652:
797:
overall survival was 14.0 months for Ra and 11.2 months for placebo). Earlier phase II of the trial showed a median increased survival of 18.9 weeks (around 4.4 months). The lower figure of 2.8 months increased survival in interim phase III results is a probable result of stopping the trial; median survival time for patients still alive could not be calculated. A 2014 update indicates a median increased survival of 3.6 months.
2363:
1712:
745:
from radium-223 and its short-lived decay products to kill cancer cells. Radium is preferentially absorbed by bone by virtue of its chemical similarity to calcium, with most radium-223 that is not taken up by the bone being cleared, primarily via the gut, and excreted. Although radium-223 and its
796:
The ALSYMPCA study was stopped early after a pre-planned efficacy interim analysis, following a recommendation from an
Independent Data Monitoring Committee, on the basis of achieving a statistically significant improvement in overall survival (two-sided p-value = 0.0022, HR = 0.699, the median
754:, over 95% of the decay energy is in the form of alpha radiation. Alpha radiation has a very short range in tissues compared to beta or gamma radiation: around 2–10 cells. This reduces damage to surrounding healthy tissues, producing an even more localized effect than the beta-emitter
804:(FDA) as a treatment for CRPC with bone metastases in people with symptomatic bone metastases and without known visceral disease. Ra received priority review as a treatment for an unmet medical need, based on its ability to extend overall survival as shown its Phase III trial.
839:(uNTX), key markers of bone turnover associated with bone metastases in breast cancer, diminished bone pain slightly though consistently, and was well tolerated. Another single-arm, open-label Phase II trial reported possible efficacy of Ra combined with
1565:
Nilsson S, Franzén L, Parker C, Tyrrell C, Blom R, Tennvall J, et al. (July 2007). "Bone-targeted radium-223 in symptomatic, hormone-refractory prostate cancer: a randomised, multicentre, placebo-controlled phase II study".
727:), and is distributed as a solution containing radium-223 chloride (1100 kBq/ml), sodium chloride, and other ingredients for intravenous injection. Algeta ASA was later acquired by Bayer who is the sole owner of Xofigo.
851:
The most common side effects reported during clinical trials in men receiving Ra were nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and swelling of the leg, ankle or foot. The most common abnormalities detected during blood testing were
1487:
Bruland ØS, Nilsson S, Fisher DR, Larsen RH (October 2006). "High-linear energy transfer irradiation targeted to skeletal metastases by the alpha-emitter 223Ra: adjuvant or alternative to conventional modalities?".
710:
The pharmaceutical product and medical use of radium-223 against skeletal metastases was invented by Roy H. Larsen, Gjermund
Henriksen and Øyvind S. Bruland and has been developed by the former Norwegian company
240:(AcX). Radium-223 dichloride is an alpha particle-emitting radiotherapy drug that mimics calcium and forms complexes with hydroxyapatite at areas of increased bone turnover. The principal use of radium-223, as a
1759:
815:
subsequently recommended restricting its use to patients who have had two previous treatments for metastatic prostate cancer or who cannot receive other treatments. The medicine must also not be used with
453:
1430:
Nilsson S, Larsen RH, Fosså SD, Balteskard L, Borch KW, Westlin JE, et al. (June 2005). "First clinical experience with alpha-emitting radium-223 in the treatment of skeletal metastases".
2029:
1234:
Marques IA, Neves AR, Abrantes AM, Pires AS, Tavares-da-Silva E, Figueiredo A, et al. (July 2018). "Targeted alpha therapy using Radium-223: From physics to biological effects".
284:(half-life 18.7 days) to radium-223. This decay path makes it convenient to prepare radium-223 by "milking" it from an actinium-227 containing generator or "cow", similar to the
880:
Although radium does not easily form stable molecular complexes, data has been presented on methods to increase and customize its specificity for particular cancers by linking it to
1279:
Bruland O.S., Larsen R.H. (2003). Radium revisited. In: Bruland O.S., Flgstad T., editors. Targeted cancer therapies: An odyssey. University
Library of Tromso, Ravnetrykk No. 29.
408:
693:
1976:
Henriksen G, Schoultz BW, Michaelsen TE, Bruland ØS, Larsen RH (May 2004). "Sterically stabilized liposomes as a carrier for alpha-emitting radium and actinium radionuclides".
2388:
1763:
758:, also used to treat bone cancer. Taking account of its preferential uptake by bone and the alpha particles' short range, radium-223 is estimated to give targeted
2022:
346:
1306:
2015:
1689:
1391:"Preparation and use of radium-223 to target calcified tissues for pain palliation, bone cancer therapy, and bone surface conditioning" US 6635234
1617:
1919:
1854:
1670:
1601:
1473:
942:
1870:"Phase II study of Radium-223 dichloride combined with hormonal therapy for hormone receptor-positive, bone-dominant metastatic breast cancer"
1218:
771:
2393:
2383:
1401:
1284:
1335:
736:
493:
438:
364:
2243:
793:
ALSYMPCA (ALpharadin in SYMptomatic
Prostate CAncer patients) study for bone metastases resulting from CRPC in 922 patients.
820:, prednisone or prednisolone and its use is not recommended in patients with a low number of osteoblastic bone metastases.
2353:
1805:"A phase IIa, nonrandomized study of radium-223 dichloride in advanced breast cancer patients with bone-dominant disease"
823:
Ra also showed promising preliminary results in a phase IIa trial enrolling 23 women with bone metastases resulting from
1735:
1693:
801:
571:
2398:
2066:
840:
828:
790:
631:
1290:
2403:
909:
383:
2408:
1729:
812:
285:
394:
1697:
836:
1913:
1848:
1664:
1595:
1532:
1467:
936:
881:
2130:
1942:
1533:"Targeting of osseous sites with alpha-emitting 223Ra: comparison with the beta-emitter 89Sr in mice"
1167:
1063:
969:
832:
647:
2117:
1148:
Fry C, Thoennessen M (2013). "Discovery of actinium, thorium, protactinium, and uranium isotopes".
817:
510:
241:
1933:
Henriksen G, Hoff P, Larsen RH (May 2002). "Evaluation of potential chelating agents for radium".
1513:
1455:
1259:
1191:
1157:
1130:
1122:
1087:
993:
221:
205:
1785:
1629:
Parker C, Nilsson S, Heinrich D, Helle SI, O'Sullivan JM, Fosså SD, et al. (18 July 2013).
2039:
1993:
1958:
1901:
1836:
1652:
1583:
1544:
1505:
1447:
1280:
1251:
1214:
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1079:
1032:
985:
620:
466:
336:
209:
99:
43:
1985:
1950:
1891:
1881:
1826:
1816:
1642:
1575:
1497:
1439:
1243:
1175:
1114:
1071:
1024:
977:
924:
865:
786:
668:
519:
53:
1366:
580:
2367:
2175:
2053:
1803:
Coleman R, Aksnes AK, Naume B, Garcia C, Jerusalem G, Piccart M, et al. (June 2014).
1294:
857:
775:
751:
742:
651:
257:
2007:
1946:
1171:
1067:
973:
928:
17:
2283:
2229:
2163:
1896:
1869:
1831:
1804:
808:
308:
289:
145:
82:
1954:
1868:
Ueno NT, Tahara RK, Fujii T, Reuben JM, Gao H, Saigal B, et al. (February 2020).
1579:
2377:
2308:
2204:
2196:
1716:
1134:
824:
779:
747:
161:
138:
65:
1989:
1517:
1459:
1263:
1195:
544:
324:
2341:
2328:
2323:
2303:
2273:
2239:
2224:
2209:
2181:
2154:
2077:
2073:
2061:
2043:
1091:
997:
759:
755:
421:
416:
312:
277:
187:
183:
154:
1501:
1443:
1307:"Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2014"
2318:
2278:
2249:
2186:
2142:
1730:"Drug Approval Package: Xofigo (radium Ra 223 dichloride) Injection NDA #203971"
869:
401:
296:
281:
269:
237:
150:
132:
1247:
1017:
The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin
Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science
741:
The use of radium-223 to treat metastatic bone cancer relies on the ability of
2333:
2298:
2288:
2234:
2219:
2214:
2137:
2125:
2102:
2097:
2088:
1821:
1179:
1028:
861:
762:
a radiation dose at least eight times higher than other non-targeted tissues.
681:
555:
245:
178:
1187:
1083:
1036:
989:
350:
300:
229:
166:
106:
1997:
1962:
1905:
1840:
1656:
1587:
1548:
1509:
1451:
1255:
233:
1647:
1630:
1531:
Henriksen G, Fisher DR, Roeske JC, Bruland ØS, Larsen RH (February 2003).
1288:
2293:
2254:
910:"The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references"
885:
378:
356:
1211:
Medical-Surgical
Nursing: Assessment and Management of Clinical Problems
530:
273:
272:, it is generally made artificially, by exposing natural radium-226 to
253:
1886:
1126:
843:
in hormone-receptor-positive, bone-dominant breast cancer metastasis.
1631:"Alpha Emitter Radium-223 and Survival in Metastatic Prostate Cancer"
1075:
981:
853:
712:
225:
1051:
1012:
957:
1118:
600:
232:. It was discovered in 1905 by T. Godlewski, a Polish chemist from
1162:
716:
611:
304:
276:
to produce radium-227, which decays with a 42-minute half-life to
1715:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
2114:
1618:
Full data report from the ALSYMPCA trial of radium-223 presented
591:
472:
268:
Although radium-223 is naturally formed in trace amounts by the
249:
2011:
460:
373:
280:. Actinium-227 (half-life 21.8 years) in turn decays via
636:
908:
Wang M, Audi G, Kondev FG, Huang WJ, Naimi S, Xu X (2017).
447:
800:
In May 2013, Ra received marketing approval from the US
700:
288:
widely used to prepare the medically important isotope
1786:"EMA restricts use of prostate cancer medicine Xofigo"
2351:
1209:
Lewis SL, Bucher L, Heitkemper M, Harding MM (2017).
1690:"FDA approves new drug for advanced prostate cancer"
2195:
2162:
2153:
2113:
2087:
2051:
1330:
1328:
680:
667:
662:
630:
610:
590:
570:
554:
529:
509:
484:
437:
432:
407:
393:
363:
345:
335:
330:
194:
177:
172:
160:
144:
131:
105:
98:
81:
64:
52:
42:
37:
1684:
1682:
1680:
543:
252:, takes advantage of its chemical similarity to
1560:
1558:
518:
303:(half-life 3.96 s), a short-lived gaseous
1361:
1359:
1357:
1105:Kirby HW (1971). "The discovery of actinium".
2023:
8:
1336:"Xofigo- radium ra 223 dichloride injection"
903:
901:
785:Ra successfully met the primary endpoint of
382:
323:
32:
1402:"Xofigo Summary of Product Characteristics"
1275:
1273:
831:. Ra treatment reduced the levels of bone
2389:Drugs acting on the musculoskeletal system
2159:
2030:
2016:
2008:
958:"A new radio-active product from actinium"
650:
1895:
1885:
1830:
1820:
1646:
1613:
1611:
1161:
1013:"V. Actinium and its successive products"
888:bearing the antibodies on their surface.
579:
766:Clinical trials and FDA and EMA approval
357:Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
2358:
897:
807:This study also led to approval in the
646:
498:
1911:
1846:
1662:
1593:
1465:
1311:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
934:
782:and good tolerance for the treatment.
322:
31:
2342:Diagnostic radiopharmaceuticals (V09)
619:
355:
7:
1809:Breast Cancer Research and Treatment
772:castration-resistant prostate cancer
770:The phase II study of radium-223 in
420:
1762:. 17 September 2018. Archived from
1150:Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables
599:
534:
1918:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1853:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1669:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1600:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
1472:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
941:: CS1 maint: overridden setting (
25:
2361:
1710:
876:Other radium-223-based compounds
236:, and was historically known as
1990:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2003.11.004
1635:New England Journal of Medicine
1371:European Medicines Agency (EMA)
737:Targeted alpha-particle therapy
1935:Applied Radiation and Isotopes
1:
1955:10.1016/s0969-8043(01)00282-2
1580:10.1016/S1470-2045(07)70147-X
1502:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-0841
1444:10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2244
929:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003
256:, and the short range of the
1978:Nuclear Medicine and Biology
1736:Food and Drug Administration
1694:Food and Drug Administration
1409:European Medicines Authority
802:Food and Drug Administration
1537:Journal of Nuclear Medicine
1213:(10th ed.). Elsevier.
1052:"A new product of actinium"
827:that no longer responds to
715:ASA, in a partnership with
2425:
1248:10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.05.011
923:(3): 030003-1–030003-442.
734:
663:Chemical and physical data
210:Complete table of nuclides
58:radium-223, 223Ra, Ra-223,
2394:Experimental cancer drugs
2267:
1822:10.1007/s10549-014-2939-1
1790:European Medicines Agency
1180:10.1016/j.adt.2012.03.002
1029:10.1080/14786440509463342
884:, by enclosing the Ra in
813:European Medicines Agency
746:decay products also emit
690:
489:
204:
2384:Drugs developed by Bayer
1496:(20 Pt 2): 6250s–6257s.
1490:Clinical Cancer Research
1432:Clinical Cancer Research
1411:. Bayer. 11 October 2018
1236:Cancer Treatment Reviews
307:isotope, by emitting an
18:Radium Ra 223 dichloride
719:, under the trade name
1692:(Press release). U.S.
811:in November 2013, The
264:Origin and preparation
1696:(FDA). Archived from
1648:10.1056/NEJMoa1213755
1293:21 April 2016 at the
882:monoclonal antibodies
774:(CRPC) patients with
2131:Ibritumomab tiuxetan
2040:radiopharmaceuticals
1792:. 28 September 2018.
1568:The Lancet. Oncology
1011:Godlewski T (1905).
956:Godlewski T (1905).
833:alkaline phosphatase
270:decay of uranium-235
1947:2002AppRI..56..667H
1172:2013ADNDT..99..345F
1068:1906Natur..73..559H
974:1905Natur..71..294G
818:abiraterone acetate
731:Mechanism of action
501:Radium-223 chloride
456:(Prescription only)
327:
325:Radium-223 chloride
242:radiopharmaceutical
220:(Ra, Ra-223) is an
34:
33:Radium-223, Ra
2399:Isotopes of radium
2078:Strontium chloride
1373:. 13 November 2013
1342:. 10 December 2019
206:Isotopes of radium
2404:Radiation therapy
2349:
2348:
2263:
2262:
1887:10.1002/cam4.2780
1766:on 19 August 2018
1220:978-0-323-32852-4
1062:(1902): 559–560.
968:(1839): 294–295.
917:Chinese Physics C
841:endocrine therapy
835:(bALP) and urine
829:endocrine therapy
708:
707:
686:296.91 g/mol
632:CompTox Dashboard
476:
464:
451:
376:
228:with an 11.4-day
215:
214:
27:Isotope of radium
16:(Redirected from
2416:
2409:Medical isotopes
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2365:
2364:
2357:
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2032:
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2018:
2009:
2002:
2001:
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1967:
1966:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1917:
1909:
1899:
1889:
1880:(3): 1025–1032.
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1102:
1096:
1095:
1076:10.1038/073559b0
1047:
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1040:
1008:
1002:
1001:
982:10.1038/071294b0
953:
947:
946:
940:
932:
914:
905:
866:thrombocytopenia
787:overall survival
760:osteogenic cells
704:
703:
696:
655:
654:
640:
638:
623:
603:
583:
547:
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137:223.0185007(22)
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74:
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2350:
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2338:
2269:Isotopes used:
2259:
2191:
2176:Radium chloride
2149:
2109:
2083:
2047:
2036:
2006:
2005:
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1874:Cancer Medicine
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1295:Wayback Machine
1287:, pp. 195–202.
1278:
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1099:
1050:Hahn O (1906).
1049:
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1010:
1009:
1005:
955:
954:
950:
933:
912:
907:
906:
899:
894:
878:
858:lymphocytopenia
849:
778:showed minimum
776:bone metastases
768:
752:gamma radiation
743:alpha radiation
739:
733:
699:
697:
694:(what is this?)
691:
676:
658:
634:
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606:
586:
566:
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505:
502:
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496:
480:
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321:
266:
258:alpha radiation
208:
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146:Parent isotopes
123:
121:
116:
109:
85:
68:
60:actinium X, AcX
59:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2401:
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2321:
2316:
2311:
2306:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2284:dysprosium-165
2281:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2260:
2258:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2201:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2190:
2189:
2184:
2179:
2168:
2166:
2164:alpha emitters
2157:
2151:
2150:
2148:
2147:
2146:
2145:
2135:
2134:
2133:
2122:
2120:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2094:
2092:
2085:
2084:
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2071:
2070:
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2058:
2056:
2049:
2048:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2012:
2004:
2003:
1968:
1925:
1860:
1815:(2): 411–418.
1795:
1777:
1751:
1740:. 21 June 2013
1721:
1700:on 4 June 2013
1676:
1641:(3): 213–223.
1621:
1607:
1554:
1523:
1479:
1438:(12): 4451–9.
1422:
1393:
1384:
1353:
1324:
1313:. 21 June 2022
1298:
1269:
1226:
1219:
1201:
1156:(3): 345–364.
1140:
1119:10.1086/350760
1113:(3): 290–308.
1097:
1042:
1003:
948:
896:
895:
893:
890:
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874:
848:
845:
809:European Union
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648:DTXSID30912344
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560:
558:
552:
551:
549:
548:
540:
538:
527:
526:
524:
523:
515:
513:
507:
506:
504:
503:
500:
492:
491:
490:
487:
486:
482:
481:
479:
478:
469:
457:
443:
441:
435:
434:
430:
429:
427:
426:
413:
411:
405:
404:
399:
397:administration
391:
390:
388:
387:
369:
367:
361:
360:
353:
343:
342:
339:
333:
332:
320:
317:
309:alpha particle
290:technetium-99m
265:
262:
213:
212:
202:
201:
198:
192:
191:
181:
175:
174:
170:
169:
164:
162:Decay products
158:
157:
148:
142:
141:
135:
129:
128:
119:
114:
103:
102:
96:
95:
92:
79:
78:
75:
62:
61:
56:
50:
49:
46:
40:
39:
26:
24:
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2421:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2390:
2387:
2385:
2382:
2381:
2379:
2369:
2359:
2355:
2343:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2309:phosphorus-32
2307:
2305:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2275:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2256:
2253:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:Oxodotreotide
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2203:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2197:beta emitters
2194:
2188:
2185:
2183:
2180:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2155:Radionuclides
2152:
2144:
2141:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2104:
2101:
2100:
2099:
2096:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2075:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2033:
2028:
2026:
2021:
2019:
2014:
2013:
2010:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1972:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1941:(5): 667–71.
1940:
1936:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1915:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1828:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1799:
1796:
1791:
1787:
1781:
1778:
1765:
1761:
1755:
1752:
1739:
1737:
1731:
1725:
1722:
1718:
1717:public domain
1699:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1677:
1672:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1622:
1619:
1614:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1574:(7): 587–94.
1573:
1569:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1527:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1483:
1480:
1475:
1469:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1426:
1423:
1410:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1385:
1372:
1368:
1367:"Xofigo EPAR"
1362:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1341:
1337:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1312:
1308:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1285:82-91378-32-0
1282:
1276:
1274:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1227:
1222:
1216:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1101:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1046:
1043:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1023:(55): 35–45.
1022:
1018:
1014:
1007:
1004:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
952:
949:
944:
938:
930:
926:
922:
918:
911:
904:
902:
898:
891:
889:
887:
883:
875:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
846:
844:
842:
838:
837:N-telopeptide
834:
830:
826:
825:breast cancer
821:
819:
814:
810:
805:
803:
798:
794:
792:
788:
783:
781:
780:myelotoxicity
777:
773:
765:
763:
761:
757:
753:
749:
744:
738:
730:
728:
726:
722:
718:
714:
702:
695:
689:
685:
683:
679:
672:
670:
666:
661:
653:
649:
645:
644:
642:
633:
629:
622:
618:
617:
615:
613:
609:
602:
598:
597:
595:
593:
589:
582:
578:
577:
575:
573:
569:
562:
561:
559:
557:
553:
546:
542:
541:
539:
532:
528:
521:
517:
516:
514:
512:
508:
499:
495:
488:
483:
477: Rx-only
470:
468:
458:
455:
445:
444:
442:
440:
436:
431:
423:
418:
415:
414:
412:
410:
406:
403:
400:
398:
392:
385:
380:
371:
370:
368:
366:
362:
358:
354:
352:
348:
344:
340:
338:
334:
331:Clinical data
329:
318:
316:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
293:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
263:
261:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
211:
207:
203:
199:
193:
189:
185:
182:
180:
176:
171:
168:
165:
163:
159:
156:
152:
149:
147:
143:
140:
136:
134:
130:
120:
113:
108:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
84:
80:
76:
72:
67:
63:
57:
55:
51:
47:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
2329:strontium-89
2324:samarium-153
2313:
2304:lutetium-177
2274:actinium-225
2171:
2038:Therapeutic
1984:(4): 441–9.
1981:
1977:
1971:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1914:cite journal
1877:
1873:
1863:
1849:cite journal
1812:
1808:
1798:
1789:
1780:
1768:. Retrieved
1764:the original
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1733:
1724:
1702:. Retrieved
1698:the original
1665:cite journal
1638:
1634:
1624:
1596:cite journal
1571:
1567:
1543:(2): 252–9.
1540:
1536:
1526:
1493:
1489:
1482:
1468:cite journal
1435:
1431:
1425:
1413:. Retrieved
1408:
1396:
1387:
1375:. Retrieved
1370:
1344:. Retrieved
1339:
1315:. Retrieved
1310:
1301:
1239:
1235:
1229:
1210:
1204:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1110:
1106:
1100:
1059:
1055:
1045:
1020:
1016:
1006:
965:
961:
951:
937:cite journal
920:
916:
879:
850:
847:Side effects
822:
806:
799:
795:
784:
769:
756:strontium-89
740:
724:
720:
709:
698:
692:
439:Legal status
433:Legal status
365:License data
319:Medical uses
294:
278:actinium-227
267:
217:
216:
184:Decay energy
133:Isotope mass
111:
100:Nuclide data
87:
70:
29:
2319:rhenium-186
2279:bismuth-213
2143:Tositumomab
1770:3 September
1704:16 December
870:neutropenia
621:CHEBI:74895
520:444811-40-9
485:Identifiers
402:Intravenous
337:Trade names
282:thorium-227
248:cancers in
218:Radium-223
173:Decay modes
126:0.05 d
2378:Categories
2340:See also:
2334:yttrium-90
2314:radium-223
2299:iodine-131
2289:erbium-169
2118:antibodies
2103:Iobenguane
2089:Adrenergic
2067:Lexidronam
2054:palliation
892:References
862:leukopenia
735:See also:
725:Alpharadin
723:(formerly
682:Molar mass
581:RJ00KV3VTG
556:ChemSpider
511:CAS Number
494:IUPAC name
295:Ra itself
260:it emits.
246:metastatic
238:actinium X
179:Decay mode
1744:10 August
1415:9 October
1377:10 August
1346:10 August
1242:: 47–54.
1188:0092-640X
1163:1203.1194
1135:144651011
1084:0028-0836
1037:1941-5982
990:0028-0836
886:liposomes
791:phase III
395:Routes of
351:Drugs.com
311:of 5.979
286:moly cows
244:to treat
230:half-life
107:Half-life
2368:Medicine
2294:gold-198
1998:15093814
1963:11993940
1906:31849202
1841:24728613
1760:"Xofigo"
1657:23863050
1588:17544845
1549:12571218
1518:21171264
1510:17062709
1460:72948306
1452:15958630
1340:DailyMed
1317:10 April
1291:Archived
1264:44144271
1256:29859504
1196:97142872
701:(verify)
409:ATC code
379:DailyMed
274:neutrons
83:Neutrons
1943:Bibcode
1897:6997080
1832:4025174
1168:Bibcode
1092:4052127
1064:Bibcode
998:4047285
970:Bibcode
789:in the
669:Formula
545:6335825
531:PubChem
425:)
419: (
417:V10XX03
381::
254:calcium
222:isotope
66:Protons
38:General
2354:Portal
2091:tumors
1996:
1961:
1904:
1894:
1839:
1829:
1655:
1586:
1547:
1516:
1508:
1458:
1450:
1283:
1262:
1254:
1217:
1194:
1186:
1133:
1127:229943
1125:
1090:
1082:
1056:Nature
1035:
996:
988:
962:Nature
854:anemia
721:Xofigo
713:Algeta
601:D10398
467:℞-only
465:
452:
384:Xofigo
377:
341:Xofigo
297:decays
234:Kraków
226:radium
44:Symbol
2052:Pain
1738:(FDA)
1734:U.S.
1514:S2CID
1456:S2CID
1405:(PDF)
1260:S2CID
1192:S2CID
1158:arXiv
1131:S2CID
1123:JSTOR
1088:S2CID
994:S2CID
913:(PDF)
717:Bayer
612:ChEBI
305:radon
200:5.979
122:11.43
54:Names
2115:CD20
1994:PMID
1959:PMID
1920:link
1902:PMID
1855:link
1837:PMID
1772:2015
1746:2024
1706:2019
1671:link
1653:PMID
1602:link
1584:PMID
1545:PMID
1506:PMID
1474:link
1448:PMID
1417:2019
1379:2024
1348:2024
1319:2023
1281:ISBN
1252:PMID
1215:ISBN
1184:ISSN
1107:Isis
1080:ISSN
1033:ISSN
986:ISSN
943:link
868:and
750:and
748:beta
673:RaCl
592:KEGG
572:UNII
563:none
347:AHFS
250:bone
2044:V10
1986:doi
1951:doi
1892:PMC
1882:doi
1827:PMC
1817:doi
1813:145
1643:doi
1639:369
1576:doi
1498:doi
1440:doi
1244:doi
1176:doi
1115:doi
1072:doi
1025:doi
978:doi
925:doi
637:EPA
535:CID
422:WHO
313:MeV
299:to
224:of
188:MeV
115:1/2
94:135
2380::
2255:Au
2250:Re
2240:Lu
2235:Er
2230:Dy
2225:Sm
2210:Sr
2187:Bi
2182:Ac
2172:Ra
2074:Sr
2062:Sm
1992:.
1982:31
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301:Rn
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167:Rn
155:Fr
151:Th
139:Da
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