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453:) was a widowed progressive leader. He learned about Kartini and approached her father to discuss the possibility of an arranged marriage. The couple agreed that Kartini would continue her plans for the school. Kartini married Joyodiningrat on 8 November 1903. There was a 26-year age difference between Kartini and her husband. She became the fourth wife of Joyodiningrat, who had 12 children at the time. Her marriage precluded her from accepting a scholarship. Soon after her marriage, Kartini became pregnant and was optimistic about the life her child would have. She continued to work at the school during her pregnancy. Her son Raden Mas Singgih was born on 13 September 1904. Kartini died on 17 September 1904, four days after giving birth to her only child. She was buried at Bulu Village, Rembang.
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215:). After attending a Dutch-language primary school, she wanted to pursue further education, but Javanese women at the time were barred from higher education. Instead, Kartini entered a period of seclusion mandated for teenage girls until they married. She acquired knowledge by reading books and by corresponding with Indonesian and Dutch people. Her father allowed her to go into the community beginning in 1896, although she remained an unmarried single woman.
268:, the establishment of telegraph lines, and the installation of railroads, which brought the colony into the modern age. As more Dutch people immigrated to Indonesia, more private businesses were founded, and educational opportunities opened up for the Indonesian noble class, as Dutch schools were opened up for immigrants. The knowledge of the feminist movement in Holland began to spread to the traditional Indonesian culture.
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555:, a member of parliament, in August 1902, who offered to help her realize her plan to study teaching and first aid in the Netherlands. The goal was to have the knowledge to open a school, teach, and be the school's headmistress. He contacted the States General on her behalf. Kartini received a scholarship, but many people in her life were concerned about her leaving Java.
437:. Unusual for the time, Kartini and her closest two unmarried sisters were invited to attend the ball with their father, which Kartini saw as a recognition of her leadership and as a representative for single women. She decided that educational courses in character should be given to students due to the "deceit and hypocrisy" exhibited by Europeans and Asians at the ball.
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482:, and education. She also wrote about her relationship with her father and how she planned to improve herself. She met Abendanon, who sought to improve educational opportunities for girls, also in 1900. She began to correspond with Mevrouw (Mrs.) Abendanon-Mandri. Their letters provide insight into the changes in her life and in colonial Indonesian life.
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493:) was published in 1911. She was the first Indonesian whose opinions were published in Dutch and popular among Dutch-speaking Indonesians and Europeans. This publication was edited to exclude references to colonial figures, Islamic beliefs, and Javanese culture, and the English translation made further changes. The book was translated into
343:, and Kyai Modirono, likely devout Muslims. Ngasirah was Sosroningrat's first wife, with whom he had eight children. His next wife was the aristocratic Raden Ayu Sosroningrat, with whom he had three daughters. Regents were expected to marry nobility. Kartini called her step-mother "mother", rather than her birth mothers.
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fabric and her clothing. Uncomfortable with the hierarchical dictates, Kartini was considerate of her subordinates and did not expect servants, commoners, or her younger siblings to treat her according to the cultural traditions. She was particularly annoyed when women berated or talked in a rebuking
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from 1913 and into the 1930s in Java. Students of the schools included Java's first female graduate of medical school, and another woman was its first law graduate. Women asserted themselves to create productive lives of their own making. In 1945, equal rights for women was written into
Indonesia's
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Beginning in 1896, Kartini was given permission by her father to occasionally leave the room in which she was secluded to visit a village of wood carvers, attend the consecration of a protestant church, and other special occasions. The more that she became acquainted with life outside her home, the
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Kartini was the fifth child and second-eldest daughter in a family of eleven, including half-siblings. She was born into a family with a strong intellectual tradition. Her grandfather, Pangeran Ario
Tjondronegoro IV, became a regent at the age of 25, while Kartini's older brother, Sosrokartono, was
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By the time that
Kartini reached the age of 16, she was expected to marry. Rather than being addressed to society as a woman looking to marry, she was introduced as a single woman. She had no intention of marrying at that age. By 20, her viewpoint had changed. In a letter, she stated, "Some day it
363:, beginning at the age of six. She was among the first Indonesian children to attend a European school and was treated poorly by teachers and fellow students. Over time, though, she was recognized for her intelligence. Kartini was a fluent speaker of the Dutch language. Most Indonesian girls spoke
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During
Kartini's life, Indonesia became an important Dutch colony with natural resources of rubber and oil and the production of tobacco that attracted more Dutch immigrants than any other Dutch colonial possession. The Dutch sought to control the entire Indonesian archipelago, which it did by the
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state reconfigured the image of
Kartini from that of radical women's emancipator to one that portrayed her as a dutiful wife and obedient daughter, "as only a woman dressed in a kebaya who can cook." On that occasion, popularly known as Hari Ibu Kartini or Mother Kartini Day, "young girls were to
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Kartini wrote letters extensively about matters important to her, including art, politics, education, public health, economic welfare, and literature. The letters were sent to her Dutch friends, including J.H. Abendanon, the
Minister for Culture, Religion, and Industry in the East Indies, and his
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Kartini was fluent in Dutch and acquired several Dutch pen pals. One of them was a girl named Rosa
Abendanon, who later became a close friend. Kartini shared her opinions about feminism and her concern about traditional Javanese practices with her friends from Dutch school and Ovink-Soer. She was
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Kartini believed that women were paramount in the process of improving the lives of
Indonesian men and women, and because of that, she developed an education plan for girls that had the same academics and character-building instruction as for boys but also included hygiene, first aid, and money
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She met various officials and influential people, including J.H. Abendanon. She began the tradition amongst three of her sisters to found and operate schools. After she died, schools were established by a foundation founded in the
Netherlands. Some of her Indonesian friends also established
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in their husband's households. They often supported themselves and lived in separate buildings from their husband. Women generally had little influence in the patriarchal
Indonesian society. Men's social standing was determined by the number of wives they had.
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more that she became interested in the concerns of other Indonesians. Some of her articles were published during this time. Members of her family and noble Indonesian and Dutch people considered the unmarried Kartini's activities in the community a scandal.
375:-like "sheltered existence deemed appropriate to a young female noble", from 1891 to 1895. During this period, she was expected to be meek and compliant with rigid cultural rules and etiquette. She learned to cook and do other household chores. She made
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published in 1920. The English book focused on Symmers' view of an Oriental woman in love, focusing on her personal life, and excluding letters that showed her as an intelligent forward-thinking woman. Books were published for Indonesians, a version in
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particularly concerned that Javanese girls were often denied an education and forced into marriage when they were young. She believed that education was important to develop oneself and to prepare for motherhood and was against arranged marriages and
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Kartini, with her husband's support, opened up a school for women in Rembang's Regency Office complex. She operated the school by herself, teaching 10 girls four days a week. In 1903, she wrote a report to the government entitled
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wear tight, fitted jackets, batik shirts, elaborate hairstyles, and ornate jewelry to school, supposedly replicating Kartini's attire but in reality, wearing an invented and more constricting ensemble than she ever did."
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Kartini coordinated efforts between a group of Indonesian artists and Europeans in the East and West association. Europeans provided funding for an art shop to create carved wood pieces. Kartini operated a school.
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Portraits of the three sisters Kartini, Kardinah and Roekmini by two different mothers. Kartini and Kardinah were daughters of Ngasirah. Roekmini was the daughter of the chief wife, Raden Ayu Sosroningrat.
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Bijl, Paul; Chin, Grace V.S. (2020). "1. Introduction". Appropriating Kartini: Colonial, National and Transnational Memories of an Indonesian Icon. ISEAS–Yusof Ishak Institute. ISBN 978-981-4843-92-8.
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Her sisters continued the legacy of operating schools, including Rockmini. Kardinah also wrote textbooks and established a medical school. Soematri also focused on vocational education for women.
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management. Kartini was particularly concerned about the lack of medical care for Indonesians, and female Indonesians in particular. So much so that she considered attending medical school.
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De Batik-Kunst in Nederlandsch-Indië en haar Geschiedenis op Grond van Materiaal aanwezig in ’s Rijks Etnographisch Museum en Andere Openbare en Particuliere Verzamelingen in Nederland
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Kartini and her sisters, Kardinah and Roekmini, were allowed one way they could escape the seclusion periodically. They visited Marie Ovink-Soer for piano and handicrafts training.
395:. She said of the activist for outcastes and women, "So it's not only white women who are able to take care of themselves-a brown woman can make herself free and independent too."
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After her death, her sisters continued her advocacy of educating girls and women. Kartini's letters were published in a Dutch magazine and eventually, in 1911, as the works:
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Following Kartini's death, a foundation was established in the Netherlands to continue Kartini's vision for building and operating schools. Indonesian women also opened
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Indonesian translation, 2004: "Aku Mau ... Feminisme dan Nasionalisme. Surat-surat Kartini kepada Stella Zeehandelaar 1899–1903" (Jakarta : IRB Press)
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Letters to Jacques Henry Abendanon and his wife Rosa Manuela Abendanon-Mandri from Kartini and others, Digital Collections, Leiden University Libraries
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367:. While at Dutch school, she also studied with Marie Ovink-Soer, the wife of another regent, who gave Kartini sewing lessons and taught her about
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Tot heil van Java's arme bevolking: een keuze uit het Dagboek (1851-1860) van Pieter Jansz, doopsgezind zendeling in Jepara, Midden-Java
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and can also be consulted digitally. A complete English translation of all of Kartini's letters was published in 2014 by Joost Coté in
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Teak wood carvings were a typical feature in wealthy homes, including furniture and doors. A group of woodcarvers from Jepara at work
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manner about young girls, the lowest on the hierarchical ladder. Kartini stood up her ground for all of the females to go to school
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that discussed the significance of receiving a quality education and offered some recommended methods for achieving it.
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Kartini Letters: Letters to Jacques Henry Abendanon and his wife Rosa Manuela Abendanon-Mandri from Kartini and others
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Seven years after Kartini's death, Abendanon collected, edited, and published her letters. The book titled
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was common amongst Indonesian aristocrats. Muslims could have up to four wives. Common wives had little
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in 1900. Unlike Kartini, who had been secluded for many years, Stella was a 25-year-old woman from
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Her mother, Ngasirah, was 14 and a commoner when she married Sosroningrat. Her parents were Nyai
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Sex, love and feminism in the Asia Pacific: a cross-cultural study of young people's attitudes
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who supported herself. Kartini wrote about her feelings about marriage, polygyny, traditional
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20th century. In the meantime, there were technological advancements with the opening of the
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Honderd(vijfentwintig) jaar Raden Adjeng Kartini; Een Indonesische nationale heldin in beeld
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Kartini corresponded with Estelle (Stella) Zeehandelaar, who answered her pen-pal ad in the
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viewpoints. She remained in Dutch school until she was a teenager when she experienced the
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During her seclusion, Kartini read feminist and political publications, including that of
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Brieven aan mevrouw R.M. Abendanon-Mandri en haar echtgenoot : met andere documenten
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figure with modern ideas, who struggled on behalf of her people and played a role in the
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will, it must happen, that I shall leave home with a husband who is a stranger to me."
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On Feminism and Nationalism: Kartini's Letters to Stella Zeehandelaar 1899–1903
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Kartini was an intellectual who elevated the status of Indonesian women and a
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1447:"Mengenang Perjuangan Kartini Lewat Uang Kertas Rupiah Emisi 1952 dan 1985"
414:. Kartini believed that women should be free to make decisions themselves.
320:, which meant that, in all likelihood, Kartini would marry another Regent.
1976:
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published 19 of Kartini's letters in French. The letters are available at
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Raden Adipati Djojo Adiningrat (also known as Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat
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as the administrative head of north-central Java. In 1880, he became the
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M.Vierhout (1942), "Raden Adjeng Kartini", Oceanus, Den Haag (in Dutch)
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Betapa besar pun sebuah sangkar; Hidup, suratan dan karya Kartini.
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Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land, en Volkenkunde van Nederlandsch-Indië
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Kartini surat-surat kepada Ny. R.M. Abendanon-Mandri dan suaminya
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Kartini attended a Dutch school, which was her initiation to the
1488:"Pahlawan Kartini jadi gambar dalam uang kertas rupiah dua kali"
617:. A society was also established in her name in the Netherlands.
297:
27:
Indonesian who advocated for women's rights and female education
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823:"Indonesia: Exhibition 'Letters of the Founders of the Nation'"
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Letters from Kartini : an Indonesian feminist, 1900–1904
1588:"R. A. Kartini and the many faces of colonial female subject"
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510:, excluding some Kartini's most important letters. In 1960,
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639:. She is among the first modern intellectuals in Indonesia.
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Inventory Jacques Henry Abendanon archive, Kartini Letters
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Anonymous (1898), "The Jepara Manuscript." Presented at
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Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can
674:
The melody of "Ibu Kita Kartini" (Our Mother Kartini) by
1890:(1945), "Kartini", J.M. Meulenhoff, Amsterdam (in Dutch)
1806:, translated by Agnes Louise Symmers with a foreword by
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1027:"R. A. Kartini's brilliant brother: R.M.P. Sosrokartono"
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Tiga Saudara (1899), "Een Gouverneur Generaals Dag."
188:(21 April 1879 – 17 September 1904), was a prominent
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Tiga Saudara (1900), "Een Oorlogsschip op de Ree."
1545:"Is celebrating Kartini's Day still relevant today?"
935:"Raden Adjeng Kartini - Quotes, Letters & Facts"
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1653:. University of Illinois Press. pp. 101–138 .
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Ideology and Revolution in Southeast Asia 1900-1980
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1519:. ASAA women in Asia. London New York: Routledge.
1907:, Nieuwsbrief Nederlands Fotogenootschap 43: 6–9.
236:. Her birthday is now celebrated in Indonesia as
228:Door Duisternis tot Licht (From Dark Comes Light)
1737:Nationale Tentoonstelling van Vrouwenarbeid 1898
1799:, with a foreword by J.H. Abendanon, The Hague
522:along with articles and other writings by her.
1875:Kartini : the complete writings 1898–1904
1776:Kartini (1903), "Van een Vergeten Uithoekje."
1647:"Women and Gender in South and Southeast Asia"
1265:Kartini : the complete writings 1898–1904
387:Letter by Kartini to Rosa Abendanon (fragment)
2053:
1586:Mayasari-Hoffert, Silvia (14 February 2023).
1005:(in Dutch). Uitgeverij Verloren. p. 38.
817:
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506:in 1922 and another Malay version in 1951 by
8:
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421:Raden Adipati Sosroningrat, Kartini's father
1742:Reprinted in Rouffaer and Juynboll (1912),
1594:(1 ed.). Routledge. pp. 143–157.
1471:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
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1287:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
429:In 1898, a ball was held to celebrate the
143:Raden Adipati Joyodiningrat (married 1903)
58:
42:
520:Kartini: The Complete Writings 1898-1904
1856:. Clayton, Vict.: Monash Asia Institute.
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1877:. Clayton, Victoria: Monash University.
792:
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1829:Partial Indonesian translation, 1938:
1543:Yulianto, Vissia Ita (21 April 2010).
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1406:Christie, Clive J. (6 December 2012).
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135:Women's emancipation; national heroine
36:. For the village in Sawah Besar, see
1865:. Clayton, Vict.: Monash University.
1771:De Echo: weekblad voor dames in Indië
1764:De Echo: weekblad voor dames in Indië
1651:Women's History in Global Perspective
702:celebrated her 137th birthday with a
660:(development)". After 1965, however,
327:Kartini with her family, 1890 to 1904
244:-like seclusion of teenage girls and
7:
2193:Ignatius Joseph Kasimo Hendrowahyono
586:Commemoration of Kartini Day in 1953
3226:Indonesian women's rights activists
1802:Partial English translation, 1920:
594:Kartini statue at the east park of
296:Kartini was born 21 April 1879, in
1267:. Clayton, Victoria. p. xiv.
769:was a title borne by women of the
637:national struggle for independence
203:She was born into an aristocratic
112:, Central Java, Dutch East Indies
25:
1788:Kartini (1904). "Ontgoocheling."
1987:
1975:
1766:, September 2–November 18, 1899.
749:, an Indonesian Women's Movement
731:
717:
282:Dutch East Indies § History
161:
64:Portrait of Raden Adjeng Kartini
2929:Haji Abdul Malik Karim Amrullah
1900:Jakarta: Djambatan, v + 241 pp.
1624:"R.A. Kartini's 137th Birthday"
32:For the biographical film, see
1845:Indonesian translation, 1989:
1804:Letters of a Javanese princess
1445:Liputan6.com (21 April 2021).
1263:Kartini, Raden Adjeng (2014).
499:Letters of a Javanese Princess
240:in her honor. She opposed the
233:Letters of a Javanese Princess
1:
2033:Leiden Universities Libraries
1873:Raden Adjeng Kartini (2014),
1861:Raden Adjeng Kartini (1995),
1838:Raden Adjeng Kartini (1987),
1810:, New York: Alfred A. Knopf,
1795:Raden Adjeng Kartini (1912),
1675:Taylor, Jean Stewart (1976).
1645:Ramusack, Barbara N. (2005).
435:Wilhelmina of the Netherlands
3231:National Heroes of Indonesia
2348:Sutan Mohammad Amin Nasution
2069:National Heroes of Indonesia
1966:Resources in other libraries
1942:Resources in other libraries
1831:Habis gelap tributlah terang
1792:(Surabaya), October 2, 1904.
1649:. In Bonnie G. Smith (ed.).
684:
3241:Women's rights in Indonesia
3080:Machmud Singgirei Rumagesan
2024:Leiden University Libraries
1852:English translation, 1992:
1753:Het Huwelijk bij de Kodja's
646:Indonesian rupiah banknotes
516:Leiden University Libraries
192:activist who advocated for
3267:
3160:Syech Yusuf Tajul Khalwati
2868:Wilhelmus Zakaria Johannes
1896:Elisabeth Keesing (1999),
644:She appeared twice in the
624:National Hero of Indonesia
551:Kartini was introduced to
279:
253:National Hero of Indonesia
31:
3065:I Gusti Ngurah Made Agung
2419:Andi Abdullah Bau Massepe
2228:Lambertus Nicodemus Palar
2113:Alexander Andries Maramis
2012:Works by or about Kartini
1961:Resources in your library
1937:Resources in your library
1797:Door duisternis tot licht
1784:Posthumous publications:
1412:. Routledge. p. 14.
487:Door Duisternis tot Licht
393:Pandita Ramabai Sarasvati
160:
151:Soesalit Djojoadhiningrat
57:
3100:Martha Christina Tiahahu
3090:Mahmud Shah III of Johor
2765:Ki Sarmidi Mangunsarkoro
2611:Donald Izacus Pandjaitan
2519:Soekanto Tjokrodiatmodjo
2378:Oemar Said Tjokroaminoto
2358:Sjafruddin Prawiranegara
2188:Ida Anak Agung Gde Agung
1773:, April 5–June 10, 1900.
1600:10.4324/9781003270102-15
989:, pp. 644–645, 647.
561:Educate the Javanese Now
230:and an English version,
3105:Nuku Muhammad Amiruddin
2914:Albertus Soegijapranata
2791:Johannes Abraham Dimara
2554:Robert Wolter Mongisidi
2123:Andi Sultan Daeng Radja
1331:Kartini Letters (KITLV)
689:download the audio file
596:Merdeka Square, Jakarta
497:by Agnes L. Symmers as
335:Siti Aminah, who had a
3060:I Gusti Ketut Jelantik
3035:Raja Haji Fisabilillah
2667:Wahidin Soedirohoesodo
2662:Tjipto Mangoenkoesoemo
2601:Mas Tirtodarmo Haryono
2494:Muhammad Mangundiprojo
2283:Rajiman Wediodiningrat
2248:Mohammad Husni Thamrin
2163:Ferdinand Lumbantobing
2088:Abdul Halim Majalengka
1492:ANTARA News Jawa Barat
999:Jansz, Pieter (1997).
598:
587:
535:
422:
403:
388:
328:
2889:Abdul Wahab Hasbullah
2770:Maria Walanda Maramis
2724:Wage Rudolf Supratman
2626:Sugiyono Mangunwiyoto
2203:Iwa Koesoemasoemantri
2153:Djoeanda Kartawidjaja
2083:Abdoel Kahar Moezakir
1849:. Jakarta: Djambatan.
1677:"Raden Ajeng Kartini"
1486:Agency, ANTARA News.
593:
585:
533:
491:From Dark Comes Light
420:
401:
386:
326:
306:Dutch colonial empire
280:Further information:
3221:Indonesian feminists
3216:Deaths in childbirth
3155:Sisingamangaraja XII
3085:Mahmud Badaruddin II
3015:Teungku Chik di Tiro
2909:As'ad Syamsul Arifin
2801:Pajonga Daeng Ngalie
2404:Abdul Haris Nasution
2368:Teuku Muhammad Hasan
2318:Sukarjo Wiryopranoto
2273:Oto Iskandar di Nata
2233:Maskoen Soemadiredja
2158:Ernest Douwes Dekker
2093:Abdurrahman Baswedan
2031:Digital Collections
1984:at Wikimedia Commons
1842:. Dordrecht: Foris.
1790:Weeklblad voor Indië
1751:Anonymous (1899), "
1592:A Space of Their Own
1196:, pp. 639, 641.
571:first constitution.
127:Raden Adjeng Kartini
38:Kartini, Sawah Besar
18:Raden Adjeng Kartini
3145:Ranggong Daeng Romo
2919:Bagoes Hadikoesoemo
2636:Sutoyo Siswomiharjo
2606:Katamso Darmokusumo
2596:Karel Satsuit Tubun
2444:Halim Perdanakusuma
2218:Kasman Singodimedjo
2198:I Gusti Ketut Pudja
2168:Gatot Mangkoepradja
2128:Arie Frederik Lasut
1780:(Amsterdam), no. 1.
1369:, pp. 656–657.
1357:, pp. 653–654.
1304:, pp. 641–642.
1054:, pp. 648–649.
882:, pp. 644–645.
855:, pp. 643–644.
578:Legacy and tributes
3251:People from Jepara
3246:Indonesian editors
3050:Tuanku Imam Bonjol
2760:Ki Hajar Dewantara
2534:Sutomo (Bung Tomo)
2464:I Gusti Ngurah Rai
2409:Abdul Rahman Saleh
1992:Works by or about
829:. 19 February 2019
777:nobles of the Robe
698:On 21 April 2016,
599:
588:
536:
441:Marriage and death
423:
404:
389:
329:
3193:
3192:
2949:Nyai Ahmad Dahlan
2842:Tirto Adhi Soerjo
2509:Oerip Soemohardjo
2479:R. E. Martadinata
2173:Hamengkubuwono IX
2007:Project Gutenberg
1980:Media related to
1918:Library resources
1903:J. Anten (2004),
1888:M.C. Van Zeggelen
1882:Secondary sources
1660:978-0-252-02997-4
1419:978-1-136-60282-5
1012:978-90-6550-156-1
693:
310:Dutch East Indies
209:Dutch East Indies
179:, also known as
169:
168:
117:
102:17 September 1904
92:Dutch East Indies
16:(Redirected from
3258:
3175:Thaha Syaifuddin
3110:Nyi Ageng Serang
3040:Hamengkubuwono I
2985:Andi Mappanyukki
2832:Mohammad Tabrani
2544:T. B. Simatupang
2268:Opu Daeng Risaju
2213:Johannes Leimena
2138:Bagindo Azizchan
2108:Adnan Kapau Gani
2098:Achmad Soebardjo
2062:
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2016:Internet Archive
2003:Works by Kartini
1991:
1979:
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1630:. 21 April 2016.
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621:
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549:
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251:Kartini is a
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211:(present-day
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80:21 April 1879
72:
68:
61:
56:
49:
44:
39:
35:
30:
19:
3120:Pakubuwono X
3070:Kiras Bangun
3000:Sultan Agung
2904:Ahmad Sanusi
2894:Ahmad Dahlan
2884:Abdul Chalim
2827:Ilyas Yakoub
2806:Silas Papare
2754:
2745:Dewi Sartika
2729:Usmar Ismail
2683:Abdoel Moeis
2568:Independence
2449:Harun Thohir
2383:Wahid Hasyim
2183:Idham Chalid
2148:Tjilik Riwut
1956:Online books
1949:
1932:Online books
1922:
1904:
1897:
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1684:
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1664:. Retrieved
1650:
1639:Bibliography
1627:
1618:
1591:
1581:
1569:
1557:. Retrieved
1553:the original
1548:
1538:
1516:
1507:
1495:. Retrieved
1491:
1481:
1455:. Retrieved
1451:liputan6.com
1450:
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1059:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1030:
1021:
1001:
994:
982:
970:
943:. Retrieved
938:
860:
831:. Retrieved
826:
775:or Javanese
770:
767:Raden Adjeng
766:
762:
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560:
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519:
498:
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431:Inauguration
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390:
358:
345:
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301:
295:
262:
250:
231:
227:
225:
217:
202:
181:
180:
174:Raden Adjeng
172:
171:
170:
104:(1904-09-17)
88:Central Java
48:Raden Adjeng
29:
3211:1904 deaths
3206:1879 births
2965:Abdul Kadir
2944:Mas Mansoer
2939:Lafran Pane
2851:Development
2779:Integration
2693:Amir Hamzah
2657:Dr. Soetomo
2559:Yos Sudarso
2454:Hasan Basry
2338:Ario Soerjo
2288:Rasuna Said
2143:B.W. Lapian
2118:Andi Djemma
1778:Eigen Haard
1433:Taylor 1976
1394:Taylor 1976
1379:Taylor 1976
1367:Taylor 1976
1355:Taylor 1976
1319:Taylor 1976
1302:Taylor 1976
1248:Taylor 1976
1233:Taylor 1976
1221:Taylor 1976
1206:Taylor 1976
1194:Taylor 1976
1179:Taylor 1976
1164:Taylor 1976
1152:Taylor 1976
1140:Taylor 1976
1125:Taylor 1976
1108:Taylor 1976
1091:Taylor 1976
1079:Taylor 1976
1064:Taylor 1976
1052:Taylor 1976
1031:Observer ID
987:Taylor 1976
975:Taylor 1976
963:Taylor 1976
880:Taylor 1976
865:Taylor 1976
853:Taylor 1976
807:Taylor 1976
658:pembangunan
633:nationalist
508:Armijn Pane
238:Kartini Day
3200:Categories
3170:Teuku Umar
3045:Hasanuddin
3030:Diponegoro
2924:Fakhruddin
2688:Agus Salim
2645:Resistance
2591:Ahmad Yani
2414:Adisucipto
2363:Tan Malaka
2278:P. M. Noor
2103:Adam Malik
1998:Wikisource
1950:By Kartini
605:opened in
472:Daily Lily
337:pilgrimage
292:Early life
266:Suez Canal
259:Background
190:Indonesian
76:1879-04-21
3130:Pong Tiku
3125:Pattimura
2980:Andi Depu
2738:Education
2575:Fatmawati
2529:Supriyadi
2504:Noer Alie
2484:Mas Isman
2459:Iswahyudi
2303:Samanhudi
2076:Political
1717:144077178
1701:0097-9740
1283:cite book
939:Biography
787:Citations
666:New Order
476:Amsterdam
467:family.
355:Education
287:Biography
213:Indonesia
183:Raden Ayu
156:Signature
2958:Struggle
2877:Religion
2676:Literary
2631:Suprapto
2524:Sudirman
2489:Moestopo
2469:John Lie
2397:Military
2308:Soekarni
2293:Sahardjo
2258:Moewardi
2178:Hazairin
1666:15 March
1559:15 March
1532:Preview.
1515:(2009).
1497:24 April
1467:cite web
1457:24 April
711:See also
412:polygamy
369:feminist
349:linguist
246:polygamy
205:Javanese
148:Children
3236:Priyayi
2858:Suharso
2755:Kartini
2539:Syam'un
2333:Soeroso
2328:Soepomo
2313:Sukarno
2238:Masjkur
2014:at the
1994:Kartini
1982:Kartini
1923:Kartini
1709:3173146
1037:17 June
945:17 June
833:18 June
772:priyayi
747:Gerwani
662:Suharto
654:Sukarno
611:Jakarta
543:Schools
495:English
462:Letters
451:Rembang
308:of the
302:priyayi
270:Polygny
186:Kartini
177:Kartini
110:Rembang
52:Kartini
2652:Alimin
2323:Supeno
1920:about
1822:
1814:
1715:
1707:
1699:
1657:
1628:Google
1606:
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779:class.
700:Google
615:Malang
613:, and
512:UNESCO
373:purdah
318:Jepara
314:Regent
242:Purdah
140:Spouse
84:Jepara
2820:Press
1713:S2CID
1705:JSTOR
1681:Signs
754:Notes
607:Bogor
504:Malay
480:mores
377:batik
365:Malay
341:Mecca
274:clout
1820:ISBN
1812:ISBN
1697:ISSN
1668:2013
1655:ISBN
1604:ISBN
1561:2013
1521:ISBN
1499:2021
1473:link
1459:2021
1414:ISBN
1289:link
1269:ISBN
1039:2023
1007:ISBN
947:2023
835:2023
333:Haji
298:Java
196:and
99:Died
70:Born
2712:Art
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