93:
adds that "Van Manen later spoke of the 'radical' or the 'Dutch' school (1902). The 'radical' scholars did not want to be impeded by church canons and wanted to be free in their research of the New
Testament and of the history of early Christianity. This research led them to the conclusion that we do
627:
89:", 1887), saying that "the author is a radical like we seldom meet among theologians and hardly ever among English theologians". The RadikalKritik article on
342:
382:
71:
613:
173:
75:
268:
241:
109:
proved more influential, and radical criticism was eventually abandoned and is now a fringe position in current New
Testament scholarship.
67:
23:
670:
295:
536:
335:
154:
wrote that "their arguments were stoutly attacked in the
Netherlands, especially by other scholars, but largely ignored out it."
714:
633:
760:
755:
677:
328:
183:
126:
63:
574:
446:
461:
258:
82:
367:
55:
231:
130:. These attempts have largely been ignored by mainstream scholarship and have received strong criticism from
699:
588:
694:
516:
377:
212:
704:
283:
150:
Members of the
Radical Dutch School argued against the existence of Jesus, which caused controversy.
656:
642:
557:
428:
362:
521:
486:
351:
178:
139:
117:
59:
31:
511:
481:
372:
291:
264:
237:
151:
663:
649:
581:
476:
413:
168:
121:
27:
620:
501:
496:
471:
466:
423:
418:
398:
113:
70:, wrote in 1889 that he had come to the same conclusions as Loman. Also, the philosopher
729:
724:
719:
526:
188:
163:
131:
51:
39:
749:
709:
541:
491:
451:
408:
135:
106:
441:
436:
311:
Hermann
Detering's Radikal Kritik site (in German, limited English pages available)
208:
102:
98:
606:
531:
403:
62:, but two years later, also Loman abandoned the historicity of Paul. Similarly,
35:
217:
The Denial of the
Historicity of Jesus in Past and Present (summary in English)
734:
456:
315:
81:
The name "Dutch
Radicals" was coined by Loman, in an 1887 article reviewing
22:
is a movement around the late 19th century that, typically, denied authentic
506:
50:
The Dutch school of radical criticism started in 1878 with a publication by
288:
Jesus
Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence
78:
in 1957, the line of scholarship at Dutch universities came to an end.
320:
316:
Article by
Hermann Detering for Institute for Higher Critical Studies
74:
was a part of the movement. With the death of Van Manen's student
66:, who had written a doctoral thesis defending the authenticity of
38:) held that a core of at least four epistles had been written by
16:
Movement that denied authentic authorship of the
Pauline epistles
324:
233:
Did Jesus Exist?: The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth
310:
628:
The Denial of the Historicity of Jesus in Past and Present
112:
Attempts to revive Radical criticism has been made by
687:
598:
566:
550:
391:
260:Jesus: Evidence and Argument or Mythicist Myths?
336:
8:
58:. He was fiercely attacked by his colleague
87:Antiqua Mater: A Study of Christian Origins
343:
329:
321:
94:not have any authentic Pauline epistles."
72:Gerardus Johannes Petrus Josephus Bolland
200:
174:Gustaaf Adolf van den Bergh van Eysinga
76:Gustaaf Adolf van den Bergh van Eysinga
614:The World's Sixteen Crucified Saviors
290:. Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans. p. 10.
7:
54:, who denied Pauline authorship of
383:People whose existence is disputed
105:in Germany. However, the works of
24:authorship of the Pauline epistles
14:
671:The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross
97:The Dutch school also influenced
91:van Manen and the Dutch Radicals
230:Ehrman, Bart D. (2012-03-20).
1:
257:Casey, Maurice (2014-01-16).
34:which (with the exception of
678:Journal of Higher Criticism
184:Willem Christiaan van Manen
127:Journal of Higher Criticism
64:Willem Christiaan van Manen
777:
124:, who founded in 1994 the
358:
575:The God Who Wasn't There
368:Historicity of the Bible
26:. This went beyond the
700:Joseph Estlin Carpenter
447:Charles François Dupuis
517:William Benjamin Smith
482:M. M. Mangasarian
378:Criticism of the Bible
715:F. C. Conybeare
705:Shirley Jackson Case
589:Zeitgeist: The Movie
502:J. M. Robertson
284:Van Voorst, Robert E
101:in Switzerland, and
46:Dutch Radical School
42:in the 1st century.
730:T. J. Thorburn
643:The Jesus Mysteries
558:Mythicist Milwaukee
429:Paul-Louis Couchoud
363:Biblical minimalism
761:Christ myth theory
756:Biblical criticism
522:Thomas L. Thompson
352:Christ myth theory
236:. Harper Collins.
213:"Dutch Radicalism"
179:Abraham Dirk Loman
140:R. Joseph Hoffmann
118:Darrell J. Doughty
60:Abraham Dirk Loman
743:
742:
512:Gilbert T. Sadler
373:Textual criticism
270:978-0-567-59224-8
263:. A&C Black.
243:978-0-06-208994-6
152:Robert Van Voorst
20:Radical criticism
768:
664:The Jesus Puzzle
657:Caesar's Messiah
650:The Pagan Christ
635:Did Jesus Exist?
582:The Pagan Christ
537:Thomas Whittaker
532:G. A. Wells
477:Samuel Lublinski
414:Thomas L. Brodie
345:
338:
331:
322:
298:
281:
275:
274:
254:
248:
247:
227:
221:
220:
205:
169:Hermann Detering
122:Hermann Detering
28:higher criticism
776:
775:
771:
770:
769:
767:
766:
765:
746:
745:
744:
739:
735:H. G. Wood
683:
621:The Christ Myth
594:
562:
546:
497:Robert M. Price
472:Alvin Boyd Kuhn
467:Albert Kalthoff
424:Richard Carrier
419:Richard Carlile
399:John M. Allegro
387:
354:
349:
307:
302:
301:
282:
278:
271:
256:
255:
251:
244:
229:
228:
224:
207:
206:
202:
197:
160:
148:
114:Robert M. Price
68:1 Thessalonians
48:
32:Tübingen school
17:
12:
11:
5:
774:
772:
764:
763:
758:
748:
747:
741:
740:
738:
737:
732:
727:
725:Maurice Goguel
722:
717:
712:
707:
702:
697:
691:
689:
685:
684:
682:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
646:
639:
631:
624:
617:
610:
602:
600:
596:
595:
593:
592:
585:
578:
570:
568:
564:
563:
561:
560:
554:
552:
548:
547:
545:
544:
539:
534:
529:
527:Raoul Vaneigem
524:
519:
514:
509:
504:
499:
494:
489:
487:Michael Martin
484:
479:
474:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
433:Herbert Cutner
431:
426:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
395:
393:
389:
388:
386:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
359:
356:
355:
350:
348:
347:
340:
333:
325:
319:
318:
313:
306:
305:External links
303:
300:
299:
276:
269:
249:
242:
222:
199:
198:
196:
193:
192:
191:
189:Allard Pierson
186:
181:
176:
171:
166:
164:Gerard Bolland
159:
158:Key proponents
156:
147:
144:
132:Bart D. Ehrman
52:Allard Pierson
47:
44:
40:Paul of Tarsus
15:
13:
10:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
773:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
751:
736:
733:
731:
728:
726:
723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
710:Maurice Casey
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
690:
686:
680:
679:
675:
673:
672:
668:
666:
665:
661:
659:
658:
654:
652:
651:
647:
645:
644:
640:
638:
636:
632:
630:
629:
625:
623:
622:
618:
616:
615:
611:
609:
608:
604:
603:
601:
597:
591:
590:
586:
584:
583:
579:
577:
576:
572:
571:
569:
567:Documentaries
565:
559:
556:
555:
553:
551:Organizations
549:
543:
542:Frank Zindler
540:
538:
535:
533:
530:
528:
525:
523:
520:
518:
515:
513:
510:
508:
505:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
492:Michel Onfray
490:
488:
485:
483:
480:
478:
475:
473:
470:
468:
465:
463:
462:Edwin Johnson
460:
458:
455:
453:
452:Kersey Graves
450:
448:
445:
443:
440:
438:
435:
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
420:
417:
415:
412:
410:
409:Georg Brandes
407:
405:
402:
400:
397:
396:
394:
390:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
357:
353:
346:
341:
339:
334:
332:
327:
326:
323:
317:
314:
312:
309:
308:
304:
297:
296:0-8028-4368-9
293:
289:
285:
280:
277:
272:
266:
262:
261:
253:
250:
245:
239:
235:
234:
226:
223:
218:
214:
210:
204:
201:
194:
190:
187:
185:
182:
180:
177:
175:
172:
170:
167:
165:
162:
161:
157:
155:
153:
145:
143:
141:
137:
136:Maurice Casey
133:
129:
128:
123:
119:
115:
110:
108:
107:Adolf Harnack
104:
100:
95:
92:
88:
84:
83:Edwin Johnson
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
45:
43:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
676:
669:
662:
655:
648:
641:
634:
626:
619:
612:
605:
599:Publications
587:
580:
573:
442:Arthur Drews
437:Earl Doherty
287:
279:
259:
252:
232:
225:
216:
209:Arthur Drews
203:
149:
125:
111:
103:Arthur Drews
99:Rudolf Steck
96:
90:
86:
80:
49:
19:
18:
720:Bart Ehrman
607:Anacalypsis
404:Bruno Bauer
36:Bruno Bauer
750:Categories
457:Tom Harpur
392:Proponents
286:. (2000).
195:References
695:Greg Boyd
507:Acharya S
146:Reception
56:Galatians
211:(1926).
688:Critics
637:(Wells)
30:of the
294:
267:
240:
292:ISBN
265:ISBN
238:ISBN
138:and
120:and
752::
215:.
142:.
134:,
116:,
85:("
344:e
337:t
330:v
273:.
246:.
219:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.