4490:
2973:
383:) within a given layer of a star are important factors in determining how effective radiative diffusion is at transporting energy. A high opacity or high luminosity can cause a high temperature gradient, which results from a slow flow of energy. Those layers where convection is more effective than radiative diffusion at transporting energy, thereby creating a lower temperature gradient, will become
31:
4501:
1177:
2095:
with mass, with stars around 1.2 solar masses being almost entirely radiative. Above 1.2 solar masses, the core region becomes a convection zone and the overlying region is a radiation zone, with the amount of mass within the convective zone increasing with the mass of the star.
329:
1780:
1012:
842:
138:
Matter in a radiation zone is so dense that photons can travel only a short distance before they are absorbed or scattered by another particle, gradually shifting to longer wavelength as they do so. For this reason, it takes an average of 171,000 years for
1642:
1376:
1511:
1031:
471:
2086:
are entirely convective, meaning they do not have a radiative zone. From 0.3 to 1.2 solar masses, the region around the stellar core is a radiation zone, separated from the overlying convection zone by the
165:
1251:
143:
from the core of the Sun to leave the radiation zone. Over this range, the temperature of the plasma drops from 15 million K near the core down to 1.5 million K at the base of the convection zone.
555:
710:
1677:
874:
736:
613:
1879:), and possibly also due to a smaller degree of ionization in the lower shells of heavy elements ions. This leads to a violation of the stability criterion and to the creation of the
2063:
1870:
1528:
2005:
1975:
1415:
1307:
1436:
1934:
1184:
For energy transmission by radiation only, we may use the equation for the temperature gradient (presented in the previous subsection) for the right-hand side and get
1518:
We can calculate the left-hand side by dividing the equation for the temperature gradient by the equation relating the pressure gradient to the gravity acceleration
4341:
730:
and μ the mass of a single atom (actually, an ion since matter is ionized; usually a hydrogen ion, i.e. a proton). While the radiation pressure satisfies:
1172:{\displaystyle -{\frac {GM\rho }{r^{2}}}={\frac {{\text{d}}P}{{\text{d}}r}}={\frac {16\sigma _{B}}{3c(1-\beta )}}T^{3}{\frac {{\text{d}}T}{{\text{d}}r}}}
1944:) is small, if nuclear energy production is strongly peaked at the center, as in relatively massive stars. Thus such stars have a convective core.
4373:
2397:
2219:
2184:
2157:
2503:
2082:
of hydrogen at the core, the presence and location of radiative regions depends on the star's mass. Main sequence stars below about 0.3
1883:; in the sun, opacity increases by more than a tenfold across the radiation zone, before the transition to the convection zone happens.
4348:
3667:
2065:. Therefore, all stars have shallow convection zones near their surfaces, at low enough temperatures where ionization is only partial.
410:
2797:
2483:
324:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}T(r)}{{\text{d}}r}}\ =\ -{\frac {3\kappa (r)\rho (r)L(r)}{(4\pi r^{2})(16\sigma _{B})T^{3}(r)}}}
4060:
3974:
2313:
Turck-ChiĂšze, Sylvaine; Couvidat, SĂ©bastien (2011-08-01). "Solar neutrinos, helioseismology and the solar internal dynamics".
4353:
3990:
3009:
1192:
372:
4400:
4267:
2953:
505:
1775:{\displaystyle {\frac {3}{64\pi \sigma _{B}\,G}}{\frac {\kappa \,L}{M}}{\frac {P}{T^{4}}}<1-{\frac {1}{\gamma _{ad}}}}
1007:{\displaystyle P=\left({\frac {3ck_{B}^{4}}{4\sigma _{B}\mu ^{4}}}{\frac {1-\beta }{\beta ^{4}}}\right)^{1/3}\rho ^{4/3}}
666:
4383:
4334:
4309:
3602:
2958:
3687:
837:{\displaystyle 1-\beta ={\frac {P_{\text{radiation}}}{P}}={\frac {u}{3P}}={\frac {4\sigma _{B}}{3c}}{\frac {T^{4}}{P}}}
4324:
4304:
391:
2112:
at 0.71 of the Sun's radius is referred to as the radiation zone, although the core is also a radiative region. The
4388:
4319:
4289:
2756:
4395:
4272:
4249:
3831:
3280:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
2934:
2258:
578:
128:
494:
3538:
3412:
3047:
4065:
3734:
4314:
3864:
3774:
3716:
3642:
3213:
3139:
2629:
1876:
1666:
1020:
42:
3089:
654:, and that there is a constant ratio, β, of the gas pressure to the total pressure. Therefore, by the
4475:
4455:
4227:
4222:
4015:
3964:
3769:
3759:
3432:
3230:
3198:
3072:
2928:
2771:
2664:
2455:
2010:
1817:
1288:
if the density gradient is high enough, so that an element moving upwards has its density lowered (due to
399:
4329:
4299:
4294:
4284:
4212:
4000:
3166:
2824:
2644:
2476:
2443:
483:
115:, is a layer of a star's interior where energy is primarily transported toward the exterior by means of
3447:
2449:
1875:
However, at a large enough radius, the opacity κ increases due to the decrease in temperature (by
1637:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}P(r)}{{\text{d}}r}}\ =\ g\rho \ =\ {\frac {G\,M(r)\,\rho (r)}{r^{2}}}}
4470:
4368:
4358:
4207:
4175:
3969:
3764:
3749:
3062:
2908:
2878:
2696:
2513:
2332:
2277:
2079:
1371:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}\,\log \,\rho }{{\text{d}}\,\log \,P}}>{\frac {1}{\gamma _{ad}}}}
3309:
4070:
3930:
3913:
3584:
3486:
2728:
1506:{\displaystyle {\frac {{\text{d}}\,\log \,T}{{\text{d}}\,\log \,P}}<1-{\frac {1}{\gamma _{ad}}}}
1418:
1980:
1977:. For semi-ionized gas, where approximately half of the atoms are ionized, the effective value of
1950:
1390:
4465:
4426:
4378:
4363:
4277:
4217:
4140:
4050:
4020:
4010:
3954:
3876:
3567:
3203:
3002:
2814:
2546:
2322:
2267:
2092:
1279:
727:
651:
120:
1893:
4416:
3901:
3841:
3814:
3794:
3594:
3378:
3366:
3193:
3173:
3127:
3109:
3077:
2948:
2863:
2669:
2393:
2356:
2348:
2295:
2215:
2209:
2190:
2180:
2153:
1289:
2387:
2174:
2147:
4244:
4197:
4147:
4135:
4113:
4108:
4035:
3995:
3942:
3724:
3647:
3622:
3516:
3437:
3161:
3122:
2654:
2563:
2469:
2340:
2285:
636:
343:
92:
4431:
4234:
4103:
3947:
3918:
3859:
3854:
3729:
3457:
3422:
3356:
3302:
3297:
3242:
3052:
2888:
2868:
2843:
2738:
2683:
2659:
2536:
2113:
2109:
1880:
1285:
384:
62:
2344:
2336:
2281:
4493:
4259:
4098:
3925:
3896:
3804:
3493:
3361:
3247:
3149:
3039:
3029:
2858:
2838:
2833:
2621:
621:
4520:
4445:
4239:
4202:
4170:
4045:
3754:
3577:
3548:
3526:
3144:
3117:
3094:
2995:
2903:
2898:
2873:
2802:
2792:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2606:
2583:
2568:
2290:
2253:
2075:
1811:
1292:) less than the drop in density of its surrounding, so that it will experience a net
1259:
655:
4526:
4505:
4180:
4130:
4125:
4025:
3908:
3891:
3849:
3809:
3744:
3627:
3572:
3553:
3533:
3511:
3503:
3346:
3339:
3178:
3099:
3082:
2976:
2883:
2853:
2848:
2809:
2639:
2634:
2611:
2593:
2573:
82:
57:
2418:
4421:
4120:
4093:
4085:
4075:
4055:
4030:
3959:
3881:
3637:
3612:
3607:
3521:
3481:
3442:
3407:
3390:
3385:
3057:
2819:
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2761:
2748:
2733:
2718:
2691:
2601:
2555:
1788:
87:
52:
4005:
3702:
3675:
3652:
3632:
3617:
3469:
3373:
3351:
3329:
3324:
3188:
2893:
2723:
2531:
2521:
2117:
2105:
2088:
2083:
124:
97:
77:
72:
17:
2352:
2299:
4192:
4040:
3824:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3739:
3692:
3682:
3476:
3452:
3427:
3334:
3285:
3218:
3208:
3183:
3156:
3132:
3067:
2776:
2649:
2194:
1795:
1791:, because the density gradient now also depends on concentration gradients.
1425:
859:
647:
563:
398:, giving the total outgoing energy flux which is equal to the luminosity by
140:
116:
2360:
1810:
and the left-hand side is constant and equals 1/4, smaller than the ideal
4185:
3886:
3560:
3319:
3292:
2918:
2456:
Animated explanation of the temperature and density of the
Radiation zone
1787:
Note that for non-homogenic gas this criterion should be replaced by the
1293:
640:
151:
In a radiative zone, the temperature gradientâthe change in temperature (
1886:
Additional situations in which this stability criterion is not met are:
1872:. This explains the stability of the radiation zone against convection.
4460:
3935:
3697:
3464:
3417:
3400:
3395:
3314:
2578:
47:
30:
4450:
4438:
3657:
3543:
132:
2254:"Solar opacity calculations using the super-transition-array method"
4500:
2272:
2435:
2327:
29:
3819:
3799:
3018:
2913:
2439:
466:{\displaystyle L=-4\pi \,r^{2}D{\frac {\partial u}{\partial r}}}
2991:
2465:
1262:
is a good approximation in the radiation zone as long as κ
4165:
2492:
2121:
35:
2392:. Vol. 2. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 80.
1658:, and is approximately the whole star mass for large enough
1802:=3 (as in the Eddington stellar model for radiation zone),
127:. Energy travels through the radiation zone in the form of
2461:
2179:. The solar system. New York: Chelsea House. p. 24.
2173:
Elkins-Tanton, Linda T.; Elkins-Tanton, Linda T. (2006).
2078:
starsâthose stars that are generating energy through the
1936:, which may happen towards the star core's center, where
2987:
1246:{\displaystyle GM={\frac {\kappa L}{4\pi c(1-\beta )}}}
2389:
Theoretical astrophysics. 2: Stars and stellar systems
2152:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 19.
2013:
1983:
1953:
1896:
1820:
1680:
1531:
1439:
1393:
1310:
1195:
1034:
1023:
equation, the second equation becomes equivalent to:
877:
739:
669:
581:
508:
413:
168:
1270:
is approximately constant, which is often the case.
550:{\displaystyle U={\frac {4}{c}}\,\sigma _{B}\,T^{4}}
493:
The energy density is related to the temperature by
4409:
4258:
4156:
4084:
3983:
3840:
3715:
3593:
3502:
3229:
3108:
3038:
2941:
2927:
2785:
2747:
2682:
2620:
2592:
2554:
2545:
2512:
705:{\displaystyle \beta P=k_{B}{\frac {\rho }{\mu }}T}
564:
elementary theory of diffusion coefficient in gases
2214:(1st ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 168.
2057:
1999:
1969:
1928:
1864:
1774:
1636:
1505:
1409:
1370:
1284:The radiation zone is stable against formation of
1245:
1171:
1006:
836:
704:
607:
549:
465:
323:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2252:Krief, M.; Feigel, A.; Gazit, D. (2016-04-10).
3003:
2477:
2091:. The radius of the radiative zone increases
1814:approximation for the right-hand side giving
1654:) being the mass within the sphere of radius
8:
390:This relation can be derived by integrating
608:{\displaystyle D={\frac {1}{3}}c\,\lambda }
3235:
3010:
2996:
2988:
2551:
2484:
2470:
2462:
2450:Animated explanation of the Radiation zone
2235:
2233:
2231:
2116:and the radiation zone are divided by the
2326:
2289:
2271:
2146:Ryan, Sean G.; Norton, Andrew J. (2010).
2108:at 0.2 of the Sun's radius and the outer
2047:
2032:
2023:
2012:
1988:
1982:
1958:
1952:
1909:
1895:
1854:
1839:
1830:
1819:
1761:
1752:
1735:
1726:
1716:
1710:
1703:
1697:
1681:
1679:
1626:
1608:
1595:
1589:
1554:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1492:
1483:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1452:
1448:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1398:
1392:
1357:
1348:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1205:
1194:
1158:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1103:
1093:
1079:
1069:
1066:
1055:
1038:
1033:
994:
990:
976:
972:
959:
942:
933:
923:
908:
903:
890:
876:
823:
817:
800:
790:
772:
758:
752:
738:
689:
683:
668:
601:
588:
580:
541:
536:
530:
525:
515:
507:
443:
434:
429:
412:
303:
290:
271:
214:
191:
172:
169:
167:
1387:is the pressure, ρ the density and
34:An illustration of the structure of the
2211:An Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics
2133:
624:, and is the reciprocal of the opacity
2149:Stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis
1665:This gives the following form of the
7:
2373:
2239:
2058:{\displaystyle 1-1/\gamma _{ad}=1/6}
1865:{\displaystyle 1-1/\gamma _{ad}=2/5}
2104:In the Sun, the region between the
2436:Solar and Heliospheric Observatory
1669:for stability against convection:
454:
446:
25:
2423:. Astronomical Institute Utrecht.
646:in a star is a combination of an
4499:
4489:
4488:
2972:
2971:
394:over the surface of some radius
2420:Stellar Structure and Evolution
2315:Reports on Progress in Physics
1923:
1917:
1906:
1900:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1549:
1543:
1237:
1225:
1129:
1117:
315:
309:
296:
280:
277:
258:
253:
247:
241:
235:
229:
223:
186:
180:
1:
4401:Timeline of stellar astronomy
2954:List of heliophysics missions
2345:10.1088/0034-4885/74/8/086901
2959:Category:Missions to the Sun
2458:(University of South Wales).
2452:(University of South Wales).
2000:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ad}}
1970:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ad}}
1410:{\displaystyle \gamma _{ad}}
1274:Stability against convection
566:, the diffusion coefficient
4061:HertzsprungâRussell diagram
2386:Padmanabhan, Thanu (2001).
2176:The Sun, Mercury, and Venus
1299:The criterion for this is:
620:where λ is the photon
155:) as a function of radius (
4543:
3975:KelvinâHelmholtz mechanism
2417:Pols, Onno Rudolf (2011).
2291:10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/45
1277:
4484:
3238:
3025:
2967:
2935:G-type main-sequence star
2499:
2259:The Astrophysical Journal
2208:LeBlanc, Francis (2010).
1929:{\displaystyle L(r)/M(r)}
1428:, this is equivalent to:
570:approximately satisfies:
373:StefanâBoltzmann constant
362:) is the luminosity, and
354:) is the matter density,
129:electromagnetic radiation
4354:With multiple exoplanets
2798:In mythology and culture
2438:â official site of this
27:Radiative layer of stars
3140:Asymptotic giant branch
1667:Schwarzschild criterion
1021:hydrostatic equilibrium
632:Eddington stellar model
490:is the energy density.
4476:Tidal disruption event
3965:Circumstellar envelope
3199:Luminous blue variable
2665:Supra-arcade downflows
2120:, another part of the
2059:
2001:
1971:
1930:
1866:
1776:
1638:
1507:
1411:
1372:
1247:
1173:
1008:
838:
706:
609:
551:
467:
400:conservation of energy
379:) and radiation flux (
325:
104:
4001:Effective temperature
2645:Coronal mass ejection
2060:
2007:drops to 6/5, giving
2002:
1972:
1931:
1867:
1777:
1639:
1508:
1412:
1373:
1248:
1174:
1009:
855:throughout the star.
839:
707:
610:
552:
484:diffusion coefficient
468:
375:. Hence the opacity (
326:
33:
4471:Planet-hosting stars
4349:With resolved images
4320:Historical brightest
4250:Photometric-standard
4176:Solar radio emission
3970:Eddington luminosity
3750:Triple-alpha process
3688:ThorneâĆ»ytkow object
3063:Young stellar object
2909:Standard solar model
2879:Solar radio emission
2697:List of solar cycles
2128:Notes and references
2080:thermonuclear fusion
2011:
1981:
1951:
1894:
1877:Kramers' opacity law
1818:
1678:
1529:
1437:
1391:
1308:
1193:
1032:
875:
737:
667:
579:
506:
495:StefanâBoltzmann law
411:
166:
147:Temperature gradient
4295:Highest temperature
4066:Colorâcolor diagram
3931:Protoplanetary disk
3735:Protonâproton chain
3413:Chemically peculiar
2729:Magnetic switchback
2337:2011RPPh...74h6901T
2282:2016ApJ...821...45K
2070:Main sequence stars
1947:A smaller value of
1806:is proportional to
1419:heat capacity ratio
1290:adiabatic expansion
1258:Thus the Eddington
913:
851:is proportional to
562:Finally, as in the
117:radiative diffusion
4300:Lowest temperature
4051:Photometric system
4021:Absolute magnitude
3955:Circumstellar dust
3568:Stellar black hole
3204:Stellar population
3090:HerbigâHaro object
2919:Sunlight radiation
2514:Internal structure
2055:
1997:
1967:
1926:
1862:
1772:
1634:
1503:
1407:
1368:
1280:Natural convection
1243:
1169:
1004:
899:
834:
728:Boltzmann constant
702:
652:radiation pressure
605:
547:
463:
321:
121:thermal conduction
105:
4514:
4513:
4417:Substellar object
4396:Planetary nebulae
3815:Luminous red nova
3725:Deuterium burning
3711:
3710:
3194:Instability strip
3174:Wolf-Rayet nebula
3128:Horizontal branch
3073:Pre-main-sequence
2985:
2984:
2949:Solar observatory
2864:Solar observation
2762:Termination shock
2678:
2677:
2630:Transition region
2399:978-0-521-56631-5
2221:978-1-119-96497-1
2186:978-0-8160-5193-9
2159:978-0-521-19609-3
1770:
1741:
1724:
1708:
1632:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1538:
1501:
1472:
1461:
1446:
1366:
1343:
1332:
1317:
1296:force downwards.
1241:
1167:
1161:
1151:
1133:
1088:
1082:
1072:
1061:
965:
940:
832:
815:
785:
767:
761:
697:
596:
523:
461:
319:
210:
204:
200:
194:
175:
123:, rather than by
16:(Redirected from
4534:
4506:Stars portal
4504:
4503:
4492:
4491:
4148:Planetary system
4071:Strömgren sphere
3943:Asteroseismology
3664:Black hole star
3236:
3162:Planetary nebula
3123:Red-giant branch
3012:
3005:
2998:
2989:
2975:
2974:
2564:Supergranulation
2552:
2486:
2479:
2472:
2463:
2424:
2404:
2403:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
2364:
2330:
2310:
2304:
2303:
2293:
2275:
2249:
2243:
2242:, pp. 64â68
2237:
2226:
2225:
2205:
2199:
2198:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2143:
2064:
2062:
2061:
2056:
2051:
2040:
2039:
2027:
2006:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1996:
1995:
1976:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1913:
1890:Large values of
1871:
1869:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1847:
1846:
1834:
1789:Ledoux criterion
1781:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1753:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1727:
1725:
1720:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1682:
1643:
1641:
1640:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1630:
1621:
1590:
1586:
1580:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1512:
1510:
1509:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1484:
1473:
1471:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1424:For a homogenic
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1406:
1405:
1377:
1375:
1374:
1369:
1367:
1365:
1364:
1349:
1344:
1342:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1286:convection cells
1252:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1214:
1206:
1178:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1143:
1134:
1132:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1094:
1089:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1062:
1060:
1059:
1050:
1039:
1013:
1011:
1010:
1005:
1003:
1002:
998:
985:
984:
980:
971:
967:
966:
964:
963:
954:
943:
941:
939:
938:
937:
928:
927:
914:
912:
907:
891:
843:
841:
840:
835:
833:
828:
827:
818:
816:
814:
806:
805:
804:
791:
786:
784:
773:
768:
763:
762:
759:
753:
711:
709:
708:
703:
698:
690:
688:
687:
614:
612:
611:
606:
597:
589:
556:
554:
553:
548:
546:
545:
535:
534:
524:
516:
472:
470:
469:
464:
462:
460:
452:
444:
439:
438:
392:Fick's first law
385:convection zones
330:
328:
327:
322:
320:
318:
308:
307:
295:
294:
276:
275:
256:
215:
208:
202:
201:
199:
195:
192:
189:
176:
173:
170:
113:radiative region
21:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4535:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4517:
4516:
4515:
4510:
4498:
4480:
4405:
4374:Milky Way novae
4310:Smallest volume
4254:
4235:Radial velocity
4158:
4152:
4104:Common envelope
4080:
3979:
3948:Helioseismology
3919:Bipolar outflow
3860:Microturbulence
3855:Convection zone
3836:
3730:Lithium burning
3717:Nucleosynthesis
3707:
3589:
3498:
3225:
3104:
3053:Molecular cloud
3034:
3021:
3016:
2986:
2981:
2963:
2937:
2923:
2889:Solar telescope
2869:Solar phenomena
2844:Solar astronomy
2781:
2743:
2739:Helioseismology
2674:
2660:Helmet streamer
2616:
2588:
2541:
2537:Convection zone
2508:
2495:
2490:
2432:
2416:
2413:
2411:Further reading
2408:
2407:
2400:
2385:
2384:
2380:
2372:
2368:
2312:
2311:
2307:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2229:
2222:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2187:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2160:
2145:
2144:
2135:
2130:
2114:convection zone
2110:convection zone
2102:
2072:
2028:
2009:
2008:
1984:
1979:
1978:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1892:
1891:
1881:convection zone
1835:
1816:
1815:
1757:
1731:
1712:
1693:
1686:
1676:
1675:
1622:
1591:
1553:
1534:
1527:
1526:
1488:
1457:
1442:
1435:
1434:
1394:
1389:
1388:
1353:
1328:
1313:
1306:
1305:
1282:
1276:
1215:
1207:
1191:
1190:
1157:
1147:
1135:
1110:
1099:
1095:
1078:
1068:
1051:
1040:
1030:
1029:
986:
955:
944:
929:
919:
915:
892:
889:
885:
884:
873:
872:
862:equation (with
858:This gives the
819:
807:
796:
792:
777:
754:
735:
734:
725:
679:
665:
664:
634:
577:
576:
537:
526:
504:
503:
482:is the photons
453:
445:
430:
409:
408:
370:
299:
286:
267:
257:
216:
190:
171:
164:
163:
159:)âis given by:
149:
103:
102:
63:Convection zone
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4540:
4538:
4530:
4529:
4519:
4518:
4512:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4496:
4485:
4482:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4429:
4413:
4411:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4386:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4345:
4344:
4339:
4338:
4337:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4305:Largest volume
4302:
4297:
4292:
4282:
4281:
4280:
4275:
4264:
4262:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4231:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4178:
4173:
4162:
4160:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4150:
4145:
4144:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4123:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4090:
4088:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4016:Magnetic field
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3951:
3950:
3940:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3926:Accretion disk
3923:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3902:Alfvén surface
3899:
3897:Stellar corona
3894:
3889:
3884:
3874:
3872:Radiation zone
3869:
3868:
3867:
3862:
3852:
3846:
3844:
3838:
3837:
3835:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3709:
3708:
3706:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3679:
3678:
3673:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3610:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3564:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3551:
3541:
3531:
3530:
3529:
3519:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3496:
3494:Blue straggler
3491:
3490:
3489:
3479:
3474:
3473:
3472:
3462:
3461:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3371:
3370:
3369:
3364:
3359:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3290:
3289:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:Main sequence
3250:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3231:Classification
3227:
3226:
3224:
3223:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3167:Protoplanetary
3159:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3147:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3120:
3114:
3112:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3044:
3042:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3017:
3015:
3014:
3007:
3000:
2992:
2983:
2982:
2980:
2979:
2968:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2945:
2943:
2939:
2938:
2933:
2931:
2929:Spectral class
2925:
2924:
2922:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Solar neutrino
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2839:Solar activity
2836:
2834:Sun in fiction
2831:
2830:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2812:
2807:
2806:
2805:
2800:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2753:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2700:
2699:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2670:Alfvén surface
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2626:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2598:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2560:
2558:
2549:
2543:
2542:
2540:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2527:Radiation zone
2524:
2518:
2516:
2510:
2509:
2507:
2506:
2500:
2497:
2496:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2481:
2474:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2453:
2447:
2446:joint project.
2431:
2430:External links
2428:
2427:
2426:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2398:
2378:
2366:
2305:
2244:
2227:
2220:
2200:
2185:
2165:
2158:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2101:
2098:
2071:
2068:
2067:
2066:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2043:
2038:
2035:
2031:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
1994:
1991:
1987:
1964:
1961:
1957:
1945:
1925:
1922:
1919:
1916:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1850:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1823:
1798:solution with
1785:
1784:
1783:
1782:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1685:
1645:
1644:
1629:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1585:
1579:
1576:
1570:
1561:
1551:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1516:
1515:
1514:
1513:
1498:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1470:
1466:
1455:
1451:
1404:
1401:
1397:
1381:
1380:
1379:
1378:
1363:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1341:
1337:
1326:
1322:
1275:
1272:
1256:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1213:
1210:
1204:
1201:
1198:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1165:
1155:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1106:
1102:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1076:
1065:
1058:
1054:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1037:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1014:
1001:
997:
993:
989:
983:
979:
975:
970:
962:
958:
953:
950:
947:
936:
932:
926:
922:
918:
911:
906:
902:
898:
895:
888:
883:
880:
845:
844:
831:
826:
822:
813:
810:
803:
799:
795:
789:
783:
780:
776:
771:
766:
757:
751:
748:
745:
742:
721:
715:
714:
713:
712:
701:
696:
693:
686:
682:
678:
675:
672:
633:
630:
622:mean free path
618:
617:
616:
615:
604:
600:
595:
592:
587:
584:
560:
559:
558:
557:
544:
540:
533:
529:
522:
519:
514:
511:
476:
475:
474:
473:
459:
456:
451:
448:
442:
437:
433:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
366:
332:
331:
317:
314:
311:
306:
302:
298:
293:
289:
285:
282:
279:
274:
270:
266:
263:
260:
255:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
213:
207:
198:
188:
185:
182:
179:
148:
145:
109:radiation zone
101:
100:
95:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
68:Radiation zone
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
39:
38:
26:
24:
18:Radiative zone
14:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4539:
4528:
4525:
4524:
4522:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4495:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4466:Intergalactic
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4446:Galactic year
4444:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4424:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4412:
4408:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4343:
4340:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:Most luminous
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4270:
4269:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4257:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4240:Proper motion
4238:
4236:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4203:Constellation
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4177:
4174:
4172:
4171:Solar eclipse
4169:
4168:
4167:
4164:
4163:
4161:
4157:Earth-centric
4155:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4128:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4083:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3949:
3946:
3945:
3944:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3879:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3839:
3833:
3830:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
3761:
3758:
3756:
3755:Alpha process
3753:
3751:
3748:
3746:
3743:
3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3714:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3665:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3552:
3550:
3547:
3546:
3545:
3542:
3540:
3537:
3536:
3535:
3532:
3528:
3527:Helium planet
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3517:Parker's star
3515:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3495:
3492:
3488:
3485:
3484:
3483:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3468:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3448:Lambda Boötis
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3372:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3358:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3327:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3291:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3249:
3246:
3244:
3241:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3228:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3214:Superluminous
3212:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3142:
3141:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3121:
3119:
3118:Main sequence
3116:
3115:
3113:
3111:
3107:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Hayashi track
3093:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3065:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3043:
3041:
3037:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3006:
3001:
2999:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2978:
2970:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2904:Space weather
2902:
2900:
2899:Space climate
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Solar physics
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2826:
2823:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2804:
2803:Lunar eclipse
2801:
2799:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2757:Current sheet
2755:
2754:
2752:
2750:
2746:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:Solar minimum
2712:
2710:
2709:Solar maximum
2707:
2705:
2704:Active region
2702:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2619:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2595:
2591:
2585:
2584:Ellerman bomb
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2544:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2530:
2528:
2525:
2523:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2482:
2480:
2475:
2473:
2468:
2467:
2464:
2457:
2454:
2451:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2422:
2421:
2415:
2414:
2410:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2382:
2379:
2375:
2370:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2324:
2321:(8): 086901.
2320:
2316:
2309:
2306:
2301:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2245:
2241:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2169:
2166:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2150:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2093:monotonically
2090:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2076:main sequence
2069:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2041:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2024:
2020:
2017:
2014:
1992:
1989:
1985:
1962:
1959:
1955:
1946:
1943:
1939:
1920:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1897:
1889:
1888:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1878:
1873:
1859:
1855:
1851:
1848:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1821:
1813:
1812:monatomic gas
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1792:
1790:
1765:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1746:
1743:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1704:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1687:
1683:
1674:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1668:
1663:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1609:
1602:
1596:
1592:
1583:
1577:
1574:
1568:
1559:
1546:
1540:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1496:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1464:
1453:
1449:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1422:
1420:
1402:
1399:
1395:
1386:
1361:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1345:
1339:
1335:
1324:
1320:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1301:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1234:
1231:
1228:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1211:
1208:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1163:
1153:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1090:
1084:
1074:
1063:
1056:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1022:
999:
995:
991:
987:
981:
977:
973:
968:
960:
956:
951:
948:
945:
934:
930:
924:
920:
916:
909:
904:
900:
896:
893:
886:
881:
878:
871:
870:
869:
868:
867:
865:
861:
856:
854:
850:
829:
824:
820:
811:
808:
801:
797:
793:
787:
781:
778:
774:
769:
764:
755:
749:
746:
743:
740:
733:
732:
731:
729:
724:
720:
699:
694:
691:
684:
680:
676:
673:
670:
663:
662:
661:
660:
659:
657:
656:ideal gas law
653:
650:pressure and
649:
645:
642:
638:
631:
629:
627:
623:
602:
598:
593:
590:
585:
582:
575:
574:
573:
572:
571:
569:
565:
542:
538:
531:
527:
520:
517:
512:
509:
502:
501:
500:
499:
498:
496:
491:
489:
485:
481:
457:
449:
440:
435:
431:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
407:
406:
405:
404:
403:
401:
397:
393:
388:
386:
382:
378:
374:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
312:
304:
300:
291:
287:
283:
272:
268:
264:
261:
250:
244:
238:
232:
226:
220:
217:
211:
205:
196:
183:
177:
162:
161:
160:
158:
154:
146:
144:
142:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
99:
96:
94:
91:
89:
86:
84:
81:
79:
76:
74:
71:
69:
66:
64:
61:
59:
56:
54:
51:
49:
46:
44:
41:
40:
37:
32:
19:
4369:White dwarfs
4359:Brown dwarfs
4342:Most distant
4290:Most massive
4268:Proper names
4228:Photographic
4181:Solar System
4159:observations
4086:Star systems
3909:Stellar wind
3892:Chromosphere
3871:
3865:Oscillations
3745:Helium flash
3595:Hypothetical
3573:X-ray binary
3512:Compact star
3347:Bright giant
3100:Henyey track
3078:Herbig Ae/Be
2884:Solar System
2854:Solar energy
2849:Solar dynamo
2810:Heliophysics
2640:Coronal loop
2635:Coronal hole
2612:Moreton wave
2594:Chromosphere
2526:
2425:</ref>
2419:
2388:
2381:
2376:, p. 37
2369:
2318:
2314:
2308:
2263:
2257:
2247:
2210:
2203:
2175:
2168:
2148:
2103:
2084:solar masses
2073:
1941:
1937:
1885:
1874:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1793:
1786:
1664:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1646:
1519:
1517:
1423:
1384:
1382:
1298:
1283:
1267:
1263:
1257:
1183:
1018:
863:
857:
852:
848:
846:
722:
718:
716:
643:
639:assumed the
635:
625:
619:
567:
561:
492:
487:
479:
477:
395:
389:
380:
376:
367:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
339:
335:
333:
156:
152:
150:
137:
112:
108:
106:
83:Solar corona
67:
58:Chromosphere
4422:Brown dwarf
4198:Circumpolar
4076:Kraft break
4056:Color index
4031:Metallicity
3991:Designation
3960:Cosmic dust
3882:Photosphere
3648:Dark-energy
3623:Electroweak
3608:Black dwarf
3539:Radio-quiet
3522:White dwarf
3408:White dwarf
3058:Bok globule
2942:Exploration
2820:Solar deity
2767:Heliosheath
2749:Heliosphere
2719:Wolf number
2692:Solar cycle
2556:Photosphere
53:Photosphere
4384:Candidates
4379:Supernovae
4364:Red dwarfs
4223:Extinction
4011:Kinematics
4006:Luminosity
3984:Properties
3877:Atmosphere
3775:Si burning
3765:Ne burning
3703:White hole
3676:Quasi-star
3603:Blue dwarf
3458:Technetium
3374:Hypergiant
3352:Supergiant
2894:Solar time
2815:In culture
2772:Heliopause
2724:Solar wind
2655:Prominence
2547:Atmosphere
2532:Tachocline
2273:1601.01930
2118:tachocline
2106:solar core
2089:tachocline
1278:See also:
1019:Using the
860:polytropic
141:gamma rays
125:convection
98:Solar wind
93:Prominence
78:Solar core
73:Tachocline
4315:Brightest
4213:Magnitude
4193:Pole star
4114:Symbiotic
4109:Eclipsing
4041:Starlight
3842:Structure
3832:Supernova
3825:Micronova
3820:Recurrent
3805:Symbiotic
3790:p-process
3785:r-process
3780:s-process
3770:O burning
3760:C burning
3740:CNO cycle
3683:Gravastar
3219:Hypernova
3209:Supernova
3184:Dredge-up
3157:Blue loop
3150:super-AGB
3133:Red clump
3110:Evolution
3068:Protostar
3048:Accretion
3040:Formation
2777:Bow shock
2684:Variation
2650:Nanoflare
2374:Pols 2011
2353:0034-4885
2328:1009.0852
2300:0004-637X
2266:(1): 45.
2240:Pols 2011
2030:γ
2018:−
1986:γ
1956:γ
1837:γ
1825:−
1796:polytrope
1759:γ
1750:−
1714:κ
1695:σ
1691:π
1610:ρ
1578:ρ
1490:γ
1481:−
1426:ideal gas
1396:γ
1355:γ
1325:ρ
1235:β
1232:−
1220:π
1209:κ
1127:β
1124:−
1101:σ
1048:ρ
1036:−
988:ρ
957:β
952:β
949:−
931:μ
921:σ
798:σ
760:radiation
747:β
744:−
695:μ
692:ρ
671:β
648:ideal gas
637:Eddington
603:λ
528:σ
455:∂
447:∂
427:π
421:−
342:) is the
288:σ
265:π
233:ρ
221:κ
212:−
4521:Category
4494:Category
4389:Remnants
4285:Extremes
4245:Parallax
4218:Apparent
4208:Asterism
4186:Sunlight
4136:Globular
4121:Multiple
4046:Variable
4036:Rotation
3996:Dynamics
3887:Starspot
3561:Magnetar
3504:Remnants
3320:Subgiant
3293:Subdwarf
3145:post-AGB
2977:Category
2361:34996296
2195:60454390
1294:buoyancy
847:so that
641:pressure
43:Granules
4461:Gravity
4410:Related
4330:Nearest
4278:Chinese
4126:Cluster
4099:Contact
3936:Proplyd
3810:Remnant
3698:Blitzar
3672:Hawking
3628:Strange
3578:Burster
3534:Neutron
3487:Extreme
3438:He-weak
3083:T Tauri
2793:Eclipse
2786:Related
2607:Spicule
2579:Sunspot
2574:Faculae
2569:Granule
2493:The Sun
2333:Bibcode
2278:Bibcode
2100:The Sun
1417:is the
371:is the
344:opacity
133:photons
48:Sunspot
4451:Galaxy
4439:Planet
4427:Desert
4335:bright
4273:Arabic
4094:Binary
3914:Bubble
3638:Planck
3613:Exotic
3549:Binary
3544:Pulsar
3482:Helium
3443:Barium
3386:Carbon
3379:Yellow
3367:Yellow
3340:Yellow
3179:PG1159
2622:Corona
2396:
2359:
2351:
2298:
2218:
2193:
2183:
2156:
1794:For a
1587:
1581:
1572:
1566:
1383:where
717:where
486:, and
478:Where
334:where
209:
203:
4456:Guest
4260:Lists
4141:Super
3795:Fusor
3668:Black
3653:Quark
3633:Preon
3618:Boson
3554:X-ray
3470:Shell
3423:Ap/Bp
3325:Giant
3243:Early
3189:OH/IR
3019:Stars
2734:Flare
2602:Plage
2323:arXiv
2268:arXiv
1260:model
866:=3):
111:, or
88:Flare
4131:Open
4026:Mass
3850:Core
3800:Nova
3693:Iron
3643:Dark
3453:Lead
3433:HgMn
3428:CEMP
3357:Blue
3330:Blue
3248:Late
3030:List
2914:Star
2825:List
2522:Core
2504:List
2442:and
2440:NASA
2394:ISBN
2357:PMID
2349:ISSN
2296:ISSN
2216:ISBN
2191:OCLC
2181:ISBN
2154:ISBN
2074:For
1744:<
1475:<
1346:>
497:by:
119:and
4527:Sun
4432:Sub
4166:Sun
3585:SGR
3362:Red
3335:Red
2444:ESA
2341:doi
2286:doi
2264:821
2122:Sun
1465:log
1450:log
1336:log
1321:log
726:is
131:as
36:Sun
4523::
3465:Be
3418:Am
3401:CH
3396:CN
3315:OB
3310:WR
2355:.
2347:.
2339:.
2331:.
2319:74
2317:.
2294:.
2284:.
2276:.
2262:.
2256:.
2230:^
2189:.
2136:^
2124:.
1688:64
1662:.
1522::
1421:.
1097:16
658::
628:.
402::
387:.
346:,
284:16
135:.
107:A
3658:Q
3477:B
3391:S
3303:B
3298:O
3286:M
3281:K
3276:G
3271:F
3266:A
3261:B
3256:O
3011:e
3004:t
2997:v
2485:e
2478:t
2471:v
2402:.
2363:.
2343::
2335::
2325::
2302:.
2288::
2280::
2270::
2224:.
2197:.
2162:.
2053:6
2049:/
2045:1
2042:=
2037:d
2034:a
2025:/
2021:1
2015:1
1993:d
1990:a
1963:d
1960:a
1942:r
1940:(
1938:M
1924:)
1921:r
1918:(
1915:M
1911:/
1907:)
1904:r
1901:(
1898:L
1860:5
1856:/
1852:2
1849:=
1844:d
1841:a
1832:/
1828:1
1822:1
1808:T
1804:P
1800:n
1766:d
1763:a
1755:1
1747:1
1737:4
1733:T
1729:P
1722:M
1718:L
1705:G
1699:B
1684:3
1660:r
1656:r
1652:r
1650:(
1648:M
1628:2
1624:r
1619:)
1616:r
1613:(
1606:)
1603:r
1600:(
1597:M
1593:G
1584:=
1575:g
1569:=
1560:r
1556:d
1550:)
1547:r
1544:(
1541:P
1537:d
1520:g
1497:d
1494:a
1486:1
1478:1
1469:P
1460:d
1454:T
1445:d
1403:d
1400:a
1385:P
1362:d
1359:a
1351:1
1340:P
1331:d
1316:d
1268:M
1266:/
1264:L
1238:)
1229:1
1226:(
1223:c
1217:4
1212:L
1203:=
1200:M
1197:G
1164:r
1160:d
1154:T
1150:d
1141:3
1137:T
1130:)
1121:1
1118:(
1115:c
1112:3
1105:B
1091:=
1085:r
1081:d
1075:P
1071:d
1064:=
1057:2
1053:r
1045:M
1042:G
1000:3
996:/
992:4
982:3
978:/
974:1
969:)
961:4
946:1
935:4
925:B
917:4
910:4
905:B
901:k
897:c
894:3
887:(
882:=
879:P
864:n
853:P
849:T
830:P
825:4
821:T
812:c
809:3
802:B
794:4
788:=
782:P
779:3
775:u
770:=
765:P
756:P
750:=
741:1
723:B
719:k
700:T
685:B
681:k
677:=
674:P
644:P
626:Îș
599:c
594:3
591:1
586:=
583:D
568:D
543:4
539:T
532:B
521:c
518:4
513:=
510:U
488:u
480:D
458:r
450:u
441:D
436:2
432:r
424:4
418:=
415:L
396:r
381:L
377:Îș
368:B
364:Ï
360:r
358:(
356:L
352:r
350:(
348:Ï
340:r
338:(
336:Îș
316:)
313:r
310:(
305:3
301:T
297:)
292:B
281:(
278:)
273:2
269:r
262:4
259:(
254:)
251:r
248:(
245:L
242:)
239:r
236:(
230:)
227:r
224:(
218:3
206:=
197:r
193:d
187:)
184:r
181:(
178:T
174:d
157:r
153:T
20:)
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