-Mahdi al-Senoussi, with Rabih's son Fadlallah. Together Mohammed and Rabih attacked
773:, in April 1900, did he realise that Dikwa was in "German" Borno. Meaning the French troops will not be able to enter Dikwa because of international convention. Gentil decided to get the Sultan of Baghirmi, Gwarang, to write to
796:
at the time of his death. On learning of his father's death, he returned to Dikwa and collected his father's belongings and remaining family. With an army of 5,000, he retreated south, eventually settling in Kopchi then later
659:. It is estimated that 1,500–2,000 slaves were exported every year by his vassal Mahdi as-Senoussi, excluding the deaths, casualties, and other losses he inflicted. The totals for Rabah must have been much higher.
785:. Leaving Kousséri in three columns, the French attacked Rabih's camp. Although the commander Lamy was killed in the ensuing battle, Rabih's forces were overwhelmed and, while fleeing across the
781:
The final showdown between Rabih and the French took place on April 22, 1900. The French forces consisted of 700 men, plus the 600 riflemen and 200 cavalry provided by the allied
1018:
345:, who had taken Khartoum from Egypt. The Mahdi had sent as ambassadors Zin el-Abeddin and Jabar, and Rabih followed them back to Darfur, proposing to meet the Mahdi at
960:
944:
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Kingdom that had existed for several centuries. That year, the empire consisted of 80,000 soldiers, mostly slaves commanded by slaves, and was in full decline.
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988:
746:, confronted Rabih at Kouno at the end of the year. Even if the French were repulsed with losses, this did not prevent them from continuing and taking
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214:
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defeat Rabih. Therefore, Gentil gets his legal basis for an invasion of Dikwa by getting a legitimate invitiation from the ruler of Borno.
1487:
567:. Local legend says that during construction there was a shortage of water, and blood was substituted to mix with sand for its walls.
806:
1411:
76:
54:
408:
Mohammed al-Senoussi's alliance with Rabih worried the colonial powers, especially France that was considering taking control of
1004:
813:. On August 23, 1901, the Shehu's troops, with a few French troops, marched to Gujba where they fought and killed Fadl-Allah.
1482:
1462:
751:
217:, during which he was wounded. When Rabih left the army in the 1860s, he became the principal lieutenant of the Sudanese
809:, had gone on leave to Britain, meaning the recognition would be delayed. Fadl-Allah sent a force to retake Dikwa from
759:
642:
who had deciphered the talisman); or about the evenings he passed listening to Ali, the poet who sang his exploits.
1416:
1406:
844:
599:, but without success. He started confronting the Company in 1896 and the following year even started marching on
481:
sent 15,000 men to confront Rabih; the latter routed them in May or
September 1893 first at Am Hobbio (south of
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1301:
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793:
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from where he may have tried to negotiate with Rabih; but he was assassinated at the instigation of his nephew
273:
47:
41:
655:; this was a return to the traditional activity of the sultans of Borno, which had been described in 1526 by
634:
Much is told about his brutality (for example, he once had one of his concubines executed because she kept a
1421:
1372:
690:
1028:
432:
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58:
874:
Horowitz, Michael, ‘Ba Karim: An
Account of Rabeh’s Wars’, African Historical Studies, 3 (1970), 391–402.
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his capital, and there built a palace which was to win later the admiration of the French governor
471:
908:
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716:
389:
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272:), thornbush-fortified bases kept by bāzinqirs (firearm-equipped slave soldiers, borrowed from
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693:. The discussions between them degenerated, and Béhagle was arrested. On July 17, Lieutenant
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British
Colonisation of Northern Nigeria, 1897-1914: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Sources
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British
Colonisation of Northern Nigeria, 1897-1914: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Sources
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British
Colonisation of Northern Nigeria, 1897-1914: A Reinterpretation of Colonial Sources
443:, and was later forced to leave his capital, which was completely destroyed in March 1893.
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299:. Rabih, who was possibly a relative of al-Zubayr, was the chief lieutenant of the pasha.
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544:. Rabih later sent an invitation to the members of the Dynasty to come live with him in
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Borno in the Rabih Years, 1893-1901 : the Rise and Crash of a
Predatory State
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728:
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604:
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412:. Mohammed al-Senoussi remained faithful to Rabih and in 1891 killed the French
307:
To escape from Egypt, Rabih left the Bahr el Ghazal, heading south with 700–800
218:
709:. Rabih gained three cannons from this victory (which the French recaptured at
513:, who had refused to flee, was captured and beheaded. As for the capital city,
376:'s troops, failed. In 1890, he attacked the Muslim chief Kobur in the north of
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Wanting to modernize his army, Rabih attempted in 1895 to make an accord with
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1174:
740:
713:) and ordered his son Fadlallah, whom he had left in Dikoa, to hang Béhagle.
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In 1885, he attempted to return in Sudan following the invitation of the
233:
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187:
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Rabah : Conquérant Des Pays
Tchadiens, Grandes Figures Africaines
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635:
628:
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249:
205:
Born around 1842 to an Arabic tribe in Halfaya Al-Muluk, a suburb of
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with the French. Gwaranga was besieged for three to five months in
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715:
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assumed control of the region's zaribas and was nominated in 1872
210:
184:
315:, in the 1880s he carved out a kingdom between the basins of the
706:
316:
199:
1000:
26:
520:
After the killing of Shehu Kyari in 1894, members of the
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On the road to Borno, Rabih made prisoner the sultan of
416:
in Dar Banda. Rabih recovered the expedition's weapons.
899:
Knüppel, Michael (2013). "Zu Sūdān-Arabisch bāzinqir".
474:, whose capital promptly opened its doors to his host.
645:
More importantly, Rabih launched a regular series of
871:(Paris: Dakar ; Abidjan : ; , 1976).
267:
1434:
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1333:
1326:
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1035:
881:(Maiduguri Nigeria: University of Maiduguri, 2006).
141:
131:
123:
115:
94:
638:designed to obtain Rabih's love, and with her the
372:Salamat Cherif ed-Din, commander of the sultan of
360:In 1887, Rabih's forces invaded Darfur, recruited
992:. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 765–766.
524:dispersed all over the region. One group fled to
451:In 1893, Rabih also turned his attentions to the
766:. Lamy assumed command of the combined forces.
485:) and then at Legaroua with only 2,000 horses.
1012:
720:Rabih's head, a battlefield trophy after the
677:One of Rabih's cannons captured by the French
548:, twenty-three members including two Shehus,
8:
517:, it was plundered and razed to the ground.
404:First confrontations with France (1891–1893)
663:Direct conflict with the French (1899–1900)
579:Rabih's Empire and neighboring region, 1896
1330:
1019:
1005:
997:
603:, while his vassal Muhammad al-Senussi in
194:who established a powerful empire east of
91:
399:Approximate map of Rabih's empire in 1896
311:and 400 rifles. Using the tactics of the
77:Learn how and when to remove this message
615:, which the Senussites held until 1911.
540:, the remaining went into hiding inside
40:This article includes a list of general
891:
288:and governor of Bahr el Ghazal for the
166:رابح فضل الله ,رابح الزبير ابن فضل الله
867:Amegboh, Joseph, and Cécile Clairval,
501:and decided to fight Rabih. Rabih met
209:, he first served with the irregular
7:
901:Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik
769:It was only after Gentil arrived in
368:; however, his campaign against the
277:
1493:19th-century African businesspeople
505:at Gashegar, a two days' walk from
257:
228:Lieutenant of al-Zubayr (1870–1879)
165:
335:, a region he utterly devastated.
46:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
792:Rabih's son, Fadl-Allah, was in
570:
240:, supplied through companies of
107:
31:
980:Cana, Frank Richardson (1911).
750:. Here, they combined with the
280:). The warlord and slaveholder
356:Map of Rabih's domains in 1899
154:Rabih az-Zubayr ibn Fadl Allah
95:Rabih az-Zubayr ibn Fadl Allah
1:
913:10.13173/zeitarabling.57.0040
857:La chute de l'empire de Rabah
607:founded a fortified capital,
244:established in the region of
177:
1498:People from the Kanem Empire
1468:People of French West Africa
611:, between Bahr Aouk and the
236:had become a very important
848:, "Rabih az-Zubayr", (2000)
831:Rabeh und das Tsadseegebiet
685:In 1899, Rabih received in
268:
1519:
1488:19th-century slave traders
666:
618:For seven years Rabih was
762:, which had marched from
754:, which had arrived from
722:fighting on 22 April 1900
303:Warlord (1879–1890)
183:– April 22, 1900), was a
106:
99:
731:column, proceeding from
571:Borno's Lord (1897–1900)
447:Conquest of Borno (1893)
248:, where they resided in
989:Encyclopædia Britannica
943:Tukur, Mahmud Modibbo.
926:Tukur, Mahmud Modibbo.
845:Encyclopædia Britannica
760:Joalland–Meynier column
651:to plunder and capture
61:more precise citations.
824:La vie du sultan Rabah
724:
678:
580:
433:Abd ar Rahman Gwaranga
400:
364:, and settled down in
357:
282:al-Zubayr Rahma Mansur
1483:African slave traders
1204:Abdullah III Dakumuni
811:Shehu Abubakar Garbai
783:Sultanate of Baghirmi
719:
701:, at the edge of the
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591:and Ibi so to obtain
578:
427:in 1892, blaming the
419:In the south-east of
398:
355:
232:In the 19th century,
1463:19th century in Chad
1269:Muhammad Bukalmarami
1198:Uthman III Kalinwama
983:"Rabah Zobeir"
789:, Rabih was killed.
691:Ferdinand de Béhagle
689:the French explorer
435:for having signed a
323:, in the country of
168:), usually known as
1253:Dunama V Ngumaramma
1145:Kure Gana as-Saghir
739:, supported by the
585:Royal Niger Company
1247:Muhammad V Aminami
1150:Kure Kura al-Kabir
725:
679:
669:Battle of Kousséri
581:
554:Umar Sanda Kiarimi
497:, who then became
489:fled north of the
423:, he attacked the
401:
358:
215:Ethiopian campaign
1450:
1449:
1430:
1429:
1327:Al Kanemi dynasty
1307:Dunama IX Lefiami
1243:Idris Katakarmabe
1064:Yayoladh (Yiyoma)
965:. pp. 34–35.
949:. pp. 33–34.
877:Mohammed, Kyari,
838:L'Empire du Rabih
822:Gaston Dujarric,
705:, in present-day
522:El-Kanemi Dynasty
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238:Arab slave market
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16:(Redirected from
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463:. Borno was a
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393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
354:
350:
348:
344:
341:
336:
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
302:
300:
298:
294:
293:Isma'il Pasha
291:
287:
283:
275:
270:
264:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
227:
225:
223:
220:
216:
212:
208:
203:
201:
198:, in today's
197:
193:
189:
186:
175:
171:
163:
159:
155:
146:
144:
140:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
105:
102:
98:
93:
81:
78:
70:
60:
56:
50:
49:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
1473:1840s births
1441:
1358:Ibrahim Kura
1334:Pre–colonial
1319:Ali Delatumi
1292:Muhammad VII
1265:Idris Alooma
1222:Muhammad III
1077:Abd al-Jalil
987:
961:
955:
945:
938:
928:
921:
907:(57): 40–7.
904:
900:
894:
878:
868:
856:
843:
837:
836:A. Babikir,
830:
823:
791:
780:
768:
743:
737:Émile Gentil
726:
684:
680:
646:
644:
633:
619:
617:
613:Ubangi River
582:
565:Émile Gentil
558:
528:, others to
519:
498:
475:
469:
456:
453:Borno Empire
450:
437:protectorate
428:
418:
414:Paul Crampel
407:
369:
361:
359:
337:
312:
308:
306:
241:
231:
222:Sebehr Rahma
204:
192:slave trader
169:
157:
153:
152:
100:
73:
64:
45:
18:Rabah Zobeir
1503:Borno State
1478:1900 deaths
1272:Ibrahim III
1234:Muhammad IV
1216:Muhammad II
1137:Abdullah II
1133:Haj Ibrahim
1125:Kashim Biri
1114:Abdul Jalil
1029:Kanem–Bornu
787:Chari River
752:Lamy column
735:and led by
729:French Army
703:Chari River
605:Dar al Kuti
559:Rabih made
331:, south of
295:, ruler of
278:basgıncı er
219:slaveholder
181: 1842
119:1894 – 1900
59:introducing
1457:Categories
1397:Sanda Kura
1353:Bukar Kura
1315:Ibrahim IV
1260:Aissa Koli
1207:Ibrahim II
1201:Dunama III
1192:Kade Afunu
1155:Muhammad I
1073:Shahin-bey
1027:Rulers of
817:References
758:, and the
625:legal code
597:ammunition
532:, some to
390:Banda Ngao
384:, Kreich,
309:bazingiris
147:Fadl-Allah
42:references
1435:1894–1900
1336:1846–1894
1286:Dunama VI
1256:Abd Allah
1238:Ali Ghaji
1228:Uthman IV
1175:Uthman II
1090:1085–1846
744:Leon Blot
741:steamboat
695:Bretonnet
627:based on
593:gunpowder
526:Damagaram
421:Lake Chad
388:and then
382:Dar Runga
366:Dar Kouti
362:bazingirs
329:Dar Benda
263:romanized
196:Lake Chad
1422:Abubakar
1383:Colonial
1283:Idris IV
1275:Umar III
1195:Biri III
1170:Uthman I
1102:Dunama I
1040:692–1085
886:Specific
861:Hachette
855:(1971).
748:Kousséri
711:Kousséri
640:marabout
636:talisman
465:Sahelian
441:Manjaffa
347:Omdurman
319:and the
313:Khartumi
258:زريْـبـة
242:Khartumi
234:Khartoum
211:Egyptian
207:Khartoum
185:Sudanese
1417:Mustafa
1279:Ali III
1231:Umar II
1111:Bikorom
1070:Bozaxhi
1067:Dalabou
801:in the
756:Algeria
648:razzias
538:Mandara
459:(king)
431:(king)
374:Ouaddai
333:Ouaddai
290:khedive
265::
250:zaribas
188:warlord
127:c. 1842
55:improve
1363:Ashimi
1289:Hamdan
1107:Biri I
1052:Duganj
1049:Jashar
911:
794:Logone
653:slaves
629:sharia
515:Kukawa
507:Kukawa
487:Ashimi
325:Kreich
321:Ubangi
269:zarība
254:Arabic
174:French
162:Arabic
44:, but
1390:1900–
1368:Kyari
1302:Ahmad
1298:Ali I
1225:Ghaji
1210:Kadai
1189:Sa'id
1141:Selma
1061:Kâtun
1046:Susam
909:JSTOR
771:Kanem
764:Niger
733:Gabon
687:Dekoa
620:shehu
609:Ndele
561:Dikwa
546:Dikwa
542:Borno
534:Kanem
511:Kyari
503:Kyari
499:shehu
495:Kyari
483:Dekoa
476:Shehu
457:Shehu
429:Mbang
386:Goula
370:aguid
340:Mahdi
297:Egypt
286:pasha
170:Rabah
143:Issue
137:Dikwa
116:Reign
1412:Umar
1385:and
1122:Kade
1097:Hume
1058:Arso
1055:Mune
799:Mubi
707:Sarh
601:Kano
595:and
589:Yola
552:and
530:Kano
327:and
317:Nile
200:Chad
190:and
132:Died
124:Born
1219:Amr
587:in
455:of
172:in
156:or
1459::
986:.
905:57
903:.
859:.
392:.
276::
260:,
256::
224:.
202:.
178:c.
164::
1020:e
1013:t
1006:v
915:.
863:.
252:(
176:(
160:(
80:)
74:(
69:)
65:(
51:.
20:)
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