98:, is a one- to three-day period that occurs once the virus reaches the brain, and enters the beginning of encephalitis. Outwardly, it is characterized by behavioral changes such as restlessness, deep fatigue, and pain indications such as self-biting or itching. Some animals demonstrate more social behavior while others conversely, self-isolate; this is an early warning sign of the pathogen changing the hosts’ behavior to speed up transmission. Physical shifts such as fever, or nausea may also be present. Once this stage is reached, treatment is usually no longer viable. The onset of the prodromal stage can vary significantly, which can be attested to factors such as the strain of the virus, the viral load, the route of transmission, and the distance the virus must travel up the peripheral nerves to the central nervous system. The incubation period can be between months to years in humans but typically averages down to weeks or as little as a day in most mammals.
284:
423:
case of an actual rabid wolf attack comes from
Germany in 1557. Though wolves are not reservoirs for the disease, they can catch it from other species. Wolves develop an exceptionally severe aggressive state when infected and can bite numerous people in a single attack. Before a vaccine was developed, bites were almost always fatal. Today, wolf bites can be treated, but the severity of rabid wolf attacks can sometimes result in outright death, or a bite near the head will make the disease act too fast for the treatment to take effect.
343:
Horses that experience the paralytic form of rabies have difficulty swallowing, and drooping of the lower jaw due to paralysis of the throat and jaw muscles. Incubation of the virus may range from 2–9 weeks. Death often occurs within 4–5 days of infection of the virus. There are no effective treatments for rabies in horses. Veterinarians recommend an initial vaccination as a foal at three months of age, repeated at one year and given an annual booster.
538:, which is more closely related to cows than to other antelopes and is extremely susceptible to the virus. During the first epidemic from 1997 to 1996, as much as 20% of the population succumbed to the disease; phylogenetic analyses likewise proved that the rapid spread was largely by horizontal transfer. Kudu are a large factor in the agriculture and economy of Namibia, but their status as wildlife makes prevention of the disease much more difficult.
276:
354:, like humans, can get rabies; however, they do not tend to be a common source of rabies. Monkeys with rabies tend to die more quickly than humans. In one study, 9 of 10 monkeys developed severe symptoms or died within 20 days of infection. Rabies is often a concern for individuals travelling to developing countries as monkeys are the most common source of rabies after dogs in these places.
33:
218:
and fresh wounds. The virus can incubate from one day up to over a year before any symptoms begin to show. Symptoms have a rapid onset and can include unusual aggression, restlessness, lethargy, anorexia, weakness, disorientation, paralysis and seizures. Vaccination of felines (including boosters) by a veterinarian is recommended to prevent rabies infection in outdoor cats.
59:, primarily infects mammals. In the laboratory it has been found that birds can be infected, as well as cell cultures from birds, reptiles and insects. The brains of animals with rabies deteriorate. As a result, they tend to behave bizarrely and often aggressively, increasing the chances that they will bite another animal or a person and transmit the disease.
440:
slowly begin to paralyze. With that, hunger decreases, bowel movements begin to cease, and the elephant's behavior can begin to change. After 5 days, the animal dies. When treated, elephants receive the 'equine tetanus toxoid' annually. These vaccinated elephants can develop a humoral immune response and combat the deadly symptoms of the rabies virus.
325:
that is most closely phylogenetically related to a separate strand halfway down the world in India and has an incubation period that can last up to 6 months, comparable to that of the virus in humans. It is very rarely studied due to difficulties in lab cultivation and in finding samples, but studies
217:
Cats that have not been vaccinated and are allowed access to the outdoors have the most risk for contracting rabies, as they may come in contact with rabid animals. The virus is often passed on during fights between cats or other animals and is transmitted by bites, saliva or through mucous membranes
204:
refers to unidentified infections, which are mainly traced back to particularly virulent forms in silver-haired and tricolor bats. These are generally rather reclusive species, so the relative degree of infection and similarities between their strains is unusual. Both are independent rabies reservoir
116:
and drooling and difficulty swallowing is caused by paralysis of facial and throat muscles. This disables the host's ability to swallow, which causes saliva to pour from the mouth. This causes bites to be the most common way for the infection to spread, as the virus is most concentrated in the throat
427:
themselves to biting their victims rather than consuming them. Plus, the timespan of predatory attacks can sometimes last for months or years, as opposed to rabid attacks which end usually after a fortnight. Victims of rabid wolves are usually attacked around the head and neck in a sustained manner.
422:
are generally timid around humans, though there are several reported circumstances in which wolves have been recorded to act aggressively toward humans. The majority of fatal wolf attacks have historically involved rabies, which was first recorded in wolves in the 13th century. The earliest recorded
230:
Vampire bats have been extinct in the United States for thousands of years (a situation that may reverse due to climate change, as the range of vampire bats in northern Mexico has recently been creeping northward with warmer weather), thus United States cattle are not currently susceptible to rabies
426:
Rabid attacks tend to cluster in winter and spring. With the reduction of rabies in Europe and North
America, few rabid wolf attacks have been recorded, though some still occur annually in the Middle East. Rabid attacks can be distinguished from predatory attacks by the fact that rabid wolves limit
213:
In the United States, domestic cats are the most commonly reported rabid animal. In the United States, as of 2008, between 200 and 300 cases are reported annually; in 2017, 276 cats with rabies were reported. As of 2010, in every year since 1990, reported cases of rabies in cats outnumbered cases
366:
being rare, they are particularly vulnerable to the rabies virus; rabbits were used to develop the first rabies vaccine by Louis
Pasteur in the 1880s, and continue to be used for rabies diagnostic testing. The virus is often contracted when attacked by other rabid animals and can incubate within a
226:
In cattle-raising areas where vampire bats are common, fenced-in cows often become a primary target for the bats (along with horses), due to their easy accessibility compared to wild mammals. In Latin
America, vampire bats are the primary reservoir of the rabies virus, and in Peru, for instance,
439:
typically live in India, Indonesia, Nepal, and
Cambodia: countries that have ongoing rabies epidemics. About 1.4% of these elephants die from rabies, most of these cases come from bites/attacks from wild dogs. When left untreated, the mammal can suffer from Paralytic(dumb) rabies and their limbs
406:
Humans exposed to the rabies virus must begin post-exposure prophylaxis before the disease can progress to the central nervous system. For this reason, it is necessary to determine whether the animal, in fact, has rabies as quickly as possible. Without a definitive quarantine period in place for
197:
thousands of years ago. This change occurred in an organism that had both rabies and a separate carnivore virus. The recombination resulted in a cross-over that gave rabies a new success rate across hosts since the G-protein ectodomain, which controls binding and pH receptors, was now suited for
526:
possible in this stage through breeding and typical injuries from territory fights. It is unknown what triggers the emergence of the virus when it does enter the prodromal stage, but it is hypothesized to be caused by stressors such as lack of food or other stressors in heavily populated areas.
342:
Rabies can be contracted in horses if they interact with rabid animals in their pasture, usually through being bitten (e.g. by vampire bats) on the muzzle or lower limbs. Signs include aggression, incoordination, head-pressing, circling, lameness, muscle tremors, convulsions, colic and fever.
70:
and is transmitted primarily through biting. The accumulation of saliva can sometimes create a "foaming at the mouth" effect, which is commonly associated with rabies in animals in the public perception and in popular culture; however, rabies does not always present as such, and may be carried
522:, native to South Africa, has been known to asymptomatically carry the rabies virus for several years. In a study performed in 1993, several major outbreaks in adjacent farms over the course of 11 years were all traced to a single population. The long-dormant phase of this virus makes
36:
Close-up of a dog during late-stage ("dumb") paralytic rabies. Animals with "dumb" rabies appear depressed, lethargic, and uncoordinated. Gradually they become completely paralyzed. When their throat and jaw muscles are paralyzed, the animals will drool and have difficulty
143:. This island was experiencing a significant toll of livestock and humans alike to rabid bats. In the 10 years from 1925 and 1935, 89 people and thousands of livestock had died from it—"the highest human mortality from rabies-infected bats thus far recorded anywhere."
166:
could transmit rabies to humans and other animals. In 1934, the
Trinidad and Tobago government began a program of eradicating vampire bats, while encouraging the screening off of livestock buildings and offering free vaccination programs for exposed livestock.
205:
species but make up a large number of bites. This absence of typical symptoms can often cause major delays in treatment and diagnosis in both animals and humans, as the required post-exposure prophylaxis and dFAT tests may not be run.
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skunks, quarantining the animals is not advised as there is no way of knowing how long it may take the animal to show symptoms. Destruction of the skunk is recommended and the brain is then tested for presence of rabies virus.
1135:
Messenger, Sharon L.; Smith, Jean S.; Rupprecht, Charles E. (15 September 2002). "Emerging
Epidemiology of Bat-Associated Cryptic Cases of Rabies in Humans in the United States". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 35 (6): 738–747,
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78:(WHO) reports that dogs are the main source of human rabies deaths, contributing up to 99% of all transmissions of the disease to humans. Rabies in dogs, humans and other animals can be prevented through
309:
Almost all of the human deaths attributed to rabies are due to rabies transmitted by dogs in countries where dog vaccination programs are not sufficiently developed to stop the spread of the virus.
306:), which dictates that the owner of a dog showing symptoms of rabies should take preventive measure against bites. If a person was bitten by a rabid dog and later died, the owner was fined heavily.
367:
rabbit for up to 2–3 weeks. Symptoms include weakness in limbs, head tremors, low appetite, nasal discharge, and death within 3–4 days. There are currently no vaccines available for rabbits. The
2110:
Hikufe EH, Freuling CM, Athingo R, Shilongo A, Ndevaetela EE, Helao M, Shiindi M, Hassel R, Bishi A, Khaiseb S, Kabajani J, Westhuizen Jv, Torres G, Britton A, Letshwenyo M (2019-04-16).
62:
In addition to irrational aggression, the virus can induce hydrophobia ("fear of water")—wherein attempts to drink water or swallow cause painful spasms of the muscles in the throat or
74:
Most cases of humans contracting rabies from infected animals are in developing nations. In 2010, an estimated 26,000 people died from the disease, down from 54,000 in 1990. The
1797:
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Vaccination programs in Latin
America have been effective at protecting cattle from rabies, along with other approaches such as the culling of vampire bat populations.
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Skunk owners have recently organized to campaign for USDA approval of both a vaccine and an officially recommended quarantine period for skunks in the United States.
793:"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
792:
1978:
593:. Hundreds of years of testing has concluded that infected birds are largely, if not wholly, asymptomatic, and recover; a 1988 study examined a number of
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527:
Complicating this further is the difficulty in testing for rabies before death, as it takes up cells around the brainstem and in the nerves and saliva.
468:
388:
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Though this strain is claimed to be less pathogenic to humans, that may be a correlation to low exposure rates rather than a physiological fact.
2009:
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Vaccination of Asian Elephants (Elephas Maximus) With Monovalent Inactivated Rabies Vaccine".
947:"Rabies virus modifies host behaviour through a snake-toxin like region of its glycoprotein that inhibits neurotransmitter receptors in the CNS"
287:
An image from 1566 depicting a group of men using an assortment of weapons to try and kill a rabid dog who is biting one of the men on the leg.
534:, a species of antelope in Namibia, have also suffered enormous outbreaks of rabies in their populations. The greater kudu is a member of the
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1019:
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1052:
Pawan, J.L. (1936b). "Rabies in the
Vampire Bat of Trinidad with Special Reference to the Clinical Course and the Latency of Infection."
171:
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recommends that rabbits be kept indoors or enclosed in hutches outside that do not allow other animals to come in contact with them.
193:
Recent data sequencing suggests recombination events in an American bat led the modern rabies virus to gain the head of a G-protein
174:
in 1953, Arthur Greenhall demonstrated that at least eight species of bats in Trinidad had been infected with rabies; including the
1544:
Thompson RD, Mitchell GC, Burns RJ (1972-09-01). "Vampire bat control by systemic treatment of livestock with an anticoagulant".
518:
Outside of the United States, extensive research has been conducted on animals outside the norm of usual infection patterns. The
66:—and an increase in saliva production. This aids the likelihood of transmission, as the virus multiplies and accumulates in the
673:
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from this vector. However, cases of rabies in dairy cows in the United States has occurred (perhaps transmitted by bites from
403:. It has been reported that three different variants of rabies exist in striped skunks in the north and south central states.
558:), has a lower internal body temperature than the rabies virus prefers and therefore is resistant but not immune to rabies.
1844:"Intramuscular and/or Intralumbar Postexposure Treatment of Rabies Virus-Infected Cynomolgus Monkeys with Human Interferon"
368:
2207:
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Rabies is endemic throughout most of the world, though incubation time and antigen types shift depending on its host.
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were first artificially infected with rabies in 1884, with work being done on a large variety of species including
283:
183:
2073:"A systematic and population genetic approach to the rabies problem in the yellow mongoose (Cynictis penicillata)"
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The second stage is the excitative stage, which lasts three to four days. It is this stage that is often known as
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1985:
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due to the tendency of the affected animal to be hyperreactive to external stimuli and bite at anything near.
26:
1790:"Rabies in Horses: Brain, Spinal Cord, and Nerve Disorders of Horses: The Merck Manual for Pet Health"
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Bat-transmitted rabies occurs throughout North and South America but it was first closely studied in
2396:
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1677:
1081:"A permanent host shift of rabies virus from Chiroptera to Carnivora associated with recombination"
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are almost never found to be infected with rabies, and are not known to transmit rabies to humans.
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464:. Any bites by such wild animals must be considered a possible exposure to the rabies virus.
2330:
2321:
Jorgenson RD, Gough PM, Graham DL (July 1976). "Experimental rabies in a great horned owl".
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disease which causes inflammation in the brain and is usually fatal. Rabies, caused by the
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2036:
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researchers have calculated that over 500 cattle per year die of bat-transmitted rabies.
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945:
Hueffer K, Khatri S, Rideout S, Harris MB, Papke RL, Stokes C, Schulte MK (2017-10-09).
830:
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have shown unique antigenic variants in different hosts, most commonly the arctic fox,
201:
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in the brain of a bat with unusual habits. In 1932, Dr. Pawan discovered that infected
79:
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2414:
2039:. 1600 Clifton Rd, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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and cheeks, causing major contamination to saliva. Death is usually caused by
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The third stage is the paralytic or "dumb" stage and is caused by damage to
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1934:
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Three stages of rabies are recognized in dogs and other animals.
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This article is about rabies in animals. For rabies in humans, see
550:(a marsupial, unlike the other mammals named above, which are all
512:
453:
392:
232:
31:
2372:
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621:, a sign of infection, after feeding on rabies-infected mammals.
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biting a human, the animals are frequently killed in order to be
379:
Although rare, cases of rabies in red pandas have been recorded.
1428:
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582:
500:
496:
435:
One of the largest land mammals on the continent of Asia, these
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254:, and can be a cause for concern if they interact with humans.
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A folio from 1224 depicting a rabid dog biting a man.
182:, as well as two abundant species of fruit bats: the
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170:After the opening of the
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444:Other placental mammals
184:Seba's short-tailed bat
27:Rabies (disambiguation)
16:Deadly zoonotic disease
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1794:www.merckvetmanual.com
1720:10.1186/1751-0147-45-1
1621:10.3201/eid1602.090731
1333:Carey B (2011-08-12).
763:"Rabies (for Parents)"
536:Tragelaphini antelopes
330:a highly dense species
288:
280:
38:
25:. For other uses, see
1678:"Rabies and Your Pet"
1509:(Suppl 4): S707–709.
821:10536/DRO/DU:30050819
286:
278:
35:
1770:www.omafra.gov.on.ca
684:on 3 September 2014.
631:Prevalence of rabies
615:reservoirs of rabies
250:Rabies is common in
2397:Joseph Lennox Pawan
2387:Trinidad and Tobago
2366:Baynard, Ashley C.
2177:(2): 217–36, viii.
1909:10.1503/cmaj.071443
1766:"Rabies and Horses"
1558:1972Sci...177..806T
1097:2017NatSR...7..289D
1067:Bats in Agriculture
963:2017NatSR...712818H
636:Rabies transmission
524:horizontal transfer
214:of rabies in dogs.
148:Joseph Lennox Pawan
1823:www.2ndchance.info
1085:Scientific Reports
951:Scientific Reports
806:(9859): 2095–128.
771:Nemours KidsHealth
289:
281:
188:Jamaican fruit bat
176:common vampire bat
119:respiratory arrest
39:
2380:978-0-12-387040-7
2217:978-1-63483-487-2
2017:(11): 1934–1936.
1663:978-0-8016-3209-9
1552:(4051): 806–808.
1160:978-0-911910-93-3
1021:978-0-7216-6795-9
857:on August 1, 2020
715:978-0-323-63979-8
678:AnimalsWeCare.com
401:tested for rabies
323:Rabies lyssavirus
297:Codex of Eshnunna
86:Stages of disease
2428:
2355:
2354:
2318:
2312:
2311:
2275:
2269:
2268:
2258:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2224:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2149:
2131:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2068:
2062:
2061:
2055:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2033:
2027:
2026:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1928:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1871:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1815:
1809:
1808:
1806:
1805:
1796:. Archived from
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1776:
1762:
1751:
1750:
1740:
1722:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1649:
1643:
1642:
1632:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1498:
1492:
1491:
1489:
1488:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1463:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1437:
1436:
1420:
1411:
1410:
1400:
1382:
1373:(12): e0006105.
1358:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1330:
1319:
1318:
1316:
1315:
1300:
1294:
1293:
1291:
1290:
1276:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1256:"Rabies in Cats"
1252:
1243:
1242:
1240:
1239:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1176:
1165:
1164:
1146:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1076:
1070:
1063:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1007:
1001:
1000:
990:
942:
936:
935:
903:
897:
896:
894:
892:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
856:
850:. Archived from
833:
823:
797:
788:
782:
781:
779:
777:
759:
753:
752:
750:
748:
733:
727:
726:
724:
722:
704:(1st ed.).
695:
686:
685:
680:. Archived from
670:
664:
661:
599:red-tailed hawks
548:Virginia opossum
305:
302:
2436:
2435:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2411:
2410:
2403:Wagner, 1840."
2363:
2358:
2320:
2319:
2315:
2277:
2276:
2272:
2236:
2235:
2231:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2122:(4): e0007355.
2109:
2108:
2104:
2070:
2069:
2065:
2048:
2042:
2040:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1956:
1947:
1946:
1942:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1825:
1817:
1816:
1812:
1803:
1801:
1788:
1787:
1783:
1774:
1772:
1764:
1763:
1754:
1700:
1699:
1695:
1686:
1684:
1676:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1651:
1650:
1646:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1543:
1542:
1538:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1486:
1484:
1475:
1474:
1470:
1461:
1459:
1456:Popular Science
1448:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1432:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1360:
1359:
1352:
1343:
1341:
1339:livescience.com
1332:
1331:
1322:
1313:
1311:
1309:livescience.com
1302:
1301:
1297:
1288:
1286:
1278:
1277:
1273:
1264:
1262:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1237:
1235:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1178:
1177:
1168:
1161:
1148:
1147:
1140:
1134:
1130:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1064:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1029:
1022:
1009:
1008:
1004:
944:
943:
939:
905:
904:
900:
890:
888:
875:
874:
870:
860:
858:
854:
795:
790:
789:
785:
775:
773:
761:
760:
756:
746:
744:
735:
734:
730:
720:
718:
716:
697:
696:
689:
672:
671:
667:
662:
658:
654:
641:Rabies in Haiti
627:
611:turkey vultures
580:
544:
520:yellow mongoose
446:
433:
431:Asian Elephants
416:
385:
377:
360:
349:
340:
328:Vulpes lagopus,
315:
303:
273:
260:
248:
224:
211:
133:
128:
96:prodromal stage
88:
68:salivary glands
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2434:
2432:
2424:
2423:
2413:
2412:
2409:
2408:
2394:
2383:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2356:
2313:
2270:
2229:
2216:
2196:
2161:
2102:
2083:(4): 379–387.
2063:
2028:
2001:
1965:
1940:
1883:
1834:
1810:
1781:
1752:
1693:
1669:
1662:
1644:
1615:(2): 357–359.
1595:
1536:
1493:
1468:
1441:
1412:
1350:
1320:
1295:
1271:
1244:
1220:
1166:
1159:
1138:
1128:
1071:
1058:
1045:
1036:
1027:
1020:
1002:
937:
918:(6): 691–695.
898:
868:
783:
767:KidsHealth.org
754:
728:
714:
708:. p. 28.
687:
665:
655:
653:
650:
649:
648:
646:Mission Rabies
643:
638:
633:
626:
623:
579:
576:
543:
540:
445:
442:
432:
429:
415:
412:
384:
381:
376:
373:
359:
356:
348:
345:
339:
336:
314:
311:
304: 1930 BC
259:
256:
247:
244:
223:
220:
210:
207:
202:Cryptic rabies
132:
129:
127:
124:
123:
122:
106:
103:furious rabies
99:
87:
84:
53:neuro-invasive
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2433:
2422:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2381:
2377:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2328:
2324:
2317:
2314:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2271:
2266:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2230:
2219:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2200:
2197:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2067:
2064:
2059:
2053:
2038:
2032:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2005:
2002:
1991:on 2005-02-11
1987:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1970:
1966:
1954:
1950:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1838:
1835:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1811:
1800:on 2016-11-13
1799:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1782:
1771:
1767:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1694:
1683:
1679:
1673:
1670:
1665:
1659:
1655:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1596:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1537:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1497:
1494:
1482:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1452:
1445:
1442:
1431:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1413:
1408:
1404:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1357:
1355:
1351:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1310:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1285:
1281:
1275:
1272:
1261:
1257:
1251:
1249:
1245:
1234:
1230:
1224:
1221:
1216:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1191:(4): 851–ix.
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1167:
1162:
1156:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1132:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1075:
1072:
1068:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1049:
1046:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1013:
1006:
1003:
998:
994:
989:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
938:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
902:
899:
886:
882:
878:
872:
869:
861:September 27,
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
827:
822:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
794:
787:
784:
772:
768:
764:
758:
755:
742:
738:
732:
729:
717:
711:
707:
703:
702:
694:
692:
688:
683:
679:
675:
669:
666:
660:
657:
651:
647:
644:
642:
639:
637:
634:
632:
629:
628:
624:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:birds of prey
592:
588:
587:domestic fowl
584:
577:
575:
573:
569:
565:
562:, along with
561:
557:
553:
549:
541:
539:
537:
533:
528:
525:
521:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
465:
463:
459:
455:
451:
443:
441:
438:
430:
428:
424:
421:
413:
411:
408:
404:
402:
398:
394:
390:
382:
380:
374:
372:
370:
365:
357:
355:
353:
346:
344:
337:
335:
333:
329:
324:
320:
319:Arctic rabies
312:
310:
307:
298:
294:
285:
277:
271:
268:episode, see
267:
266:
257:
255:
253:
245:
243:
240:
238:
237:unpasteurized
234:
228:
221:
219:
215:
208:
206:
203:
199:
196:
191:
189:
185:
181:
177:
173:
168:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
146:In 1931, Dr.
144:
142:
138:
130:
125:
120:
115:
111:
110:motor neurons
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
92:
91:
85:
83:
81:
77:
72:
69:
65:
60:
58:
54:
51:
48:
44:
34:
28:
24:
19:
2404:
2400:
2390:
2371:
2367:
2329:(3): 444–7.
2326:
2322:
2316:
2286:(3): 392–5.
2283:
2279:
2273:
2249:(2): 264–7.
2246:
2242:
2232:
2221:. Retrieved
2206:
2199:
2174:
2170:
2164:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2080:
2076:
2066:
2041:. Retrieved
2031:
2014:
2010:
2004:
1993:. Retrieved
1986:the original
1957:. Retrieved
1955:. 2020-09-22
1952:
1943:
1900:
1896:
1886:
1851:
1847:
1837:
1826:. Retrieved
1822:
1813:
1802:. Retrieved
1798:the original
1793:
1784:
1773:. Retrieved
1769:
1710:
1706:
1696:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1672:
1653:
1647:
1612:
1608:
1598:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1506:
1502:
1496:
1485:. Retrieved
1483:. 2019-08-22
1480:
1471:
1460:. Retrieved
1454:
1444:
1433:. Retrieved
1427:
1370:
1366:
1342:. Retrieved
1338:
1312:. Retrieved
1308:
1298:
1287:. Retrieved
1283:
1274:
1263:. Retrieved
1259:
1236:. Retrieved
1232:
1223:
1188:
1184:
1150:
1131:
1088:
1084:
1074:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1011:
1005:
957:(1): 12818.
954:
950:
940:
915:
911:
901:
889:. Retrieved
871:
859:. Retrieved
852:the original
803:
799:
786:
774:. Retrieved
766:
757:
745:. Retrieved
731:
719:. Retrieved
700:
682:the original
677:
668:
659:
581:
545:
532:greater kudu
529:
517:
466:
447:
434:
425:
417:
409:
405:
386:
378:
361:
350:
341:
331:
327:
322:
316:
308:
290:
265:Breaking Bad
263:
249:
241:
229:
225:
216:
212:
200:
192:
169:
164:vampire bats
160:Negri bodies
145:
134:
102:
89:
73:
61:
57:rabies virus
41:In animals,
40:
18:
1481:www.cdc.gov
607:horned owls
603:bald eagles
485:guinea pigs
178:, the rare
156:West Indies
141:West Indies
80:vaccination
37:swallowing.
2361:References
2223:2022-04-20
2043:2010-12-23
1995:2008-06-26
1959:2023-08-10
1903:(5): 567.
1828:2016-12-04
1804:2016-12-04
1775:2016-12-04
1713:(1): 1–9.
1687:2019-12-15
1487:2019-10-28
1462:2019-10-28
1435:2019-10-28
1344:2019-10-28
1314:2019-10-28
1289:2016-12-04
1265:2016-12-04
1238:2019-12-15
1091:(1): 289.
619:antibodies
597:, such as
568:platypuses
564:monotremes
560:Marsupials
552:eutherians
505:lagomorphs
473:groundhogs
397:pet skunks
375:Red pandas
195:ectodomain
2138:1935-2735
2089:0030-2465
1917:0820-3946
1729:1751-0147
1656:. Mosby.
1574:0036-8075
1523:0162-0886
1389:1935-2735
979:2045-2322
652:Footnotes
556:placental
493:chipmunks
477:squirrels
437:elephants
270:Rabid Dog
114:paralysis
2415:Category
2351:11374356
2343:16498892
2308:27867384
2300:16498885
2191:19341950
2156:30990805
2052:cite web
1935:18299544
1747:15535081
1639:20113587
1590:45084731
1407:29267276
1215:18501283
1123:28325933
997:28993633
932:19751164
885:Archived
877:"Rabies"
840:23245604
831:10790329
706:Elsevier
674:"Rabies"
625:See also
572:echidnas
481:hamsters
450:raccoons
186:and the
152:Trinidad
137:Trinidad
50:zoonotic
2265:3286906
2147:6486109
2097:7777324
1926:2244672
1738:1820997
1630:2958004
1582:5068491
1554:Bibcode
1546:Science
1531:3206085
1398:5739383
1206:2518964
1114:5428239
1093:Bibcode
988:5634495
959:Bibcode
891:May 10,
883:(WHO).
848:1541253
776:May 10,
747:May 10,
721:May 10,
591:pigeons
509:rabbits
489:gerbils
462:coyotes
364:rabbits
358:Rabbits
352:Monkeys
347:Monkeys
252:coyotes
246:Coyotes
233:canines
154:in the
139:in the
126:Mammals
2421:Rabies
2393:, 122.
2378:
2368:et al.
2349:
2341:
2306:
2298:
2263:
2214:
2189:
2154:
2144:
2136:
2095:
2087:
1933:
1923:
1915:
1878:110693
1876:
1869:414256
1866:
1745:
1735:
1727:
1660:
1637:
1627:
1588:
1580:
1572:
1529:
1521:
1405:
1395:
1387:
1213:
1203:
1157:
1121:
1111:
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